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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 59, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1985): 73–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002078.
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-Stanley L. Engerman, B.W. Higman, Slave populations of the British Caribbean, 1807-1834. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture, 1984. xxxiii + 781 pp.-Susan Lowes, Gad J. Heuman, Between black and white: race, politics, and the free coloureds in Jamaica, 1792-1865. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies No. 5, 1981. 20 + 321 pp.-Anthony Payne, Lester D. Langley, The banana wars: an inner history of American empire, 1900-1934. Lexington KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1983. VIII + 255 pp.-Roger N. Buckley, David Geggus, Slavery, war and revolution: the British occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793-1798. New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1982. xli + 492 pp.-Gabriel Debien, George Breathett, The Catholic Church in Haiti (1704-1785): selected letters, memoirs and documents. Chapel Hill NC: Documentary Publications, 1983. xii + 202 pp.-Alex Stepick, Michel S. Laguerre, American Odyssey: Haitians in New York City. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984. 198 pp-Andres Serbin, H. Michael Erisman, The Caribbean challenge: U.S. policy in a volatile region. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1984. xiii + 208 pp.-Andres Serbin, Ransford W. Palmer, Problems of development in beautiful countries: perspectives on the Caribbean. Lanham MD: The North-South Publishing Company, 1984. xvii + 91 pp.-Carl Stone, Anthony Payne, The politics of the Caribbean community 1961-79: regional integration among new states. Oxford: Manchester University Press, 1980. xi + 299 pp.-Evelyne Huber Stephens, Michael Manley, Jamaica: struggle in the periphery. London: Third World Media, in association with Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative Society, 1982. xi + 259 pp.-Rhoda Reddock, Epica Task Force, Grenada: the peaceful revolution. Washington D.C., 1982. 132 pp.-Rhoda Reddock, W. Richard Jacobs ,Grenada: the route to revolution. Havana: Casa de Las Americas, 1979. 157 pp., Ian Jacobs (eds)-Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, Andres Serbin, Geopolitica de las relaciones de Venezuela con el Caribe. Caracas: Fundación Fondo Editorial Acta Cientifica Venezolana, 1983.-Idsa E. Alegria-Ortega, Jorge Heine, Time for decision: the United States and Puerto Rico. Lanham MD: North-South Publishing Co., 1983. xi + 303 pp.-Richard Hart, Edward A. Alpers ,Walter Rodney, revolutionary and scholar: a tribute. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies and African Studies Center, University of California, 1982. xi + 187 pp., Pierre-Michel Fontaine (eds)-Paul Sutton, Patrick Solomon, Solomon: an autobiography. Trinidad: Inprint Caribbean, 1981. x + 253 pp.-Paul Sutton, Selwyn R. Cudjoe, Movement of the people: essays on independence. Ithaca NY: Calaloux Publications, 1983. xii + 217 pp.-David Barry Gaspar, Richard Price, To slay the Hydra: Dutch colonial perspectives on the Saramaka wars. Ann Arbor MI: Karoma Publishers, 1983. 249 pp.-Gary Brana-Shute, R. van Lier, Bonuman: een studie van zeven religieuze specialisten in Suriname. Leiden: Institute of Cultural and Social Studies, ICA Publication no. 60, 1983. iii + 132 pp.-W. van Wetering, Charles J. Wooding, Evolving culture: a cross-cultural study of Suriname, West Africa and the Caribbean. Washington: University Press of America 1981. 343 pp.-Humphrey E. Lamur, Sergio Diaz-Briquets, The health revolution in Cuba. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983. xvii + 227 pp.-Forrest D. Colburn, Ramesh F. Ramsaran, The monetary and financial system of the Bahamas: growth, structure and operation. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1984. xiii + 409 pp.-Wim Statius Muller, A.M.G. Rutten, Leven en werken van de dichter-musicus J.S. Corsen. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1983. xiv + 340 pp.-Louis Allaire, Ricardo E. Alegria, Ball courts and ceremonial plazas in the West Indies. New Haven: Department of Anthropology of Yale University, Yale University Publications in Anthropology No. 79, 1983. lx + 185 pp.-Kenneth Ramchand, Sandra Paquet, The Novels of George Lamming. London: Heinemann, 1982. 132 pp.
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Büyükcangaz, Hakan, Mohammed Alhassan, and Jacqueline Nyenedio Harris. "Modernized Irrigation Technologies in West Africa." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 12 (December 14, 2017): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i12.1524-1527.1429.
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Crop production in West Africa is mostly dependent upon rainfed agriculture. Irrigation is a vital need due to uneven distribution of rainfall and seasonality of water resources. However, management and sustainability of irrigation are under risk due to notably weak database, excessive cost, unappropriate soil or land use, environmental problems and extreme pessimism in some quarters since rainfed agriculture is seen as potentially able to support the present population. This paper focuses on modernized irrigation technologies and systems that utilize less water. Information about irrigation systems in Ghana and Liberia were gathered through: 1) Irrigation development authorities in both countries, by reviewing past literatures, online publications, reports and files about irrigation in West Africa, specifically Ghana and Liberia; 2) International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); 3) Collation of information, reports and data from Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA) and 4) International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The result shows that both countries have higher irrigation potential. However, the areas developed for irrigation is still a small portion as compare to the total land available for irrigation. On the other hand, as seen in the result, Liberia as compare to Ghana has even low level of irrigation development.
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Mohr, Adam. "Out of Zion Into Philadelphia and West Africa: Faith Tabernacle Congregation, 1897-1925." Pneuma 32, no. 1 (2010): 56–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/027209610x12628362887631.
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AbstractIn May 1897 Faith Tabernacle Congregation was formally established in North Philadelphia, emerging from an independent mission that shortly thereafter became the Philadelphia branch of John Alexander Dowie’s Christian Catholic Church. Faith Tabernacle probably abstained from merging with Dowie’s organization because, unlike the Christian Catholic Church, it rigorously followed the faith principle for managing church finances. Like the Christian Catholic Church, Faith Tabernacle established many similar institutions, such as a church periodical (called Sword of the Spirit), a faith home, and a missions department. After Assistant Pastor Ambrose Clark became the second presiding elder in 1917, many of these institutions began flourishing in connection with a marked increase in membership, particularly in the American Mid-Atlantic as well as in Nigeria and Ghana. Unfortunately, a schism occurred in late 1925 that resulted in Clark’s leaving Faith Tabernacle to found the First Century Gospel Church. This event halted much of Faith Tabernacle’s growth both domestically and in West Africa. Subsequently, many of the former Faith Tabernacle followers in Nigeria and Ghana founded the oldest and largest Pentecostal churches in both countries.
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Parés, Luis Nicolau. "Afro-Catholic Baptism and The Articulation of a Merchant Community, Agoué 1840–1860." History in Africa 42 (May 12, 2015): 165–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hia.2015.19.
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AbstractThis paper analyzes the “Southern” Afro-Brazilian Catholicism which was brought to West Africa by former slaves from Brazil prior to the expansion of the “Northern” European Catholic missions. In examining two significant mass baptisms held in the town of Agoué in 1846 and 1855, this paper explores the religious history of the Aguda or Afro-Brazilian freed slaves, and how they built a network of ethnic, commercial, and affective relationships by means of Catholic baptism and godparenting. The Aguda’s Catholic affiliation (rather than conversion), beyond being coextensive with Brazilian identity, served to produce a merchant community whose main activity, in the early period, was the slave trade. The paper also discusses the methodological potential of cross referencing and fertilizing West African data with Bahian data in order to elucidate how the returnees’ appropriation of Catholic ritual was shaped by their previous Brazilian experience.
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Amosun, Seyi L. "Physiotherapy education in Africa- The experience in Nigeria." South African Journal of Physiotherapy 50, no. 3 (August 31, 1994): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v50i3.666.
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The African Rehabilitation Institute, an arm of the Organisation of African Unity, recently designed a physiotherapy education programme for implementation in African countries. The West African sub-region, having one of the oldest physiotherapy education programmes in the continent, was not directly involved in the formulation of the programme. A review of physiotherapy education in Nigeria, the first African nation after South-Africa to be admitted into the membership of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy, shows that the programme recommended by the African Rehabilitation Institute is highly commendable.
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Ngatchu, Damen Nyinkeu, Andrew M. Ngwa, and Susannash Limunga Esowe. "Acceptance of an Online Voting System at the Catholic University Institute of Buea." International Journal of Technology Diffusion 9, no. 2 (April 2018): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijtd.2018040105.
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Increasingly, more software is developed locally, to address the needs of the developer's immediate community and yet little research has been done regarding their acceptance. The technology acceptance model (TAM), which has greatly been used in literature, failed to consider some cultural particularities of such software. Furthermore, most research has focused on the acceptance of foreign technologies in Africa. The primary objective of this article, is to investigate the validity of TAM for locally developed software within a community. The article utilizes quantitative methodology based on data gathered using a modified version of a published survey instrument; as well as Short Message Service for the collection of qualitative data. The findings concur with previous studies on technology acceptance and the raises interests on the use of qualitative data for understanding the context of technology acceptance.
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Dols, Chris. "Of Religious Diseases and Sociological Laboratories: Towards a Transnational Anatomy of Catholic Secularisation Narratives in Western Europe, 1940–1970." Journal of Religion in Europe 9, no. 2-3 (July 24, 2016): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748929-00902002.
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This article focuses on various unexplored transnational aspects of Catholic secularisation narratives in the French, Dutch, and West German Church Provinces between 1940 and 1970. It argues that the Dutchkaskiinstitute, especially, paved the way for transnational entanglement, not only by launching a scientific journal and organising international conferences, but also by establishing an international umbrella institute. With regard to the discursive structure of secularisation narratives, it suggests that an amalgamation of words, figures, and/or cartograms made particular sociological analyses of religiosity so pervasive. An understanding of the historical origins of Catholic secularisation narratives is key to the study of pastoral sociology because these narratives helped legitimise the acting of sociologists in the ecclesiastical domain.
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Duncan, Graham A., and Anthony Egan. "The Ecumenical Struggle in South Africa: The Role of Ecumenical Movements and Organisations in Liberation Movements to 1965." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 17, no. 3 (September 2015): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x15000423.
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When we contemplate ecumenism in South Africa in the twentieth century, we often automatically think of the outstanding work of the South African Council of Churches during the years of apartheid. However, it had two precursors in the General Missionary Conference of South Africa (1904–36) and the Christian Council of South Africa (1936–68). Parallel yet integral to these developments we note the significant contribution of the South African Catholic Bishops’ Conference. These did not originate or exist in a vacuum but responded to the needs and currents in society and were active in the midst of para-movements such as the Christian Institute.
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Aidoo, Philomena. "The contribution of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus to Catholic education in West Africa." International Studies in Catholic Education 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19422539.2016.1140412.
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Amini, Clifford, and Oluwaseun Oluyide. "Building Capacity for Open and Distance Learning (ODL) in West Africa Sub-region: The Pivotal Role of RETRIDAL." Open Praxis 8, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.8.4.346.
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The paper posits the Regional Training and Research Institute for Distance and Open Learning (RETRIDAL) as an institution established for the purpose of enhancing Open and Distance Learning in the West African sub-region. The institute has pursued this mandate with an unparalleled vigour since its establishment in 2003 —a partnership of the Commonwealth of Learning and the National Open University of Nigeria. It is the opinion of this paper that enhancing the Open and Distance Learning mode of education in the West African subregion will require building capacity. Consequently, RETRIDAL has championed this cause through workshops and training sessions as well as commissioning research studies in Nigeria and other West African countries. The objective is to produce suitably qualified manpower that is able to utilise ODL to mitigate the exploding demand for access to education in the sub-region. The paper also foresees a future of ODL and RETRIDAL for West Africa, as many universities are keying into the distance education paradigm.
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Allsopp, N., and W. D. Stock. "Plant Protection Research Institute." Bothalia 23, no. 1 (October 10, 1993): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v23i1.794.
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A survey of the mycorrhizal status of plants growing in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa was undertaken to assess the range of mycorrhizal types and their dominance in species characteristic of this region. Records were obtained by examining the root systems of plants growing in three Cape lowland vegetation types, viz. West Coast Strandveld, West Coast Renosterveld and Sand Plain Lowland Fynbos for mycorrhizas, as well as by collating literature records of mycorrhizas on plants growing in the region. The mycorrhizal status of 332 species is listed, of which 251 species are new records. Members of all the important families in this region have been examined. Mycorrhizal status appears to be associated mainly with taxonomic position of the species. Extrapolating from these results, we conclude that 62% of the flora of the Cape Floristic Region form vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas, 23% have no mycorrhizas, 8% are ericoid mycorrhizal, 2% form orchid mycorrhizas, whereas the mycorrhizal status of 4% of the flora is unknown. There were no indigenous ectomycor- rhizal species. The proportion of non-mycorrhizal species is high compared to other ecosystems. In particular, the lack of mycorrhizas in several important perennial families in the Cape Floristic Region is unusual. The diversity of nutrient acquiring adaptations, including the range of mycorrhizas and cluster roots in some non-mycorrhizal families, may promote coexistence of plants in this species-rich region.
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Tenkouano, Abdou, Niéyidouba Lamien, Josephine Agogbua, Delphine Amah, Rony Swennen, Siaka Traoré, Deless Thiemele, et al. "Promising High-Yielding Tetraploid Plantain-Bred Hybrids in West Africa." International Journal of Agronomy 2019 (April 21, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3873198.
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The devastating threat of black leaf streak disease caused by Pseudocercospora fijiensis on plantain production in West Africa spurred the development of resistant hybrids. The goal of this research and development (R&D) undertaken was assessing the development and dissemination of two plantain hybrids PITA 3 and FHIA 21 bred in the 1980s by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA, Nigeria) and the Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA, Honduras), respectively. In Côte d’Ivoire, plantain growers selected PITA 3 and FHIA 21 based on their improved agronomic characteristics and, between 2012 and 2016, they were massively propagated and distributed to farmers in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo under the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAAP) coordinated by the West and Central Africa Council for Agricultural Research and Development (CORAF). In 2016, the Centre National de Recherche Agronomique in Côte d’Ivoire included the hybrids in the improved cultivar directory. This R&D activity illustrates how three decades of crossbreeding, selection, and distribution led to local acceptance. It also highlights how a CORAF-led partnership harnessed CGIAR research for development. The dissemination and acceptance of these plantain hybrids will enhance the sustainable intensification in plantain-based farming systems across the humid lowlands of West and Central Africa.
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Murrell, Kenneth L. "Evaluation as action research: The case of the management development institute in Gambia, West Africa." International Journal of Public Administration 16, no. 3 (January 1993): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900699308524804.
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West, Charles C., J. Mutero Chirenje, J. D. Gort, Walter Fernandes, Michael Bourdeaux, P. A. Kalilombe, Kwesi A. Dickson, et al. "II. Worksh ops." Mission Studies 2, no. 1 (1985): 67–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338385x00098.
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AbstractThe workshop brought together some twenty persons from varied and diverse nations and political-economic circumstances - Ghana, Netherlands, New Zealand, Republic of South Africa, United Kingdom, United States of America, West Germany and Zimbabwe. The workshop also reflected a number of Christian denominations - Anglican, Lutheran, Presbyterian, Reformed, Roman Catholic and Seventh Day Adventist. The gathering then was truly pluralistic and ecumenical. Such composition made for a rich encounter of varied and diverse understandings and approaches.
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Druyan, Leonard M., Matthew Fulakeza, Patrick Lonergan, and Ruben Worrell. "Regional Model Nesting within GFS Daily Forecasts Over West Africa." Open Atmospheric Science Journal 4, no. 1 (January 15, 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282301004010001.
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The study uses the RM3, the regional climate model at the Center for Climate Systems Research of Columbia University and the NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies (CCSR/GISS). The paper evaluates 30 48-hour RM3 weather forecasts over West Africa during September 2006 made on a 0.5° grid nested within 1° Global Forecast System (GFS) global forecasts. September 2006 was the Special Observing Period # 3 of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA). Archived GFS initial conditions and lateral boundary conditions for the simulations from the US National Weather Service, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration were interpolated four times daily. Results for precipitation forecasts are validated against Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite estimates and data from the Famine Early Warning System (FEWS), which includes rain gauge measurements, and forecasts of circulation are compared to reanalysis 2. Performance statistics for the precipitation forecasts include bias, root-mean-square errors and spatial correlation coefficients. The nested regional model forecasts are compared to GFS forecasts to gauge whether nesting provides additional realistic information. They are also compared to RM3 simulations driven by reanalysis 2, representing “high potential skill” forecasts, to gauge the sensitivity of results to lateral boundary conditions. Nested RM3/GFS forecasts generate excessive moisture advection toward West Africa, which in turn causes prodigious amounts of model precipitation. This problem is corrected by empirical adjustments in the preparation of lateral boundary conditions and initial conditions. The resulting modified simulations improve on the GFS precipitation forecasts, achieving time-space correlations with TRMM of 0.77 on the first day and 0.63 on the second day. One realtime RM3/GFS precipitation forecast made at and posted by the African Centre of Meteorological Application for Development (ACMAD) in Niamey, Niger is shown.
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WARD, KEVIN. "CHRISTIANITY IN AFRICA Christianity in Africa: The Renewal of a Non-Western Religion. By KWAME BEDIAKO. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press and Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1995. Pp. xii + 276. £16.95 (ISBN 0-7486-0625-4)." Journal of African History 38, no. 1 (March 1997): 123–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853796346902.
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Kwame Bediako is one of a new generation of West African Christian scholars, who confidently assert the essential ‘Africanness’ of African Christianity against all inclined to emphasize its foreignness. While deeply indebted to the first generation of African theologians of the 1960s, Bediako feels that they accepted too readily that Christianity was a foreign religion which needed to be ‘Africanized’ by incorporating elements from the traditional African religious heritage. It was the posing of this stark dichotomy – Christian or African? – which in Bediako's view led the Ghanaian Catholic priest Osofo Damuah to renounce Christianity and to found his own neo-traditional African, explicitly non-Christian, religious movement, ‘Afrikania’.
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Boćkowski, Daniel. "BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST: THE PENETRATION OF CONTEMPORARY ISLAM INTO POLAND." CREATIVITY STUDIES 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2009): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029-0187.2009.1.39-47.
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The internet is one of the fastest developing media of today. It is through the internet that Islamic ideas spread throughout the world on a level that has never been reported before. Internet portals and web‐sites containing information about Muslim religion and culture can be accessed from the furthest corners of the world. They popularize Islam which for ages seemed to have been attributed exclusively to the Middle East, Northern Africa and South‐East Asia. Poland is located on the Islam's expansion route and takes an extremely important, if not strategic, position. Due to the position of the Catholic religion in our country, the development of Islam in Poland (an increasing number of converts) appears to be a fundamental factor in the growth of the Muslim world. Many believers do not conceal the fact that they dream of the European caliphate, which is an important step in the restoration of the world caliphate. “Religious fundamentalism” of Polish people, according to many Muslim clergymen and political activists, guarantees that Islamic believers obtained in our country as opposed to converts from the “lay West”, will be as active and religiously engaged as the believers of the Roman Catholic Church. Thus, in the following paper on the penetration of contemporary Islam into Poland, I will focus on this most dynamic instrument of the expansion of the Islamic world.
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Wadsworth, Frank H., Jerry E. Wheat, and Brenda K. Swartz. "CORRUPTION AND OBSTACLES FOR CONDUCTING BUSINESS IN FORMER FRENCH WEST AFRICA." International Journal of Management, Innovation & Entrepreneurial Research 5, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijmier.2019.513.
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This study examines the extent of corruption and obstacles to conducting business in some former French West Africa countries.
Methodology: This study uses business owner’s and mangers perceptions about the use of gifts or informal payments and obstacles to conducting business in five African countries. Data comes from the World Bank Institute and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development’s Business Environment and Economic Performance study. Data from Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal, and Togo were examined. Univariate general linear analysis was used to discover statistical differences between factors by country.
Main Findings: Results show Senegalese managers and owners perceived the lowest obstacles to conducting business among the five countries. Togo business managers and owners are slightly less positive about obstacles they face in their businesses. Businesses in the five countries on average pay about eight percent of their annual sales as gifts/informal payments.
Limitations: The study uses data that is about ten years old. The political and economic environment may have changed in these countries since data collection.
Social Implications: The significant level of obstacles business faces in these countries may significantly reduce foreign direct investment in these countries. Electricity is an obstacle in most of these countries reducing the ability if not the interest in conducting business.
Originality/Novelty of the Study: The French strategy in this region for three hundred years was to rule through the military not the development of economic systems. The results of this strategy may still be apparent in the number and degree of obstacles facing business only 50 years after independence.
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Kelly, Michael. "Emmanuel Mounier and the Awakening of Black Africa." French Cultural Studies 17, no. 2 (June 2006): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957155806064442.
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Emmanuel Mounier, Director of the Catholic review Esprit, was a pioneering participant in criticising French colonial activities. The debates of the 1940s were strongly framed by France's ‘mission to civilise’ its colonies, which was supported by universal humanist aspirations but was also criticised as masking policies of exploitation and oppression. The resulting tensions are well demonstrated by Emmanuel Mounier's book L'Éveil de l'Afrique noire, published after a visit to several areas of French West Africa in the spring of 1947, at a crucial moment in France's relations with its colonies. This article focuses on the components published in Esprit, Combat, and Présence africaine, which outlined the positive roles that France could play in the region, but warned against the dangers if opportunities were missed, and recognised the particular difficulties confronting the rising African elites. A closer examination of the discursive strategies he deployed shows that Mounier's frame of reference remained within the paternalist paradigm of republican humanism, and that he saw France's role as a duty to guide the development of Africa. However, in the myths and metaphors he adopted, a more radical vision can be identified, which expressed an underlying anti-colonialism.
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Tavares, Carlos Mendes, Néia Schor, Ivan França Junior, and Simone Grilo Diniz. "Factors associated with sexual initiation and condom use among adolescents on Santiago Island, Cape Verde, West Africa." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 25, no. 9 (September 2009): 1969–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2009000900011.
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The current study focuses on factors associated with sexual initiation and condom use among teenagers on Santiago Island, Cape Verde, according to gender. This was a representative, probabilistic sample of 13-to-17-year-olds (n = 768) attending public secondary schools on Santiago Island in 2007. Associations were tested by test of proportion, Pearson's chi-square, or Fisher's exact test and logistic regression. Factors related to sexual initiation among boys were: age over 14 years, Catholic religion, and alcohol consumption. For girls, the factors included: > 9 years of schooling and involvement in an affective-sexual relationship. Unlike other Sub-Saharan countries, this study showed a high prevalence of condom use during initial sexual activity. Adolescents are able to safely begin sexually active life if they have access to information, sex education, and other STD prevention and contraceptive methods. This study provides insights on the development of policies to reduce the vulnerability of the young population to STD/AIDS and the limits and challenges related to the promotion of condom use and sex education, focusing on unequal gender relations.
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Chu, Lisa W., Jamie Ritchey, Susan S. Devesa, Sabah M. Quraishi, Hongmei Zhang, and Ann W. Hsing. "Prostate Cancer Incidence Rates in Africa." Prostate Cancer 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/947870.
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African American men have among the highest prostate cancer incidence rates in the world yet rates among their African counterparts are unclear. In this paper, we compared reported rates among black men of Sub-Saharan African descent using data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program for 1973–2007. Although population-based data in Africa are quite limited, the available data from IARC showed that rates among blacks were highest in the East (10.7–38.1 per 100,000 man-years, age-adjusted world standard) and lowest in the West (4.7–19.8). These rates were considerably lower than those of 80.0–195.3 observed among African Americans. Rates in Africa increased over time (1987–2002) and have been comparable to those for distant stage in African Americans. These patterns are likely due to differences between African and African American men in medical care access, screening, registry quality, genetic diversity, and Westernization. Incidence rates in Africa will likely continue to rise with improving economies and increasing Westernization, warranting the need for more high-quality population-based registration to monitor cancer incidence in Africa.
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Milosevic, Predrag. "Foundations of Byzantine late middle ages architecture thoughtfulness." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 2, no. 5 (2003): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace0305395m.
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Only in the recent few years have a number of facsimile publications on architecture offered a possibility of studying the original texts from different time periods. Those, already rare studies on the theory of architecture in the western civilization, almost regularly completely omit the Byzantine achievements in the so-called entirety of thoughtfulness (enkyklios paideia), that was a main characteristic of Byzantine learning. This learning, based on the ancient Greek and Hellenistic foundations, in many ways concern architecture, especially the architectural theory. That is why writing a good account of the architectural theory of this, historically such an important country as Byzantium, in such a long historical period (since 312 till 1453), has been a difficult task (this contribution is just the initial part of the study). One should not be disregarded that the architectural theories are never completely independent of historical geographical or even personal prejudices of their authors. In this sense, a subject matter of this treatise is just one 1141 year long part of the architectural theory of the West (West - in civilizational terms, not a political West), the part that rests on Christian foundations that is the Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Protestant ones, mainly. It is all treated in order, from ancient pagan Greece and Rome, ancient and Middle Ages Orthodox Byzantium, until Middle Ages and New Age Europe, altogether, Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Protestant Europe, and then those parts of the world in which the said civilizational circle managed to take root in: parts of Asia, North and South America, parts of Africa and Australia.
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Mosha, A. C., and Branko Cavric. "Sustainable urban development of metropolitan Johannesburg: The lessons learned from international practice." Spatium, no. 11 (2004): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0411021m.
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This paper consists of an overview of programmes supporting sustainable planning and management in the City of Johannesburg one of the most important social and economic hubs of the transitional Republic of South Africa. Following from this is an analysis of the experience identified as most appropriate for Johannesburg City and its metropolitan region (Gauteng). This case study is used to highlight efforts and lessons learned from the international project "Designing, Implementing and Measuring Sustainable Urban Development" (DIMSUD) which have intended to contribute to new solutions for sustainable urban development through a collaborative multi-disciplinary, and participatory approach combining research, urban design, and capacity building. DIMSUD (http://sustainability.ethz.ch) is carried out jointly by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Chalmers University of Technology (Sweden), University of Botswana, University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa) and the Catholic University of Santiago de Chile. Another partner was the United Nations University (UNU) at Tokyo. The project has enabled a global overview of core problems, providing a synthesis of realizable strategies and offering both a scientific forum and an "urban field laboratory" for joint learning. The strategies developed will not only help improve the conditions in the case study cities (Gaborone Johannesburg, Santiago de Chile), but will also provide working examples so that other cities can learn from and adapt and adopt appropriate "best practices".
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Ido, Eiji, Takashi Suzuki, William K. Ampofo, Irene Ayi, Shoji Yamaoka, Kwadwo A. Koram, and Nobuo Ohta. "Joint Research Project on Infectious Diseases in West-African Subregion." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0813.
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A research collaboration project in Ghana has joined the MEXT program supported by the Japanese government since 2008. The Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), the University of Ghana, and Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) are core parties in the project, and researchers from other institutions also participate temporarily. Two TMDU faculty members are sent to Ghana to manage and implement joint research projects for virology and parasitology, which cover HIV, African trypanosomes, malaria parasites, and vector insects. Along with joint research, mutual exchange activities for young researchers and students have been promoted to develop human resources in tropical infectious disease research. Subjects in our project are all public health concerns both in Ghana and West-Africa and in other parts of the world. Our joint projects have strengthened and promoted global information networks on infectious diseases and the health and welfare of the residents of Ghana and Japan.
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Traoré, Djénéba. "The West Africa Institute’s (WAI) contribution to the ECOWAS Post 2020 Vision." Regions and Cohesion 10, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2020.100309.
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Abstract: This article addresses the commitments of ECOWAS to citizen perspectives, and it underlines the added value of scientifi c research in the successful achievement of regional integration for West Africans. Specifi - cally, it asks, how can the eff ectiveness and relevance of academic studies be used to enhance economic growth and social development? The creation of the West Africa Institute (WAI), a research center and think tank dedicated to regional integration and social transformations, was a major step in the search for adequate local and regional development solutions fi ing with the West African context. WAI works with a participatory approach, promoting free debates among policy makers, open spaces for dialogue, and exchange among all social actors concerned with issues of regional integration and social transformation.Resumen: Este artículo analiza los compromisos de la CEDEAO en términos de perspectivas ciudadanas y enfatiza el valor agregado de la investigación científi ca en el éxito de la integración regional para África Occidental. Específi camente, pregunta cómo la efi ciencia y relevancia de los estudios universitarios pueden usarse para mejorar el crecimiento económico y el desarrollo social. La creación del Instituto de África Occidental (IAO) fue un paso importante en la búsqueda de soluciones para un desarrollo apropiado, adaptado a los contextos local y regional de África Occidental. La IAO trabaja con un enfoque participativo promoviendo el fl ujo libre de debates entre los tomadores de decisiones y espacios abiertos para el diálogo e intercambio entre todos los actores sociales interesados en temas de integración regional y transformación social.Résumé: Cet article traite des engagements de la CEDEAO en matière de perspectives citoyennes et met l’accent sur la valeur ajoutée de la recherche scientifi que dans la réussite de l’intégration régionale pour l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Plus précisément, il étudie comment l’effi cacité et la pertinence de la recherche scientifi que peuvent être utilisées pour améliorer la croissance économique et le développement social. La création de l’Institut de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (IAO), un centre de recherche et un groupe de réfl exion dédié à l’intégration régionale et aux transformations sociales, a été une étape majeure dans la recherche de solutions de développement local et régional adéquates adaptées au contexte ouest-africain. L’IAO travaille avec une approche participative, favorisant la libre circulation des débats entre les décideurs et des espaces ouverts pour le dialogue et l’échange entre tous les acteurs sociaux concernés par les questions d’intégration régionale et de transformation sociale.
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Saele, Helena. "The 2010 APSA Workshop on Global Perspectives on Politics and Gender: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, July 18–August 6, 2010." PS: Political Science & Politics 43, no. 04 (October 2010): 851–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096510001563.
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The APSA Workshop on Global Perspectives on Politics and Gender was convened in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, from July 18 to August 6. It was the third annual residential workshop of a multi-year initiative that APSA is organizing in sub-Saharan Africa from 2008 though 2014. The first workshop took place in Dakar, Senegal (2008), at the facilities of the West African Research Center; the second workshop was convened in Accra, Ghana (2009), at the Institute for African Studies and the University of Ghana, Legon.
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MAILLES, A., H. NOEL, D. PANNETIER, C. RAPP, Y. YAZDANPANAH, S. VANDENTORREN, P. CHAUD, et al. "Strengthened Ebola surveillance in France during a major outbreak in West Africa: March 2014–January 2016." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 16 (November 23, 2017): 3455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817002552.
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SUMMARYIntroductionAn unprecedented outbreak of Ebola virus diseases (EVD) occurred in West Africa from March 2014 to January 2016. The French Institute for Public Health implemented strengthened surveillance to early identify any imported case and avoid secondary cases.MethodsFebrile travellers returning from an affected country had to report to the national emergency healthcare hotline. Patients reporting at-risk exposures and fever during the 21st following day from the last at-risk exposure were defined as possible cases, hospitalised in isolation and tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Asymptomatic travellers reporting at-risk exposures were considered as contact and included in a follow-up protocol until the 21st day after the last at-risk exposure.ResultsFrom March 2014 to January 2016, 1087 patients were notified: 1053 were immediately excluded because they did not match the notification criteria or did not have at-risk exposures; 34 possible cases were tested and excluded following a reliable negative result. Two confirmed cases diagnosed in West Africa were evacuated to France under stringent isolation conditions. Patients returning from Guinea (n = 531; 49%) and Mali (n = 113; 10%) accounted for the highest number of notifications.ConclusionNo imported case of EVD was detected in France. We are confident that our surveillance system was able to classify patients properly during the outbreak period.
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Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. "Access to Higher Education in French Africa South of the Sahara." Social Sciences 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10050173.
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This article examines the evolution of the educational situation in French West Africa (FWA) and French Equatorial Africa (FEA) from the onset of colonization until independence. Our central theme is the tragic deprivation endured by the public school system, especially in FEA, which handed over primary education to Catholic missions and slowed down secondary education; in FWA, only one university was belatedly created in Senegal (1958). The education of girls remained non-existent. The article is based upon a large number of mostly unpublished doctoral works, a handful of published studies, and half a century of personal inquiries, conducted mainly in Gabon, Congo and Senegal. This paper establishes a connection between the lack of political skills based upon Western standards of the colonized peoples on the eve of independence to the training of their civil servants which was drastically limited to secondary school education and the major hurdles involved in obtaining French nationality except for the residents of the Four Communes of Senegal. At the time of independence, only a few thousand colonized people had reached the level of university that was being established in the early 1950s; even fewer received scholarships to study in France. This shortage of trained personnel in administration and education required massive recourse to French “coopérants”, whose presence would only gradually diminish from the 1970s.
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Nyanzi-Kabuye, Emily, Pontiano Kaleebu, Benard Kikaire, Blandina T. Mmbaga, Godfrey S. Mfinanga, Norbert Peshu, and Maowia Mukhtar. "PO 8278 BUILDING CAPACITY IN CONDUCTING CLINICAL RESEARCH IN A VIRTUAL SETTING: EXPERIENCES FROM THE EAST AFRICAN CONSORTIUM FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH (EACCR2)." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A26.2—A27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.67.
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BackgroundEACCR2 is an EDCTP-funded, Eastern African-led network established in May 2009, with 23 regional partners from Ehtiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda, and 8 northern partners from Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom. The objective is to strengthen capacity to conduct health research to international standards with specific focus on clinical trials on poverty-relevant diseases such as HIV, TB, malaria and neglected infectious diseases. EACCR2 optimises the use of shared research infrastructures and other regional capacity building resources and opportunities.ActivitiesThe activities of the network are implemented in five work packages cutting across ‘nodes’ in different countries. Capacity building programmes and studies funded by EDCTP are implemented by coordinators at the disease nodes. The Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) hosts the secretariat of the consortium of five nodes located in the following institutions: Malaria Node in Kilifi-Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust, Tanzania; Training Node in Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Tanzania; Tuberculosis Node at the National Institute of Medical Research- Muhimbili, Tanzania; the Neglected and Re-Emerging Tropical Diseases Node at the University of Khartoum, Sudan; and the HIV Node at UVRI, Uganda.Coordinators form the project implementation committee which meets via skype or teleconference every quarter to assess progress, share best practice and challenges of the network. Scientific and annual meetings are arranged every year in one of the implementing institutions. During such meetings, students, the nodes and steering committee also meet to minimise travel costs while helping teams to network.EACCR2 learns from the experiences, best practice and challenges of EACCR1 while implementing its current activities. Careful planning and consensus building from all partners has been the driving force to build and implement activities of this virtual network. EACCR2 also works closely with other EDCTP Networks of Excellence, i.e. in Central Africa (CANTAM), West Africa (WANETAM), and Southern Africa (TESA).
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Crowder, Michael. "‘Us’ and ‘them’: the International African Institute and the current crisis of identity in African Studies." Africa 57, no. 1 (January 1987): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160186.
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In April 1986 British Africanists met to discuss the crisis facing African Studies in their country. The crisis was easily denned as one of lack of resources in universities where current cutbacks have particularly affected area studies; of the limited funds available to libraries specialising in African Studies; and of the severe reduction in the number of publishers willing to take on monographs relating to Africa, with the result that many scholars are ‘giving up all hope of being published'.1 Furthermore, lack of travel funds has meant that many Africanists teaching in Britain have not been to the continent of their study in seven years. So few new appointments have recently been made in the field of African Studies in British universities that, unless something drastic is done to reverse the trend, in fifteen years’ time there will be a sharp decline in the numbers actually engaged in African Studies as generations grow old and are not replaced.2 Students can see no future in pursuing African Studies at the postgraduate level and their teachers are in no position to advise even their most brilliant students that doctoral research will lead to an academic appointment. These developments have taken place in a context where those who run the government have lost or are losing interest in Africa, a continent which is seen increasingly as one of unending problems which they just wish would go away. Indeed, the whole crisis in African Studies, as described by some of the leading British Africanists that April, invited headlines in the respected weekly magazine West Africa: ‘African Studies in peril. Is the study of Africa in British universities dying?
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Aakre, Inger, Annbjørg Bøkevoll, Jamal Chaira, Fatima Zohra Bouthir, Sylvia Frantzen, Anette Kausland, and Marian Kjellevold. "Variation in Nutrient Composition of Seafood from North West Africa: Implications for Food and Nutrition Security." Foods 9, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9101516.
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Fish and seafood may play an important role for nutrition and food security as they contain essential vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. The aim of this study was to describe the nutrient composition, including fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, in commonly consumed fish species (fillet- and whole fish samples) sampled off the Northwest African coast. Furthermore, we assessed the species’ contributions to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) values from the World Health Organization (WHO). Samples of commercially important fish species (Sardina pilchardus, Engraulis encrasicolus, Trachurus trachurus, Pagellus acarne) were collected using trawling on the R/V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen in May 2017 and analyzed for nutrients at the Institute of Marine Research as individual and composite samples. All the analyzed fish species were good dietary sources of several vitamins and minerals and whole fish were substantially more nutrient dense than fillet samples, especially with regard to vitamin A, iodine, zinc, calcium, and iron. Including 100 g of sardine or anchovy (whole fish) in the diet, would contribute substantially to the RNI for vitamin B12, vitamin D and vitamin A, EPA and DHA as well as the minerals iodine, zinc, and calcium. This study shows that fish consumed with skin, bone, and viscera may be very nutrient dense and important for local food and nutrition security.
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Groups, African Pathologists' Summit Working. "Proceedings of the African Pathologists Summit; March 22–23, 2013; Dakar, Senegal: A Summary." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 139, no. 1 (June 25, 2014): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2013-0732-cc.
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Context This report presents the proceedings of the African Pathologists Summit, held under the auspices of the African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer. Objectives To deliberate on the challenges and constraints of the practice of pathology in Sub-Saharan Africa and the avenues for addressing them. Participants Collaborating organizations included the American Society for Clinical Pathology; Association of Pathologists of Nigeria; British Division of the International Academy of Pathology; College of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa; East African Division of the International Academy of Pathology; Friends of Africa–United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology Initiative; International Academy of Pathology; International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research; National Cancer Institute; National Health and Laboratory Service of South Africa; Nigerian Postgraduate Medical College; Royal College of Pathologists; West African Division of the International Academy of Pathology; and Faculty of Laboratory Medicine of the West African College of Physicians. Evidence Information on the status of the practice of pathology was based on the experience of the participants, who are current or past practitioners of pathology or are involved in pathology education and research in Sub-Saharan Africa. Consensus Process The deliberations were carried out through presentations and working discussion groups. Conclusions The significant lack of professional and technical personnel, inadequate infrastructure, limited training opportunities, poor funding of pathology services in Sub-Saharan Africa, and their significant impact on patient care were noted. The urgency of addressing these issues was recognized, and the recommendations that were made are contained in this report.
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Killingray, David. "Transatlantic Networks of Early African Pentecostalism: The Role of Thomas Brem Wilson, 1901–1929." Studies in World Christianity 23, no. 3 (December 2017): 218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2017.0193.
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Proto-Pentecostalist ideas in Britain owe a debt to the activities of the Gold Coast businessman Thomas Brem Wilson (1865–1929), who settled in London in 1901. His recently discovered diaries and personal papers detail his commercial interests and activities in West Africa and his relationships with a number of fellow Africans living in London. The diaries also record Brem Wilson's transatlantic involvement with J. A. Dowie's faith healing Catholic Apostolic Church in London and Zion City, Illinois, which he visited in 1904; evangelistic work among his African friends in London and in the Gold Coast; and his personal and financial relations with Alexander Boddy. In 1908 Brem Wilson helped found the first black-led Pentecostal church in Britain, where he was a pastor for the rest of his life.
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Wood, A. R., and M. Scholler. "Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola on Parthenium hysterophorus in Southern Africa." Plant Disease 86, no. 3 (March 2002): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.3.327a.
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Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L., family Asteraceae), an annual herb of neotropic origin, is an invasive noxious weed with a pantropical distribution (1). It is particularly undesirable because of the serious health risks it poses to people living close to infestations (1). In January 1995, S. Neser (ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa) collected a rust fungus on this plant near Brits, Northwest Province, South Africa (25°35′S, 27°46′E). Only uredinia were present. The same rust fungus was collected in the same area in January, March, and June of 2001, and again only uredinia were observed. In its native range, P. hysterophorus is infected by two rust fungus species, Puccinia abrupta Diet. & Holw. var. partheniicola (Jackson) Parmelee and Puccinia melampodii Diet. & Holw., but the latter species is microcyclic with telia only. The morphology of the urediniospores in the South African collections corresponds to Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola (3): obovoid to almost triangular, 22 to 27 × 18 to 25 µm, echinulate, two subequatorial and one apical germ pores, spines absent around germ pores, wall 1 to 2.5 µm thick. The native range of Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola is Mexico and northern South America (3). In addition, it has been recorded from Mauritius (3), Kenya, and India (H. C. Evans and C. A. Ellison, International Institute of Biological Control, CAB, 1987, unpublished data). It was intentionally introduced into Australia for the biological control of P. hysterophorus (2). Thirteen specimens in the Arthur Herbarium were examined, and only two had telia in addition to uredinia. The other 11 had only uredinia, indicating that nonformation of telia is common. Telia and uredinia are produced in high altitude, semiarid areas of Mexico, whereas in low altitude, more humid areas only uredinia are produced (1). The production of telia appears to depend on environmental conditions, and their absence is not unexpected at the Brits site, which is a high altitude (1,120 m) area with high summer rainfall (400 to 600 mm per year from November to February) and dry winters. Voucher specimens were deposited at the National Collection of Fungi, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria (PREM 57298) and the Arthur Herbarium, West Lafayette, IN (PUR N1117). To our knowledge, this is the second report of this rust fungus in Africa and the first in southern Africa. References: (1) H. C. Evans. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 88:105, 1987. (2) A. Parker et. al. Plant Pathol. 43:1, 1994. (3) J. A. Parmelee. Can. J. Bot. 45:2267, 1967.
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KAMARA, A. Y., A. MENKIR, M. A. B. FAKOREDE, S. O. AJALA, B. BADU-APRAKU, and I. KUREH. "Agronomic performance of maize cultivars representing three decades of breeding in the Guinea Savannas of West and Central Africa." Journal of Agricultural Science 142, no. 5 (October 2004): 567–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859604004575.
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Maize improvement at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), which began in the 1970s, built on the germplasm and experience of earlier years. The main breeding emphasis was to develop maize cultivars and hybrids with high yield potential and durable resistance to diseases and pests with specific adaptation to the different agro-ecological zones of West and Central Africa. Over the years, open-pollinated cultivars have been developed with different levels of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Identification of the factors that contributed to improvements in the maize cultivars developed during the past decades may be useful to sustain the genetic gain from selection in the future. A study was conducted to quantify genetic gains in yield and associated traits of open pollinated maize cultivars released from 1970 to 1999 in the West African savannas. The genetic gain in grain yield was 0·41% per year and seems to be associated with increases in total biomass and kernel weight, and reductions in plant height and days to flowering (anthesis and silking). There was no significant change in harvest index of the cultivars.
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Offei, S. K., M. Owuna-Kwakye, and G. Thottappilly. "First Report of East African Cassava Mosaic Begomovirus in Ghana." Plant Disease 83, no. 9 (September 1999): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.877c.
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Virus species causing cassava mosaic disease have been categorized into three classes based on their reaction with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and their distribution (2). These viruses have different, scarcely overlapping distribution: African cassava mosaic begomovirus (ACMV) occurs in Africa west of the Rift Valley and in South Africa; East African cassava mosaic (EACMV) occurs in Africa east of the Rift Valley and in Madagascar; and Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) occurs in India and Sri Lanka (2). During 1998, surveys were conducted in farmers' fields in Ghana to assess the incidence and reaction of local cassava cultivars to cassava mosaic disease. Leaf samples from symptomatic plants were indexed by triple antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with crude extracts and monoclonal antibodies obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Each sample was assayed with monoclonal antibody SCR 23, which detects ACMV and EACMV, SCR 33, which detects ACMV, and SCR 58, which detects ICMV. None of the samples reacted with SCR 58. Two of the samples collected from the western region of Ghana produced strong reactions with MAb SCR23 but did not react with ACMV-specific MAb SCR 33. This result was consistent in three separate experiments conducted on the samples, confirming that the virus was EACMV and not ACMV. The results extend the work by Ogbe et al. (1) and provide further evidence of the occurrence of EACMV in west Africa. References: (1) F. O. Ogbe et al. Plant Dis 83:398, 1999. (2) M. M. Swanson and B. D. Harrison. Trop. Sci. 34:15, 1994.
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Lothon, Marie, Bernard Campistron, Michel Chong, Fleur Couvreux, Françoise Guichard, Catherine Rio, and Earle Williams. "Life Cycle of a Mesoscale Circular Gust Front Observed by a C-Band Doppler Radar in West Africa." Monthly Weather Review 139, no. 5 (May 2011): 1370–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010mwr3480.1.
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On 10 July 2006, during the Special Observation Period (SOP) of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) campaign, a small convective system initiated over Niamey and propagated westward in the vicinity of several instruments activated in the area, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) C-band Doppler radar and the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) mobile facility. The system started after a typical convective development of the planetary boundary layer. It grew and propagated within the scope of the radar range, so that its entire life cycle is documented, from the precluding shallow convection to its traveling gust front. The analysis of the observations during the transitions from organized dry convection to shallow convection and from shallow convection to deep convection lends support to the significant role played by surface temperature heterogeneities and boundary layer processes in the initiation of deep convection in semiarid conditions. The analysis of the system later in the day, of its growth and propagation, and of its associated density current allows the authors to estimate the wake available potential energy and demonstrate its capability to trigger deep convection itself. Given the quality and density of observations related to this case, and its typical and quasi-textbook characteristics, this is considered a prime case for the study of initiation and evolution of deep convection, and for testing their parameterizations in single-column models.
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Druyan, Leonard, and Matthew Fulakeza. "Downscaling Atmosphere-Ocean Global Climate Model Precipitation Simulations over Africa Using Bias-Corrected Lateral and Lower Boundary Conditions." Atmosphere 9, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9120493.
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A prequel study showed that dynamic downscaling using a regional climate model (RCM) over Africa improved the Goddard Institute for Space Studies Atmosphere-Ocean Global Climate Model (GISS AOGCM: ModelE) simulation of June–September rainfall patterns over Africa. The current study applies bias corrections to the lateral and lower boundary data from the AOGCM driving the RCM, based on the comparison of a 30-year simulation to the actual climate. The analysis examines the horizontal pattern of June–September total accumulated precipitation, the time versus latitude evolution of zonal mean West Africa (WA) precipitation (showing monsoon onset timing), and the latitude versus altitude cross-section of zonal winds over WA (showing the African Easterly Jet and the Tropical Easterly Jet). The study shows that correcting for excessively warm AOGCM Atlantic sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) improves the simulation of key features, whereas applying 30-year mean bias corrections to atmospheric variables driving the RCM at the lateral boundaries does not improve the RCM simulations. We suggest that AOGCM climate projections for Africa should benefit from downscaling by nesting an RCM that has demonstrated skill in simulating African climate, driven with bias-corrected SST.
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Tindana, Paulina, Michèle Ramsay, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, and Mary Amoakoh-Coleman. "Advancing non-communicable diseases research in Ghana: key stakeholders’ recommendations from a symposium." Ghana Medical Journal 54, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v54i2.11.
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There has been a growing increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally with reports suggesting that the fastest increase in NCD deaths in the world will occur in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the next 5 to 15 years. Despite the projected increase in NCD-related deaths, there is little coordinated research in many West African nations, including Ghana, to quantify and study this burden and to translate the research findings into policy and practice. To address these challenges, the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research and the Navrongo Health Research Centre, both in Ghana, with support from the Wits NCD Research Leadership Training Program organized a two-day symposium to discuss the advancement of NCD research in the West African sub-region. The aim was to propose the way forward for strengthening applied research that can inform the development of health policies and programs focused on NCDs. Participants were drawn from academia, research and health institutions, early career researchers and postdoctoral fellows. We present the key themes that emerged from the symposium and some strategies for advancing NCD research in West Africa. These include interdisciplinary collaboration between NCD researchers in the region, generation of accurate data on disease burden and strengthening stakeholder and public engagement on NCDs.Keywords: non-communicable diseases, health research, collaboration, public engagement, networkFunding: Funding for the symposium was provided by NIH Fogarty International Center–Grant numberD43TW008330, under the Wits Non-Communicable Disease Research Leadership Training Program.
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Tomazatos, Alexandru, Stephanie Jansen, Stefan Pfister, Edina Török, Iulia Maranda, Cintia Horváth, Lujza Keresztes, et al. "Ecology of West Nile Virus in the Danube Delta, Romania: Phylogeography, Xenosurveillance and Mosquito Host-Feeding Patterns." Viruses 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2019): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121159.
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The ecology of West Nile virus (WNV) in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (Romania) was investigated by combining studies on the virus genetics, phylogeography, xenosurveillance and host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes. Between 2014 and 2016, 655,667 unfed and 3842 engorged mosquito females were collected from four sampling sites. Blood-fed mosquitoes were negative for WNV-RNA, but two pools of unfed Culex pipiens s.l./torrentium collected in 2014 were tested positive. Our results suggest that Romania experienced at least two separate WNV lineage 2 introductions: from Africa into Danube Delta and from Greece into south-eastern Romania in the 1990s and early 2000s, respectively. The genetic diversity of WNV in Romania is primarily shaped by in situ evolution. WNV-specific antibodies were detected for 19 blood-meals from dogs and horses, but not from birds or humans. The hosts of mosquitoes were dominated by non-human mammals (19 species), followed by human and birds (23 species). Thereby, the catholic host-feeding pattern of Culex pipiens s.l./torrentium with a relatively high proportion of birds indicates the species’ importance as a potential bridge vector. The low virus prevalence in combination with WNV-specific antibodies indicate continuous, but low activity of WNV in the Danube Delta during the study period.
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Upadhyaya, H. D., K. N. Reddy, M. Irshad Ahmed, C. L. L. Gowda, and B. I. G. Haussmann. "Identification of geographical gaps in the pearl millet germplasm conserved at ICRISAT genebank from West and Central Africa." Plant Genetic Resources 8, no. 1 (July 27, 2009): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147926210999013x.
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The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) genebank in India holds the world's largest collection of 21,594 pearl millet germplasm accessions including 18,447 landraces from 50 countries. West and Central Africa (WCA) region, which is considered as the centre of diversity for pearl millet, is also an important pearl millet germplasm source for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. A total of 7372 landraces were assembled from WCA countries. Out of which, 6434 landraces have the georeference data. The geographic origins of these landraces were analyzed using geographic information system tools to identify gaps in the collection. Geographical distribution of existing collections, type of vegetation, land cover and the high probability (>70%) for the occurrence of pearl millet estimated using the FloraMap software in different countries show that 62 districts in 13 provinces of Nigeria, 50 districts in 16 provinces of Burkina Faso, 9 districts in 6 provinces each of Mali and Mauritania, 8 districts in 8 provinces of Chad and 7 districts in 3 provinces of Ghana as the major geographical gaps in the pearl millet collection at the ICRISAT genebank. In view of this, we suggest that the final areas for exploration in these districts should be decided prior to the launch of the collection missions in consultation with local government officials and extension officers, who have the knowledge of pearl millet cultivation in the districts identified.
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Barocchi, Michèle Anne, and Rino Rappuoli. "Delivering vaccines to the people who need them most." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1671 (June 19, 2015): 20140150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0150.
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Thanks to the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), the Vaccine Fund and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the global health community has made enormous progress in providing already existing vaccines to developing countries. However, there still exists a gap to develop vaccines for which there is no market in the Western world, owing to low economic incentives for the private sector to justify the investments necessary for vaccine development. In many cases, industry has the technologies, but lacks the impetus to direct resources to develop these vaccine products. The present emergency with the Ebola vaccine provides us an excellent example where a vaccine was feasible several years ago, but the global health community waited for a humanitarian disaster to direct efforts and resources to develop this vaccine. In the beginning of 2015, the first large-scale trials of two experimental vaccines against Ebola virus disease have begun in West Africa. During the past few years, several institutions have dedicated efforts to the development of vaccines against diseases present only in low-income countries. These include the International Vaccine Institute, the Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, the Hilleman Institute, the Sabin Vaccine Institute and the Infectious Disease Research Institute. Nevertheless, solving this problem requires a more significant global effort than that currently invested. These efforts include a clear policy, global coordination of funds dedicated to the development of neglected disease and an agreement on regulatory strategies and incentives for the private sector.
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Msikita, W., J. S. Yaninek, M. Ahounou, H. Baimey, and R. Fagbemissi. "First Report of Nattrassia mangiferae Root and Stem Rot of Cassava in West Africa." Plant Disease 81, no. 11 (November 1997): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.11.1332a.
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During part of the dry season in 1996 (November to December), surveys were made for incidence of root and stem rot in 99 fields of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) randomly selected between latitudes 6°36′N and 7°49′N in Benin (79 fields) and Nigeria (20 fields). Root rot was observed in 65 fields in Benin and 15 fields in Nigeria. Disease incidence ranged from 0 to 54%. A total of 201 samples of wilted and/or dead plants were collected for laboratory analysis. Infected root and stem portions (0.5 to 1 cm) were cut out, surface disinfested (10 min) in 10% bleach (0.6% sodium hypochlorite), rinsed in sterilized distilled water, and cultured on potato dextrose agar acidified to pH 4.5 with 0.4% (vol/vol) lactic acid. Cultures were incubated at 25°C, under 12-h day length provided by cool-white fluorescent lamps. After 1 week, mycelia, conidiophores, and conidia were observed at ×30 to ×40 magnification under a compound microscope. Out of the 169 symptomatic samples collected from Benin, nine fungal genera were isolated: Aspergillus spp. (1% of fungi observed), Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat (7.7%), Fusarium spp. (11.8%), Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich (14.2%), Nattrassia mangiferae (Syd. & P. Syd.) B. Sutton & Dyko (56.2%), Penicillium spp. (0.6%), Pythium spp. (2.9%), Rhizopus spp. (1.7%), and Trichoderma spp. (2.4%). One percent of the fungi isolated did not sporulate in culture and were not identified. Out of the 32 samples collected from Nigeria, four fungal genera were identified: N. mangiferae (40.6%), B. theobromae (28.1%), M. phaseolina (18.7%), and Fusarium spp. (12.5%). Since N. mangiferae was isolated with the highest frequency, its pathogenicity was tested on cassava (cultivars Agric, Ben 86052, Dessa 88, Tchukunochi, and TMS 30572). Two weeks prior to the experiment, inocula for pathogenicity tests were prepared by incubating 5-mm-diameter mycelial plugs of N. mangiferae with 500 ml of autoclaved rice seed for 10 days at 25°C, followed by air drying in a laminar flow hood for 2 days. Five 30-cm-long stem portions were cut from healthy plants of each cassava cultivar, surface disinfested in hot water (52°C, 5 min), and transplanted into sterilized (autoclaved, 1 h) sand in 1-liter pots to which 10 ml of the N. mangiferae-colonized rice inoculum had been added. There were five control stems for each cultivar, similarly treated, but not inoculated. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse under natural light at 28 to 30°C. Thirty days after planting, plant height, lesion length, and number of shoots and roots were recorded. For all five cultivars, N. mangiferae significantly (P < 0.05) reduced plant height and number of shoots and roots, compared with control plants. Lesions (3 to 15 cm long) formed on the lower stem portions of all inoculated plants, resulting in variable degrees of wilting of the infected plants. Two of the cultivars (Agric and Ben 86052) died 3 weeks after planting. Control plants remained asymptomatic. N. mangiferae was consistently reisolated from infected plants, and the identification was independently confirmed by the International Mycological Institute, Surrey, UK. Scytalidium sp., a synamorphic state of N. mangiferae (2), was reported to cause up to 85% cassava root yield loss in South America (1). This is the first report of N. mangiferae causing cassava root and stem rot in West Africa. References: (1) Anonymous. Annu. Rep. Cassava Prog., CIAT Working Doc. No. 116:97, 1992. (2) B. C. Sutton and B. J. Dyko. Mycol. Res. 93:466, 1989.
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Mahadevan, Sangeetha, Moon Fai Chan, Marzieh Moghadas, Maithili Shetty, David T. Burke, Khalid Al-Rasadi, and Samir Al-Adawi. "Post-Stroke Psychiatric and Cognitive Symptoms in West Asia, South Asia and Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 3655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163655.
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Recent research has shown that the prevalence of stroke incidents and the number of survivors in developing countries surpass those from developed countries. This study aimed to enumerate the prevalence of post-stroke psychiatric and cognitive symptoms among stroke survivors from West and South Asia and Africa through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Data from each country was systematically acquired from five major databases (PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed/Medline, and Google Scholar (for any missing articles and grey literature)). Meta-analytic techniques were then used to estimate the prevalence of various post-stoke psychiatric and cognitive symptoms. A total of 36 articles were accrued from 11 countries, of which 25 were evaluated as part of the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of post-stroke depression as per the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN), Geriatric Depression Scale, and the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale ranged from 28.00 to 50.24%. Pooled prevalence of post-stroke anxiety based on the HADS and SCAN was 44.19% and 10.96%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of post-stroke cognitive impairment as per the Mini-Mental Status Examination was 16.76%. This present review has suggested that both psychiatric and cognitive symptoms are common among stroke survivors. Concerted efforts are needed to institute robust studies using culturally sensitive measures to contemplate mechanisms that address the unmet needs of this vulnerable population.
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Willianms, Ellery. "Reviewer Acknowledgements." Business and Management Studies 6, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v6i4.5116.
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Business and Management Studies (BMS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether BMS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 4Abdul-Kahar Adam, University of Education, Winneba, GhanaAndrzej Niemiec, Poznań University of Economics and Business, PolandAnnu Tomar, Indian Institute of Management, IndiaAsad Ghalib, The University of Manchester, UKAshford Chea, Benedict College, USAFábio Albergaria de Queiroz, Catholic University of Brasília, BrazilGabriela O. Chiciudean, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaIulia Cristina Muresan, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaIuliana Petronela GÂRDAN, Spiru Haret University, RomaniaJason Caudill, King University, USAKenichi Shimizu, Technical University of Braunschweig, GermanyKonstantinos N. Malagas, University of the Aegean, GreeceMarica Ion Dumitrasco, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, MoldovaMichael Okoche, University of South Africa, UgandaMythili Kolluru, College of Banking and Financial Studies, OmanOnur Dogan, Dokuz Eylül University, TurkeySandeep Kumar, Tecnia Institute of Advanced Studies, Affiliated to GGSIP University Delgi, IndiaZoran Mastilo, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Ellery WillianmsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Business and Management StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://bms.redfame.com
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Ampiah, Kweku. "Nigeria's Fledgling Friendship with Japan: The Beginning of a 'Special Partnership'?" African and Asian Studies 4, no. 4 (2005): 547–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920905775826215.
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AbstractSince the inauguration of President Olusegun Obasanjo as President of Nigeria Japan's attitude towards the West African state seems to have been positively transformed. The relationship between the two countries kicked-off with panache after the President's first visit to Tokyo in April 1999 as President elect to renew acquaintances. The two countries are now bound together in a "Special Relationship", which provides them with a coherent framework for regular and constructive consultations. The recent developments replace a period of immobilist diplomacy between Tokyo and Abuja especially during when Nigerian domestic politics was infested with military dictatorships.Tokyo's recent initiatives toward Abuja have to be seen within the context of Japan's invigorated diplomatic initiatives toward sub-Saharan Africa as manifested through the Tokyo International Conference on African Development. The relationship is also premised on Nigeria's hegemonic position within the sub-region of West Africa. As a result, Japan has relatively increased its economic assistance to Nigeria in recent years and is seemingly showing signs of interest in the economic development of Nigeria. On his part, President Obasanjo has pledged his country's determination "to change from the way and manner business was done in Nigeria in the recent past in order to institute a new regime of accountability and transparency in conformity with internationally accepted codes of business ethics".
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Dubé, Yves C. "International Forest Projects: Trends, Profitability and Financing." Forestry Chronicle 64, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64199-3.
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International forest projects financed by development assistance agencies or international lending institutions, have evolved during the last 20 years from industrial forest management projects to agroforestry/watershed conservation projects. A 1985 World Resources Institute report calls for the investment of $8 billions US over the period 1987-91 to fight deforestation. International forest projects ex-ante rates of return are found to be well above 10%. Non-economic variables and economic variables are listed to explain a 50% discrepancy between those and ex-post rates of return of forest plantation projects in West Africa. The financial and economic analysis is defined and proposed to improve their financing. Key words: Tropical forestry action plan, rates of return, common property, externalities, private and public sectors participation.
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Ortiz, Rodomiro. "Cowpeas from Nigeria: A Silent Food Revolution." Outlook on Agriculture 27, no. 2 (June 1998): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709802700210.
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Cowpeas ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) are an important native African legume crop, whose seeds are sold in local urban and rural markets. West Africa is the main centre of diversity for cowpeas. Nigeria is the world's largest producer and second in acreage. The production trend shows a significant improvement of cowpea cultivation in this country from 1961 to 1995. In this period, Nigerian cowpea production increased by 441% according to available statistics of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This paper discusses the evolution of cowpea production from the early 1960s until recent years in Nigeria, along with new technology for cultivation (for example, improved cultivars) of this crop developed by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Nigeria.
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Bedaux, Rogier M. A. "BOOK REVIEW: ed. Claude Daniel Ardouin.MUSEUMS AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN WEST AFRICA. Washington, DC: The Smithsonian Institution P, in association with The African International Institute, 1997. and ed. Claude Daniel Ardouin and Emmanuel Arinze.MUSEUMS AND THE COMMUNITY IN WEST AFRICA. Washington, DC: The Smithsonian Institution P; Oxford: James Currey; for the West African Museums Programme in association with The African International Institute, 1995." Research in African Literatures 31, no. 4 (December 2000): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/ral.2000.31.4.166.
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Basiru, Adeniyi, Adelabu Salawu, Martins Arogundade, and Samuel Ogunwa. "Nigeria’s Regional Hegemonic Conundrum: The Oil Connection." Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no. 5 (January 9, 2020): 750–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619893398.
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This article, using documentary analysis, adopts a fresh perspective to understanding why Nigeria, in spite of its exceptional potentials, has not attained hegemonic pre-eminence in Africa. Specifically, it seeks to decipher the central driver of the country’s hegemonic conundrum. It notes and argues that although many endogenous factors, alone or in combination, could have worked and are still at work to undercut Nigeria’s quest for regional hegemony, the central factor is the oil-induced rentier political economy which has not only marginalized the indigenous productive sector, but has also institutionalized rentier culture that had tended to feed into the country’s foreign policy processes and, by extension, diminished its stature in the comity of nations. It concludes that in as much as oil remains the central locus and vertebra of the country’s economy, and the country continues to be presided over by leaders who lack the willpower to strategically diversify the economy and institute effective framework for governing the oil sector, the country’s quest for hegemonic pre-eminence in West Africa is more likely to remain a cherished dream.