Academic literature on the topic 'Cattle breeds – South Africa'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cattle breeds – South Africa"
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Mamogobo, M. D., N. O. Mapholi, K. A. Nephawe, et al. "Genetic characterisation of non-descript cattle populations in communal areas of South Africa." Animal Production Science 61, no. 1 (2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20030.
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Context Indigenous cattle breeds represent an important genetic resource for livelihood of communal-area inhabitants. Indigenous breeds have the ability to withstand harsh climatic conditions, can adapt genetically to poor-quality forages and are resistant to parasites and diseases. These unique traits possessed by indigenous breeds are under threat because of unrestrained crossing with exotic commercial breeds, and this can lead to total loss of a breed. Aims The study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of South African non-descript communal beef cattle populations by using 25 microsatellite markers. Methods Unrelated and non-descript animals (n = 150) were sampled from communal areas from five (5) provinces of South Africa, namely, Eastern Cape, KwaZulu–Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and the North West, with 30 samples per breed taken. Six (6) known cattle breeds (n = 180) were used as a reference population. This included Angus, Afrikaner, Bonsmara, Brahman, Drakensberger and the Nguni, with 30 samples per breed. Key results High level of genetic diversity was found across the five non-descript populations, with an average heterozygosity of 75%. The Limpopo population was found to be the most diverse population, with the highest average number of alleles (8.5) and heterozygosity (ranging between observed heterozygosity of 70% and expected heterozygosity of 79%). STRUCTURE software assigned populations (2 ≤ K ≤ 20), with the most probable cluster being at K = 7. The Eastern Cape, KwaZulu–Natal and Limpopo populations had genetic material similar to those possessed by the Nguni and Bonsmara reference populations. Conclusions Results from the study showed that most genetic differentiation occurred within populations rather than among populations, and this might be due to the fact that there is no selection for or against any specific production trait expressed in the populations. Implications The obtained information will serve as a baseline for the development and implementation of sound breeding programs that will assist in controlling the gene flow, so as to lower the possible genetic dilution of the currently available genetic material.
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Ramsay, K., M. Smuts, and H. C. Els. "Adding value to South African landrace breeds conservation through utilisation." Animal Genetic Resources Information 27 (April 2000): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001243.
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SummaryThe paper analyses the importance of breed conservation in South Africa by means of added value through a number of species. This principle was applied to some of Southern Africa populations: Nguni cattle, indigenous pigs, indigenous sheep landraces including fat-tails (Pedi, Damara, Zulu, Afrikaner) and fat-rumped breeds (Persian) as well as the improved Boer goat. The latter is an example of what can be achieved by selecting an indigenous breed for a specific purpose.For each breed, possible alternative uses are explained by analysing their characters. For the Nguni cattle (very well adapted to local conditions) a premium is paid for hides with minimal tick damage as these are used for car upholstery, an important added value. Beef quality and easy calving are also relevant factors that are important when crossing the Nguni with European breeds.Indigenous sheep landraces are often used to develop hardy composites and this helps their conservation, while the Boer goat is in demand in many countries for meat-production and has been exported world-wide; this is probably the only selected meat-goat in the world.Indigenous pig breeds are capable of generating a good income and are satisfactory alternatives to modern breeds.
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Van Marle-Köster, Este, Carina Visser, Judith Sealy, and Laurent Frantz. "Capitalizing on the Potential of South African Indigenous Beef Cattle Breeds: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (2021): 4388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084388.
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Cattle populations arrived in Southern Africa almost 2000 years ago, brought by farming communities migrating southwards. For centuries, cattle have been an integral component of livestock production to meet the animal protein needs of a growing population and they are also important in many cultural and religious events, as repositories of wealth and signifiers of social status. Selection within these cattle populations led to the development of breeds such as the Nguni, Afrikaner and Drakensberger that are well adapted to the local production environment. Genetic information has been generated for most of these populations, providing new insights into their ancestry and indicating moderate levels of diversity and relatively low inbreeding. Indigenous cattle breeds are present in both the well-developed commercial sector as well as the developing South African livestock sector. These breeds have been included in several research studies, mostly focusing on their production and adaptive potential. Genetic improvement of the local cattle populations and breeds, which are often more resilient to local environmental conditions, has the potential to improve the productivity of the small-scale production developing sector and contribute to the alleviation of poverty.
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Kaupe, Bernhard, Andreas Winter, Ruedi Fries, and Georg Erhardt. "DGAT1 polymorphism in Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle breeds." Journal of Dairy Research 71, no. 2 (2004): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029904000032.
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As a result of multiple QTL-mapping projects in recent years, a quantitative trait locus for milk fat percentage and milk yield has been described on BTA14. Recent reports name the acyl-CoA[ratio ]diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) gene on BTA14 as a potential candidate gene, with a nonconservative substitution of lysine by alanine (K232A) producing a major effect on milk composition and yield. DGAT1K appears to be the ancestral allele and the K232A substitution probably occurred after the divergence of the Bos indicus and Bos taurus lineages. These findings prompted us to genotype 1748 DNA samples of 38 different Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle breeds from 13 countries on five continents (Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and South America), to examine the occurrence of the DGAT1 polymorphism and characterize the K232A substitution in cattle breeds of different origins and selected for different purposes (e.g., beef, dairy and dual purpose). Calculating pairwise FST values for pooled subpopulations showed least divergence for Bos indicus breeds with high milk fat percentage. Fixation of DGAT1A was found in some Bos taurus breeds and fixation of DGAT1K in one Bos indicus breed. Breeds of no known organized breeding background from the Near East domestication centre of Bos taurus and taurine African N'Dama cattle were found to possess intermediate frequencies of DGAT1K. While beef breeds tended to harbour higher DGAT1A levels, dairy cattle showed everything from very low levels of DGAT1K to unexpectedly high frequencies of this allele.
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Corbet, N. J., R. K. Shepherd, H. M. Burrow, J. van der Westhuizen, P. E. Strydom, and D. J. Bosman. "Evaluation of Bonsmara and Belmont Red cattle breeds in South Africa. 1. Productive performance." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 2 (2006): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05223.
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The productive performance of progeny by Bonsmara and Belmont Red sires was compared in contemporarily reared groups in South Africa. Measurements on 4279 pedigreed progeny of 96 Bonsmara sires and 18 Belmont Red sires were recorded over 15 years in 4 diverse climatic regions of South Africa. Growth traits were measured on growing stock from birth to 18 months at pasture. Weight gain, feed conversion rate, frame size, scrotal circumference and visually assessed ‘functional efficiency’ scores were recorded on male progeny fed high protein rations. Carcass traits were measured on a subset of the male progeny. Age at first calving, and repeated measurements of calving date and calving interval were recorded on breeding females as indicators of reproductive performance. Tick counts were made on males and females across a range of ages during times of heavy field infestation. There were differences in progeny performance for some traits. Bonsmara sired animals generally scored higher than Belmont Red progeny for functional efficiency. Belmont Red sired calves were lighter at birth (35.9 v. 37.3; P0.05) and cows by Belmont Red sires had a shorter average calving interval (440 v. 455; P<0.05). Sire breed by region interaction was not important. The differences in scored and measured traits generally reflected differences in selection policies adopted by the breed societies. Variation in growth and fertility traits due to sire was greater than variation due to breed and demonstrated the potential for identifying superior individuals. The performance of the sire breeds for the range of traits and environments studied advocated that selected Bonsmara and Belmont Red animals from South African herds would be suitable for inclusion in breeding programs in Australian Belmont Red herds.
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Pienaar, L., JP Grobler, FWC Neser, et al. "Genetic diversity in selected stud and commercial herds of the Afrikaner cattle breed." South African Journal of Animal Science 44, no. 5 (2015): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v44i5.16.
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The Afrikaner is one of three indigenous cattle breeds found in South Africa. Afrikaner cattle were originally extensively used for crossbreeding purposes and breed development. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of selected stud and commercial herds from the whole South African Afrikaner population, as well as to determine the genetic structure among these herds. Assignment methods (based on STRUCTURE software) revealed a real structure consisting of four genetic populations (K = 4). Estimates of genetic diversity did not support the hypothesis of significant loss of genetic diversity in any individual Afrikaner herd. Heterozygosity estimates ranged from 0.456 - 0.737 within individual populations, with an overall heterozygosity estimate of 0.568 for the Afrikaner breed. The average number of alleles per locus was regarded as being 2.67 - 7.78, with an average of 5.18 alleles per locus. It could be concluded that a moderate to high degree of variation is still present within the Afrikaner cattle breed, despite the recent decline in numbers of this indigenous breed.Keywords: Bos taurus africanus, heterozygosity, inbreeding, microsatellite markers
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Haikukutu, L., T. O. Itenge, L. Bosman, C. Visser, and E. van Marle-Köster. "Genetic variability of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (DRB3) in South African and Namibian beef cattle breeds." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, s1 (2017): s19—s21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017001625.
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The major histocompatibility complex region has been implicated in explaining some of the variation observed in adaptability and tick susceptibility of cattle. The bovine leukocyte antigen region of 192 cattle representing indigenous, composite and exotic breeds used in commercial beef production in Namibia and South Africa was investigated using four microsatellite markers. Ticks counted under the tail were taken as an indicator of tick susceptibility. Tick scores of all but one population was low (11 to 20 ticks), with only the South African Bonsmara population having an average score of 31 to 40 ticks per animal. The observed variation based on four microsatellite markers ranged from 5.5 alleles in Namibian Afrikaner to 7.7 alleles in South African Nguni and Bonsmara cattle. Unbiased heterozygosity values ranged from 0.66 (Namibian Afrikaner) to 0.76 (South African Bonsmara). Structure analyses grouped the five populations into three indistinct clusters with limited genetic variation between the populations.
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Boutrais, Jean. "The Fulani and Cattle Breeds: Crossbreeding and Heritage Strategies." Africa 77, no. 1 (2007): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2007.77.1.18.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines the tensions between memory, identity and livelihoods in the making and transformation of cultural patrimony among Fulani cattle keepers of West Africa. Two areas of cattle breeding are examined: the Grassfields of Cameroon and south-western Burkina Faso. Studies on Fulani livestock raising suggest that each group possesses a particular cattle breed that has not changed with time. While the Fulani are thought to be conservative pastoralists, their livestock management practices suggest otherwise. They cross and change cattle breeds in order to adapt to new ecological or socio-political conditions. These strategies of adaptation and adjustment of cattle seem to be in opposition to strategies of heritage conservation. The relationship between Fulani pastoralists and their cattle breeds shows that an animal patrimony is a social product that is susceptible to being reworked. Fulani cattle breeding shows that new crossbreeds can result in the construction of a new heritage over the medium and long term as long as it is transmitted from the present to the next generation and preserved for a period of time.
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Strydom, P. E., L. Frylinck, J. van der Westhuizen, and H. M. Burrow. "Growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass and meat quality of tropically adapted breed types from different farming systems in South Africa." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 5 (2008): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06057.
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Two experiments measured the ability of tropically adapted beef breeds from resource-poor farmer herds in South Africa to produce high quality beef under commercial feedlot conditions. The resource-poor farming sector consists of ‘emerging’ and communal farmers. The herd and breed groups consisted of Sanga types (tropically adapted Bos taurus breed) including Nguni, Tuli, Bonsmara and Drakensberger, as well as Brahman and non-descript groups. The cattle were slaughtered after an average of 97 days in the first experiment and after an average of 92, 140 and 169 days on a grain-based diet in the second experiment. Growth performance, carcass quality and yield, occurrence of disease and meat quality were measured. The performance of the breeds groups was a function of their genetic potential and herd type (carcass weight and condition at arrival). Steers from emerging and communal farmer herds enter the feedlot at a lighter weight, but show similar growth performance to achieve acceptable, albeit lighter carcass weights, than their commercial counterparts. The incidence of disease was no different between commercial, emerging and communal herds. Carcass and meat quality analyses indicate small or no differences between herd types or breeds, except that Brahman produced tougher meat. It was concluded that cattle from resource-poor farmer herds have the ability to meet the specifications of South Africa’s commercial beef markets, indicating a genuine opportunity for import substitution, whereby the more than 5 million cattle in resource-poor farmer herds could be used to overcome the significant shortfall in South Africa’s domestic beef market demand.
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Abin, S., HE Theron, and E. Van Marle-Köster. "Population structure and genetic trends for indigenous African beef cattle breeds in South Africa." South African Journal of Animal Science 46, no. 2 (2016): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v46i2.5.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Cattle breeds – South Africa"
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Foster, Liesel Ann. "Effect of heat stress on six beef breeds in the Zastron District : the significance of breed, coat colour and coat type." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/32.
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Njisane, Yonela Zifikile. "Farm to abattoir conditions and their subsequent effects on behavioural and physiological changes and the quality of beef from extensively-reared Nguni and non-descript steers." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3143.
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The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of farm to abattoir environmental conditions and their subsequent effects on behavioural and physiological responses, as well as the quality of meat from Nguni (NG) and non-descript (ND) beef steers reared extensively on natural pastures. The forty 16 – 19 months old steers (20 ND and 20 NG) used in the current study were grouped together, medically treated, allowed three weeks acclimatizing period and were used in this trial over a four-month period. The weather and periodical variations influence on time budgets and body weights of these steers were determined. Furthermore, the effects of on-farm successive handling on behavioural scores and physiological responses of the same steers were determined. Later in the trial, some pre-slaughter effects on response-behaviour, bleed-out times and selected blood physiological responses were determined. Finally, the effect of genotype, muscle type, lairage duration, slaughter order and stress responsiveness on pH24, temperature, colour (L*, a*, b*, C, HA), thawing (TL) and cooking (CL) losses and Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) of the meat harvested from the same steers were determined. The daily time budgets of steers in natural pastures changed with temperature, humidity, observation week and time of the day. The grazing behaviour was observed throughout the observation days (> 37 percent); though it was reduced (26.9±2.64 percent) on days with higher temperatures and low humidity. Higher proportions of drinking (1.5±1.04 percent) and standing (20.8±4.63 percent) behaviours prolonged in such weather conditions, which were mostly during midday. The avoidance-related behaviour of the steers during handling varies, with the steers showing more avoidance and aggression in other weeks than some. These variations could however be traced back to the events of that particular day/time of handling. Only Weighing Box (WBS) and stepping (SS) scores differed (P<0.05) with genotype; with more calm NG steers (> 40 percent) and not kicking than the ND steers that were more vocal (20–60 percent) and kicking (> 5 percent). In addition, the weekly behavioural responses were reflected (P<0.05) in the measured cortisol, glucose and lactate. However, regardless of the prominent negative behaviour seen over time, the levels of the measured blood constituents continued to drop. Furthermore, steers of different genotypes displayed similar (P>0.05) response to the identical pre-slaughter conditions they were exposed to. However, steers that were Transport Group 1 (TG1) showed more avoidance (63.2 percent) pre-slaughter than those in TG2 (23.9 percent). Furthermore, all the steers that were in slaughter Group 2 (SG2) showed less avoidance behaviour than those in other groups. Vocalization was observed only for ND steers (5 percent), in TG1 and SG2. Some connections between the observed pre-slaughter activities and some behavioural and physiological changes of these steers were established; with TG1 and SG1 steers showing higher cortisol (140±14.50 and 175.9±17.24 nmol/L, respectively) and lactate (12.4±0.83 and 13.5±1.12 mmolL) levels than the other groups. Lastly, the muscle type, genotype, lairage duration, slaughter order and stress responsiveness have an effect on some meat quality characteristics of the two genotypes; with the L. dorsi muscle having highest WBSF (38.0±1.35N) than the Superficial pectoral muscle (Brisket muscle) (30.7±1.35N). Additionally, steers lairaged for a shorter time produced a L. dorsi with higher WBSF (41.6±2.34N) and a Brisket with lower TL (2.7±0.24 percent). It can therefore be concluded that the conditions and activities at the farm, during transportation, lairaging and slaughter at the abattoir have an influence on some behavioural and physiological changes and the quality of beef harvested from the Nguni and non-descript steers that were extensively-reared in natural pastures. However, the relationship patterns between these different conditions are not clear.
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Du, Plessis Izak. "The effect of breed type and slaughter age on certain production parameters of beef cattle in the arid sweet bushveld." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16314.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to provide scientifically founded guidelines to enhance the understanding of
beef production from natural pastures in arid sweet veld regions. Cattle from four breed types ranging from
large to small frame sizes (Simmentaler cross > Bonsmara cross > Afrikaner > Nguni) were compared in
terms of cow production and efficiency as well as the growth performance, carcass and meat quality of steers
slaughtered at 18, 24 and 30 months of age. Eighteen and 30 month old steers were slaughtered at the end of
the wet summer season, while the 24 month old steers were slaughtered at the end of the dry winter season.
The Afrikaner herd (59.8 ± 9.0 %) had lower (p < 0.05) pregnancy rates than the Simmentaler cross
(79.3 ± 12.2 %), Bonsmara cross (76.5 ± 11.1 %) and Nguni herds (86.1 ± 5.8 %). Breed differences (p <
0.05) for weaning weight and preweaning gain were observed (Simmentaler cross > Bonsmara cross >
Afrikaner > Nguni). The Nguni cow herd (46.5 ± 5.7 kg/100 kg mated) was more (p < 0.05) efficient than
the Simmentaler cross (36.2 ± 5.5 kg/100 kg mated), Bonsmara cross (37.7 kg/100 kg mated) and Afrikaner
herds (29.5 ± 5.9 kg/100 kg mated).
During the dry winter season steers gained 23.4 ± 1.5 kg from 7 to 12 months of age and from 18 to 24
months of age they gained 20.9 ± 2.0 kg. During the wet summer season steers gained 109.7 ± 1.8 kg from
12 to 18 months and 120.3 ± 4.1 kg from 24 to 30 months of age. The best (p > 0.05) fat classification codes
were attained at 30 months of age and the worst (p < 0.05) at 24 months of age. Simmentaler cross steers
attained the lowest (p < 0.05) fat classification at all three age classes. At 30 months of age, 15 of the 63
steers slaughtered had 3 or 4 permanent incisors, while 47 steers had 2 permanent incisors.
The total amount as well as the percentage kidney and omental fat were the highest (p < 0.05) at 30
months of age and the lowest (p < 0.05) at 24 months. Back fat thickness followed the same pattern.
Although breed differences for some meat quality parameters were observed, slaughter age had a much
more pronounced effect on meat quality parameters. The percentage cooking loss was the lowest (p < 0.05)
at 30 months of age. The meat was also darker (p > 0.05) and more red (p < 0.05) at 30 months than at 18 or
24 months of age. The pH24 was higher (p < 0.05) at 24 (5.68 ± 0.05) and 30 months (5.65 ± 0.03) than at 18
months of age (5.48 ± 0.04). A trained sensory panel only detected that Longissimus muscle samples from 18
month old steers were more tender (p < 0.05) than that from 30 month old steers. Similar results were found
for Warner-Bratzler shear force values.
Marketing steers at 30 months of age resulted in higher production outputs for all the breed types than
marketing weaners. For marketing both weaners and 30 month old steers the Nguni herd produced more
marketable kilograms live weight than the Simmentaler cross, the Bonsmara cross and the Afrikaner herds.
Different marketing systems suitable to the Arid Sweet Bushveld were identified. Each marketing
system is discussed in terms of its application, advantages, disadvantages and adaptability to arid regions. It
is maintained throughout that a conservative approach to grazing as well as cattle management is critical to
ensure stable production systems in arid regions with erratic rainfall patterns.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die oogmerk van hierdie studie is om wetenskaplik gefundeerde riglyne daar te stel wat die begrip van
beesvleis produksie vanaf natuurlike weidings in ariede soetveld streke sal verbeter. Beeste van vier ras tipes
wat wissel van groot- tot kleinraam tipes (Simmentaler kruis > Bonsmara kruis > Afrikaner > Nguni) is
vergelyk in terme van koeiproduksie en effektiwiteit sowel as die groei prestasie, karkas- en vleiskwaliteit
van osse op 18-, 24- en 30-maande ouderdom. Osse wat op 18 en 30 maande ouderdom geslag is, is aan die
einde van die nat somerseisoen geslag, terwyl osse wat op 24 maande ouderdom geslag is, aan die einde van
die droë winterseisoen geslag is.
Die Afrikaner kudde (59.8 ± 9.0 %) het ’n laer (p < 0.05) reproduksietempo as die Simmentaler kruis
(79.3 ± 12.2 %), Bonsmara kruis (76.5 ± 11.1 %) en die Nguni kuddes (86.1 ± 5.8 %) gehandhaaf. Ras
verskille (p < 0.05) ten opsigte van speenmassas en voorspeense groeitempo’s is waargeneem (Simmentaler
kruise > Bonsmara kruise > Afrikaners > Ngunis). Die Nguni koei kudde (46.5 ± 5.7 kg/100 kg gedek) was
meer (p < 0.05) effektief as die Simmentalerkruis (36.2 ± 5.5 kg/100 kg gedek), Bonsmarakruis (37.7 kg/100
kg gedek) en die Afrikaner kuddes (29.5 ± 5.9 kg/100 kg gedek).
Gedurende die droëwinter seisoen het die osse vanaf 7 to 12 maande ouderdom 23.4 ± 1.5 kg in
liggaamsmassa toegeneem en vanaf 18 tot 24 maande ouderdom het hulle 20.9 ± 2.0 kg toegeneem.
Gedurende die nat somerseisoen het die osse vanaf 12 tot 18 maande ouderdom 109.7 ± 1.8 kg in
liggaamsmassa toegeneem en van 24 tot 30 maande ouderdom het hulle 120.3 ± 4.1 kg toegeneem. Die beste
(p < 0.05) vetklassifikasie kodes is op 30 maande ouderdom verkry en die swakste (p < 0.05) op 24 maande
ouderdom. Simmentalerkruisosse het by alle ouderdomsgroepe die swakste (P < 0.05) vetklassifikasie kodes
behaal. Op 30 maande ouderdom het 15 van die 63 osse wat geslag is 3 of 4 permanente snytande gehad,
terwyl 47 osse 2 permanente snytande gehad het.
Die totale hoeveelheid sowel as die persentasie nier- en omentumvet was die hoogste (p < 0.05) op 30
maande ouderdom en die laagste (p < 0.05) op 24 maande ouderdom. Rugvetdikte het dieselfde patroon
gevolg.
Alhoewel rasverskille vir sommige vleiskwaliteitsparameters waargeneem is, het slagouderdom’n
groter effek hierop. Die persentasie kookverlies was die laagste (p < 0.05) op 30 maande ouderdom. Die
vleis was ook donkerder (p < 0.05) en meer rooi (p < 0.05) op 30 maande ouderdom as op 18 en 24 maande
ouderdom. Die pH24 was hoër (p < 0.05) op 24 (5.68 ± 0.05) en 30 maande ouderdom (5.65 ± 0.03) as op 18
maande ouderdom (5.48 ± 0.04). Behalwe vir sagtheid, is geen ander ras- of slagouderdomsverskille in die
longissimus spiermonsters vir enige van die sensoriese eienskappe wat geëvalueer is, waargeneem nie. ’n
Opgeleide sensoriese paneel het slegs waargeneem dat die longissimus spiermonsters van 18 maand oue osse
sagter (p < 0.05) was as dié van 30 maand oue osse. Soortgelyke resulte is vir die Warner-Bratzler
snyweerstand gevind.
Die bemarking van 30 maand oud osse het hoër produksie uitsette vir al die ras tipes opgelewer as die
bemarking van speenkalwers. Met die bemarking van beide speenkalf en 30 maand oue osse, het die Ngunikudde meer bemarkbare kilogram lewendige massa as die Simmentalerkruis, die Bonsmarakruis en die
Afrikaner kuddes geproduseer.
Verskillende bemarkingstelsels wat as geskik vir die Ariede Soet Bosveld beskou word, is
geïdentifiseer. Elke bemarking stelsel is in terme van sy toepassing, voor- en nadele asook die toepaslikheid
daarvan in ariede streke bespreek. Dit word deurgaans aanbeveel dat ’n konserwatiewe benadering tot beide
weidings- en kuddebestuur, krities is om stabiele produksiestelsels in ariede streke met wisselvalige
reënvalpatrone te verseker.
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Matjuda, Lehotlo Ephraim. "Development breeding objectives for the nguni cattle breed in South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/862.
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Vimiso, Peter. "Effects of marketing channel on bruising, ultimate pH and colour of beef, and stakeholder perceptions on the quality of beef from cattle slaughtered at smallholder abattoir." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001009.
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Fourie, P. J., L. A. Foster, and F. W. C. Neser. "Score and hide-thickness, together with tick burden and body condition score, in four cattle breeds in the South-eastern Free State province of South Africa." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 11, Issue 1: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/628.
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Published Article<br>A study was conducted to determine the differences between four breeds in respect of coat score, hide-thickness, tick burden and body condition score. The study was comprised of 40 heifers - 10 of each breed, namely Afrikaner, Braford, Charolais and Drakensberger. A subjective system of coat scoring, ranging from extremely short to very woolly, was used. Body condition score was measured subjectively, with 1 being emaciated and 9 being obese. Hide-thickness (in mm) and tick count were also determined. Between August 2007 and early March 2008, measurements were carried out on the same 10 animals of each breed, with highly significant differences in body condition score, hide-thickness and tick count being observed between the breeds in all instances. Coat scores differed significantly between breeds in the earlier and latter stages of the study becoming less significant midway through. A significant difference in body condition score within breeds was also found, while hide-thickness did not differ significantly within breeds.
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Mapiye, Cletos. "Cattle production on communal rangelands of South Africa and the potential of acacia karroo in improving Nguni beef production." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000989.
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Zwane, Avhashoni Agnes. "Genome-wide marker discovery in three South African indigenous cattle breeds (Afrikaner Drakensberger and Nguni) using next generation sequencing." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65959.
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Afrikaner, Drakensberger, and Nguni are the South African (SA) landraces that played major roles in the social, cultural and economic history of SA. These breeds are valuable genetic resources for beef production and limited information is available for these breeds at the genome level. The aim of this study was to perform SNP discovery in these three breeds using whole genome sequencing. Ninety cattle representing the three breeds were used to identify more about 17.6 M putative variants including SNPs and Indels. DNA was extracted from blood and hair samples, quantified and prepared at 50ng/?l concentration for sequencing at the Agricultural Research Council Biotechnology Platform using an Illumina HiSeq 2000. The fastq files were used to call the variants using the Genome Analysis Tool Kit. A total of 4,369,879 (16% of the total SNPs) were identified as novel. Annotation of these variants classified them into functional categories. Within the coding regions, 43% of the SNPs were nonsynonymous substitutions that encode for alternate amino acids. Functional enrichment analysis of novel SNPs identified significant number of genes (p < 0.001) that were located within 5% of 1,481 100kb windows. Gene ontology terms identified genes such as MLANA and SYT10 that have been associated with coat colour and sense of smell in mouse, respectively, and the ADAMS3 gene has been associated with fertility in cattle. Furthermore, whole genome screening detected 688 candidate selective sweeps (ZHp Z-scores ? -4) across all three breeds, of which 223 regions were assigned as being putative selective sweeps (ZHp scores ? -5). We also identified 96 regions with extremely low ZHp Z-scores (? -6) in Afrikaner and Nguni. Several genes such as KIT and MITF that have been associated with skin pigmentation in cattle, and CACNA1C, which has been associated biopolar disorder in human were identified in these regions. Breed-specific SNPs (2,272,667) were identified across the breeds and only 186 of these SNPs were identified as putative breed-specific SNPs. These SNPs were further tested for their ability to assign individuals to a breed and need further validation. This study provides the first analysis of sequence data to discover SNPs in indigenous SA cattle breeds. These results provide insight into the genetic composition of the breeds and offer the potential for further applications in their genetic improvement.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.<br>Animal and Wildlife Sciences<br>PhD<br>Unrestricted
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Selapa, Ngoako William. "Random regression models in the analysis of feed intake and body weight of individually fed beef bulls in South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/863.
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Thesis (MSc. (Animal breeding and genetics )) --University of Limpopo, 2006<br>The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for weekly body weight of feed intake of individually fed beef bulls at centralized testing stations in South Africa using random regression models (RRM). The model for cumulative feed intake included the fixed linear regression on third order orthogonal Legendre polynomials of the actual days on test (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77 and 84 day) for starting age group and contemporary group effects. Random regressions on third order orthogonal Legendre polynomials were included for the additive genetic effect of the animal and the additional random effect of weaning-herd-year (WHY) and on fourth order for the additional random permanent environmental effect of the animal. The model for body weights included the fixed linear regression on fourth order orthogonal Legendre polynomials of the actual days on test for starting age group and contemporary group effects. Random regressions on fourth order orthogonal Legendre polynomials were included for additive genetic effects and additional uncorrelated random effects of the WHY and the permanent environment. The residual effects for both traits were assumed to be independently distributed with heterogeneous variance for each measurement period. Variance ratios for additive genetic, permanent environment and WHY for cumulative feed intake at different days on test ranged from 0.07 to 0.10, 0.53 to 0.77 and 0.14 to 0.37, respectively. Variance ratios for additive genetic, permanent environment and WHY for weekly body weights at different test days ranged from 0.26 to 0.29, 0.37 to 0.43 and 0.26 to 0.34, respectively. Estimates of genetic correlation among the same trait (body weight or feed intake) measured at different test days were generally high (>0.80) for any give test pair. The WHY had a significant contribution in variation of performance of bulls on test, despite the 28-day adjustment period. RRM provided the opportunity to study changes in genetic variability within the studied traits over time. Random Regression Models could be used in the National Genetic Evaluation of beef bulls at central performance testing stations in South Africa.
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Schmulian, Amy. "Identification of the polled trait in Bonsmara cattle using microsatellite markers." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26991.
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Several Breeders within the Bonsmara cattle breeders’ association have been selecting for polledness otherwise known as the trait for the genetic absence of horns. There are less costs associated with polled animals, as they require less management input than horned animals. International stud breeders are willing to pay a premium for Bonsmara stud animals certified as homozygous polled, and Bonsmara breeders therefore requested a study for the identification of polled status, using DNA markers. Several microsatellite markers were tested in a linkage analysis on a number of Bonsmara families originating from three polled herds. All of the markers tested in the final Twopoint linkage analysis showed significant linkage with the polled trait. This indicates that the current model proposed for the gene action of polledness is applicable to the Bonsmara breed. Furthermore, by using the Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), an allele of one of these microsatellites was found to be strongly associated with the polled trait. Due to an inherent lack of phase-known, three-generation families, tracing this allele through the test pedigrees to determine polled status was not possible. These results indicate that phase-known family data must be available so that microsatellite markers linked to the Polled trait can be traced visually to differentiate homozygote polled animals from heterozygote polled animals. Microsatellite markers are a tool that can add additional information in the conclusive determination of Polled status, but cannot as yet be used in isolation to test for polledness in the South African Bonsmara breed. Copyright<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008.<br>Animal and Wildlife Sciences<br>unrestricted
Books on the topic "Cattle breeds – South Africa"
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A lion amongst the cattle: Reconstruction and resistance in the Northern Transvaal. Heinemann, 1996.
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The dead will arise: Nongqawuse and the great Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement of 1856-7. Ravan Press, 1989.
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1947-, Jabbar M. A., ed. Farmer preferences, and market values of cattle breeds of West and Central Africa. Livestock Policy Analysis Programme, International Livestock Research Institute, 1997.
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Delius, Peter. A Lion Amongst the Cattle: Reconstruction and Resistance in the Northern Transvaal (Social History of Africa Series). Heinemann, 1997.
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Delius, Peter. A Lion Amongst the Cattle: Reconstruction and Resistance in the Northern Transvaal (Social History of Africa Series). Heinemann (Txt), 1997.
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Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane. Pastoralism in sub-Saharan Africa. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.27.
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African pastoralism is distinctive from that of Southwest Asia, focusing on dairy production with cattle, sheep, and goats. The latter were domesticated in Southwest Asia and introduced, but debate continues on whether indigenous African aurochs contributed genes to African domestic cattle. Pastoralism emerged in what was then a grassy Sahara and shifted south with the mid-Holocene aridification. Zooarchaeology and genetics show the donkey is a mid-Holocene African domesticate, emerging as an aid to pastoral mobility during increasing aridity. Pastoralism is the earliest form of domesticate-based food production in sub-Saharan Africa, with farming emerging millennia later. Human genetics and lipid analysis of Saharan ceramics shows an early reliance on dairying. With the emergence of pastoralism, new economies and social relations emerged that were carried by pastoralists across the whole of Africa.
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Swanepoel, R., and J. T. Paweska. Rift Valley fever. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0043.
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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute disease of domestic ruminants in mainland Africa and Madagascar, caused by a mosquito borne virus and characterized by necrotic hepatitis and a haemorrhagic state. Large outbreaks of the disease in sheep, cattle and goats occur at irregular intervals of several years when exceptionally heavy rains favour the breeding of the mosquito vectors, and are distinguished by heavy mortality among newborn animals and abortion in pregnant animals. Humans become infected from contact with tissues of infected animals or from mosquito bite, and usually develop mild to moderately severe febrile illness, but severe complications, which occur in a small proportion of patients, include ocular sequelae, encephalitis and fatal haemorrhagic disease. Despite the occurrence of low case fatality rates, substantial numbers of humans may succumb to the disease during large outbreaks. Modified live and inactivated vaccines are available for use in livestock, and an inactivated vaccine was used on a limited scale in humans with occupational exposure to infection. The literature on the disease has been the subject of several extensive reviews from which the information presented here is drawn, except where indicated otherwise (Henning 1956; Weiss 1957; Easterday 1965; Peters and Meegan 1981; Shimshony and Barzilai 1983; Meegan and Bailey 1989; Swanepoel and Coetzer 2004; Flick and Bouloy 2005). In September 2000, the disease appeared in south-west Saudi Arabia and adjacent Yemen, and the outbreak lasted until early 2001 (Al Hazmi et al. 2003; Madani et al. 2003; Abdo-Salem et al. 2006). The virus was probably introduced with infected livestock from the Horn of Africa, and it remains to be determined whether it has become endemic on the Arabian Peninsula.
Book chapters on the topic "Cattle breeds – South Africa"
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Spinage, C. A. "The Panzootic Reaches South Africa." In Cattle Plague. Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8901-7_23.
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Spinage, C. A. "The Continuance of Rinderpest in South Africa." In Cattle Plague. Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8901-7_24.
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Musemwa, Lovemore, and Abyssinia Mushunje. "Marketing challenges and opportunities faced by the Nguni cattle project beneficiaries in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." In Institutional constraints to small farmer development in Southern Africa. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-704-2_6.
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Maichomo, Monicah W., Caleb Oburu Orenge, and Samuel Mwanzia Mbuku. "Use of Trypanotolerant Breeds." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.ch005.
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This chapter describes the meaning of trypanotolerance and its implication as used with trypanotolerant livestock that are known and studied for many years in West Africa. This trait is observed in many West African breeds of cattle that survive in areas of tsetse fly challenge where the humped zebu cannot. Small ruminants and wildlife also exhibit increased resistance to infection with trypanosomes. Trypanotolerance is viewed as a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to control of trypanosomiasis given the limitations of the present methods of control and lack of vaccine. Little work has been conducted with East African cattle breeds. The Kenyan Orma Boran (OB) has been studied since 1983 to enhance its conservation and utilization in East African region. Nucleus breeding herd of superior genotypes was multiplied in Galana Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC) and disseminated to trypanosomosis endemic areas of Kenya. On evaluation, performance of the crosses was comparable to that of other Borans. Challenges of adoption in pastoral area are presented.
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BANGHAM, A. D., and B. S. BLUMBERG. "Distribution of Electrophoretically Different Haemoglobins among Some Cattle Breeds of Europe and Africa." In World Scientific Series in 20th Century Biology. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812813688_0008.
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Conway, Gordon, Ousmane Badiane, and Katrin Glatzel. "The New Genetics." In Food for All in Africa. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501743887.003.0008.
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This chapter turns to genetic intensification, which consists of developing crop and livestock crosses that contain genes capable of producing improved yields on a sustainable basis. These crosses often show increased vigor, such that they tend to outperform both parents, although for reasons that are not fully clear. Today, hybrids and crosses are the basis for most improved crop and livestock breeds, including wheat, rice, maize, and dairy cattle. Nevertheless, as has been long recognized, conventional breeding techniques have practical limitations. The application of modern cellular and molecular biology is pursued through four practical techniques: marker-assisted selection, cell and tissue culture, recombinant DNA, and gene editing. The chapter examines the extent to which these interventions contribute to sustainable intensification: improving nutrition, increasing resilience to pests, diseases, and climate change, and improving nitrogen fixation.
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Lagu, Charles, Robert Nsubuga, James Oluka, et al. "The Growth Performance Evaluation of Cattle Breeds in the South Western Agro-Ecological Zone (SWAEZ) of Uganda." In A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/31931.
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Millon, Mark. "Devon and its Evolving Food Culture." In Food and Drink: the cultural context. Goodfellow Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/978-1-908999-03-0-2338.
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Bordering Cornwall to the west and Dorset and Somerset to the east and north, Devon is one of England’s largest counties. With Exeter as its capital, it is bounded by the English Channel to the south and the Bristol Channel some 70 miles to the north. In between is a bucolic landscape of gently rolling and verdant pastures for the grazing of dairy cattle and sheep; rich arable farmland; and the rugged, upland country of Dartmoor and Exmoor. This is enviable agricultural country. Devon’s beautiful pasturelands provide grazing for dairy cattle and the county is the source of rich dairy products such as milk, cream, Devon’s famous clotted cream, as well as an increasing and outstanding range of farmhouse cheeses. On upland farms, native breeds such as Red Ruby and South Devon cattle, as well as lamb raised on Dartmoor and Exmoor, provide excellent meats. Organic vegetables and fruit are cultivated in the rich red earth of Devon. Wild foods such as game as well as mushrooms and plants foraged in woodlands add to the local diet, while an increasing range of artisan, hand-crafted foods are produced on both small, cottage scale as well as at a level that allows for national and even international distribution. A fabulous catch of fish and shellfish is landed by day boats and trawlers alike in the ports of Brixham and Exmouth. Regional foods are most ably washed down with traditional cask-conditioned ales, raspingly tannic Devon farmhouse ‘scrumpy’ or cider, and an increasing number of award-winning Devon wines.
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Price, Max D. "Out of the Cradle." In Evolution of a Taboo. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197543276.003.0004.
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Pigs, sheep, goats, and cattle constituted the package of domesticated animals that spread throughout the Near East, and later to Central and South Asia, Europe, and Africa. But domestic pig husbandry spread more slowly, often appearing centuries or even millennia after the domestication of ruminants. Environmental and cultural factors were likely responsible for this slow spread. During the Late Neolithic, people innovated agriculture and livestock-keeping strategies. These included intensive forms of pig husbandry, perhaps in order to supply pork for feasts. In addition, by the Chalcolithic period, people intensified ruminant management in order to maximize the exploitation of secondary products. This led to the “secondary products revolution.” As a result, while the other barnyard animals became increasingly tied to wealth in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age—cattle for their ability to provide traction power, sheep and goats for their wool/hair—pigs were excluded from this development.
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Beinart, William, and Lotte Hughes. "Sheep, Pastures, and Demography in Australia." In Environment and Empire. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199260317.003.0011.
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Succeeding phases of British economic growth prompted strikingly different imperatives for expansion, for natural resource exploitation, and for the social organization of extra-European production. In the eighteenth century, sugar, African slaves, and shipping in the Atlantic world provided one major dynamic of empire. But in the nineteenth century, antipodean settlement and trade, especially that resulting from expanding settler pastoral frontiers, was responsible for some of the most dramatic social and environmental transformations. Plantations occupied relatively little space in the new social geography of world production. By contrast, commercial pastoralism, which took root most energetically in the temperate and semi-arid regions of the newly conquered world, was land-hungry but relatively light in its demands for labour. The Spanish Empire based in Mexico can be considered a forerunner. By the 1580s, within fifty years of their introduction, there were an estimated 4.5 million merino sheep in the Mexican highlands. The livestock economy, incorporating cattle as well as sheep, spread northwards through Mexico to what became California by the eighteenth century. Settler intrusions followed in the vast landmasses of southern Latin America, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Australia was one of the last-invaded of these territories, and, in respect of the issues that we are exploring, was in some senses distinctive. Unlike Canada and South Africa, there was no long, slow period of trade and interaction with the indigenous population; like the Caribbean, the Aboriginal people were quickly displaced by disease and conquest. The relative scale of the pastoral economy was greater than in any other British colony. Supply of meat and dairy products to rapidly growing ports and urban centres was one priority for livestock farmers. Cattle ranching remained a major feature of livestock production in Australia. Bullock-carts, not dissimilar to South African ox-wagons, were essential for Australian transport up to the 1870s. But for well over a century, from the 1820s to the 1950s and beyond, sheep flooded the southern lands. Although mutton became a significant export from New Zealand and South America, wool was probably the major product of these pastoral hinterlands—and a key focus of production in Australia and South Africa. The growth in antipodean sheep numbers was staggering.