Academic literature on the topic 'Cattle trade Marketing'

The aim of the study was to analyze marketing channel, marketing margin, and marketing efficiency of in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The research was conducted in two cities, such as City of Manado and Tomohon, and one regency, such as Regency of Minahasa, as the trade center of cattle in North Sulawesi province. There were 120 respondents, consisting of 100 farmers, 10 livestock brokers or intermediaries, 5 collecting traders (business scale of 20-30 cattle), and 5 end user or end consumer of live beef cattle, business consumer, and owner or user of abattoirs as well as beef distributors in North Sulawesi. The determining of respondents was snowball sampling starting with information of farmers as owner or user of abattoirs or slaughterhouse as well as both business and end users or end consumers of beef cattle. Analysis of marketing channel was performed by descriptively qualitative analysis via interview to marketing agencies and farmers of beef cattle, likewise with the analysis of marketing margin and marketing efficiency. The result of study showed marketing channel of beef cattle from farmers in North Sulawesi consists of two channels, such as via livestock brokers or intermediaries and through collecting wholesalers. the marketing margin of live beef cattle in North Sulawesi was large enough as of IDR 8,400,000, where the biggest marketing margin was on end users or business consumers. The market of beef cattle in North Sulawesi tends efficient due to the equal profit share and share of marketing cost in each marketing agency.

This article examines innovations in livestock marketing that livestock traders in northern Kenya use to overcome a host of trading obstacles. Livestock trading in northern Kenya is one of the toughest and most risk-prone jobs in the region, yet livestock traders have been able not only to transform the ways in which trading is conducted through ‘home-made’ innovations, but also to mitigate trading risks. The article demonstrates how livestock traders have become resilient to risks and have been able to succeed in a trade that in the past many have had to abandon. Trust embedded in social networks and relations reinforces the adoption of risk-minimizing strategies. The article focuses on the broad field of pastoral risk management to illustrate how an innovative risk management strategy can be used to create a successful business entrepreneurship in a risk-prone environment. I draw on fieldwork conducted during 2001–2 among cattle traders in Moyale District of northern Kenya and Nairobi, and on recent work among Somali livestock traders-cum-ranchers in Garissa District of North Eastern and Coast provinces.

<p class="ber"><span lang="EN-GB">While many Zimbabweans are searching for foreign based economic opportunities for trade and exchange, the local market can also be used as a source of adding value through identifying and capitalising on the existing domestic absolute and comparative advantages. The development of linkages between rural markets and urban markets based on agricultural produce, farm implements, manufactured products and furniture products were used as case study products for identifying and evaluating comparative advantages in this study. A quantitative approach that collected and analysed rural and urban product units and price perceptions of 40 rural peasant farmers and 20 urban business people was used. The study established the comparative advantages that outweighed transport costs in the domestic rural and urban trade opportunities. Major products that attracted comparative advantages were cattle, goats, maize, ground nuts, farm implements, furniture and packaged food products. The research was unique due to its focus on stimulating inbuilt economic development projects.</span></p>

The study was aimed at analysing the fundamental characteristics of milk collection, processing and marketing among agro-pastoralists in North West Nigeria. A three stage (multi-stage) sampling technique was used for the study. The first stage is the purposive selection of four States (Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano and Katsina States purposively selected based on the high concentration of agro-pastoralists). In the second stage, two Local Government Areas (LGA) from each of the State were purposively selected. The third stage involved the use of snowball sampling method for the selection of communities where agropastoralist were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Two communities were selected per LGA. Data were collected from 157 respondents from the target populatuion out of sampled agro-pastoral households. The survey instrument was pretested and subjected to face validity. The data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics of frequency counts and percentages. The average length of time for milk storage before processing was 1 hour and 41 minutes. Pasteurization was the method of choice used to prevent milk spoilage by 63.8% of respondents in all the States considered in this study. Almost all (91.2%) of the respondents market their milks. Spoilage of milk during the period before processing was reported as the highest constraint to milk production, processing and marketing in all the four States. Inadequate equipment and milk loss during processing were also reported as constraints by 18.9 and 14.7%, respectively. Low quality of milk, especially during dry season, also constitute a constraint to about 4% of the respondents. The agro-pastoralists in North West Nigeria are engaged in peasantry profitable ventures of milk processing and marketing. Most of them are not members of groups and cooperatives. Their volume of trade in milk processing and marketing can be greatly enhanced if they are organized into productive groups along the value chain. Past efforts at organizing milk processors and marketers into groups and cooperatives need to be revisited by relevant agencies of government and non-government organizations.

<p><strong>English</strong><br />For the last decade, average national consumption of beef increases by 4.5 percent/year, with a high trend of import i.e. 21.6 percent/year compared to that of domestic beef production rate of 2.6 percent/year. Development of beef cattle need long-term investment, therefore disincentive of import policy will give substantial impact, psychologically and economically, to the farmers. The objective of this paper is to formulate the harmonization of import policy and domestic marketing in order to support the development and sustainability of beef cattle agribusiness. In the context of the Food Law No.18/2012, the import policy of feeder cattle and beef cattle is the last resort policy and should be conducted with the principle of cautiously. Coordination and consolidation between the logistic institution (Bulog) and the importer association is needed in relation to implementation of price stabilization policy effectively and efficiently. The implementation of import policy based on price reference have to be conducted in conjunction with the powerful logistic system development. The respective policy should be complemented with the enhancement of domestic marketing efficiency for the benefits of increasing beef cattle population, beef production, and the welfare of the farmers. Policy direction of livestock and beef cattle domestic marketing is to maintain meat consumption diversification, deregulation of retribution and marketing system, enhancement of the institutional and bargaining position of the farmers, as well as gradual reducing of beef cattle inter-regional trade quota complemented with production development policy of beef cattle farming.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Dalam satu dasa warsa terakhir ini, rataan konsumsi nasional daging sapi meningkat dengan laju 4,5 persen/tahun, tetapi dengan laju impor yang tinggi yaitu 21,6 persen/tahun vs laju peningkatan produksi domestik hanya 2,6 persen/tahun. Pengembangan sapi potong membutuhkan investasi jangka panjang, sehingga disinsentif kebijakan impor akan memiliki konsekuensi psikologis dan ekonomi yang besar bagi peternak. Tujuan tulisan ini adalah merumuskan harmonisasi kebijakan impor dan pemasaran domestik untuk mendukung pengembangan dan keberlanjutan agribisnis sapi potong. Dalam konteks UU Pangan No.18 Tahun 2012 kebijakan impor ternak dan daging sapi adalah pilihan terakhir dan harus dilakukan dengan prinsip penuh kehati-hatian. Dibutuhkan koordinasi dan konsolidasi antar institusi parastatal (Bulog) dan asosiasi importir dalam eksekusi kebijakan stabilisasi harga secara efektif dan efisien. Kebijakan impor berbasis harga referensi harus dalam satu paket kebijakan dengan kebijakan pengembangan sistem logistik yang handal dan perbaikan efisiensi pemasaran domestik, sehingga memberikan insentif yang memadai bagi peningkatan populasi, produksi, dan kesejahteraan peternak. Arah kebijakan pemasaran ternak dan daging sapi domestik adalah menjaga diversifikasi konsumsi daging, deregulasi sistem retribusi dan tataniaga, penguatan kelembagaan dan posisi tawar peternak, dan pelaksanaan penghapusan kuota perdagangan sapi antar pulau secara terpadu dengan penguatan kebijakan pengembangan produksi usaha ternak sapi potong.</p>

Markets for Australian beef throughout the 20th century have been moulded by world wars, economic depressions, droughts, transport technology, cattle breeding, trade barriers, global competition, livestock disease eradication, human health risks, food safety, Australian Government policy, consumerism and beef quality. Major ‘shocks’ to beef marketing include the development of successful shipments of chilled carcases to Britain in the 1930s, the widespread trade disruption caused by World War II, expansion (early 1950s) and then a reduction in beef exports to Britain (1956), the introduction and then proliferation of Bos indicus derived cattle in northern Australia (1960s), licensing and upgrading of Australian abattoirs to export to USA and the consequential brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign leading to record export tonnages of Australian processing beef to USA (1960–70). In 1980, increased beef trade to Japan began, leading in the late 1980s to expansion of high-quality grain finished products into that market. By 1993, beef exports to Japan (280.5 kt) exceeded those to USA (274.4 kt), signalling the significant shift in beef exports to Asia. Commencing in about 1986, the USA recognised the value of beef exports to Asian markets pioneered by Australia. Australia’s share of the Japanese and South Korean markets has been under intense competition since that time. Another major influence on Australia’s beef market in the early 1990s was growth in live cattle exports to Asian markets in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Live exports accounted for 152000 heads in 1992 and 858000 heads in 1996. Improved management systems (e.g. fences) and consequent regulation of cattle supply even in the wet season, a by-product of the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign, were indirect drivers of the growth in live exports. Throughout the period 1940–2000, domestic consumption of beef and veal declined from 68 to 33.3 kg/head.year, reflecting competition from other foods, perceptions of health risks, price of beef, periodic food safety scares, vegetarianism, changes in lifestyle and eating habits and lack of consistency of eating quality of beef. Despite this decline, the domestic Australian beef market still consumes a significant component (37%) of total Australian beef production. In 1984–85, the reform of the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation set in train a major directional change (‘New Direction’) of the beef sector in response to beef market trends. Under Dick Austen’s leadership, the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation changed the industry’s culture from being ‘production-driven’ to being ‘consumer-driven’. Market research began in Australia, Japan and Korea to establish consumer preferences and attitudes to price, beef appearance and eating quality. Definite consumer requirements were identified under headings of consistency and reliability. The AusMeat carcass descriptors were introduced and a decade later traits like tenderness, meat colour, fat colour, meat texture, taste, smell, and muscle size were addressed. These historical ‘shocks’ that shaped the Australian beef markets have all been accompanied by modification to production systems, breeding programs, herd structure, processing procedures, advertising and promotion, meat retailing and end-use. The increasing importance of the food service sector and the ‘Asian merge’ influence on beef cuts usage in restaurant meals and take-away products are the most recognisable changes in the Australian food landscape. The Cooperative Research Centre¿s research portfolio was built around the changing forces influencing beef markets in the early 1990s. Australia needed to better understand the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting beef quality. One example was the poor success rate of cattle being grain-fed for the Japanese premium markets. Another was the relative contribution of pre- and post-slaughter factors to ultimate eating quality of beef. The Meat Standards Australia scheme was launched in 1997 to address this problem in more detail. The Cooperative Research Centre contributed significantly to this initiative. In the year 2001, Australia, with only 2.5% of world cattle numbers retains the position of world number one beef trader. We trade to 110 countries worldwide. The Australian beef sector is worth A$6 billion annually. The diversity of Australian environments, cattle genotypes and production systems provides us with the ability to meet diverse specifications for beef products. A new set of market forces is now emerging. Strict accreditation rules apply to Australian producers seeking access to the lucrative European Union market. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are a continuing food safety concern in Europe. This and the foot and mouth disease outbreak in Britain early in 2001 have potentially significant indirect effects on markets for Australian beef. And the sleeping giant, foot and mouth disease-free status of Latin American countries Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina continues to emerge as a major threat to Australian beef markets in Canada and Taiwan. As in the past, science and technology will play a significant role in Australia¿s response to these market forces.

AbstractThis article examines the behaviour of cattle traders in southern Somalia under conditions of market uncertainty, macroeconomic decline and political instability. It draws attention to the types of dyadic relationships and diversification strategies that allow livestock traders to endure prolonged periods of uncertainty. By distinguishing among four different markets and five types of market actors, the analysis attempts to unravel the complexities of the livestock trade in southern Somalia, and to differentiate the categories of traders that have benefited from those that have been hurt by recent changes. The analysis suggests that under the current crisis conditions in Somalia those traders who have become ‘agents’ of large, export-oriented merchants focused on a single market suffer most, while traders based in small villages and involved in both domestic and export markets have sometimes prospered. The so-called ‘unofficial’ trade in livestock to neighbouring countries, such as Kenya, permits certain groups of Somali traders to weather an environment of extreme economic and political volatility that is exceptional even in the African context. The article concludes with a general discussion of the importance of social relations in marketing and the responses of traders to changes in macroeconomic indicators.

Carcass classification essentially has two functions: to provide information on aspects of carcass value which are of importance in subsequent marketing operations, and to provide a formal basis for a producer payment system which would thus encourage the production of carcass types demanded by the trade. There are examples of characteristics which have a market value unjustified in the light of objective analytical data, carcass conformation in sheep, and particularly cattle, being a prominent example. Idealistic carcass classification schemes would convey estimates of the amount of lean meat in a carcass and of the proportions of lean and fat in different carcass parts. They would include measurements of meat quality, not only extremes such as pale, soft, exudative (PSE) or dark, firm, dry muscle, (DFD) and soft, oily fat, but also measures indicative of eating quality, particularly texture, within the range of ‘normal’ meat.

Markets for Australian beef throughout the 20th century have been moulded by world wars, economic depressions, droughts, transport technology, cattle breeding, trade barriers, global competition, livestock disease eradication, human health risks, food safety, Australian Government policy, consumerism and beef quality. Major ‘shocks’ to beef marketing include the development of successful shipments of chilled carcases to Britain in the 1930s, the widespread trade disruption caused by World War II, expansion (early 1950s) and then a reduction in beef exports to Britain (1956), the introduction and then proliferation of Bos indicus derived cattle in northern Australia (1960s), licensing and upgrading of Australian abattoirs to export to USA and the consequential brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign leading to record export tonnages of Australian processing beef to USA (1960–70). In 1980, increased beef trade to Japan began, leading in the late 1980s to expansion of high-quality grain finished products into that market. By 1993, beef exports to Japan (280.5 kt) exceeded those to USA (274.4 kt), signalling the significant shift in beef exports to Asia. Commencing in about 1986, the USA recognised the value of beef exports to Asian markets pioneered by Australia. Australia’s share of the Japanese and South Korean markets has been under intense competition since that time. Another major influence on Australia’s beef market in the early 1990s was growth in live cattle exports to Asian markets in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Live exports accounted for 152000 heads in 1992 and 858000 heads in 1996. Improved management systems (e.g. fences) and consequent regulation of cattle supply even in the wet season, a by-product of the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign, were indirect drivers of the growth in live exports. Throughout the period 1940–2000, domestic consumption of beef and veal declined from 68 to 33.3 kg/head.year, reflecting competition from other foods, perceptions of health risks, price of beef, periodic food safety scares, vegetarianism, changes in lifestyle and eating habits and lack of consistency of eating quality of beef. Despite this decline, the domestic Australian beef market still consumes a significant component (37%) of total Australian beef production. In 1984–85, the reform of the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation set in train a major directional change (‘New Direction’) of the beef sector in response to beef market trends. Under Dick Austen’s leadership, the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation changed the industry’s culture from being ‘production-driven’ to being ‘consumer-driven’. Market research began in Australia, Japan and Korea to establish consumer preferences and attitudes to price, beef appearance and eating quality. Definite consumer requirements were identified under headings of consistency and reliability. The AusMeat carcass descriptors were introduced and a decade later traits like tenderness, meat colour, fat colour, meat texture, taste, smell, and muscle size were addressed. These historical ‘shocks’ that shaped the Australian beef markets have all been accompanied by modification to production systems, breeding programs, herd structure, processing procedures, advertising and promotion, meat retailing and end-use. The increasing importance of the food service sector and the ‘Asian merge’ influence on beef cuts usage in restaurant meals and take-away products are the most recognisable changes in the Australian food landscape. The Cooperative Research Centre¿s research portfolio was built around the changing forces influencing beef markets in the early 1990s. Australia needed to better understand the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting beef quality. One example was the poor success rate of cattle being grain-fed for the Japanese premium markets. Another was the relative contribution of pre- and post-slaughter factors to ultimate eating quality of beef. The Meat Standards Australia scheme was launched in 1997 to address this problem in more detail. The Cooperative Research Centre contributed significantly to this initiative. In the year 2001, Australia, with only 2.5% of world cattle numbers retains the position of world number one beef trader. We trade to 110 countries worldwide. The Australian beef sector is worth A$6 billion annually. The diversity of Australian environments, cattle genotypes and production systems provides us with the ability to meet diverse specifications for beef products. A new set of market forces is now emerging. Strict accreditation rules apply to Australian producers seeking access to the lucrative European Union market. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are a continuing food safety concern in Europe. This and the foot and mouth disease outbreak in Britain early in 2001 have potentially significant indirect effects on markets for Australian beef. And the sleeping giant, foot and mouth disease-free status of Latin American countries Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina continues to emerge as a major threat to Australian beef markets in Canada and Taiwan. As in the past, science and technology will play a significant role in Australia¿s response to these market forces.

La población vacuna de Cumaral y Barranca de Upía asciende a 49770, de los cuales se extraen 6000 animales cebados que se comercializan en Villavicencio y Bogotá. La compra venta del ganado en pie es realizado por intermediarios, principalmente de Restrepo y Villavicencio. Es así que se busca determinar los criterios utilizados por parte del productor en la selección de los canales de distribución del ganado vacuno, esto permite reconocer los intermediarios con los que existe mayor afinidad y el análisis de los criterios de selección. Por loanterior, se analizaron los criterios seleccionados por los ganaderos utilizando dos enfoques: uno exploratorio que permitió determinar los canales de distribución y uno descriptivo que identificó la frecuencia de uso de los canales y su caracterización de acuerdo con la decisión del productor. El criterio que mostró el nivel más alto de importancia fue el de seguridad, donde prevalece la persona con quien se comercializa, un segundo criterio en importancia fue el financiero, donde sobresale la necesidad de obtener un beneficio neto y un mayor margen derentabilidad. El mercadeo está representado principalmente por el volumen de ventas, seguido por el control realizado en cada uno de los canales de distribución. PALABRAS CLAVECanales de distribución, intermediario, criterio, ganadero, mercadeo ABSTRACTCattle population in Cumaral and Barranca de Upia municipalities comes up to 49770 bovines, from which 6000 primed animals are extracted and commercialized in cities like Villavicencio and Bogota, finally, for the local market, 600 animals with an average weight of 350 kg are sacrificed per year. The buying and selling function of live cattle in these municipalities is made by intermediaries, mainly from Restrepo and Villavicencio. Therefore, criteria selected by cattle breeders were analyzed using twoapproaches: an exploratory one which allowed to determine the distribution channels and a descriptive one which identified the using frequency of such channels and its characterization according to the producer’s choice. The criterion that showed the highest importance level was security, where the person with whom the trade is madeprevails, followed by a financial criterion where the necessity to obtain a raw benefit and a greater margin of profitability excel. Marketing is mainly represented by sales volume followed by the exerted control on each one of the distribution channels.KEYWORDSDistribution channels, intermediary, criterion, cattle breeder, marketing.

Thesis (MAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Transaction cost economics has travelled a difficult and long path to general acceptance in current economic opinion. The general theory of transaction cost has however developed in various paradigms with little or no empirical backing. It is mostly the difficulty of measurement that caused economists to shy away from empirical testing and rather, to quote Coase (1992), "to write in prose". The last 10 years there has been a renewed thrust for the empirical measurement of transaction cost. This study is an attempt to measure transaction cost by using case study data gathered in the run of the NOLIDEP study in the meat markets of the Northern Communal areas of Namibia. Until recently the method of data analysis that has been used in most empirical studies was variations of the regression technique. Regression as a tool is most useful in economics, giving quick answers and general trends to the researcher. It is however a technique that is linear in nature and therefore some information in the data will always be sacrificed. In general- and multi industry surveys this do not pose a great problem as general trends can usefully be applied in making policy recommendations. In smaller and especially rural industries this is not the case. The dynamic interactions within the industry and its dynamic linkages with the rest of the economy will surely be underrated when using a linear method. Consequently, a non-linear technique was applied in this study - the Non-linear Dynamic Model. This model gave the interactions between all variables enabling one to describe the dynamics of the market. As mentioned elsewhere the first aim of this study was to measure transaction cost so that the second aim could be fulfilled. The second aim of this study was to prove that transaction cost has an important influence on marketing channel decision. The analysis of the data satisfied the above two aims: Firstly it showed that it was possible to measure transaction cost. Secondly that transaction cost has a large and sometimes overriding influence on marketing channel decisions. A third and last point that became apparent was that a non-linear method of data analysis allows for better description of a dynamic market.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit het 'n lang tyd gevat vir transaksie koste om as konsep in ekonomie aanvaar te word. Die algemene teorie van transaksie koste het egter ontwikkel binne verskeie paradigmas sonder werklike empiriese ondersteuning. Dit is meestal die meting van transaksie koste wat empiriese werk in die rigting belemmer het. Daar is egter in die laaste 10 jaar hernude pogings gewees om transaksie koste empiries te meet. Hierdie studie is 'n poging om transaksie koste te meet deur gebruik te maak van data wat verkry is gedurende die NOLIDEP studie in die noordelike kommunale gebiede van Namibia. Tot onlangs was die metode van data analise vir empiriese studies variasies op die regressie tegniek. As 'n hulpmiddel is regressie baie bruikbaar in ekonomie waar vinnige antwoorde en algemene tendense verwag word. Die tegniek is egter inhirent liniêr en daarom sal daar altyd interpretasies rondom data opgeoffer word. In algemene studies is dit egter nie 'n probleem nie en kan voldoende beleids aanbevelings gedoen word. Dit is egter nie die geval in kleiner en plantelandse industriëe nie. Die dinamiese interaksies binne die industrie en die dinamiese skakels met die res van die ekonomie word dan onderskat met die gebruik van 'n liniêre metode. Daarom is 'n nie-liniêre metode gebruik, die Non-linear Dynamic Model. Die model neem die interaksie tussen veranderlikes in ag wat die beskrywing van dinamika moontlik maak. Soos reeds genoem is die eerste doel van die studie om transaksie koste te meet sodat die tweede doelwit van die studie bereik kan word. Die tweede doel is om te bewys dat transaksie koste bemarkingskanaai besluite bëinvloed. Die data analise het beide bogenoemde doelwitte bevredig. Eerstens dat transaksie koste meetbaar is. Tweedens dat transaksie koste 'n groot en selfs oorweldigende effek het op bemarkingskanaai besluite. 'n Derde punt wat sterk na vore gekom het is dat nie-liniêre metodes 'n beter beskrywing van dinamika toelaat.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Agricultural Economics, 2006.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Nov. 17, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-124). Also issued in print.