Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cattle houses and equipment

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Cattle houses and equipment'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cattle houses and equipment"

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Perednya, V. I., Y. A. Tsoy, N. G. Bakach, V. F. Radchikov, A. A. Romanovich, and E. L. Zhilich. "Innovative technology and equipment for calves rearing during preweaning period." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 58, no. 2 (May 12, 2020): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2020-58-2-226-234.

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High dairy performance of adult animals is directly dependent on the conditions of calves growing and feeding during the preweaning period. Since cattle has a low so-called “critical temperature”, it is advisable to use this property of the body when rearing calves in the open air year-round in individual houses. It is known that among the entire complex of factors affecting the intensive growth of calves, the quality of food and the method of calves feeding in the first periods of postembryonic development of young animals from birth to 12 months deserve the most attention. In order to reduce consumption of whole milk for feeding calves and accelerate development of digestive tract in calves in early life period with high body weight gains, in practice specialists try to achieve it by introducing plant foods into diets for calves. However, plant feeds, even high-energy ones (cereals and legumes), containing large amount of protein, carbohydrates, starch, etc., are digested by calves very slowly and in small quantities. It is shown that to eliminate these drawbacks it is advisable to extrude all the plant feeds. The paper describes in detail the technology and equipment for preparing easily digestible feeds based on legumes for calves feeding during preweaning period, allowing to accelerate the development of digestive tract in the early life period of calves with high body weight gains, reduce consumption of whole milk or its replacers and energy costs for its production. Studies on the effect of feeding young cattle with feed concentrate during preweaning period showed increase in performance by 6.6 % and a decrease in feed costs by 5.73 %.
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Seok-Hyeon, Beak, Seung Ju Park, Dilla Fassah, Hyun Jin Kim, Hyun Jung Lee, Cheorun Jo, and Myunggi Baik. "PSV-37 Relationships among carcass and sensory traits, auction price, and computer image analysis traits of marbling characteristics in Korean beef cattle." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.678.

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Abstract This study examined relationships among carcass and sensory traits, auction price, and computer image analysis (CIA) traits of marbling characteristics in Korean cattle beef. In experiment 1, 43 Korean cattle steers reared in similar feeding conditions were slaughtered at 34 months of age, and carcass traits were evaluated by official meat graders. Carcass auction prices were determined by wholesalers. Cross-sectional photographs of the beef were taken at the 13th thoracic vertebra using beef carcass photography equipment. Image files were analyzed for marbling characteristics using Beef Analyzer II software. Longissimus thoracis (LT) samples obtained after carcass grading were analyzed for sensory traits. Correlations among several variables were analyzed using either Pearson’s correlation or Spearman’s correlation analysis. Marbling score and quality grade (QG) had strong positive correlations (0.63 ≤ r ≤ 0.88, P < 0.01) with several CIA traits, including number of coarse marbling particles (MPs), number of fine MPs, and fineness index. Auction price had strong positive correlations (0.69 ≤ r ≤ 0.76, P < 0.01) with these CIA traits. Most sensory traits were not correlated with CIA traits. In experiment 2, 267 additional LT images photographed at the slaughter house were used for correlation analysis between auction price and CIA traits within an individual QG class [QGs 1 (middle), 1+, and 1++ (best)]. Carcass auction price was positively correlated (0.36 ≤ r ≤ 0.51, P < 0.01) with number of coarse MPs, number of fine MPs, and fineness index in both QGs 1+ and 1++ but not in QG 1. Overall, marbling score and QG had positive correlations with several CIA traits of marbling characteristics. Carcass auction price had positive correlations with CIA traits in QGs 1+ and 1++ but not in QG 1. In conclusion, a CIA method after modification could be incorporated into current beef quality grading systems.
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Jahan, R., MM Hossain, MH Rashid, S. Akhter, and MSI Khan. "Effect of post-slaughter time and storage conditions on chemical and microbial changes in locally marketed beef." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 44, no. 1 (April 29, 2015): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v44i1.23143.

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Fresh meat is commonly marketing at environmental temperature for long time in many developing countries including Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to assess whether elapsed time between slaughter and preservation and storage conditions influence the chemical and microbial changes of locally marketed beef. Meat samples were collected from local markets and divided into two groups, morning and evening beef. Morning beef was collected immediately after slaughtering from healthy cattle while evening one was collected 8 h after slaughtering. The samples were kept either in refrigerator (4oC) or freezer (-20oC). Refrigerated samples were stored for 7 days and analyzed on day1st, 3rd and 7th while frozen samples were stored for 90 days and analyzed on day 3rd, 45th and 90th. Results showed that there was a significant difference in chemical and microbial parameters between morning and evening beef (p<0.01 to 0.05). With respect to the advances of storage time, the dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and ash contents were increased in beef sample (p<0.01), indicating the moisture loss from meat time elapsed after slaughtering. Moreover, the coliform, yeast and mold counts were also increased with advance of storage time (p<0.01 to0.05),indicating the unhygienic conditions of slaughter house, equipment and water which is giving signal for the possible occurrence of food borne intoxication. In conclusion, we found that the quality of marketed beef degraded with the time elapsed before storage and storage temperature suggesting the importance of early preservation of meat at lower temperature. Our findings of increased number of microbial counts were also suggested the necessity to improve the hygienic conditions of slaughterhouse and equipment in developing countries like Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v44i1.23143 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 44 (1): 52-58
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Darwis, Valeriana, and Benny Rachman. "Potensi Pengembangan Pupuk Organik Insitu Mendukung Percepatan Penerapan Pertanian Organik." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 31, no. 1 (June 17, 2013): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v31n1.2013.51-65.

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<p><strong>English</strong><br />Organic fertilizer in-situ application is the beginning of organic farming. In-situ organic fertilizer raw materials can be obtained from straw and dung. National straw production is 30.4 million tons per year and cow’s dung production is 3.8 million tons per month. Technology for organic fertilizer production is simple, namely through stacking the straw and flipping it. Solid fertilizer organic fertilizer cost is Rp 417 per kg and that of liquid organic fertilizer is Rp 3,510 per liter. Accelerating organic farming implementation can be carried out through: (1) use of straw, (2) sustainable cattle and livestock integration program, (3) price subsidy policy, (4) provision of organic fertilizer processing equipments, composting houses, and organic fertilizer processing units, and (5) standardization and labeling of farmers-produced organic fertilizer.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Pemakaian pupuk organik in-situ di tingkat petani merupakan awal dalam mewujudkan pertanian organik. Bahan pupuk organik in-situ dapat diperoleh dari jerami dan kotoran hewan (kohe). Potensi jerami secara nasional dalam satu tahun sebesar 30,4 juta ton dan kohe sapi 3,8 juta ton per bulan. Teknologi membuat pupuk organik sangat sederhana yaitu dengan cara menumpuk dan membalik-baliknya. Biaya yang dikeluarkan dalam membuat satu kilogram pupuk organik padat sebesar Rp 417 dan Rp 3.510 per liter untuk pupuk organik cair. Percepatan implementasi pertanian organik dapat dilaksanakan melalui : (1) kebijakan pemakaian jerami secara bijak, (2) program integrasi sapi dan ternak secara berkelanjutan, (3) penerapan kebijakan subsidi harga pupuk organik yang lebih menarik, (4) memberikan bantuan pembuatan pupuk organik secara berjenjang dimulai dari pemberian alat pengolah pupuk organik, kemudian diteruskan ke pemberian Rumah Kompos dan terakhir ke pemberian unit pengolah pupuk organik, (dan 5) standarisasi dan pelabelan pupuk organik produksi petani.</p>
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Kim, Seok, and Tae-Yeong Kim. "Improvement of Assembly Equipment for Prefabricated Houses." International Journal of Control and Automation 9, no. 3 (March 31, 2016): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijca.2016.9.3.05.

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Ajoudanifar, Hatef, Mohammad Hedayati, Sabah Mayahi, Alireza Khosravi, and Bita Mousavi. "Volumetric Assessment of Airborne Indoor and Outdoor Fungi at Poultry and Cattle Houses in the Mazandaran Province, Iran." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-62-2011-2099.

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Volumetric Assessment of Airborne Indoor and Outdoor Fungi at Poultry and Cattle Houses in the Mazandaran Province, IranThe aim of this study was to assess the volume of airborne fungi in the indoor and outdoor environment of poultry and cattle houses in the Mazandaran Province in Iran. Indoor and outdoor air of twenty cattle houses and twenty-five poultry houses were sampled using a single-stage impactor, which draws air at 20 L min-1and impacts sampled material onto Petri plates containing malt extract agar. The plates were incubated at 30 °C for seven days, after which the resulting colonies were counted. The fungi were identified and counted microscopically and macroscopically. A total of 4,662 fungal colonies were isolated from 90 plates collected from indoor and outdoor air of cattle and poultry houses.Cladosporium(55.3 %), yeast (10.0 %), andAspergillus(9.4 %) were the most common findings. The concentration of airborne fungi in cattle and poultry houses ranged from 10 CFU m-3to 1700 CFU m-3in indoor and 10 CFU m-3to 2170 CFU m-3in outdoor environments.Cladosporiumhad the highest mean indoor (424.5 CFU m-3) and outdoor (449.7 CFU m-3) air concentration in the cattle houses. In the poultry houses, the highest mean concentrations were measured forCladosporium(551.0 CFU m-3) outdoors and yeast (440.7 CFU m-3) indoors. These levels might present an occupational risk, but threshold levels for these environments have yet to be established worldwide.
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Kang, Seok-Hwa, and Jae-Yeob Kim. "User Requirement Analysis of Photovoltaic Equipment for Detached Houses." Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction 14, no. 6 (December 20, 2014): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5345/jkibc.2014.14.6.623.

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Park, Byeong-Hun, Jong-Won Choi, and Jae-Yeob Kim. "Maintenance-Effectiveness Analysis of Photovoltaic Equipment for Detached Houses." Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction 16, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5345/jkibc.2016.16.4.359.

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SEEDORF, J., and J. HARTUNG. "Survey of ammonia concentrations in livestock buildings." Journal of Agricultural Science 133, no. 4 (December 1999): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699007170.

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The air quality in 82 German livestock buildings was investigated, using ammonia as a gaseous indicator. The ammonia concentrations were measured hourly and a 24 h mean was calculated. In cattle houses the mean ammonia measurement ranged between 3·7 ppm in calf houses (n = 16), 4·7 ppm in beef units (n = 10) and 6·4 ppm in dairy cattle houses (n = 8). In pig buildings the highest mean concentrations of 15·9 ppm were found in fattening pig livestocks (n = 8). In sow (n = 16) and weaner livestock buildings (n = 8) the averaged ammonia concentration varied between 13·4 ppm and 9·1 ppm, respectively. Within poultry houses, broiler flocks (n = 8) were associated with ammonia concentrations of 21·2 ppm. On the other hand, livestock buildings containing laying hens (n = 8) showed the lowest ammonia concentrations of all, namely 2·7 ppm. A significant positive correlation between temperature, relative humidity and ammonia concentrations could be found in poultry houses. Assuming an ammonia threshold limit value of 15 ppm, although no cattle house in this study exceeded this recommended limit, 31% of all the pig and poultry units investigated did, indicating a need for improved housing conditions in the future.
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Reznichenko, T. Yu. "PRESERVATION OF STOVE HEATING IN A WOODEN HOUSE BUILT IN THE 19–20th CENTURIES IN TOMSK." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 22, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2020-22-1-63-74.

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Purpose: The aim of this work is to identify and collect the data on the engineering equipment routinely used for stove heating, which possesses a unique architectural potential determining its typology and preservation. Design/methodology/approach: In addition to a fullscale study, the historical review is given. This study determines the principles the stove arrangement in wooden houses. Research findings: A rapid loss of both historical wooden houses and stove heating systems is shown, which are considered to be the key elements for maintaining a valuable historical environment. A need for determining the causes of the destruction and loss of historical houses is shown. Originality/value: The research includes the not yet published data on historical houses, in particular, at the address 33, October street, Tomsk, Russia, built in the 19– 20th centuries, which is of high architectural potential. Practical implications: The results can be used in preservation of engineering equipment of stove heating in historical wooden houses.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cattle houses and equipment"

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Fox, Shannon. "Worker injuries involving the interaction of cattle, cattle handlers, and farm structures or equipment." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13167.

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Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
J. Ernest Minton
Mitchell Ricketts
Cattle and other livestock have been identified as leading sources of injuries to workers in agriculture. Cattle handling injuries can be serious and often appear to be under-reported [superscript]3,[superscript]4. Many of these injuries involve predictable patterns of interactions among victims, animals, and fixed farmstead structures or gates. There has been some progress toward developing safer facility designs and work procedures, but continuing reports of injuries suggest further efforts are still needed. The present study focused on worker injuries that involved the interaction of three elements: (a) cattle, (b) cattle handlers, and (c) farm structures or equipment—including swinging gates and stationary barriers. The goal of the study was to identify opportunities for injury prevention. The source of injury cases was the Consumer Product Safety Commission’s National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS)[superscript]29,[superscript]45. We believe this is the first report of cattle related injuries based on NEISS data. We selected the NEISS database for this investigation because it includes product codes for many farmstead barriers such as fences, walls, and doors. The database was also selected because it contains brief narratives that help to describe the circumstances of each incident. Predictable interactions between humans, animals, and farm structures led to many of the cattle handling injuries reported in the NEISS database. In almost 30% of cases, cattle pushed workers into structures such as fences, gates, posts, and walls. In another 16-19% of injuries, cattle struck gates and other objects, propelling them at the victims. These percentages are similar to findings reported in previous studies that drew on data from New York hospitals[superscript]10, news reports in the central United States[superscript]5, and workers compensation cases in Colorado[superscript]3,[superscript]4. In all, gates and other physical barriers contributed to about 45% of cattle handling injuries in the present study.
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Riekert, Sydney Peter. "The influence of slaughter on blood composition in cattle." Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20118.

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In this study the effects of blood sampling, transportation and slaughter on certain blood variables (sodium, potasium, chloride, glucose, lactates, lipids, proteins, colloidal osmotic pressure, cortisol, ACTH, T3, TSH, osmolality etc.) of cattle were investigated. The experimental animals, crossbreed (Brahman, Afrikander and Hereford) heifers and oxen obtained from Kanhym Estates, Middelburg, were unaccustomed to handling. One group of animals was subjected to the stress of sampling with restraint, a second group was sampled with restraint after transportation and a third group had blood taken after slaughter at the Kanhym abattoir at Balfour. Control blood samples were obtained from Friesland dairy cows accustomed to handling and blood sampling and from crossbreed oxen unaware of the sampling procedure. Both control and experiment groups were studied in the same season. (April and May, 1984). Results were analysed and compared statistically. The blood cortisol, ACTH, lactates and glucose were significantly higher in the experimental groups than in the control group. Cortisol and ACTH values were significantly higher, and the lactate and glucose values significantly lower in the group subjected to the stress of sampling with restraint than in the other two experimental groups. Therefore, if the variables measured are an assessment of stress and change because of stress, then the animals investigated experienced stress. In addition, cattle unaccustomed to handling perceive the slaughtering process as less stressful than blood sampling in a crush (based on cortisol and ACTH results).
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Lyvers, Christina M. "EVALUATION OF HANDLING EQUIPMENT SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS AS STRESSORS IN BEEF CATTLE." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/13.

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Sound pressure level (SPL) is known to cause stress in cattle but is often overlooked as a potential source of fear for cattle when designing handling equipment. Current literature does not offer guidelines for the design of equipment with regard to SPL. It is, however, recommended that handling equipment should be designed to minimize the SPL during handling. The purpose of this experiment was to measure stress levels in a group of cattle which were subjected to a series of varying sounds in order to determine a design threshold limit for handling equipment. Treatments included two frequencies, 1 kHz and 8 kHz, and three intensities, 40, 80, and 120dB. These treatments were assigned to the cattle using a completely randomized two by three factorial design replicated three times for a total of 18 animals being tested. A computer generated noise at each level was played back to the animals once a week for 6 weeks. Stress levels were measured using both physiological (heart rate and eye temperature) and physical (sudden movement) measures. Experiments yielded mixed results and did not prove that any of the sound pressure levels tested had any great effect on the stress level of the cattle.
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Ndlovu, Thulile. "Parasite prevalence, nutritionally-related blood metabolites and pre-slaughter stress response in Nguni, Bonsmara and Angus steers raised on veld." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/73.

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The effects of month on body weight, body condition scores, internal parasite prevalence and on nutritionally related blood metabolites were studied in Angus, Bonsmara and Nguni steers raised on sweet veld. Pre-slaughter stress was also determined using catecholamines, cortisol, dopamine, packed cell volume and serum creatinine levels. The blood chemical constituents evaluated included glucose, cholesterol, total protein, creatinine, urea, globulin, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatinine kinase (CK). The Nguni steers maintained their body condition throughout the study period whereas Angus steers had the least body condition scores. Parasite levels were high during the rainy season and low during the dry season. The predominant internal parasites were Haemonchus (39.3 percent), Trichostrongylus (37.8 percent), Cooperia pectinita (25.5 percent), Fasciola gigantica (16.3 percent) and Ostertagia ostertagi (11.2 percent). The Nguni had the least parasite infestation levels and had high PCV levels. Nguni had higher levels of cholesterol and glucose (2.86 and 4mmol/l, respectively) than the other two breeds. Nguni and Bonsmara steers had higher (P<0.05) mineral levels. There were significant breed and month differences for glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, calcium, albumin, phosphorus, albumin-globulin ratio and ALP levels. Bonsmara was more susceptible to transport and pre-slaughter stress as it had the highest (P<0.05) levels of adrenalin (10.8nmol/mol), noradrenalin (9.7nmol/mol) and dopamine (14.8nmol/mol) levels, whereas the Nguni had the least levels of adrenalin (6.5nmol/mol), noradrenalin (4.6nmol/mol) and dopamine (4nmol/mol) levels. In conclusion, Nguni steers were better adapted to the local environmental conditions
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Scott-Harp, DeAnn. "Barriers to the adoption of safe beef cattle handling practices, equipment, and facilities in Iowa." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6276.

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Agriculture is one of the most hazardous industries in the United States, with a fatality rate that consistently surpasses other industries. Livestock handling activities are often found to be the second or third leading cause of on-farm injuries, with machinery and falls being cited as other leading causes. Among all livestock, cattle are responsible for the most injuries and fatalities on farms, and cattle-related nonfatal injuries have been shown to be some of the most costly, and result in more time off work than other injuries. Despite the fact that research has improved our understanding of cattle behavior and sensory functions, developed low-stress handling practices, and determined how facilities can be safer for workers and livestock, injury rates remain high. This project identified the types of equipment commonly used on beef farms, evaluated relationships between injuries and farm characteristics (such as herd size and equipment used), and assessed farmer perceptions of safety and obstacles to implementing changes. Most farms cited that they utilized equipment like alleyways (82.69%), a manual headgate (75.51%), a sorting/diverter gate (53.06%), and a manual squeeze chute (51.02%). However, it was found that having certain types of equipment had no influence on the likelihood of injuries. Herd size, on the other hand, was shown to be influential in that farms with larger than average herd size were shown to have a higher rate of injury. A final finding of this study was that farmers cited the cost of equipment, lack of necessity (their setup worked well already), and lack of time as being the main reasons they have not implemented changes on their operations. This study supports the idea that safe equipment and facilities are being implemented and used on most farms already, which suggests that the focus of future research should shift towards evaluating the influence that factors such as human behavior, handling practices, degree of training received, and training methods used have on the risk of worker injury.
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Njisane, Yonela Zifikile. "Farm to abattoir conditions and their subsequent effects on behavioural and physiological changes and the quality of beef from extensively-reared Nguni and non-descript steers." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3143.

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The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of farm to abattoir environmental conditions and their subsequent effects on behavioural and physiological responses, as well as the quality of meat from Nguni (NG) and non-descript (ND) beef steers reared extensively on natural pastures. The forty 16 – 19 months old steers (20 ND and 20 NG) used in the current study were grouped together, medically treated, allowed three weeks acclimatizing period and were used in this trial over a four-month period. The weather and periodical variations influence on time budgets and body weights of these steers were determined. Furthermore, the effects of on-farm successive handling on behavioural scores and physiological responses of the same steers were determined. Later in the trial, some pre-slaughter effects on response-behaviour, bleed-out times and selected blood physiological responses were determined. Finally, the effect of genotype, muscle type, lairage duration, slaughter order and stress responsiveness on pH24, temperature, colour (L*, a*, b*, C, HA), thawing (TL) and cooking (CL) losses and Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) of the meat harvested from the same steers were determined. The daily time budgets of steers in natural pastures changed with temperature, humidity, observation week and time of the day. The grazing behaviour was observed throughout the observation days (> 37 percent); though it was reduced (26.9±2.64 percent) on days with higher temperatures and low humidity. Higher proportions of drinking (1.5±1.04 percent) and standing (20.8±4.63 percent) behaviours prolonged in such weather conditions, which were mostly during midday. The avoidance-related behaviour of the steers during handling varies, with the steers showing more avoidance and aggression in other weeks than some. These variations could however be traced back to the events of that particular day/time of handling. Only Weighing Box (WBS) and stepping (SS) scores differed (P<0.05) with genotype; with more calm NG steers (> 40 percent) and not kicking than the ND steers that were more vocal (20–60 percent) and kicking (> 5 percent). In addition, the weekly behavioural responses were reflected (P<0.05) in the measured cortisol, glucose and lactate. However, regardless of the prominent negative behaviour seen over time, the levels of the measured blood constituents continued to drop. Furthermore, steers of different genotypes displayed similar (P>0.05) response to the identical pre-slaughter conditions they were exposed to. However, steers that were Transport Group 1 (TG1) showed more avoidance (63.2 percent) pre-slaughter than those in TG2 (23.9 percent). Furthermore, all the steers that were in slaughter Group 2 (SG2) showed less avoidance behaviour than those in other groups. Vocalization was observed only for ND steers (5 percent), in TG1 and SG2. Some connections between the observed pre-slaughter activities and some behavioural and physiological changes of these steers were established; with TG1 and SG1 steers showing higher cortisol (140±14.50 and 175.9±17.24 nmol/L, respectively) and lactate (12.4±0.83 and 13.5±1.12 mmolL) levels than the other groups. Lastly, the muscle type, genotype, lairage duration, slaughter order and stress responsiveness have an effect on some meat quality characteristics of the two genotypes; with the L. dorsi muscle having highest WBSF (38.0±1.35N) than the Superficial pectoral muscle (Brisket muscle) (30.7±1.35N). Additionally, steers lairaged for a shorter time produced a L. dorsi with higher WBSF (41.6±2.34N) and a Brisket with lower TL (2.7±0.24 percent). It can therefore be concluded that the conditions and activities at the farm, during transportation, lairaging and slaughter at the abattoir have an influence on some behavioural and physiological changes and the quality of beef harvested from the Nguni and non-descript steers that were extensively-reared in natural pastures. However, the relationship patterns between these different conditions are not clear.
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Mapfumo, Lizwell. "Time budgets, blood urea content, total protein and body condition scores as adaptive responses to seasonal dynamics by breeding Nguni cows and heifers reared on a sweetveld." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015738.

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The objective of this study was to determine time budgets, blood urea content, total protein and body condition score as adaptive responses to seasonal dynamics by breeding Nguni cows and heifers reared on a sweetveld. Twenty four clinically healthy Nguni cows and heifers were selected for the study. The animals were grouped according to their parities namely: Parity 1 (n=5), Parity 2 (n=5), Parity 3-6 (old cows) (n=9) and in-calf heifers (n=5). Two separate experiments were conducted and running concurrently. In the first experiment time budgets (time spent walking, grazing, lying down, drinking water and browsing) of the cows and heifers were monitored for two consecutive days once a month, while in the second experiment blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein once a month during weighing. Body condition scores were also determined during weighing times. Heifers maintained significantly (p0.05) of both blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (7.5±0.39 mmol/l) and TP (80.7±1.19 g/l) in November. All the animals had the least BUN levels in January (1.93±0.18 mmol/l) while the highest total protein (TP) (82.1±1.08 g/l) was recorded in February. All the animals showed distinct (p0.05) in most behavioural attributes in the cool-wet season. Heifers spent significantly (p0.05) body condition scores, amount of time spent browsing and drinking water. On the other hand, heifers (14.7±1.50%) and first parity cows (13.9±1.50%) traded-off most (p<0,05) of their time walking during the cool-dry season. Similarly heifers spent more time browsing (6.4±0.62%) forage plants (p<0.05) than all the cows during the cool-wet season. Grazing (r = 0.17) and standing (r = -0.18) were correlated (p<0.05) with all the behavioural attributes measured in this environment. It was concluded that seasonal dynamics in trade-off behaviour through time budgeting, maintenance of BUN and TP were necessary for the Nguni cows and heifers to maintain their body condition scores within a narrow range throughout the four seasons.
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Melin, Martin. "Optimising cow traffic in automatic milking systems : with emphasis on feeding patterns, cow welfare and productivity /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200563.pdf.

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Drkošová, Dominika. "Porovnání vybraných cenových podílů u energeticky úsporných domů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-382184.

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Rodriguez-Anderson, Santiago Martin. "Sensible Air to Air Heat Recovery Strategies in a Passive House." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2123.

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Due to rising energy costs and concerns about global climate change, high performance buildings are more in demand than ever before. With roughly 20% of the total energy consumption in the United States being devoted to residential use, this sector represents a significant opportunity for future savings. There are many guidelines and standards for reducing building energy consumption. One of the most stringent is the Passive House Standard. The standard requires that that air infiltration is less than or equal to 0.6 air changes per hour at a 50 Pascal pressure difference (ACH 50), annual heating energy is less than or equal to 15kWh/m2, and total annual source energy is less than or equal to 120 kWh/m2. For comparison, the typical West coast US residence has an ACH50 of 5 and annually uses more than 174 kWh/m2 of source energy according to the 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey. With these challenging requirements, successful implementation of the Passive House Standard requires effective strategies to substantially reduce energy consumption for all end uses. Heating and cooling loads are low by necessity in a Passive House. As such this makes end uses like water heating a much larger fraction of total energy use than they would be in a typical building. When air to water heat pumps are employed the energy consumption by water heating is lowered significantly. By employing innovative heat recovery strategies the energy consumption for water heating and HVAC can be reduced even further. This study uses energy modeling and project cost analysis to evaluate three innovative control strategies. Results for a Passive House in Portland Oregon show a savings of about $70 annually with a payback period of 10 years. The same Passive House in Fairbanks Alaska with a different strategy would save $150 annually with a payback period of 5 years.
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Books on the topic "Cattle houses and equipment"

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Review of USDA report on packer concentration and other cattle industry issues: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Research, Nutrition, and General Legislation of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session ... June 18, 1996. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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Cowboy equipment. Atglen, PA, USA: Schiffer Pub., 1998.

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J, Daelemans, and Lambrecht J, eds. Housing of animals: Construction and equipment of animal houses. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.

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Holmes, Brian J. Dairy freestall housing and equipment. 8th ed. Ames, Iowa: Midwest Plan Service, 2013.

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Hansen, Eduardo Willam. Incidencia del arreo y faenamiento en la calidad de la carne de bovinos de raza criolla argentina en los mataderos de campaña. San Salvador de Jujuy: Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, 1995.

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Lockwood, Alison. Clean beef cattle for slaughter: A guide for farmers. London: GB MAFF, 1998.

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Mittal, Parmanand. Our cattle preservation laws and the role of the government. New Delhi: Rashtriya Go-Raksha Andolan Samiti, 1997.

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Rolin, E. I. Obʺedinennye dispetcherskie sistemy v zhilishchnom khozi͡a︡ĭstve. Moskva: Stroĭizdat, 1985.

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Egginger, Robert. Detergentien: Die Bedeutung tensioaktiver Stoffe für Reinigung und Desinfektion in der Fleischwarenproduktion. Regensburg: S. Roderer, 1988.

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Office, General Accounting. Economic models of cattle prices: How USDA can act to improve models to explain cattle prices : report to the Honorable Tom Daschle, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cattle houses and equipment"

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Mitchell, Peter. "Putting Horse Nations in Context." In Horse Nations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198703839.003.0015.

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Set against the millennia in which people have herded or hunted horses, the few centuries on which this book concentrates were short-lived. Only 350 years, or 14 human generations, passed between the Araucanians and Chichimecs first acquiring horses and the world-wide closure of colonial frontiers at the close of the nineteenth century. Yet in that time many different equestrian adaptations emerged. This chapter looks for patterning within them and sets out some of the directions in which future studies of Horse Nations might progress. It also draws parallels with the historical experience of equestrian nomads in Eurasia and the ethnically mixed cattle frontiers of Latin America, asks how far an equestrian way of life turned those who committed to it into pastoralists, and enquires into the circumstances—ecological and political—that favoured, or discouraged, the adoption of horses. Recognizing their agency, as well as that of people, it tries to gauge the importance of horses relative to other factors in the histories of the societies that adopted them, before asking where those Horse Nations are now. Having looked at four continents, four centuries, and well over forty Indigenous groups, what stands out is surely the diversity of Native societies that made horses their own. Employed to hunt deer to make European trousers in eighteenth-century Mississippi, on the North American Plains horses led to a wholesale reorganization of how people used bows and arrows to kill bison. In Patagonia, by contrast, where guanaco and rhea were the main prey, they encouraged that same technology to disappear, replaced by a much older weapons system, the bolas, while in southern Africa eland came to be killed with metal spears, not poisoned arrows. The variety of ways in which people hunted from horseback offer just one illustration of an unsurprising fact: not all Horse Nations were alike. Much the same can be said of the details of the equipment people employed to ride, or the variations in how they transported household possessions, and even houses: the travois, for example, was unique to the Plains and to nearby groups influenced by their inhabitants.
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Grandin, Temple. "Some Current Specifications for Beef Cattle Equipment." In Beef Cattle Feeding and Nutrition, 347–50. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012552052-2/50025-1.

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Zhu, Yiyun, Jingzhu Zhao, Guochen Sang, and Qin Zhao. "Study of solar energy utilization of rural houses in Hanzhong based on winter indoor thermal environment test." In Advances in Energy Equipment Science and Engineering, 1503–6. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19126-292.

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Yorel Noriega Aquise, Guillermo. "Low-Cost Single-Family House through The Use of Precast Reinforced Concrete Elements." In Sustainable Housing [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98430.

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A technical design is developed to attend and assist populations in need of single-family housing and for populations in post-emergency situations. It exposes a production process of precast reinforced concrete elements, to be produced in a small production plant or at the site, with a minimum of equipment and tools. It is intended to establish a low-cost single-family house construction system with pre-fabricated reinforced concrete elements, which will become a technological alternative to traditional confined masonry construction. It presents a production line of six types of houses. For the comparison, a methodological process is followed, the comparison is made between the process of building houses with precast concrete elements and with the building process by confined masonry, the traditional process most used in Peru. The dominant principle of comparison is the equality of the useful surface of the rooms. The outstanding and visual difference is in the thickness of the walls, in the prefabricated house it is 0.10 meters and in the houses with confined masonry it is 0.15 m. The costs, production times and assembly, of the building with prefabricated elements, is low, compared to the building process by confined masonry. An in-line production process is established, of prefabricated elements with minimal equipment. The basic criterion is to manufacture that does not exceed the capacity of the size of the manufacturing, transport and assembly equipment. A simple process for the assembly was examined, a minimum period of construction of a prefabricated house of 2 hours was determined at any time of the year. The lowest cost, the direct cost has been achieved in VUF 04 at $ 264.50 US dollars per square meter and in total costs of $ 374.54 US dollars per square meter.
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Andreoni, Antonio, Lauralyn Kaziboni, and Simon Roberts. "Metals, Machinery, and Mining Equipment Industries in South Africa." In Structural Transformation in South Africa, 53–77. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894311.003.0003.

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The metals, machinery, and mining equipment industries have been at the heart of South Africa’s industrial ecosystem. Their central position is associated with the long-term importance of mining, with which there are extensive demand- and supply-side linkages. This chapter reviews key turning points in the development and restructuring of these value chains in post-apartheid South Africa, from 1994 to 2019. The overall record is of a basic steel industry that performed better in terms of value added relative to the more diversified downstream industries, despite government industrial policy targeting more labour-intensive downstream industries. The downstream machinery and equipment industry struggled to compete with imports in the 2000s and 2010s and only partially engaged with digitalization. In explaining these developments the grand bargains struck by the state with the main company producing basic steel and the use of procurement as a demand-side industrial policy are critically examined. The chapter also provides micro-level evidence of the evolving relationships between mining houses; engineering, procurement, and construction management services companies; and input suppliers along the value chain. Overall, it is argued that the relatively poor performance of this industry grouping in South Africa has been due to power asymmetries along the value chains, upstream concentration, high levels of fragmentation in the domestic ecosystem, the lack of key institutional ingredients, and poor policy design. Lessons for resource-endowed middle-income countries are discussed, and policy challenges for upgrading and diversification are presented.
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Mdee, Anna. "The Urbanizing Frontier, Change and Continuity." In Prosperity in Rural Africa?, 339–60. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865872.003.0016.

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Uchira, in Kilimanjaro Region, provides an exception to the chapters in this book which record rising prosperity. Uchira’s economy has declined after the cattle market that it hosted collapsed, and as agriculture has become less and less productive. This chapter charts the growth and development of the village, the changes to its development projects and service provision, and the growth in its real estate market as migrants from Moshi seek relatively affordable houses well connected to the town and with good water supplies. The chapter explores two broad-brush aspects of change in Uchira during this period: livelihoods patterns and public and private infrastructure. It provides a contrasting example of persistent disadvantage compared to other chapters in this collection.
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"Columbia Gadget Works." In American Perspectives on Learning Communities and Opportunities in the Maker Movement, 336–69. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8310-3.ch014.

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Columbia Gadget Works is a small, community-based makerspace located in the town of Columbia, Missouri. Gadget Works began, and is still working under, a club model with a flat management structure and around 15 paying members. The space is located in one of the few industrial zoned areas of Columbia, and the building that houses the makerspace is owned by one of the members. Columbia Gadget works has been around since 2009 in various forms and met at members' houses and rented a space before settling into their current building. The onus of learning and forming communities is on members. However, in an attempt to develop a sense of community, the space offers open nights for members and non-members and has undertaken larger projects that require a substantial participation from members. The space struggles and at the same time is accepting of its slow growth and lack of equipment, for now. This chapter explores Columbia Gadget Works.
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Waruri, Sebastian Kironji, James Muriuki Wanjohi, Leonard Khaluhi, Sam Ndungu Gichuhi, and Erick O. Mungube. "Bovine Anaplasmosis and Control." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 221–42. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.ch010.

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Bovine anaplasmosis is one of the most important tick borne diseases of ruminants worldwide causing significant economic losses in the livestock industries due to the high morbidity and mortality in susceptible cattle herds. Bovine anaplasmosis, caused by Anaplasma marginale, is an infectious but non-contagious disease. The mode of transmission of bovine anaplasmosis includes mechanical (blood contaminated fomites (needles, ear tagging, dehorning and castration equipment), biological (tick bites) and transplacental (mother to fetus). Bovine Anaplasmosis occurs in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Cattle of all ages are susceptible to infection with A. marginale, but the severity of disease increases with age. The common clinical sign of bovine anaplsmosis includes; fever, anorexia, rapid loss of body condition, severe decrease in milk production, pale and icteric mucous membranes, increased heart and respiratory rates, muscle weakness and depression. Diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis can be made by demonstration of A. marginale on stained blood smears from clinically infected animals during the acute phase of the disease, but it is not reliable for detecting infection in pre-symptomatic or carrier animals. Instead, serological demonstration of antibodies and confirmation of antigen with molecular detection tools are used for diagnosis. Anaplasmosis can be treated by administration of oxytetracyclines, however oxytetracyclines do not clear the parasite from carrier animals. Control measures for bovine anaplasmosis vary with geographical location and include maintenance of Anaplasma free herds, vector control, administration of antibiotics and vaccination. Intensive acaridae application to control ticks has a number of limitations, therefore, immunization together with strategic tick control is recommended for exotic and crossbred cattle. Further studies on epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis is needed
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Imhausen, Annette. "The Cultural Context of Egyptian Mathematics in the Old Kingdom." In Mathematics in Ancient Egypt. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691117133.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses the use of mathematics in the Old Kingdom. A number of sources provide information about the kind of mathematics and its context at that time. At least indirect evidence for the use of mathematics in administration can be drawn from the Abusir papyri, which originate from the mortuary temples of two kings of the Fifth Dynasty at Abusir. They document the running of a mortuary temple and include duty rosters for priests, lists of offerings and inventories of temple equipment, and letters and permits. These texts also indicate the assessment of cattle at regular intervals. How mathematical techniques developed or what they were exactly at this time remains unknown. Nevertheless, some scribes of the Old Kingdom left descriptions of their lives and careers within their tombs that at least allow assessing the cultural environment in which they worked.
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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. "Gas Supply and the Anaesthetic Machine." In The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0026.

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In Europe and other advanced medical communities, medical gases are generally supplied by pipeline, with cylinders available as back up. Large hospitals usually have oxygen supplied and stored in liquid form, since one volume of it provides 840 volumes of gaseous oxygen at 15◦C. It is stored in a secure Vacuum Insulated Evaporator (VIE) on the hospital site. The arrangement is shown in Figure 22.1. The VIE consists of an insulated container, the inner layer of which is made of stainless steel, the outer of which is made of carbon steel. The liquid oxygen is stored in the inner container at about−160◦C (lower than the critical temperature of−118◦C) at a pressure of between 700 and 1200 kPa. There is a vapour withdrawal line at the top of the VIE, from which oxygen vapour can go via a restrictor to a superheater, where the gas is heated towards ambient temperature. Where demand exceeds supply from this route, there is also a liquid withdrawal line from the bottom of the VIE, from which liquid oxygen can be withdrawn; the liquid can be made to join the vapour line downstream of the restrictor and pass either through the superheater or back to the top of the VIE. The liquid can also be made to pass through an evaporator before joining the vapour line. After passing through the superheater, the oxygen vapour is passed through a series of pressure regulators to drop the pressure down to the distribution pipeline pressure of 410 kPa. It should be remembered that no insulation is perfect and there is a pressure relief valve on top of the VIE in case lack of demand and gradual temperature rise results in a pressure build up in the container. There is a filling port and there is usually considerable wastage in filling the VIE; the delivery hose needs to be cooled to below the critical temperature, using the tanker liquid oxygen itself to cool the delivery pipe. The whole VIE device is mounted on a hinged weighing scale and is situated outside the hospital building, protected by a caged enclosure, which also houses two banks of reserve cylinders.
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Conference papers on the topic "Cattle houses and equipment"

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Briukhanov, Alexander, Ekaterina Shalavina, Pavel Gridnev, and Tatyana Gridneva. "Equipment-dependent nitrogen loss during cattle manure removal from livestock house." In 19th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2020.19.tf145.

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Li, Xiwu, and Hongjiang Zhang. "The study of the beef cattle house environment controlling equipment based on singlechip." In 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceceng.2011.6058019.

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Arsinte, R. "A simplified hybrid (wired - wireless) architecture for data and entertainment distribution in intelligent houses." In 2008 11th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/optim.2008.4602523.

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De Oliveira, Gilberto, Milena Carmona, Julia Pistori, Patricia De Oliveira, Rodrigo Mateus, Geazy Menezes, Vanessa Weber, Cleonice Le Bourlegat, and Hemerson Pistori. "RUMICAM: A New Device for Cattle Rumination Analysis." In Workshop de Visão Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wvc.2020.13487.

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Rumination may reveal important behavioral aspects of livestock animals and has been increasingly studied using new sensors technologies. In this work a new device was developed to collect close-up videos from the animal mouth during the rumination period. Using shallow and deep machine learning techniques, a software that classifies the basic mouth movements from these images has also been developed. A baseline performance for this equipment has been established using the Fscore metric. SVM achieved the highest F-score of 79.3% for the shallow learning approach. The best F-score using deep learning was 75% using VGG16.
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Barkova, Anna, Anatoliy Elesin, Igor Milshtein, and Mikhail Barashkin. "Thermovision diagnostics of the milking equipment impact on the state of mammary glands of cattle." In Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference “Digital agriculture - development strategy” (ISPC 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ispc-19.2019.116.

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Okuda, Yukihiko, Zuoyi Kang, Akemi Nishida, Haruji Tsubota, and Yinsheng Li. "Analytical Study on Dynamic Response of Reinforced Concrete Structure With Internal Equipment Subjected to Projectile Impact." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16849.

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Abstract In case of a projectile impact on a reactor building of a nuclear power plant, stress waves propagate from the impacted wall to the structure’s interior. It is important to assess the effect of dynamic responses generated by the projectile’s impact on internal equipment, because stress waves are likely to excite high-frequency vibrations of internal equipment. The OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) / NEA (Nuclear Energy Agency) launched the IRIS (Improving Robustness Assessment Methodologies for Structures Impacted by Projectiles) benchmark project in order to assess the dynamic response of a nuclear facility to projectile impact, and the third phase of IRIS (IRIS 3) [1] contributes to the investigation of the dynamic responses of reinforced concrete (RC) structures that house internal equipment. We have participated in IRIS 3 and have performed calibration analyses of projectile impact tests on a structure that models a reactor building that houses internal equipment. Specifically, we have developed and validated a numerical approach to investigation of impact responses of an RC structure that houses internal equipment through calibration correction. This paper presents partial simulation results of the dynamic responses of this structure and discusses the effects of support conditions of the internal equipment and stress wave propagation.
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Vargas, Sergio Escobar, Jorge E. Gonzalez, and Mark Aschheim. "Benefits of Monitoring Energy Use and Production Using Enhanced Smart Meters for California Houses." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91345.

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Methodologies have been developed to allow real-time determination of energy production and use as well as sizing of HVAC equipment based on thermal loads at the residential level. The data obtained reflect actual properties of the thermal envelope and appliance efficiencies, as well as actual renewable power production. The use of properly sized HVAC equipment introduces further energy savings. Recovery of energy savings expressed in terms of carbon offsets provides an incentive to improve the occupant’s energy footprint. When monetized, the energy cost savings and carbon offsets have financial benefits. These benefits are evaluated for model homes in various climatic zones within the state of California.
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Matsumoto, Yukito, Osamu Hasegawa, Ikuo Shimoda, and Kazuto Seto. "Fundamental Study of Active Mass Damper for Improving Livability of Houses Against Traffic Vibration." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2935.

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In Japan, there are many houses built on limited space and also besides side of causeways and railroads, due to population concentration in the cities in recent years. Houses with 3-stories or slender structure houses are susceptible to traffic vibration induced by external forces. This affect frequency creates an uncomfortable environment for habitation. Because houses often have a complex geometry, it is difficult to establish the vibration characteristics of a structure. Furthermore, the response characteristics of a house will change with environmental condition. To address some of these issues, an Active Mass Damper (AMD) has developed in order to supply for users with a reasonable price. This AMD has a mass of 176kg in weight supported by guide springs, and driven by an AC servomotor and a wire rope. The AMD is controlled by two methods, LQ Control and Direct Displacement Feedback (DDFB) Control. In this report, a control effect is examined through simulation when the AMD is installed in the RF level of a 3-story house model. The simulation results are demonstrated that the AMD could improve the uncomfortable environment in houses. A matter of particular note was reduction of about 4 dB in the overall vibration level. Concerning an experimental study about this equipment, refer to the following report, “Fundamental experiment of Active Mass Damper for houses against traffic vibration”.
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MattaraChalill, Subin, Miller Jothi Kalamegam, and Mallika Parveen. "Upgradation of HVAC Systems in Exisiting Commercial Green House Using Evaporative Coolers in Middle East Climatic Conditions." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51570.

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Commercial green houses are the back bone of farming industry in world where the climatic conditions are not stable especially in Middle East, Europe and United states. The commercial greenhouses are often high tech production facilities for vegetables or flowers. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment like screening installations, heating, cooling, and lighting and also may be automatically controlled by a computer to maximize potential growth. Greenhouse concept will provide the stable indoor plant growth environment throughout the year irrespective of the outside climate variance. The indoor climate conditions can be maintained using the properly designed HAVC systems. The conventional commercial green houses are equipped with axial fans and the cooling pads to control the indoor climate conditions without central control of the equipment’s. Financial conditions of the commercial green houses are very important since the cost per plant will be determined by the overall contribution of the capital and operational expenses. In the present scenario the almost 30% of the net profit is eating by the HVAC systems operational cost. The major operation cost is due to the cooling pads work force and the electricity operational cost for the axial fans equipped with metal blade. The up gradation involves mainly the involvement of individual evaporative air-conditioned system instead of conventional systems. The green houses are equipped with individual evaporative cooling units, circulating fans, top mounted air louvers and the control systems to control the entire set up. The initial heat load calculations will give us an idea about the total heat load required to maintain the ambient conditions for indoor plant cultivation. CFD analysis will provide the exact equipment orientation and the load requirement. In conventional greenhouses the conventional equipment’s are equipped to get the results but the same will consume more electrical power and which is not effective in all weather conditions. Heat load calculations will provide us the system demand in a conditioned space based on the available material properties. Based on the heat load results we can do the proper equipment selection and set the airflow based on the demand. CFD analysis will help the modeling of the system in the actual condition. The aim of the study was to analysis the performance study of the individual evaporative cooling units in the greenhouse conditioned space. The results obtained from the heat loads and CFD analysis can be compared. The objective of the present work is to examine the designed Air conditioning system effectiveness in peak summer heat load conditions to check the design parameters (25 °C temperature and 50%RH) inside the greenhouse using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis.
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Mertz, George A., Gregory S. Raffio, Kelly Kissock, and Kevin P. Hallinan. "Conceptual Design of Net Zero Energy Campus Residence." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76199.

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In response to both global and local challenges, the University of Dayton is committed to building a net-zero energy student residence, called the Eco-house. A unique aspect of the Eco-house is the degree of student involvement; in accordance with UD’s mission, interdisciplinary student teams from mechanical engineering, civil engineering and the humanities are leading the design effort. This paper discusses the conceptual design of a net-zero energy use campus residence, and the analysis completed thus far. Energy use of current student houses is analyzed to provide a baseline and to identify energy saving opportunities. The use of the whole-system inside-out approach to guide the overall design is described. Using the inside-out method as a guide, the energy impacts of occupant behavior, appliances and lights, building envelope, energy distribution systems and primary energy conversion equipment are discussed. The design of solar thermal and solar photovoltaic systems to meet the hot water and electricity requirements of the house is described. Eco-house energy use is simulated and compared to the energy use of the existing houses. The analysis shows the total source energy requirements of the Eco-house could be reduced by about 340 mmBtu per year over older baseline houses, resulting in CO2 emission reductions of about 54,000 lb per year and utility cost savings of about $3,000 per year. Detailed cost analysis and cost optimization have not been performed but are critical aspects of the UD Eco-house project, which will be performed in the future.
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