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Ross, Robert, Lyle Parsons, Ba Son Thai, Richard Hall, and Meha Kaushik. "An IoT Smart Rodent Bait Station System Utilizing Computer Vision." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 4670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174670.
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Across the world billions of dollars of damage are attributed to rodents, resulting in them being classified collectively as the biggest animal pest in the world. At a commercial scale most pest control companies employ the labour intensive approach of deploying and manually monitoring rodenticide bait stations. In this paper was present, RatSpy, a visual, low-power bait station monitoring system which wirelessly reports both on bait station levels and intruders entering the bait station. The smart bait stations report data back to a custom designed cloud platform. The system performance was evaluated under realistic field conditions (on an active cattle farm) with initial results showing significant potential in terms of reducing manual labour, improving scalability and data.
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Michell, VJ. "Some economic and social factors affecting the cattle industry in the Gulf Area of the Northern Territory - Results of the 1982 Cattle Industry Survey." Rangeland Journal 7, no. 1 (1985): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9850051.
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The Gulf District of the Northern Territory is one of Australia's most remote cattle-growing areas. The national brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication policy is forcing management to change from the traditional hunting of cattle on unfenced areas to property development and improved animal husbandry practices. In 1982 only 45% of properties were actively participating in the BTB eradication programme. The paper describes the area and looks at the effect of development on a number of economic parameters, as well as the effect of these parameters on operating costs and returns. The development of stations is related to higher stocking rates and total numbers of stock. Costs per head decrease and turnoff and branding rates tend to increase with development. However stations had to go heavily into debt to achieve this development. Only 32% of stations covered their operating costs in 1982; although these stations were less developed they were also smaller, owner- managed stations employing less labour.
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Michna, P., W. Eugster, R. V. Hiller, M. J. Zeeman, and H. Wanner. "Topoclimatological case-study of Alpine pastures near the Albula Pass in the eastern Swiss Alps." Geographica Helvetica 68, no. 4 (December 16, 2013): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-68-249-2013.
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Abstract. Alpine grasslands are an important source of fodder for the cattle of Alpine farmers. Only during the short summer season can these pastures be used for grazing. With the anticipated climate change, it is likely that plant production – and thus the fodder basis for the cattle – will be influenced. Investigating the dependence of biomass production on topoclimatic factors will allow us to better understand how anticipated climate change may influence this traditional Alpine farming system. Because small-scale topoclimatological variations of the main meteorological variables: temperature, humidity, precipitation, shortwave incoming radiation and wind speed are not easily derived from available long-term climate stations in mountainous terrain, it was our goal to investigate the topoclimatic variations over the pastures belonging to the Alp Weissenstein research station north of the Albula Pass in the eastern Swiss Alps. We present a basic assessment of current topoclimatic conditions as a site characterization for ongoing ecological climate change studies. To be able to link short-term studies with long-term climate records, we related agrometeorological measurements with those of surrounding long-term sites run by MeteoSwiss, both on valley bottoms (Davos, Samedan), and on mountain tops (Weissfluhjoch, Piz Corvatsch). We found that the Davos climate station north of the study area is most closely correlated with the local climate of Alp Weissenstein, although a much closer site (Samedan) exists on the other side of the Albula Pass. Mountain top stations, however, did not provide a convincing approximation for the climate at Alp Weissenstein. Direct comparisons of near-surface measurements from a set of 11 small weather stations distributed over the domain where cattle and sheep are grazed indicate that nocturnal minimum air temperature and minimum vapor pressure deficit are mostly governed by the altitudinal gradient, whereas daily maxima – including also wind speed – are more strongly depending on vegetation cover and less on the altitude.
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Guzman, Paula Olivares, David L. Pearl, Karen S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Tina M. Widowski, Daniela M. Meléndez Suárez, Sonia Marti, and Derek B. Haley. "6 Does Bedding Influence Lying Behaviour of Cattle Unloaded for Rest During Long-distance Transportation?" Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.002.
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Abstract In Canada, cattle must be unloaded, fed, watered, and rested after 36 h of transport; however, little is known about what constitutes appropriate rest station conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between providing straw bedding (14-cm deep) and trip, load, and commercial rest station characteristics, on lying behaviour. Truckloads (n = 13) were split; half the animals were assigned to either bedded (n = 452 cattle) or non-bedded (n = 470 cattle) pens. Trip characteristics [time in motion (TIM), duration of stops en route (DUR_STOPS)], load characteristics (sex: heifers, steers, both; and load weight), and rest station characteristics [ambient temperature at unloading; rest pen space allowance (k_PEN); time in resting pen (TIP)] were recorded. Once unloaded we counted the number of cattle lying/pen, every 10 min for 8 h. A mixed logistic regression model with random intercepts for load and truck compartment was fitted to examine associations between the proportion of animals lying and the independent variables (i.e., treatment, trip, load, and rest station characteristics). Odds of lying increased with load weight (i.e., cattle weight class, P = 0.02) and with DUR_STOPS (P < 0.03). There was an interaction (P < 0.01) between treatment and TIM: as TIM increased, the odds of observing cattle lying showed a notable increase for cattle rested in bedded pens, whereas for those rested in non-bedded pens, the odds showed little change as TIM increased. An interaction (P < 0.01) was also found between treatment and TIP: early in the observation period, the odds of cattle lying were greater in bedded pens. Both groups showed an increase in the probability of lying over time, plateauing at similar levels, near the end of the 8-h observation period. In conclusion, providing straw bedding at rest stations influenced cattle’s motivation to lie, particularly following longer transport durations.
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Allen, L., R. Engeman, and H. Krupa. "Evaluation of three relative abundance indices for assessing dingo populations." Wildlife Research 23, no. 2 (1996): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960197.
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Three methods of assessing relative abundance of wild canids were evaluated on a population of dingoes, Canis lupus dingo (Corbett), on a cattle station in south-westem Queensland. The tested indices relied on measurements of activity based on spoor. Two of the techniques attracted the target species to tracking stations through the use of a novel (fatty acid scent) or food-based (buried meat) attractant. The third index (activity) measured the number of dingo tracks crossing tracking stations placed at 1-km intervals along a road transect. All three indices had a high level of agreement for detecting differences in relative abundance, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.85. When the stations were analysed in 1-km segments, the activity index proved the most sensitive, producing proportionally more positive responses than either of the other two indices irrespective of whether the tracking stations were assessed at 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-day intervals. Inconsistencies between indices existed, with the derived abundance indices not showing the anticipated reduction following population reduction. The effect of season and the interaction between dingo activity and index methodology are discussed.
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Šafus, P., J. Přibyl, Z. Veselá, L. Vostrý, M. Štípková, and L. Stádník. "Selection indexes for bulls of beef cattle." Czech Journal of Animal Science 51, No. 7 (December 5, 2011): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3941-cjas.
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Three selection indexes were constructed for bulls of beef cattle: IM for terminal crossing (in dairy herds), IZ for the selection of foundation sires for beef herd and IS for the selection of bulls for beef herd. Each index was constructed in five variants that differed in the number of used traits from the most important ones to all traits with known breeding values. The sources of information were breeding values routinely calculated in performance testing – 10 breeding values for direct and maternal effects for easy calving and growth, breeding value for daily gain of bulls at performance-testing stations and 10 breeding values for the type traits of young animals. The reliability of partial breeding values that enter into the indexes ranged from 11% to 36%. Reliability influences subsequent accuracy of index selection for total genotype that is in the range of 30% to 46%. The discounting of economic values (0% or 10%) did not influence the selection indexes significantly. Index selection was expressed almost exclusively in genetic gain of direct effects while maternal effects were of only small importance in the breeding objective. Direct effects for daily gain until weaning and after weaning are of the highest importance in the breeding objective, accounting for 90% to 96% of the total selection effect. The most important information sources in selection indexes are direct effect of weaning weight (importance of approximately 74% to 95%) and maternal effect of weaning weight (importance of approximately 5% to 7%). The inclusion of daily gain of bulls at performance-testing stations with the importance of about 16% in the index decreased the importance of weaning weight. Selection can be aimed at these main traits – calving ease (direct and maternal effect) and weight at 210 days (direct and maternal effect) only because the importance of the other traits in the index is very low.
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Rockett, Paige L., Flavio Schenkel, Christine F. Baes, Filippo Miglior, and Dan Tulpan. "PSIII-12 Genetic analysis of heat tolerance in Holsteins using test-day production records and satellite-based meteorological data." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.422.
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Abstract Heat stress in dairy cattle is an existing issue in temperate regions that can cause reduced milk production, impaired fertility, and mortality. Genetic selection for heat tolerance using test-day production records and weather station data is a potential mitigation strategy. However, weather stations can have temporal data gaps and a low spatial resolution, which reduces the number of herds that can be incorporated into an analysis. The objectives for this study include: (1) compare satellite-based meteorological data from the NASA POWER database to weather station records in Ontario and Quebec, (2) evaluate the effects of heat stress on Canadian Holsteins, and (3) assess breeding value estimates for heat tolerance in the same population. Daily estimates of ambient temperature, dewpoint temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed from 481 weather stations in Ontario and Quebec were compared to the parameters estimated by the NASA POWER project using an ordinary least squares regression. The coordinates of herds in Ontario and Quebec were estimated using their addresses and Google Maps Geocoding. The best weather data for each herd location will be incorporated into two random regression animal models to analyze three test-day production traits: milk, fat, and protein yield. The first model will be used to estimate general and specific additive genetic merits over the thermal gradient. The second model will estimate the traditional additive genetic merit. In conclusion, this study explores the use of satellite estimated meteorological parameters in addition to or alternatively to weather station data in heat tolerance studies, quantifies the sensitivity of Canadian dairy cattle to heat stress, and evaluates if genetic selection for increased heat tolerance in Canadian dairy herds is possible.
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Garmaev, D. T., and A. V. Tsydypova. "CATTLE BREEDING IN THE REPUBLIC OF BURYATIA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT." Scientific Review Theory and Practice 11, no. 7 (2021): 2070–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2021-11-7-2070-2082.
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The article considers one of the main directions of increasing the level of food security of the country at the present time – the development of specialized beef cattle breeding, which contributes to an increase in pro- duction volumes in Russia and the Republic of Buryatia. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of the development of the beef catle breeding industry; it is recommended to take measures to increase the production of beef meat in Russia and the Republic of Buryatia. Methods used: static, comparison, deductive analysis with a monographic survey, and also used logical, static, mathematical methods of information processing. The natural and climatic conditions of the republic are characterized as extreme, which increase costs, require disproportionately significant costs for the production of crop products, necessitate an increase in feed for the production of live- stock products, due to a long stall period and low negative temperatures determine its high cost. For the development of pedigree farms engaged in beef cattle breeding, the following measures will be taken: creation of stations for testing pedigree bulls on the basis of cows’ own productivity. Beef cattle breeding in the Republic of Buryatia is the most labor-intensive industry with a long payback period, therefore this sector is underdeveloped. The main problems of beef cattle breeding: the lack of high-value breeding bulls, the technology of dairy and beef cattle breeding is carried out on an extensive basis, and the low potential of livestock productivity. The following activities will take place. Measures to increase the production of high-quality beef: formation of a breeding base for beef cattle breeding based on the provision of differentiated subsidies for the maintenance of broodstock of beef cattle according to the “cow-calf” system in breeding plants and pedigree reproducers; purchase of pedigree young stock of specialized meat breeds.
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Twigg, Laurie E., Steve R. Eldridge, Glenn P. Edwards, Bernie J. Shakeshaft, Nicki D. dePreu, and Neville Adams. "The longevity and efficacy of 1080 meat baits used for dingo control in central Australia." Wildlife Research 27, no. 5 (2000): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99044.
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In central Australia, most 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) meat baits placed on soil in predator-proof cages remained toxic to dingoes, foxes and feral cats for at least 8 months regardless of whether they were protected from rain or not. Thus, untaken baits will remain a potential hazard to non-target species, particularly farm dogs, for a considerable period. However, when dingo-control programs were monitored (n = 3 stations), approximately 85% of meat baits were taken within 4 days. Dingo-control programs were undertaken on three stations by placing 1080 meat baits near water points (bores) with known dingo activity. Baiting was effective on two stations but not on the third. Where successful, dingo numbers were reduced by 50–70%. The failure on the third station was not due to the lack of bait-take as approximately 80% of these baits were taken within 4 days; it was probably caused by the presence of ephemeral water-bodies that could not be baited. However, this technique was effective in removing those dingoes that utilised the artificial water points, and hence were likely to be interacting with cattle. Such an outcome has benefits to both conservation and the pastoral industry, as problem dogs are removed without placing the long-term survival of dingoes at risk.
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Foran, B. D., and D. M. Stafford Smith. "Risk, biology and drought management strategies for cattle stations in central Australia." Journal of Environmental Management 33, no. 1 (July 1991): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(05)80045-3.
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Goraga, Zemelak, Asnaku Funga, Tewodros Fekadu, Seid Ali, Gemeda Tuntuna, Zenebe Tesfa, Eyob G. Egziyabher, and Ejigayehu Demisse. "Communal Use of Breeding Bulls on Bull Stations, Natural Mating and Artificial Insemination in Ethiopian Smallholder Dairy Farming Systems." Journal of Biotechnology Research, no. 56 (June 20, 2019): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jbr.56.50.56.
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The study was carried out to characterize Ethiopian smallholder farmers’ practice and indigenous knowledge on bull station service and adoption of different mating systems. A total of 62 respondents were selected from the smallholder dairy farming communities representing three districts in the Oromia region. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select sampling areas and respondents. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data using person to person interview. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical procedures of SPSS. According to the findings of the study, Ethiopian smallholder dairy farmers are using both bull service and artificial insemination for dairy cattle breeding. The bulls used for mating are either those bulls kept for communal use at bull stations or bulls belong to individual farmers. The sources of all those bulls were research centers (15.5%), NGOs (37.5%), cooperatives (7.8%), born and grown at farmers’ own farms (10%) and other sources (29.2%). About 79% of the interviewed respondents were participants of bull station service and above 63% of them started to participate in less than a decade ago. In bull station, one bull did serve 3 to 30 females per week. In addition to the bull service, considerable numbers of farmers were using artificial insemination. The study revealed that both natural mating and artificial insemination methods are acceptable as appropriate mating systems and have their own advantage and disadvantages. So, bull service can be further adopted as an option for improving dairy production and productivity at smallholder farmers’ level particularly in areas where there is limited access for an efficient AI service. The study provided valuable information that can support the importance of using bull station services and adopt different mating systems to improve dairy cattle production and productivity in smallholder dairy farming systems in Ethiopia.
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Smith, Pamela A. "An Enigma: Two Innamincka Cattle Stations and Three Small Ruins in South Australia." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 24, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 642–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-020-00539-7.
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Mukangango, Marguerite, Jean Nduwamungu, Francois Xavier Naramabuye, Gert Nyberg, and A. Sigrun Dahlin. "Supplementing grass-based cattle feeds with legume leaves and its effects on manure quality and value as a soil improver for an Anthropic Ferralsol in Rwanda." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 4 (August 2020): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479720000101.
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AbstractCombined use of lime, animal manure and inorganic fertilisers is effective in replenishing the fertility of degraded acid soils. However, many smallholder farmers lack access to sufficient amounts of these inputs to improve the fertility and reduce the aluminium toxicity of Ferralsols. Organic manures are available but often have low nutrient content, which limits their ability to supply nutrients to soils. In a two-factor field experiment over four seasons on an Anthropic Ferralsol in Southern Province, Rwanda, we assessed (i) the effect of cattle manure on soil properties at a reduced rate affordable to smallholder farmers compared with that of NPK fertiliser applied, with and without lime also at a reduced rate, and (ii) the effect of supplementing grass in a basal cattle diet with legume leaves on manure quality and its effect on soil properties. Manure from cattle fed only the grass Chloris gayana (grass-only manure) and from cattle fed C. gayana supplemented with Acacia angustissima leaves (grass+legume manure) was applied at 5 t dry matter ha-1 (25% of the recommended rate) at the beginning of each growing season. NPK was applied as split doses supplying a total rate of 70 kg N ha-1. Lime was applied annually at a rate of 2.0 t CaO ha-1, which was 25% of the rate required to neutralise total acidity at the site. All amendments were applied only to the soil surrounding the maize plants (planting stations), which is estimated at 25% of the plot area. Maize stover was left on plots after harvest and planting stations were retained over all growing seasons. All treatments altered soil properties at the planting stations. Lime generally increased pH but there was no significant difference between lime plus manure treatments and non-limed manure treatments. Soil organic carbon concentration and cation exchange capacity were higher in manure and NPK treatments than in non-fertilised treatments. The manure treatment increased soil water-holding capacity compared with the NPK and non-fertilised treatments. There was no significant difference in total N, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ between the NPK and manure treatments. Micro-dosing animal manure can thus replace mineral fertiliser plus lime for soil fertility replenishment in smallholder farming. Grass+legume manure contained higher concentrations of total N, Ca, Mg, K and Na than grass-only manure, but its effect on soil properties did not differ significantly from that of grass-only manure.
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González, L. A., E. Charmley, and B. K. Henry. "Modelling methane emissions from remotely collected liveweight data and faecal near-infrared spectroscopy in beef cattle." Animal Production Science 54, no. 12 (2014): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14615.
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The objective of the present study was to develop a model-data fusion approach using remotely collected liveweight (LW) data from individual animals (weighing station placed at the water trough) and evaluate the potential for these data from frequent weighing to increase the accuracy of estimates of methane emissions from beef cattle grazing tropical pastures. Remotely collected LW data were used to calculate daily LW change (LWC), i.e. growth rate on a daily basis, and then to predict feed intake throughout a 342-day grazing period. Feed intake and diet dry matter digestibility (DMD) from faecal near-infrared spectroscopy analysis were used to predict methane emissions using methods for both tropical and temperate cattle as used in the Australian national inventory (Commonwealth of Australia 2014). The remote weighing system captured both short- and long-term environmental (e.g. dry and wet season, and rainfall events) and management effects on LW changes, which were then reflected in estimated feed intake and methane emissions. Large variations in all variables, measured and predicted, were found both across animals and throughout the year. Methane predictions using the official national inventory model for tropical cattle resulted in 20% higher emissions than those for temperate cattle. Predicted methane emissions based on a simulation using only initial and final LW and assuming a linear change in LW between these two points were 7.5% and 5.8% lower than those using daily information on LW from the remote weighing stations for tropical and temperate cattle, respectively. Methane emissions and feed intake can be predicted from remotely collected LW data in near real-time on a daily basis to account for short- and long-term variations in forage quality and intake. This approach has the potential to provide accurate estimates of methane emissions at the individual animal level, making the approach suitable for grazing livestock enterprises wishing to participate in carbon markets and accounting schemes.
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Wang, Ting, Rongzhen Zhong, and Daowei Zhou. "Temporal–Spatial Distribution of Risky Sites for Feeding Cattle in China Based on Temperature/Humidity Index." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110571.
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This study identifies risk areas for cattle husbandry based on temperature and a relative humidity index (THI) derived from climate data (1987 to 2016) at 839 meteorological stations in China using geostatistics (ordinary and indicator kriging) in the geographical information system (GIS). In general, monthly mean THI values were the highest in July and the lowest in January for all regions. The correlation analysis showed that there were negative relationships between THI values and latitude or elevation for the whole year (p < 0.01). The THI values were higher at low latitudes in coastal areas and at high latitudes in arid areas in summer. The healthy risk for cattle production varied depending on the time of the year and region. The study shows that cattle production is suitable throughout the whole year in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; from October to April for most areas, except the southern coastal areas; in May and September in Northeast China, North China, and parts of Northwest China; in June in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia. The information obtained in this study can provide a regional distribution of risk for the cattle industry in China.
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Habeeb, Zainab Sami, Amil Majid AL-Shawi, and Muniem M. Fathi. "Diagnostic Study of Salmonella typhimurium in Patient and Cattle." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 28, no. 1 (June 28, 2004): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v28i1.1087.
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A total of (150) stool samples were collected from patient with diarrhea in Baghdad hospital and Al - Thahab. Al-Aboiath village. A total of (27) isolates were identified as member of the genous Salmonella, Serotype typhimurium of a percentage of 18 % of the total samples.Another(150) stool sample were collected from suspected calves and cows in some of Baghdad villages and dairy cattle stations
The identified isolates as member of Salmonella,serotype typhimurium were (7) at a percentage of 4.5% of the total taken samples. The study extend from December 2001 till May 2002.
Different biochemical tests were applied to differentiate the isolates from other enteric micro organism, Including the classical and newly introduced methodologies(i.e.,api 20E) in addition to the type and serotype determination using standard mono specific and polyvalent antisera. All the isolates showed no changes in there characteristic features.
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Guzman, Paula Olivares, Sonia Marti, David L. Pearl, Karen S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Daniela Melendez, and Derek B. Haley. "PSXIII-1 Does Providing Bedding Change the Latency and Duration of Cattle Lying Behavior During Long-Distance Transport Rest Stops?" Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.375.
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Abstract We explored whether straw bedding at rest stations might affect latency and duration of lying down beyond the 8h rest required at rest stops during long distance transport. Animals arriving to commercially operated rest stops (n=75, 6/load, opportunistically selected) were rested in pens (15.5 × 9.5 m) that were either bedded (n=38, straw, 14 cm deep) or non-bedded (n=37). The lying activity of each animal was recorded every 10 min for 8 h. The independent variables recorded included: bedding treatment, mean animal weight/load (kg), and space allowance [k-value = (m2/animal) / (BW2/3)] in the trailer. Ordinary linear and mixed linear regression models were fitted to assess lying latency and duration, respectively. Bedding affected latency to lie down, but its effect depended on space allowance in the truck: among cattle transported with low space allowance (2.08 - 3.29 m2/ 300 kg animal), bedded cattle laid down sooner than non-bedded cattle (P< 0.001). Comparing only cattle in bedded pens, cattle laid down sooner when transported with low space allowance (2.08 - 3.29 m2/ 300 kg animal) compared with medium space allowance (>3.29 – 3.69 m2/ 300 kg animal; P=0.003). Bedding also affected lying duration, but the effect depended on mean animal weight; as mean animal weight of the load increased so did duration but the effect was greater among bedded animals (P=0.027). In summary, cattle transported at high stocking densities are most likely to benefit from bedding as are heavier animals.
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Kemboi, Evans, S. M. Feroze, Ram Singh, Jabir Ahmed, and Hehlangki Tyngkan. "Yield gap in milk production is considerable in Indian Himalayan state of Meghalaya." Journal of Dairy Research 88, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202992100008x.
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AbstractYield gaps in milk production are here defined as the differentials between the actual yield obtained by the dairy farmer and the potential farm yield (production achieved by the top 10% of farmers: Gap 2) as well as the differential between this potential farm yield and the yield registered in the research stations (Gap 1). Assessment of yield gaps provides valuable information on potential production enhancement and drivers behind yield gaps. Milk production can be increased by narrowing the predominant large yield gaps in resource-poor smallholder farming system. Hence, this study assessed the milk yield gap and factors affecting the yield gap in Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya, a state located in the north-eastern Himalayan region of India. This research paper provides a scope for exploring the possibilities for improving dairy production in the state as well as contributing to literature through incorporating crucial determinants responsible for milk yield gap. A sample of 81 respondents was drawn purposely from two blocks of the district. The results indicated that the average number of cattle per household was 9.38 in standard animal units. The total yield gap was estimated at 6.20 l (91.06%) per day, composed of 0.80 l (11.76%) per day of yield gap I and 5.40 l (79.30%) per day of yield gap II. This demonstrates that the top performing farms were achieving a production level not dissimilar to that obtained on the research stations, but many were doing far less well. The size of cattle shed, dairy farming experience, concentrate price and human labour were the important determinants of the yield gap. Hence, encouraging the right stocking density of cattle, training on the preparations of home-made concentrates, access to cheap and quality concentrates, incorporating training and experience sharing on proper dairy management practices and use of technology could benefit the dairy farmers of the region.
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Přibyl, J., H. Krejčová, J. Přibylová, I. Misztal, J. Bohmanová, and M. Štípková. "Trajectory of body weight of performance tested dual-purpose bulls." Czech Journal of Animal Science 52, No. 10 (January 7, 2008): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2340-cjas.
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6 508 bulls of dual-purpose cattle at performance-test stations were weighed at intervals of 30 days from birth to 420 days. After all editing a total of 74 558 weight records were available. Live weight was evaluated by orthogonal Legendre Polynomial (LP) of degree 4 and by Linear Spline function (SP) with 5 knots. The fixed effects of test-day-year-station of weighing (TDS) and LP within station-year explain together 97% of variability. Variance components were estimated by REML (REMLF90 programme) taking into account heterogeneous variance during growth. The basic model included fixed effects: TDS, and fixed regression on age (LP<sub>F</sub>), and random regression for additive genetic (SP<sub>G</sub>) and permanent environmental of the animal (SP<sub>PE</sub>) effects. Variability of all components increases with age. During the 50–400 day period the heritability is 0.28 on average. Heritability increases with the age of the animal; it is the highest at the end of the period. Correlations for body weights between different ages of the animal are high.
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Edwards, Glenn P., Stephen R. Eldridge, Bernie J. Shakeshaft, and Teresa Nano. "Lethal control reduces the relative abundance of dingoes but not cattle production impacts." Wildlife Research 48, no. 6 (2021): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr20076.
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ContextLethal control through the application of 1080 baits is widely used in Australia to manage the negative impacts of wild dogs (dingoes, wild domestic dogs and their hybrids) on cattle production, but its effectiveness in this regard is not well understood. AimsTo evaluate the efficacy of once yearly 1080 baiting on dingoes and its effects in mitigating predation and sublethal impacts on beef cattle. MethodsA replicated experiment with two paired treatments (1080 poisoned and non-poisoned) was conducted on each of four cattle stations of 3782–10850km2, over 2.5 years (2000–02) in the southern Northern Territory. The study was undertaken in relatively good rainfall years. Key resultsTrack-based surveys indicated that dingo abundance declined on poisoned relative to non-poisoned areas immediately following a single baiting episode. However, there was no detectable difference about 8 months after baiting. No difference was detected in observed levels of calf damage or calf loss between poisoned and non-poisoned areas. ConclusionsThe results add to the growing body of consistent evidence that contemporary dingo control practices yield little benefit to rangeland beef producers most of the time. ImplicationsRoutine dingo baiting (as currently undertaken) may be largely unnecessary for beef cattle producers in arid and semiarid areas. Alternative strategies and practices to reduce dingo mauling and predation impacts should be investigated using replicated and controlled field studies.
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Javed, M. Tariq, M. Irfan, Imtiaz Ali, Farooq A. Farooqi, M. Wasiq, and Monica Cagiola. "Risk factors identified associated with tuberculosis in cattle at 11 livestock experiment stations of Punjab Pakistan." Acta Tropica 117, no. 2 (February 2011): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.10.009.
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McMORRIS, M. R., and J. W. WILTON. "VALIDATION OF TECHNIQUES USED IN PREDICTING CONSTANT FINISH ENDPOINT TRAITS FROM BEEF PERFORMANCE TEST INFORMATION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-123.
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Independent data sets were used to develop and validate prediction equations for weight at market finish (WM), days to market finish (DM) and feed intake to market finish (FM). Use of information currently collected at most bull test stations allowed accurate prediction of WM, DM and, to a lesser extent, FM. Regression coefficients were similar across the data sets used. Correlations of 0.89, 0.76 and 0.81, respectively, were found between predicted and actual values of WM, DM and FM. Key words: Beef cattle, constant finish, performance test information
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Hubbard, Amanda J., Jason Sawyer, Reinaldo F. Cooke, and Courtney L. Daigle. "PSII-28 Impact of commingling on feedlot steer productivity." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.499.
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Abstract This study evaluated the impact of commingling two sources of cattle on productivity during the feedlot phase of production. Angus crossbred steers (n = 96), similar in genetic composition and age, from two research stations (n = 48 McG and n = 48 BCS) were transported (833.64 ± 85.29 km) to a feedlot 39-d prior to study commencement. Steers were blocked by source and stratified by d -34 body weight (BW) before being randomly assigned to one of 12 pens (n = 8 steers/pen) for the 42-d study. Pens were assigned to one of two treatments (n = 6 pens/treatment): 1) NOMIX—100% of cattle from either McG (n = 3 pens) or 100% of cattle from BCS (n = 3 pens) and, 2) MIX—50% of cattle from BCS and 50% from McG (n = 6 pens). Body weight was collected on d0, on d24, and at the end of the study on d42. Orthogonal contrasts analyzed effects of commingling (NOMIX vs. MIX) and source (BCS vs. McG) on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed (G:F). Linear mixed models (PROC MIXED) evaluated impact of source × treatment on ADG. No effects of commingling (P > 0.05) or source (P > 0.05) were detected on DMI (MIX 8.25, BCS 8.70, McG 8.14 kg/steer/day), ADG (MIX: 1.48, BCS: 1.67, McG: 1.59 kg/steer), and G:F (MIX: 0.18, BCS: 0.19, McG: 0.19). There was no effect of source × treatment on ADG (P > 0.05); however, McG-MIX had the smallest ADG (1.42 kg/steer) compared to BCS-MIX, BCS-NOMIX, and McG-MIX (1.61, 1.59, and 1.60 kg/steer, respectively). Source and mixing treatment did not statistically impact productivity or efficiency, however, mixed cattle were numerically less productive than non-mixed cattle, and the impact of mixing on productivity may vary by source.
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Lima, Josilaine Aparecida da Costa, Henrique Jorge Fernandes, Aline Gomes da Silva, Gumercindo Loriano Franco, Edneia Pereira Rosa, Yasmin dos Santos Falcão, and Luísa Melville Paiva. "Ingestive diurnal behaviour of grazing beef cattle." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 4 (May 13, 2020): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n4p1335.
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Three experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating the effects of supplementation (concentrate or mineral supplementation), supplementation strategy (continuous or strategic supplementation) and gender class on the ingestive and diurnal behaviour of grazing beef cattle. To evaluate the effect of the supplementation (Experiment 1) and the gender class (Experiment 3) on their diurnal behaviour, behaviour visualisations were performed by two people at observation stations outside the picket area with the aid of binoculars. The animal behaviour was classified as: supplement intake, grazing, water intake, standing ruminating, standing idle, lying ruminating, lying idle and walking. To evaluate the effect of the supplementation strategy on the ingestive behaviour of the supplement (Experiment 2), refusals of the supplement were weighed for six consecutive days at different times (20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 480 and 1,440 minutes) after the concentrate was supplied. The intake of concentrate per animal, at each observation time, was calculated by subtracting the weight of the scraps at that time from the total weight of the batch of supplement provided on the day, and dividing the result by the number of animals in each batch. Finally, a logistic model was adjusted for each treatment. A 10% significance level was adopted for all statistical procedures. Concentrate supplementation reduced the time that the animals spent grazing. The continuous supplementation strategy affected the uniformity of the supplement intake speed, without affecting the average speed or the total supplement intake. The gender class of the animals also influenced their diurnal behaviour, castrated males spent more time lying, compared to females. The specificities of cattle behaviour should be considered when delineating the supplementation of grazing cattle, since the type of supplement, previous supplementation and gender class interfere with their behaviour.
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Кряжев and A. Kryazhev. "Ecology and epizootology of trematodosis in cattle, treatment and prevention in dairy cattle farms of Vologda region." Russian Journal of Parasitology 3, no. 4 (December 25, 2016): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23073.
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Objective of research: To study the epizootiology of trematodoses of cattle from dairy cattle farms in the Vologda region; to estimate the anthelmintic efficacy of Fascocide, Helmicide, Oxiclozanide, Albendazole, Fezole, Alben.
Materials and methods: A preliminary analysis of veterinary reports of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, the regional Stations on Fight against Diseases in Animals, meat-processing plants and slaughter units, Laboratories of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise was carried out for the period 2005–2009 according to the Forms «1-Vet» and «5-Vet». Coproovoscopic examinations of cattle were conducted monthly to determine seasonal and age dynamics of infection. Biological features of intermediate hosts were studied by standard methods. Fascocide at the dose of 10 mg a.i./kg, Helmicide — 7,5 g/100 kg, Oxiclozanide — 5,25 mg/kg, Albendazole — 15 mg a.i./kg and Alben — 10 mg a.i./kg were used against fasciolosis and paramphistomosis in cattle under production conditions in dairy farms and complexes of Vologda region.
Results and discussion: The rates of trematode infection in various climatic and geographic zones of the region are different. The highest level of infection was registered in the North Eastern and South Eastern zones, and the lowest — in the South Western.
Adult cattle are infected with Fasciola hepatica, Paramhistomum cervi and P. ichikawai all year round; the maximum peak of infection is registered in winter and spring seasons. First signs of trematode infection in calves of the first grazing season are observed at the beginning of the pasture season, which is the evidence for the overwintering of helminth larvae in intermediate hosts. Trematode infections manifest commonly as mixed infections.
First individuals of Lymnaea truncatula and Planorbis planorbis appear in biotopes in the second decade of May, reaching the maximum number in August. Their infection with trematode parthenites is observed in the period from the first half of June to October; the maximum peak of infection — in August. The most effective preparations for dehelmintization against Fasciola spp. and Paramhistomum spp. are Fascocide, Helmicide and Fezole.
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Kundert, K. "Einsatz eines Geographischen Informationssystems zur Untersuchung der Verbreitung einer Rinderkrankheit in Afrika." Geographica Helvetica 45, no. 4 (December 31, 1990): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-45-168-1990.
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Abstract. East Coast fever (ECF)kills hundreds of thousands of cattle in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa each year. To focus safe and cost-effective disease control programmes, the distribution of cattle and buffalo, the main hosts of the disease, as well as the present and potential distribution of the tick which carries ECF have to be considered. Maps of the relevant Parameters describing the present Situation of ECF were digitized by the United Nations Environment Programme in Nairobi in conjunction with the International Laboratory for Research On Animal Disease. Potentially suitable areas for the tick were determmed by interpolating and modeling data from meteorological stations – using altitude information to improve the results of the interpolation – and incorporating satellite derived Vegetation data. By comparing the map of potential areas with the present distribution of ECF, tick and host, critical regions may be identified, where the disease is not yet present, but into which it could spread.
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Dupuy, L., C. Joly, J. Decourtye, P. Salvetti, E. Kara, A. Morel, F. Charreaux, et al. "153 DETECTING PRE-OVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE PEAKS IN ORDER TO OPTIMIZE THE RATIO OF VIABLE EMBRYOS USING PREDI′BOV®, A NEW ON-FARM OVULATION TEST." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 1 (2013): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv25n1ab153.
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The LH peak in cattle is the most precise event for predicting ovulation beginning 24 h later, and thus, AI time. Previous studies demonstrated that embryo production was improved when AI was conducted 12 h before ovulation; that is, 12 h after LH peak. This study aimed to evaluate the benefit of LH peak monitoring with Predi′Bov® (ReproPharm®, Nouzilly, France) following superstimulation in order to optimize numbers of viable embryos (VE). Predi′Bov® is a rapid (40 min) and easy to use on-farm test allowing LH peak detection from a few drops of blood. The test was also used to estimate the variability in the time of the LH peak and onset of oestrus. This study was conducted by the embryo transfer teams of 3 French cooperatives, in collaboration with UNCEIA. Forty heifers in stations (Creavia, Midatest) and 23 cows on farms (GEN′Iatest) were superstimulated by 8 injections IM of Stimufol® or Pluset® (FSH1 to FSH8) over 4 days in 2011–2012. Donor station heifers were treated twice in a Latin square design with a reference protocol where AI was conducted 12 and 24 h after onset of oestrus, and in an experimental protocol where AI was conducted 12 and 24 h after a positive Predi′Bov® test. Semen of different sires was used for both protocols. The Predi′Bov® test was carried out on 3 blood samples (BS1,2,3) collected every 6 h beginning at FSH7 in stations and FSH8 on farms to detect the earliest LH peaks. To determine late LH peaks, Predi′Bov® test was carried out on BS4 collected 24 h after FSH8. Univariate statistical analysis was performed to look at the relationship between qualitative (chi-square) and quantitative (t-test) variables. The difference was considered significant when P < 0.05. The Predi′Bov® test showed that 37.5% (15/40) of LH peaks occurred during the last day of FSH treatment (BS1 or BS2) in stations and 26.1% (6/23) at BS1 on farms. At Creavia station (n = 24), the LH peak was detected anytime from 24 h before to 9 h after the onset of oestrus. In stations, the VE percentage did not differ whether AI was done following oestrus or LH peak detection (63.1% and 61.8% in reference and experimental protocols, respectively). In stations, the VE percentage from 9 females with an LH peak detected at FSH7 (BS1; 41%) in the reference protocol did not differ from the experimental protocol (50%). On farms, the VE percentage was numerically higher but not significant in the experimental protocol (65.4%, n = 16) compared to the reference protocol (47.2%, n = 7). Further investigations are needed, taking into account the effect of collection rank, sire, and female effects, to confirm the trends shown by these results. In conclusion, Predi′Bov® can be used as easily on farms as in stations. Its use allows the detection of animals that have early or late LH peaks, which in turn provides the opportunity of carrying out AI at the optimal time for such females.
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Lupwayi, N. Z., M. Girma, and I. Haque. "Plant nutrient contents of cattle manures from small-scale farms and experimental stations in the Ethiopian highlands." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 78, no. 1 (March 2000): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(99)00113-9.
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Svitáková, Alena, Jitka Schmidová, Petr Pešek, and Alexandra Novotná. "Recent developments in cattle, pig, sheep and horse breeding - a review." Acta Veterinaria Brno 83, no. 4 (2014): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201483040327.
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The aim of this review was to summarize new genetic approaches and techniques in the breeding of cattle, pigs, sheep and horses. Often production and reproductive traits are treated separately in genetic evaluations, but advantages may accrue to their joint evaluation. A good example is the system in pig breeding. Simplified breeding objectives are generally no longer appropriate and consequently becoming increasingly complex. The goal of selection for improved animal performance is to increase the profit of the production system; therefore, economic selection indices are now used in most livestock breeding programmes. Recent developments in dairy cattle breeding have focused on the incorporation of molecular information into genetic evaluations and on increasing the importance of longevity and health in breeding objectives to maximize the change in profit. For a genetic evaluation of meat yield (beef, pig, sheep), several types of information can be used, including data from performance test stations, records from progeny tests and measurements taken at slaughter. The standard genetic evaluation method of evaluation of growth or milk production has been the multi-trait animal model, but a test-day model with random regression is becoming the new standard, in sheep as well. Reviews of molecular genetics and pedigree analyses for performance traits in horses are described. Genome – wide selection is becoming a world standard for dairy cattle, and for other farm animals it is under development.
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Sukoot, A. H., A. B. Zakirova, R. S. Niyazova, R. Z. Suleimenova, and A. B. Zhanys. "Use of beacon technology to control cattle behavior." Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Mathematics. Computer Science. Mechanics Series 137, no. 4 (2021): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/bulmathenu.2021/4.4.
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The article is mostly devoted to the study of the possibilities of using modern information technologies in animal husbandry to identify and monitor the behavior and welfare of cows. Since the work associated with dairy herd management also implies the economic pressure felt by breeders, numerous efforts have been made to create a new method that would be worthy of competition when compared to current solutions. According to the authors’ opinion, the method of collecting and processing data using radio beacons, as well as data storage, allows for identifying the behavior and physiological conditions of a dairy herd more fully. It is equally important to note the price competitiveness of this method. Since the data is collected in large quantities, it was decided to abandon the processing of the data on the local computer and instead use the cloud computing engine. The presented information system creates a sequence of components that have been tested, both at the level of creation and at the level of research. The research results were compared with academic knowledge from literary sources. It should be noted that part of the validation of the above methodology was the comparison of the results that had been achieved during the study using a pedometer. The main goal of this article is to develop a new method in the field of information technology and a method based on beacons, which are quite versatile devices, using data stores that allow identifying the behavior and physiological state of dairy cattle, methods that would be competitive compared to existing solutions, especially for the price. In the proposed solution, there were used both information coming from microcomputers and weather forecast data coming from meteorological stations, which simplify the above identification.
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Fuerst-Waltl, B., A. Willam, and J. Sölkner. "Optimization of a specialized beef breeding program with a crossbreeding component." Archives Animal Breeding 45, no. 5 (October 10, 2002): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-45-433-2002.
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Abstract. A complex deterministic approach (ZPLAN) was used to optimize the breeding programs for beef breeds. For the model population 1,000 beef cows and 60,000 dual purpose Simmental cows for crossbreeding were assumed. The percentage of AI was 25% within the beef breed and 93% within the Simmental cows. Domestic AI beef bulls were used for crossbreeding only. The total merit index included beef traits (birth weight, 200-day-weight direct and maternal, 365-day-weight, daily gain, dressing percentage, EUROP grading score) and functional traits (calving ease, stillbirth, fertility and functional longevity). The proportion of foreign proven and domestic AI bulls was varied as well as the number of bulls tested on stations and on contract farms. Annual monetary genetic gain and discounted profit were used to evaluate alternative breeding strategies. Extending the number of bulls tested on stations and establishing performance testing of natural service bulls on contract farms increased the annual monetary genetic gain and the discounted profit, especially when domestic AI bulls were also used in the beef cattle breeding population.
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Frizen, Dmitriy Yakovlevich. "The agrarian question in life of Western Kazakhstan society in the 19 - early 20 centuries." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20162207.
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The agrarian question is a very urgent problem in Kazakhstan. The following paper shows the history of struggle for land in 19-20 centuries. At those times Kazakhs were nomads. Tsarism carried some reforms and made the lands in the Kazakh steppe the property of the state. In Western Kazakhstan agriculture, cattle breeding, trade developed. In the Kazakh steppe agrarian transformation started. Nomads started to build permanent dwellings. These buildings were near the Russian peasants. Construction of railways led to the fact that the Kazakhs and Russian peasants sold bread at the markets near stations. Stolypin agrarian reform accelerated the process of agrarian transformation. Eventually, Western Kazakhstan entered into Russian market.
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Negri, Renata, Ignacio Aguilar, Giovani Luis Feltes, Juliana Dementshuk Machado, José Braccini Neto, Fabiana Martins Costa-Maia, and Jaime Araújo Cobuci. "Inclusion of bioclimatic variables in genetic evaluations of dairy cattle." Animal Bioscience 34, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0960.
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Objective: Considering the importance of dairy farming and the negative effects of heat stress, more tolerant genotypes need to be identified. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heat stress via temperature-humidity index (THI) and diurnal temperature variation (DTV) in the genetic evaluations for daily milk yield of Holstein dairy cattle, using random regression models.Methods: The data comprised 94,549 test-day records of 11,294 first parity Holstein cows from Brazil, collected from 1997 to 2013, and bioclimatic data (THI and DTV) from 18 weather stations. Least square linear regression models were used to determine the THI and DTV thresholds for milk yield losses caused by heat stress. In addition to the standard model (SM, without bioclimatic variables), THI and DTV were combined in various ways and tested for different days, totaling 41 models.Results: The THI and DTV thresholds for milk yield losses was THI = 74 (–0.106 kg/d/THI) and DTV = 13 (–0.045 kg/d/DTV). The model that included THI and DTV as fixed effects, considering the two-day average, presented better fit (–2logL, Akaike information criterion, and Bayesian information criterion). The estimated breeding values (EBVs) and the reliabilities of the EBVs improved when using this model.Conclusion: Sires are re-ranking when heat stress indicators are included in the model. Genetic evaluation using the mean of two days of THI and DTV as fixed effect, improved EBVs and EBVs reliability.
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Alimardonov, A. Sh, and M. M. Safarov. "The effectiveness of artificial insemination in horse breeding." Agrarian science, no. 1 (March 7, 2020): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2020-334-1-31-33.
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As a result of achievements in genetics and in technology of artificial insemination` cattle breeders received a powerful instrument of improving animals productive qualities, the possibilities of selecting stallions with a high genetic potential of productivity were expanded` and the rate of genetic improvement of entire populations was accelerated. Sperm from stallions is taken on an artificial vagina. Evaluation of the quality of sperm is carried out for 3 consecutive days. Insemination of mares is carried out at artificial insemination stations. 10 days after ovulation the mares are checked again with a probing stallion. If the mare for 35–40 days has not shown signs of sexual hunting again then it is followed by rectal test for foal.
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Kucevic, Denis, Martin Waehner, Milan Petrovic, and Vlada Pantelic. "Investigation of major fattening traits of male crosses F1 generation of German fleckvieh breed and domestic Simmental breed." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 21, no. 3-4 (2005): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0504043k.
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Major fattening and growth traits of performance tested bulls from two groups are presented in this paper. Bulls obtained in pure breed Fleckvieh x Fleckvieh were investigated/evaluated in test stations in Germany, and male crosses with Domestic Simmental cows in domestic centers for AI (Krnjaca and Velika Plana). In observing two groups of young bulls statistically significant differences were registered (p< 0,01**) for following traits chest depth, chest girth, and daily gain, whereas for body mass at the end of test and height of withers differences were at level p> 0,05 ns. Group of young bulls F x F tested in Germany achieved in average greater chest depth and chest girth and realized higher daily gains during test period. Group of crosses tested in our conditions in domestic test stations realized higher values for length of carcass and almost identical body mass at the end of test period. In other words, improvement of production traits and correction of exterior characteristics of domestic population of cattle through import of breeding animals and their semen is justified only when positively tested breeding material is imported which is adequate for our purpose and breeding objective.
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TONG, A. K. W., J. A. NEWMAN, and G. W. RAHNEFELD. "PRETEST HERD EFFECTS ON STATION PERFORMANCE TEST." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 925–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-102.
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Effects of herd of origin and the relationships between pretest and station test environments were examined from pre- and postweaning performance records of 1675 crossbred male and female calves of Hereford, Angus and Shorthorn dams, sired by 20 Charolais, 12 Simmental and 15 Limousin sires. The calves were born during 1969–1972 and raised to weaning in 45 herds from Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, and were then transported to the Brandon or the Lacombe Research Station for a 140-d postweaning performance test. Fixed effects and variance and covariance components were estimated from a mixed model which included fixed effects of herd-year, sex of calf and breed of sire and random sire effects. Herd-year effects were significant (P < 0.01) for all performance traits studied. Herd-year mean squares expressed as a percentage of the corrected total sum of squares accounted for 25.81% in the pretest period to a maximum of 54.26% in the warm-up period and then decreased to 6.78% in the 140-d period. Herd-year differences were relatively small in the later part of the test. Correlations of herd-year solutions ranged from −0.10 to 0.05 and of environments ranged from −0.09 to 0.02 between pretest average daily gain (ADG) and ADG at various test intervals. The low environmental correlations suggest that the performance of calves centrally tested at the Brandon and Lacombe Research Stations were not affected by the pre-test herd environment. Key words: Beef cattle, station test, pretest herd effects, environmental correlation
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Gilford, Daniel M., Shawn R. Smith, Melissa L. Griffin, and Anthony Arguez. "Southeastern U.S. Daily Temperature Ranges Associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52, no. 11 (November 2013): 2434–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-0273.1.
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AbstractThe daily temperature range (DTR; daily maximum temperature minus daily minimum temperature) at 290 southeastern U.S. stations is examined with respect to the warm and cold phases of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) for the period of 1948–2009. A comparison of El Niño and La Niña DTR distributions during 3-month seasons is conducted using various metrics. Histograms show each station’s particular distribution. To compare directly the normalized distributions of El Niño and La Niña, a new metric (herein called conditional ratio) is produced and results are evaluated for significance at 95% confidence with a bootstrapping technique. Results show that during 3-month winter, spring, and autumn seasons DTRs above 29°F (16.1°C) are significantly more frequent during La Niña events and that DTRs below 15°F (8.3°C) are significantly more frequent during El Niño events. It is hypothesized that these results are associated spatially with cloud cover and storm tracks during each season and ENSO phase. Relationships between DTRs and ENSO-related relative humidity are examined. These results are pertinent to the cattle industry in the Southeast, allowing ranchers to plan for and mitigate threats posed by periods of low DTRs associated with the predicted phase of ENSO.
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Gori Maia, Alexandre, Daniele Cesano, Bruno Cesar Brito Miyamoto, Gabriela Santos Eusebio, and Patricia Andrade de Oliveira Silva. "Climate change and farm-level adaptation: the Brazilian Sertão." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10, no. 5 (November 19, 2018): 729–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-04-2017-0088.
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Purpose The Sertão, located in the Northeastern region of Brazil, is the most populous semi-arid region in the world. The region also faces the highest rates of poverty, food insecurity and climate risks in this country. Basic economic activities, such as extensive livestock and dairy farming, tend to be mainly affected by the increasing temperatures and recurrent droughts taking place in the past decades. This paper aims to analyze farmers’ responses to climatic variability in the Sertão. Design/methodology/approach Analyses are based on farm-level data of the Agricultural Census 2006 and on historical climate data gathered by meteorological stations. The climate impacts and the effectiveness of adaptive strategies are compared between three groups of farms, which discriminate different levels of social and environmental vulnerability. Four production functions are modeled (milk, cattle, goat and sheep) accounting for sample selectivity bias. Findings In response to increasing temperatures, farmers tend to shift their activities mainly to cattle and dairy farming. But the overall productivity tends to reduce with the recurrence of droughts. Decreasing precipitation affects mainly the production of milk of smallholder family farmers and the cattle herd of non-family farmers. Research limitations/implications Analyses do not account for short- and medium-run productive impacts of extreme droughts, which usually have devastating socioeconomic effects in the region. Originality/value Smallholder family farmers are the most vulnerable group who deserve more social and technical intervention, as they lack basic social and technological resources that can greatly improve their productivities and overcome the impacts of decreasing precipitation.
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S.. Al - Sammarrae, S. A. G., and W. S. T. AI – Azawi. "Diseases of the urinarysystem of cows : 1. Clinical examination and urine analysis." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 23, no. 1 (June 28, 1999): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v23i1.1190.
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To study the diseases of the urinary system in cows, clinical examination including rectal palpation and urine samples from (697) cows were done in some farms, hospitals and two cattle stations (AI – Latifia and Al-Dijala) during the period July 1993 to April 1994. Clinical examination and rectal paplation of all cows in Al - Dijala station showed obvious clinical signs which indicat abnormalities in the urinary system . These include changes in the size of the kidneys with the presence or absence of lobulation . The ureter was palpable in some of these cows because of it's enlargement and the bladder showed thickening of the wall. However all cows in the control group ( farms , hospitals & Ai - Latifia ) were free from any signs of urinary disturbances. The color of the urine in Al – Dijala was milky to cloudy red, and all samples were charcterized by small of ammonia. The specific gravity was low, and the urine pH was higher than normal , also all samles showed positive results for protein examination and only four cows showed positive results for benzidine test. The physical and chemical properties of the urine samples collected from control and Al - Latifia station cows were within the normal values. Examination of urine Sediment showed clear increase in the number of epithelial cells , pus cells and blood cells beside the presence of casts and bacteria in Al – Dijala station. The study concluded the close relationship between diseases of urinary and reprodective systems : Urinary system infection in Al - Dijala station cows were 100% because of a suspected out break of infectious pustule valvovaginitis which occur during the period of study, however the urine culture of Al - Latifia revealed the presence of 51 cows (19.69%) bacterial isolates.
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RONY, DOMINIQUE D., MOHAMED H. FAHMY, and WILFRIED B. HOLTMANN. "GROWTH, PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CANADIAN BREED OF CATTLE AND ITS FIRST CROSS AND BACKCROSS WITH BROWN SWISS. II. PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-002.
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Milk and fat production, number of inseminations per conception, age and weight at calving and kilograms of calf born were studied on 21 Canadian (C); 25, 3/4C 1/4 Brown Swiss (3/4C) and 22, 1/2C 1/2 Brown Swiss (1/2C) cows raised at the Deschambault station and 20 cows each of C and 1/2C raised at the La Pocatiere Station. The cows were born between 1973 and 1977 and producted from 1975 to 1981 inclusive. Average 305-day milk production for the first two lactations was 4746 kg for 1/2C, 18% higher than 3/4C and 29% higher than C cows at Deschambault and 26% higher than C cows at La Pocatiere (P < 0.01). At Deschambault, fat percentage was 4.8% in C cows, 8 and 4% higher (P > 0.05) than in 1/2C and 3/4C cows, respectively. However, at La Pocatiere, fat percentage was similar in the C and 1/2C groups. In the 3/4C and 1/2C crosses at Deschambault, milk production increased 14.5 and 16.4% in second and a further 7.8 and 12.3% in third lactations. For C cows, the increase was 11.6 and 7.6% at Deschambault and 16.7 and 14.6% at La Pocatiere, respectively. C cows needed 0.23 and 0.34 less inseminations than 1/2C at Deschambault and La Pocatiere, respectively (P > 0.05). Twinning rate was 2.6, 2.8 and 6.2% for C, 3/4C and 1/2C cows, respectively. The higher twinning rate of 1/2C cows and a 1.6 kg heavier calves they produced resulted in an average of 2.3 kg more calves born than from C cows. The 1/2C cows were 23 and 31 days younger (P > 0.05) and 10 and 12% heavier (P < 0.01) at calving than C cows at Deschambault and La Pocatiere, respectively. The 3/4C cows were intermediate. There were significant differences between Deschambault and La Pocatiere stations, the performance at the former station being better. Lactation number and season of calving had significant effects on milk production. Key words: Canadian cattle, crossing with Brown Swiss, milk and fat production, reproduction
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Luhar, Ashok K., David M. Etheridge, Zoë M. Loh, Julie Noonan, Darren Spencer, Lisa Smith, and Cindy Ong. "Quantifying methane emissions from Queensland's coal seam gas producing Surat Basin using inventory data and a regional Bayesian inversion." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 23 (December 11, 2020): 15487–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15487-2020.
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Abstract. Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas and a key precursor of tropospheric ozone, itself a powerful greenhouse gas and air pollutant. Methane emissions across Queensland's Surat Basin, Australia, result from a mix of activities, including the production and processing of coal seam gas (CSG). We measured methane concentrations over 1.5 years from two monitoring stations established 80 km apart on either side of the main CSG belt located within a study area of 350 km × 350 km. Using an inverse modelling approach coupled with a bottom-up inventory, we quantify methane emissions from this area. The inventory suggests that the total emission is 173.2 × 106 kg CH4 yr−1, with grazing cattle contributing about half of that, cattle feedlots ∼ 25 %, and CSG processing ∼ 8 %. Using the inventory emissions in a forward regional transport model indicates that the above sources are significant contributors to methane at both monitors. However, the model underestimates approximately the highest 15 % of the observed methane concentrations, suggesting underestimated or missing emissions. An efficient regional Bayesian inverse model is developed, incorporating an hourly source–receptor relationship based on a backward-in-time configuration of the forward regional transport model, a posterior sampling scheme, and the hourly methane observations and a derived methane background. The inferred emissions obtained from one of the inverse model setups that uses a Gaussian prior whose averages are identical to the gridded bottom-up inventory emissions across the domain with an uncertainty of 3 % of the averages best describes the observed methane. Having only two stations is not adequate at sampling distant source areas of the study domain, and this necessitates a small prior uncertainty. This inverse setup yields a total emission of (165.8 ± 8.5) × 106 kg CH4 yr−1, slightly smaller than the inventory total. However, in a subdomain covering the CSG development areas, the inferred emissions are (63.6 ± 4.7) × 106 kg CH4 yr−1, 33 % larger than those from the inventory. We also infer seasonal variation of methane emissions and examine its correlation with climatological rainfall in the area.
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Ruzin, S. S., F. E. Vladimirov, S. S. Yurochka, and G. A. Dovgerd. "Justification of Technological Schemes and Parameters of Robotic Milking Parlors." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 14, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2020-14-2-20-26.
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The creation of compact robotic milking manipulators involves their use not only in single-box robotic milking stations (monobox), but also in milking parlors such as “Parallel” or “Carousel” with a capacity of up to simultaneously milking 120 heads.(Research purpose) To substantiate milking parlors technological schemes and options for their use on livestock farms of various capacities.(Materials and methods) The authors studied the organizing experience of machine and robot milking system for cattle in the Russian Federation and foreign countries, leading in milk production. They analyzed the assortment of machines for dairy farming. Based on the results of simulation in the Any Logic software, they proposed the concepts of robotic milking systems. They compared the throughput when performing milking service operations with robotic types of milking machines and standard systems operated by the manipulator.(Results and discussion) The authors performed calculations and gave a comparative assessment of the duration of the service cycles for animals in automated and robotic milking parlors of various configurations: “Fan”, “Herring-bone”, “Parallel”. To reduce the capital intensity of robotic facilities, to increase the level of production process execution accuracy, to reduce the time required to service animals, a robotic animal sanitation system was proposed at the entrance to the milking parlor. The authors proved that the introduction of the proposed configuration of robotic milking parlors would reduce the capital intensity of equipment in comparison with single-box models of robotic milking stations. They noted the advantages of such systems: the general infrastructure of the component base (milk pipelines, milk receivers, automatic rinsing, etc.) and was not separated by different streams.(Conclusions) The authors revealed the optimal ratio of the number of milking posts and medical stations – 13:1. It was proved that it provided maximum labor productivity for a robotic milking parlor. According to the results of theoretical calculations, it was determined that the proposed robotics schemes for milking parlors exceed the productivity of existing single-box robotic milking stations.
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Yirga, Gidey, Herwig Leirs, Hans H. De Iongh, Tsehaye Asmelash, Kindeya Gebrehiwot, Jozef Deckers, and Hans Bauer. "Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) concentrate around urban waste dumps across Tigray, northern Ethiopia." Wildlife Research 42, no. 7 (2015): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14228.
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Context The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) lives in remarkably close proximity to humans in the degraded and prey-depleted landscapes in Tigray in northern Ethiopia, predominantly feeding on human organic waste. Aims We sought to provide an estimate of spotted hyena abundance at garbage dumps and open agricultural areas across Tigray. Methods We used 28 calling stations, including 12 at garbage dumps and 16 in open agricultural areas located in nine randomly selected urban districts across Tigray. We also used 65 randomly placed calling stations in three districts to establish spotted hyena abundance in Tigray. We also collected 610 scat samples during wet (n = 134) and dry season (n = 476) so as to identify diet. Key results A total of 398 hyenas responded, including 356 hyenas at garbage dumps and 42 hyenas in open agricultural areas. The response at the garbage dumps was significantly higher. Approximately 2525 hyenas were estimated from 65 calling stations in three districts. There was no statistically significant difference in the diet of hyena between wet and dry seasons for any food item. Frequency occurrence of prey remains of donkeys and cattle were dominant, followed by human, goat and sheep, respectively. Key conclusions We infer that a very large hyena population persists in unprotected areas of Tigray in northern Ethiopia, where they concentrate around urban waste dumps at night for scavengeable food resources, mainly originating from slaughterhouse waste of livestock. Implications We suggest promotion of nature-based ecotourism of this exceptional coexistence of hyenas and humans in Ethiopia. We raise questions about local hyena social structure, movement, home-range, activity pattern and the implications for human–hyena coexistence.
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Pearson, Christie, Patrick Filippi, and Luciano A. González. "The Relationship between Satellite-Derived Vegetation Indices and Live Weight Changes of Beef Cattle in Extensive Grazing Conditions." Remote Sensing 13, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 4132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204132.
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The live weight (LW) and live weight change (LWC) of cattle in extensive beef production is associated with pasture availability and quality. The remote monitoring of pastures and cattle LWC can be achieved with a combination of satellite imagery and walk-over-weighing (WoW) stations. The objective of the present study is to determine the association, if any, between vegetation indices (VIs) (pasture availability) and the LWC of beef cattle in an extensive breeding operation in Northern Australia. The study also tests a suite of VIs along with variables such as rainfall and Julian day to predict the LWC of breeding cows. The VIs were calculated from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery over a 2-year period from a paddock with 378 cattle. Animal LW was measured remotely using a weighing scale at the water point. The relationship between VIs, the LWC, and LW was assessed using linear mixed-effects regression models and random forest modelling. Findings demonstrate that all VIs calculated had a significant positive relationship with the LWC and LW (p < 0.001). Machine learning predictive modelling showed that the LWC of breeding cows could be predicted from VIs, Julian day, and rainfall information, with a Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient of 0.62 when using the leave-one-month-out cross-validation. The LW and LWC were greater during the wet season when VIs were higher compared to the dry season (p < 0.001). Results suggest that the remote monitoring of pasture availability, the LWC and LW is possible under extensive grazing conditions. Further, the use of VIs and other readily available data such as rainfall can be used to predict the LWC of a breeding herd in extensive conditions. Such information could be used to increase the productivity and land management in extensive beef production. The integration of these data streams offers great potential to improve the monitoring, management, and productivity of grazing or cropping enterprises.
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Archer, J. A., E. C. Richardson, R. M. Herd, and P. F. Arthur. "Potential for selection to improve efficiency of feed use in beef cattle: a review." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 2 (1999): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98075.
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Evidence for genetic variation in feed efficiency of beef cattle is reviewed in this paper, and ways in which this variation might be used in selection programs to improve beef cattle in Australia are discussed. Efficiency of beef production systems is determined by feed and other inputs of all classes of animals in the production system as well as outputs in terms of slaughter progeny and cull cows. Different indices have been used to express aspects of efficiency on cattle over certain periods of the production cycle. Use of these indices is discussed, and then evidence for genetic variation in both growing animals and mature animals is reviewed. Genetic variation in feed efficiency exists in both growing and mature cattle, although information is lacking to determine whether variation in total production system efficiency exists. The physiological basis for observed variation in feed efficiency is discussed, with differences in requirements for maintenance, body composition, proportions of visceral organs, level of physical activity, and digestion efficiency identified as possible sources of variation. Selection to improve efficiency might be achieved by measuring feed intake of growing animals and utilising genetic correlations that are likely to exist between efficiency of growing animals and mature animals. Measurement of feed intake might occur in central test stations, or methods may be developed to measure feed intake on-farm. Ways of utilising information generated in genetic evaluations are discussed, and it is concluded that estimated breeding values for feed intake after a phenotypic adjustment for growth performance would be most practical, although not theoretically optimal. Such estimated breeding values would best be used in an economic selection index to account for genetic correlations with other traits, including feed intake of the breeding herd, and the economic value of feed in relation to other traits. Future research should be directed towards understanding the genetic relationships between feed intake and other traits in the breeding objective, and to find ways to reduce the cost of measurement of feed intake, including a search for genetic markers.
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Khan, Mobushir Riaz, Haroon Ahmed, Rosario Panadero-Fontan, Ceferino Lopez-Sandez, Muhammad Aamir Khan, Saira Asif, Irfan Mustafa, Muhammad Isthiaq Ali, Hamid Raza, and Mazhar Qayyum. "Risk mapping of bovine hypodermosis using geographical information system (GIS) in cattle of subtropical region, Pakistan." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 08 (August 29, 2015): 872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.5387.
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Introduction: Hypodermosis is an ectoparasitic disease of cattle caused by Hypoderma lineatum and Hypoderma bovis. It is an important health problem of cattle, leading to considerable economic losses. There are various factors that are involved in the spread of this disease such as herd size, location, temperature, humidity, and precipitation. Methodology: Blood samples from 112 herds were collected to determine the presence of Hypoderma spp. infestation. For these herds, size and location were determined; temperature, humidity, and precipitation data were obtained from meteorological stations; and topographic features were obtained from existing maps and through field work. A regression analysis was then used to generate a risk factor analysis profile for hypodermosis and geographic information system (GIS) was used to map the risks. Results: The GIS map developed showed the degree of infestation in different geographical locations at district and village levels. Cluster analysis demonstrated that hypodermosis prevalence varied within zones and across zones. The regression analysis showed that the temperature in the months of January, February, March, August, and November, and the precipitation in September and October had significant results (p < 0.05) when all the risks factors were analyzed. Conclusions: It is concluded that different ecological factors have an important impact on the intensity and infestation rate of hypodermosis across the globe. The present study might be used to control and eradicate the hypodermosis across the globe.
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Renzi, A., F. P. Elias, R. A. Vila, and R. B. Lôbo. "298 THE INFLUENCE OF DISTINCT CENTRAL BULL STATIONS ON THE IN VITRO EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF NELORE BULLS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab298.
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Reproductive biotechnology is growing worldwide as one of the most important tools of cattle breeding because it accelerates the process of genetic improvement. Most of the embryos produced are obtained using frozen semen from different AI centers. During freezing and thawing of semen, the sperm can be damaged by the rapid and dramatic changes in the physicochemical conditions that occur during cooling and ice formation. It has previously been described that bad management of frozen semen can result in reduced fertilization. This study investigated the influence of different central bull stations on the development of in vitro-produced bovine embryos. We compared semen of 154 Nelore bulls, used for IVF, from 8 different central bull stations (all of which used the same cryopreservation protocol) in the development of blastocysts. The in vitro production of embryos was performed as described: oocytes were collected from the slaughterhouse and matured in TCM-199 + 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) +0.5 μg mL-1 FSH + 50 μg mL-1 LH+ 1 μg mL-1 estradiol, for 24 hat 38.5°C in 5%CO2 in atmospheric air. Viable spermatozoids were obtained by centrifugation in Percoll gradient (45 and 90%), and used for IVF in a concentration of 2 million spermatozoa per mL in TALP + 10 μg mL-1 of heparin medium. After 12 h, the presumptive zygotes were transferred to a CR2+ 10% FCS medium and co-cultured with cumulus cells. After 168 h of IVF, we evaluated the number and stage of cleaved embryos produced with the semen of each bull. Statistical analyses were performed by using the chi-square test. Our results suggest that there are differences among distinct central bull stations in the proportion of embryos that developed into blastocysts and the different stages they hatched. FAPESP, CNPq, PROEX, FAEPA.
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Koszela, Krzysztof, Wojciech Mueller, Jakub Otrząsek, Mateusz Łukomski, and Sebastian Kujawa. "Beacon in Information System as Way of Supporting Identification of Cattle Behavior." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031062.
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The paper concentrates on researching the possibilities of using modern information technologies in animal production in order to monitor and identify behavior and well-being of cows. Having in mind the challenges related to managing dairy herds, and economic pressure put on breeders (as well as the broadly defined well-being of animals), an endeavor was made to create a new method, which would be competitive in comparison with the existing solutions. The proposed method of collecting data and data processing with beacon devices as well as data warehouse, allows—according to the authors—a more complete identification of behaviors and physiological condition of a dairy herd. It is also worth pointing out that this method is competitive in terms of price. By virtue of the multitude of data that were collected, a decision was made to resign from processing data on a local computer and use a cloud compute engine instead. The presented information system creates a sequence of components, which were subject to verification both on the level of creating and conducting research. Research results that were received were then compared with knowledge presented in the literature. A vital element of validation of the aforementioned methodology was comparing results that were achieved in the course of research work with the system making use of pedometer. The aim of the authors was to develop a new information technology solution, as well as a method based on beacons, which are rather universal devices, with the use of data warehouses, allowing the identification of behavior and physiological state of milk cattle, the method which would be competitive in comparison with the existing solutions, especially in terms of price. In the proposed solution, both information coming from microcomputers and weather forecast data coming from weather forecast stations, which make the above identification easy, were used as data sources.
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Ducheyne, Els, Johannes Charlier, Jozef Vercruysse, Laura Rinaldi, Annibale Biggeri, Janina Demeler, Christina Brandt, et al. "Modelling the spatial distribution of Fasciola hepatica in dairy cattle in Europe." Geospatial Health 9, no. 2 (March 19, 2015): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/gh.2015.348.
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A harmonized sampling approach in combination with spatial modelling is required to update current knowledge of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Europe. Within the scope of the EU project GLOWORM, samples from 3,359 randomly selected farms in 849 municipalities in Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Poland and Sweden were collected and their infection status assessed using an indirect bulk tank milk (BTM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dairy farms were considered exposed when the optical density ratio (ODR) exceeded the 0.3 cut-off. Two ensemble-modelling techniques, Random Forests (RF) and Boosted Regression Trees (BRT), were used to obtain the spatial distribution of the probability of exposure to <em>Fasciola hepatica</em> using remotely sensed environmental variables (1-km spatial resolution) and interpolated values from meteorological stations as predictors. The median ODRs amounted to 0.31, 0.12, 0.54, 0.25 and 0.44 for Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Poland and southern Sweden, respectively. Using the 0.3 threshold, 571 municipalities were categorized as positive and 429 as negative. RF was seen as capable of predicting the spatial distribution of exposure with an area under the receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.83 (0.96 for BRT). Both models identified rainfall and temperature as the most important factors for probability of exposure. Areas of high and low exposure were identified by both models, with BRT better at discriminating between low-probability and high-probability exposure; this model may therefore be more useful in practise. Given a harmonized sampling strategy, it should be possible to generate robust spatial models for fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Europe to be used as input for temporal models and for the detection of deviations in baseline probability. Further research is required for model output in areas outside the eco-climatic range investigated.
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Thomas, Milton G., Jasmine Dillon, Derek Bailey, Courtney Pierce, Scott Speidel, and Mark Enns. "239 Grazing Distribution of Beef Cattle: Acronyms of Technology and Spatial Measures." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.214.
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Abstract Grazing distribution is an important aspect of pasture management, yet measuring traits for sustainable forage consumption is challenging. Uplands are often un-grazed by beef cattle due to rugged terrain while riparian zones are often heavily grazed; thus, sustainable consumption may be achieved if improved landscape utilization by cattle is encouraged. Modifying grazing behaviour with fencing and (or) water-source and feeding location(s) is effective in improving grazing patterns; however, these infrastructure improvements are typically expensive, supporting the concept of genetic selection for improved grazing distribution. Efforts funded by the Western Sustainable Research and Education Program (WSARE; SW15-015) using global positioning systems (GPS) indicated a genetic influence on quantitative traits describing grazing distribution of 330 Angus-influenced cows (i.e. distance from water, slope, elevation, vertical climb, etc.). Collars fitted with GPS devices for data collection accrued measures at intervals of 5 to 15 min and 10 m resolution for 3-19 weeks in 16 pastures on 14 ranches and experiment stations. Genome-wide association studies involving trait-measures and high-density genotypes (n = 777,962 single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNP) indicated these traits were polygenic. Combining SNP genotypes with trait measures and pedigree has become the norm in genetic evaluation and improvement processes (i.e. genome-enhanced expected progeny difference (GE-EPD). These processes require data from large numbers of animals (n > 10,000). Collecting grazing distribution phenotypes with GPS collars is accurate, but time-consuming; therefore, collaborative research is being conducted in the 2019-2020 academic year exploring the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and cameras to ascertain spatial measures of beef cow grazing distribution. This collaboration involves scientists in the Colorado State University Drone Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Department of Animal Sciences. The project objective is to determine if UAV can expedite data collection to support development of genetic evaluation and improvement programs for grazing distribution.