Academic literature on the topic 'Cattle shipping disease'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cattle shipping disease"
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Dabo, S. M., J. D. Taylor, and A. W. Confer. "Pasteurella multocidaand bovine respiratory disease." Animal Health Research Reviews 8, no. 2 (December 2007): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252307001399.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPasteurella multocidais a pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium that has been classified into three subspecies, five capsular serogroups and 16 serotypes.P. multocidaserogroup A isolates are bovine nasopharyngeal commensals, bovine pathogens and common isolates from bovine respiratory disease (BRD), both enzootic calf pneumonia of young dairy calves and shipping fever of weaned, stressed beef cattle.P. multocidaA:3 is the most common serotype isolated from BRD, and these isolates have limited heterogeneity based on outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles and ribotyping. Development ofP. multocida-induced pneumonia is associated with environmental and stress factors such as shipping, co-mingling, and overcrowding as well as concurrent or predisposing viral or bacterial infections. Lung lesions consist of an acute to subacute bronchopneumonia that may or may not have an associated pleuritis. Numerous virulence or potential virulence factors have been described for bovine respiratory isolates including adherence and colonization factors, iron-regulated and acquisition proteins, extracellular enzymes such as neuraminidase, lipopolysaccharide, polysaccharide capsule and a variety of OMPs. Immunity of cattle against respiratory pasteurellosis is poorly understood; however, high serum antibodies to OMPs appear to be important for enhancing resistance to the bacterium. Currently availableP. multocidavaccines for use in cattle are predominately traditional bacterins and a live streptomycin-dependent mutant. The field efficacy of these vaccines is not well documented in the literature.
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Storz, Johannes, Xiaoqing Lin, Charles W. Purdy, Vladimir N. Chouljenko, Konstantin G. Kousoulas, Frederick M. Enright, William C. Gilmore, Robert E. Briggs, and Raymond W. Loan. "Coronavirus and Pasteurella Infections in Bovine Shipping Fever Pneumonia and Evans' Criteria for Causation." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 9 (2000): 3291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.9.3291-3298.2000.
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Respiratory tract infections with viruses andPasteurella spp. were determined sequentially among 26 cattle that died during two severe epizootics of shipping fever pneumonia. Nasal swab and serum samples were collected prior to onset of the epizootics, during disease progression, and after death, when necropsies were performed and lung samples were collected. Eighteen normal control cattle also were sampled at the beginning of the epizootics as well as at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. Respiratory bovine coronaviruses (RBCV) were isolated from nasal secretions of 21 and 25 cattle before and after transport. Two and 17 cattle nasally shed Pasteurella spp. before and after transport, respectively. RBCV were isolated at titers of 1 × 103to 1.2 × 107 PFU per g of lung tissue from 18 cattle that died within 7 days of the epizootics, but not from the lungs of the remaining cattle that died on days 9 to 36. Twenty-five of the 26 lung samples were positive for Pasteurella spp., and their CFU ranged between 4.0 × 105 and 2.3 × 109 per g. Acute and subacute exudative, necrotizing lobar pneumonia characterized the lung lesions of these cattle with a majority of pneumonic lung lobes exhibiting fibronecrotic and exudative changes typical of pneumonic pasteurellosis, but other lung lobules had histological changes consisting of bronchiolitis and alveolitis typical of virus-induced changes. These cattle were immunologically naive to both infectious agents at the onset of the epizootics, but those that died after day 7 had rising antibody titers against RBCV andPasteurella haemolytica. In contrast, the 18 clinically normal and RBCV isolation-negative cattle had high hemagglutinin inhibition antibody titers to RBCV from the beginning, while their antibody responses to P. haemolytica antigens were delayed. Evans' criteria for causation were applied to our findings because of the multifactorial nature of shipping fever pneumonia. This analysis identified RBCV as the primary inciting cause in these two epizootics. These viruses were previously not recognized as a causative agent in this complex respiratory tract disease of cattle.
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Lin, Xiaoqing, Kathy L. O'Reilly, Mamie L. Burrell, and Johannes Storz. "Infectivity-Neutralizing and Hemagglutinin-Inhibiting Antibody Responses to Respiratory Coronavirus Infections of Cattle in Pathogenesis of Shipping Fever Pneumonia." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.2.357-362.2001.
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ABSTRACT Respiratory bovine coronaviruses (RBCV) emerged as an infectious agent most frequently isolated from respiratory tract samples of cattle with acute respiratory tract diseases. Infectivity-neutralizing (IN) and hemagglutinin-inhibiting (HAI) antibodies induced by RBCV infections were monitored in sequential serum samples collected from cattle during a naturally evolving and experimentally monitored epizootic of shipping fever pneumonia (SFP). Cattle nasally shedding RBCV at the beginning of the epizootic started with low levels of serum IN and HAI antibodies. An increase in serum IN antibody after day 7 led to reduction of virus shedding in nasal secretions by the majority of the cattle between days 7 and 14. A substantial rise in the serum HAI antibody was observed during the initial phase among the sick but not the clinically normal cattle which were infected with RBCV. The RBCV isolation-positive cattle that developed fatal SFP had minimal serum IN and HAI antibodies during the course of disease development. Cattle that remained negative in RBCV isolation tests entered this epizootic with high levels of serum IN and HAI antibodies, which dramatically increased during the next two weeks. Protection against SFP was apparently associated with significantly higher levels of serum IN antibodies at the beginning of the epizootic. The RBCV-neutralizing activity is associated with serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), particularly the IgG2 subclass, while RBCV-specific HAI antibody is related to both serum IgG and IgM fractions.
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Tsao, Kimberly, Stefan Sellman, Lindsay M. Beck-Johnson, Deedra J. Murrieta, Clayton Hallman, Tom Lindström, Ryan S. Miller, Katie Portacci, Michael J. Tildesley, and Colleen T. Webb. "Effects of regional differences and demography in modelling foot-and-mouth disease in cattle at the national scale." Interface Focus 10, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 20190054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0054.
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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a fast-spreading viral infection that can produce large and costly outbreaks in livestock populations. Transmission occurs at multiple spatial scales, as can the actions used to control outbreaks. The US cattle industry is spatially expansive, with heterogeneous distributions of animals and infrastructure. We have developed a model that incorporates the effects of scale for both disease transmission and control actions, applied here in simulating FMD outbreaks in US cattle. We simulated infection initiating in each of the 3049 counties in the contiguous US, 100 times per county. When initial infection was located in specific regions, large outbreaks were more likely to occur, driven by infrastructure and other demographic attributes such as premises clustering and number of cattle on premises. Sensitivity analyses suggest these attributes had more impact on outbreak metrics than the ranges of estimated disease parameter values. Additionally, although shipping accounted for a small percentage of overall transmission, areas receiving the most animal shipments tended to have other attributes that increase the probability of large outbreaks. The importance of including spatial and demographic heterogeneity in modelling outbreak trajectories and control actions is illustrated by specific regions consistently producing larger outbreaks than others.
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Amer, Haitham Mohamed. "Bovine-like coronaviruses in domestic and wild ruminants." Animal Health Research Reviews 19, no. 2 (December 2018): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252318000117.
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AbstractCoronaviruses (CoVs) produce a wide spectrum of disease syndromes in different mammalian and avian host species. These viruses are well-recognized for their ability to change tissue tropism, to hurdle the interspecies barriers and to adapt ecological variations. It is predicted that the inherent genetic diversity of CoVs caused by accumulation of point mutations and high frequency of homologous recombination is the principal determinant of these competences. Several CoVs (e.g. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV) have been recorded to cross the interspecies barrier, inducing different disease conditions in variable animal hosts. Bovine CoV (BCoV) is a primary cause of gastroenteritis and respiratory disease in cattle calves, winter dysentery in lactating cows and shipping fever pneumonia in feedlot cattle. Although it has long been known as a restrictive cattle pathogen, CoVs that are closely related to BCoV have been recognized in dogs, humans and in other ruminant species. Biologic, antigenic and genetic analyses of the so-called ‘bovine-like CoVs’ proposed classification of these viruses as host-range variants rather than distinct virus species. In this review, the different bovine-like CoVs that have been identified in domesticated ruminants (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama and alpaca) and wild ruminants (deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes and wild goats) are discussed in terms of epidemiology, transmission and virus characteristics. The presented data denote the importance of these viruses in the persistence of BCoV in nature, spread to new geographical zones, and continuous emergence of disease epidemics in cattle farms.
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Johnson, Bradley J., and Zachary K. Smith. "219 Managing Beef Cattle Growth Amidst a Global Pandemic: Lessons Learned from 2020 and Strategies for the Future." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.066.
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Abstract The coronavirus disease-19 related events of 2020 had severe detrimental effects on meat animal production in the United State. Due to harvest facility slowdowns and shutdowns, many market animals, including beef cattle, were on feed greater than 60 d past their optimal endpoint. These dramatic changes caused many changes in feeding and growth technologies management. The two major growth enhancing compounds used in feedlot cattle production are steroidal implants (IMP) and β-adrenergic agonists (β-AA). Implementation of β-AA during the pandemic was extremely difficult due to the lack of knowledge on exact shipping dates. The β-AA are fed the last 28 to 42 d on feed. Ractopamine was approved for cattle with essential a 12-h withdrawal. Many questions arose about the maximum length of withdrawal on ractopamine before losing any of the added growth response in both the live animal and carcass. Many feedlot operators relied on IMP administration to achieve added growth response in cattle held for longer days on feed. With zero-day withdrawal on implants, it was a cost-effective means to hold cattle in an efficient manner. Many producers simply could not manage β-AA feeding during the pandemic period and used other management technologies to enhance growth and efficiency during the end of the feeding period.
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Mackenzie, A. M., M. Drennan, T. G. Rowan, S. D. Carter, J. B. Dixon, and J. Tebble. "Effect of Transportation and Husbandry on Humoral Immune Responses in Suckler Calves." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960002403x.
Full textAbstract:
The trade between European community (EC) countries involving the transportation of live calves has, with the advent of 1993, considerably increased. In the UK alone, thousands of calves are transported on lorries and ferries and exported to other EC countries each year. An increase in the incidence of ‘shipping fever’, the general classification in American feedlots for bacterial or viral respiratory infections in cattle, has been observed following transportation. Further observations have shown an increased disease susceptibility following transportation and research has suggested that this is due to immunosuppression. An experiment was designed to investigate the effects of transportation and other normal husbandry variables on their ability to mount antibody responses to a specific antigen in suckler calves.
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Shouldice, Stephen R., Robert J. Skene, Douglas R. Dougan, Gyorgy Snell, Duncan E. McRee, Anthony B. Schryvers, and Leslie W. Tari. "Structural Basis for Iron Binding and Release by a Novel Class of Periplasmic Iron-Binding Proteins Found in Gram-Negative Pathogens." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 12 (June 15, 2004): 3903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.12.3903-3910.2004.
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ABSTRACT We have determined the 1.35- and 1.45-Å structures, respectively, of closed and open iron-loaded forms of Mannheimia haemolytica ferric ion-binding protein A. M. haemolytica is the causative agent in the economically important and fatal disease of cattle termed shipping fever. The periplasmic iron-binding protein of this gram-negative bacterium, which has homologous counterparts in many other pathogenic species, performs a key role in iron acquisition from mammalian host serum iron transport proteins and is essential for the survival of the pathogen within the host. The ferric (Fe3+) ion in the closed structure is bound by a novel asymmetric constellation of four ligands, including a synergistic carbonate anion. The open structure is ligated by three tyrosyl residues and a dynamically disordered solvent-exposed anion. Our results clearly implicate the synergistic anion as the primary mediator of global protein conformation and provide detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms of iron binding and release in the periplasm.
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Ayalew, Sahlu, Anthony W. Confer, and Emily R. Blackwood. "Characterization of Immunodominant and Potentially Protective Epitopes of Mannheimia haemolytica Serotype 1 Outer Membrane Lipoprotein PlpE." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 12 (December 2004): 7265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.12.7265-7274.2004.
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ABSTRACT Mannheimia haemolytica serotype 1 (S1) is the most common bacterial isolate found in shipping fever pneumonia in beef cattle. Currently used vaccines against M. haemolytica do not provide complete protection against the disease. Research with M. haemolytica outer membrane proteins (OMPs) has shown that antibodies to one particular OMP from S1, PlpE, may be important in immunity. In a recently published work, members of our laboratory showed that recombinant PlpE (rPlpE) is highly immunogenic when injected subcutaneously into cattle and that the acquired immunity markedly enhanced resistance to experimental challenge (A. W. Confer, S. Ayalew, R. J. Panciera, M. Montelongo, L. C. Whitworth, and J. D. Hammer, Vaccine 21:2821-2829, 2003). The objective of this work was to identify epitopes of PlpE that are responsible for inducing the immune response. Western blot analysis of a series of rPlpE with nested deletions on both termini with bovine anti-PlpE hyperimmune sera showed that the immunodominant region is located close to the N terminus of PlpE. Fine epitope mapping, in which an array of overlapping 13-mer synthetic peptides attached to a derivatized cellulose membrane was probed with various affinity-purified anti-PlpE antibodies, identified eight highly reactive regions, of which region 2 (R2) was identified as the specific epitope. The R2 region is comprised of eight imperfect repeats of a hexapeptide (QAQNAP) and is located between residues 26 and 76. Complement-mediated bactericidal activity of affinity-purified anti-PlpE bovine antibodies confirmed that antibodies directed against the R2 region are effective in killing M. haemolytica.
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Schubach, Kelsey, Reinaldo F. Cooke, Alice Brandão, Thiago Schumaher, Osvaldo Souza, David Bohnert, and Rodrigo Marques. "105 Altering the time of vaccination against respiratory pathogens enhanced antibody response and health of feedlot cattle." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.089.
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Abstract Angus × Hereford calves (n = 159; 87 heifers and 72 steers) were ranked by sex, body weight (BW), and age, and assigned to 1 of 3 vaccination schemes against the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex: 1) vaccination at weaning (d 0) and booster at feedyard entry (d 30; CON, n = 53), 2) vaccination 15 d before weaning (d -15) and booster 15 d before feedyard entry (d 15; EARLY, n = 53), and 3) vaccination 15 d after weaning (d 15) and booster 15 d after feedyard entry (d 45; DELAYED, n = 53). Calves were maintained on pasture from d -15 to 30, transported (d 30) for 480 km to a commercial growing yard, and moved (d 180) to an adjacent finishing lot where they remained until slaughter (d 306). Calves were assessed for BRD signs daily from d 0 to 306 according to the DART system. Blood samples were collected and BW recorded on d -15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 180. Hot carcass weight was recorded upon slaughter, and carcass quality assessed after a 24-h chill. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.49) for BW gain and carcass traits (P ≥ 0.32). Incidence of BRD (d 0 to 306) was lessened (P < 0.01) in EARLY vs. CON and DELAYED, and similar (P = 0.17) between CON and DELAYED. Treatment × day interactions were detected (P ≤ 0.02) for serum antibody titers against bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus-1, parainfluenza3, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus, which were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in EARLY vs. CON and DELAYED upon feedyard entry. Hence, anticipating initial and booster vaccination against respiratory pathogens to provide both doses prior to shipping appears to be a valid strategy to enhance cattle health responses and mitigate BRD in feedyards.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cattle shipping disease"
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Gibbs, Helen Alison. "Field and experimental studies of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254306.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Cattle shipping disease"
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Beinart, William, and Lotte Hughes. "Sheep, Pastures, and Demography in Australia." In Environment and Empire. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199260317.003.0011.
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Succeeding phases of British economic growth prompted strikingly different imperatives for expansion, for natural resource exploitation, and for the social organization of extra-European production. In the eighteenth century, sugar, African slaves, and shipping in the Atlantic world provided one major dynamic of empire. But in the nineteenth century, antipodean settlement and trade, especially that resulting from expanding settler pastoral frontiers, was responsible for some of the most dramatic social and environmental transformations. Plantations occupied relatively little space in the new social geography of world production. By contrast, commercial pastoralism, which took root most energetically in the temperate and semi-arid regions of the newly conquered world, was land-hungry but relatively light in its demands for labour. The Spanish Empire based in Mexico can be considered a forerunner. By the 1580s, within fifty years of their introduction, there were an estimated 4.5 million merino sheep in the Mexican highlands. The livestock economy, incorporating cattle as well as sheep, spread northwards through Mexico to what became California by the eighteenth century. Settler intrusions followed in the vast landmasses of southern Latin America, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Australia was one of the last-invaded of these territories, and, in respect of the issues that we are exploring, was in some senses distinctive. Unlike Canada and South Africa, there was no long, slow period of trade and interaction with the indigenous population; like the Caribbean, the Aboriginal people were quickly displaced by disease and conquest. The relative scale of the pastoral economy was greater than in any other British colony. Supply of meat and dairy products to rapidly growing ports and urban centres was one priority for livestock farmers. Cattle ranching remained a major feature of livestock production in Australia. Bullock-carts, not dissimilar to South African ox-wagons, were essential for Australian transport up to the 1870s. But for well over a century, from the 1820s to the 1950s and beyond, sheep flooded the southern lands. Although mutton became a significant export from New Zealand and South America, wool was probably the major product of these pastoral hinterlands—and a key focus of production in Australia and South Africa. The growth in antipodean sheep numbers was staggering.