Academic literature on the topic 'Cattle Immunoglobulins. Serum Immunochemistry'

Abstract Background: Microarray platforms will change immunochemical and nucleic acid-based analysis of cell homogenates and body fluids compared with classic analyses. Microarrays use labeled target and immobilized probes, rather than fixed targets and labeled probes. We describe a method for simultaneous labeling of nucleic acids and proteins. Methods: Horseradish peroxidase- and fluorescein-modified cisplatin derivatives were used for labeling of nucleic acids and proteins. These reagents, called the Universal Linkage System (ULS), bind to sulfur- and nitrogen-donor ligands present in amino acids and nucleotides. For automated screening of proteins and nucleic acids on microarrays, it is advantageous to label these biomolecules without pre- or postpurification procedures. The labeling of antibodies and nucleic acids in whole serum was therefore pursued. Results: Immunoglobulins in nonpurified serum were labeled efficiently enough to be used for immunochemistry. To investigate whether protein-adapted labeling allowed nucleic acid labeling as well, 1 μg of plasmid DNA was added to 1 μL of serum. DNA and serum proteins were simultaneously labeled, and this labeled DNA could be used as a probe for direct fluorescence in situ hybridization. Conclusion: ULS provides a direct labeling tool for the (simultaneous) modification of proteins and nucleic acids even in unpurified samples.

Under the influence of the biostimulant, an increase in the morphological and biochemical data of blood in calves grown both on private plots and on small and medium farms, which at the end of the observation period exceeded the control values: the number of red blood cells - by 0.98; 0.81 and 0.79x1012/l, hemoglobin - by 9.8; 7.0 and 6.2 g/l, albumins - by 2.2; 2.8 and 3.5 g/l, γ-globulins - by 5.5; 3.7 and 5.6 g/l (P <0.05-0.001), respectively. The data on the leukocyte phagocytic activity, plasma lysozyme activity, serum bactericidal activity, and immunoglobulins were higher than in the control: when rearing calves in private subsidiary plots - by 5.6%, 4.8%, 5.5% and 4.7 mg/ml, on a small farm - by 5.2; 4.2; 7.8 % and 3.6 mg/ml and on a medium farm - by 5.8%, 3.6%, 4.4% and 4.3 mg/ml, respectively (P<0.05-0.01). A rising in the technological stress on the calf’s organism was revealed depending on the increase in the enterprise capacity, which is confirmed by the bioamine blood spectrum.

In controlled experiments during planned studies of cattle for leukemia, animals that showed leukemoid changes in blood – quantitative redistribution of granulocytes and agranulocytes-were identified. Individual analysis revealed that granulocytosis was detected in animals with inflammatory processes. In addition, the article presents comparative indicators of serum proteins in cows at the hematological stage of the leukemic process, with the manifestation of leukemoid reactions and in clinically healthy cows. Characteristic changes in the synthesis of immunoglobulins in cows with leukemia and leukemoid changes in the morphological composition of blood were established. With successful treatment of inflammatory processes, the hematological status of cows is restored to the initial indicators.

Respiratory diseases of cattle, particularly in young animals, represent the most important health and economic problem of cattle rearing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes of selected blood indices in 25 calves aged 2–9 months suffering from etiologically undifferentiated chronic respiratory diseases. Blood samples were analysed for haematological indices and selected serum biochemistry variables. The results found in sick animals were compared with results from 25 healthy animals of the same age, housing and feeding system. Significant differences in means between the groups of clinically healthy and sick calves were found in 13 out of 24 evaluated indicators. In sick animals we found significantly higher mean concentrations of haemoglobin and total number of white blood cells (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), as well as higher mean activity of AST and LDH (P < 0.01), concentrations of total proteins and total immunoglobulins (P < 0.001). Significantly lower mean values were recorded in the serum concentrations of albumin, creatinine and glucose (P < 0.001), as well as in the concentration of Mg (P < 0.01), P (P < 0.001), Fe and Zn (P < 0.05). The presented results suggest the effect of respiratory diseases in calves on several changes of haematological and selected serum biochemical indicators. They indicate that respiratory diseases did not lead only to direct disturbance of gas exchange and acid-base balance, but they also indirectly affect some other variables of blood biochemistry.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to determine the concentration pattern of intra-articular acute phase proteins (APPs) and immunoglobulins in healthy crossbred cattle. Synovial fluid (SF) samples were collected from the radiocarpal joint of 25 heifers and 25 steers. Concentrations of APPs were measured by SDS-PAGE. The results were submitted to analysis of variance using the SAS statistical program, and means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (P<0.05). Thirty-seven proteins with molecular weights ranging from 7 to 37kDa were identified in SF of all animals. Eight were nominally identified with immunoglobulin A (IgA) and G (IgG), ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), albumin (Ab), α1-antitripsin (AAT), α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and haptoglobin (Hp). The α1-antitripsin was only identified in the Sf of the heifers. The SF values of Cp, Hp, AGP and IgA were significantly higher in heifers than in steers. In sera, 34 proteins with molecular weights between 7 and 244kDa were identified in heifers and steers. Similar proteins were nominally identified in the sera, however the α1-antitrypsin was identified only in SF. The serum values Tf, AGP and IgG were significantly higher in heifers compared with steers. In conclusion, the physiological acute-phase proteins concentrations in synovial fluid of healthy ruminants can be useful in the interpretation of samples from animals with joint diseases. The SF electrophoretic profile of healthy ruminants differs depending on gender. Similar proteins were nominally identified in the sera, but only the SF of α1-antitrypsin.

The possibility of activating adaptive processes and organism resistance of cattle on commercial dairy farms under the influence of biological stimulants (polystim and PV-1) is proved. Biostimulants reduced the risk of gynecological disorders in cows: they reduced the retention time of placenta and subinvolution of uterus, reduced the endometritis and mastitis occurrence; increased reproductive function: shortened the time of the first estrus coming, increased the fertility, reduced the conception rate and duration of the service period, and improved the physicochemical composition of colostrum. The used biostimulants contributed to the increase in live weight of calves while increasing the relatively high level of assimilative processes associated with the fact that their forage energy was mainly spent on increasing body weight. At the same time, in calves not injected with biological preparations, it was mainly spent on providing homeothermia (i.e., maintaining constant body temperature), which was especially evident at low external temperatures. In calves raised in the conditions of intensive technology in winter, after the administration of dostim and polystim, the following indicators were significantly higher: the phagocytic activity of leukocytes by 5.4% - 6.4%, the lysozyme activity of plasma - by 3.0% - 6.2%, the blood serum bactericidal activity - by 7.1% - 9.5% and the content of immunoglobulins - by 2.5 mg/ml - 3.1 mg/ml. With the adaptive technology, the data of these indicators were higher: in winter period - by 5.2 - 6.4%, 3.1 - 6.2%, 6.0 - 8.7% and 4.7 - 5.7 mg/ml; and in spring-summer period - by 0.2 - 0.6%, 4.6 - 5.7%, 4.9 - 7.2% and 3.4 - 4.8 mg/ml (P<0.05-0.001), respectively.

Cryptosporidium sp., a coccidian parasite usually found in the faeces of cattle, has been recently implicated as an agent of human intestinal disease, mainly in immunocompromised patients. In the study realized, by an indirect immunofluorescence technique, specific immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) have been demonstrated in human serum against Cryptosporidium oocysts. Purified oocysts were used as antigens in the indirect immunofluorecence assay. After analyzing this test in sera from selected groups of patients, the frequency of both specific IgG and IgM of immunocompetent children who were excreting oocysts in their faeces was 62% and in children with negative excretion of oocysts was 20% and 40%, respectively. In adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and who were excreting Cryptosporidium in their stools, the frequency was 57% for IgG but only 2% for IgM. Twenty three percent of immunocompromised adults with not determined excretion of oocysts in their stools had anti-Cryptosporidium IgG in their sera. Children infected with human immunodeficiency virus had no IgM and only 14% had IgG detectable in their sera. The indirect immunoflorescence assay, when used with other parasitological techniques appears to be useful for retrospective population studies and for diagnosis of acute infection. The humoral immune response of HIV positive patients to this protozoan agent needs clarification.

The timely ingestion and absorption of colostral immunoglobulin is a critical determinant of neonatal calf health. Calves are born without appreciable concentrations of the serum immunoglobulins needed to protect against pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa (Tyler & Parish, 1995). The beneficial effect of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin also extends beyond the neonatal period and persists into juvenile and adult life (Robison et al. 1988; Tyler et al. 1998; DeNise et al. 1989). Calves with failure of passive transfer, defined as serum protein < 50 g/l or serum IgG < 10 g/l, have increased mortality risks that persist until 10 weeks of age (Tyler et al. 1998).Several diseases are potentially spread by the ingestion of colostrum, including bovine leukosis and Johne's disease (Perrin & Polack, 1988; Streeter et al. 1995). In one study 22% of latently infected cows were demonstrated to shed Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in their colostrum (Streeter et al. 1995). Optimal programmes to prevent and eradicate these diseases generally include the provision that calves are given colostrum derived from cows of known negative disease status. Pasteurization or heat treatment of colostrum may provide a mechanism whereby calves are provided with protection against neonatal disease without creating undue potential for infection by chronic, economically relevant diseases.Attempts to heat disinfect colostrum are common in goat herds (MacKenzie et al. 1987). Pasteurization has been demonstrated to be effective against the caprine arthritis–encephalomyelitis virus (Adams et al. 1983; MacKenzie et al. 1987). Although Myco. paratuberculosis appears to resist pasteurization, this form of processing has been demonstrated to decrease the likelihood of positive colostral cultures for Myco. paratuberculosis under experimental conditions (Meylan et al. 1996). Sterilizing the milk and colostrum given to calves is a logical and reasonable strategy to prevent transmission of infectious microorganisms. The potential disadvantage of heat treating colostrum is that the immunoglobulins in colostrum may become denatured (Smith & Sherman, 1994). Pasteurization causes only a slight decrease in the colostral concentration of IgG in cattle (Meylan et al. 1996); however, the biological behaviour of these pasteurized immunoglobulins has not been critically examined. Therefore, we cannot be completely confident that immunoglobulin absorption, persistence in serum and biological activity are unchanged by this processing.The goal of this study was to determine the effect of pasteurization at 76 and 63 °C on the absorption of IgG from colostrum. Should these procedures decrease immunoglobulin absorption, the use of pasteurization in disease eradication programmes would require increased efforts to optimize the passive transfer of immunoglobulin.

<p> Research has shown that direct-fed microbials (DFM) and enzyme supplementation can impact the dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and milk composition. However, limited research has evaluated the impact of DFM and enzyme supplementation on colostrum quality and the uptake of the Immunoglobulins A and G (IgA and IgG) by calves. In this study, 36 multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by expected calving date and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments 3 weeks prior to calving and remained on these treatments until week 8 postpartum. These treatments were: 1) 0 g of DFM and enzyme (control), 2) 45.40 g/d of Tri-Lution&reg; (Tri), or 3) 45.40 g/d of Tri-Lution&reg; and 18.16 g/d of Zy-mend&reg; (Tri + Zy). The amount of total mixed ration (TMR) fed and orts refused were measured each day to determine DMI. Blood samples were taken on the cows every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at 1100 h from the coccygeal veins and arteries to be analyzed for &beta;-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). Cows were also weighed once a week throughout the course of the study. Colostrum was harvested and weighed at parturition and later analyzed for IgA and IgG concentration via radial immunoassay. Calves were fed 4 L of maternal colostrum within 2 h after calving. Blood samples were also taken from the calves at 0 and 24 h in order to be analyzed for IgA and IgGconcentrations and to determine apparent efficiency of absorption of IgA and IgG. Finally, milk yields were taken daily for 8 wk postpartum and samples were taken once a week and sent to DairyOne (Ithaca, NY) to be analyzed for quality. Prepartum body weight (BW), BW, efficiency of gain, DMI, BHBA, NEFA, and glucose concentrations were not impacted by treatment. There was also no impact of treatment on colostrum yield, IgA and IgG content, and composition with the exception of IgA yield and ash percentage. The ash percentage of colostrum tended (<i>P</i> = 0.07) to increase with the Tri and Tri + Zy treatments while the IgA yield (<i>P</i> = 0.05) decreased with the Tri treatment. Treatments did not impact BW, serum IgA and IgG concentrations or apparent efficiency of absorption of IgA and IgG of the calves. Postpartum BW, DMI, blood metabolites, milk production and composition, with the exception of BW gain and somatic cell score (SCS), of the cows were not impacted by treatment. Cows on the Tri treatment gained more BW (<i>P</i> =0.03) and tended to have a greater efficiency of gain (<i>P</i> = 0.09) in comparison to those on the Tri + Zy treatment, but both treatments did not differ from the control. This suggests that there is a negative effect of applying the Tri-Lution&reg; and Zy-mend&reg; together which might be due to negative interactions among ingredients and microorganisms. An increase in SCS (<i>P</i> = 0.04) was also observed with the Tri treatment. All these results indicate that the supplementation of DFM and enzymes is not beneficial in improving the health and performance of dairy cattle during the transition period and early lactation.</p>