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Journal articles on the topic 'Caudal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Figueiredo, S. I. S., E. G. Araújo, L. B. M. Araújo, and R. H. S. Ferraz. "Bases ósseas e musculares dos cortes comerciais da cauda de jacaré-do-Pantanal (Caiman yacare Daudin 1802)." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 67, no. 3 (June 2015): 909–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-7787.

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A exploração comercial de jacaré-do-Pantanal (Caiman yacare) constitui importante cadeia produtiva no Estado de Mato Grosso. As características nutricionais e representatividade na massa corporal de crocodilianos tornaram a região da cauda objeto de estudos morfofisiológicos, evolutivos e tecnológicos. Como inexiste a caracterização anatômica dos músculos e ossos que constituem os cortes comerciais dessa região, objetivou-se descrever os músculos e correspondentes bases ósseas da cauda. Na descrição óssea, foram utilizados um exemplar adulto e seis juvenis. Para caracterização muscular, 24 espécimes juvenis foram conservados em freezer e dissecados a fresco, em ambos os antímeros, para verificação de simetria de ocorrência, fixações musculares, relacões de sintopia, forma e arquitetura muscular. As vértebras caudais são procélicas, exceto a primeira da série, e possuem na superfície ventral do corpo áreas para articulação com os processos hemais, exceto a primeira e as quatro ou cinco últimas. Os cortes comerciais da região são o filé de cauda, composto pelos músculos semiespinhal caudal, longuíssimo caudal, ilioisquiocaudal, caudofemoral longo, transverso e profundo da cauda, enquanto o corte ponta de cauda é constituído pelos músculos longuíssimo caudal e ilioisquiocaudal, com as cinco ou seis últimas vértebras caudais.

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2

Bouchenaki, F., K. Badache, N. Habchi, M. S. Benachour, and S. Bakhti. "Caudal Regression Syndrome." Clinical Research and Clinical Trials 4, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-4779/066.

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Caudal Regression Syndrome (CRS) is a rare malformation syndrome associating to varying degrees agenesis of the coccygeal or lumbosacral vertebrae.This vertebral anomaly can therefore be reduced clinically to a simple coccygeal agenesis without any deficit or even lumbosacral agenesis accompanying a clinical picture with sphincter disorders associated or not with transit disorders and various deficits involving the lower limbs.This syndrome is accompanied by other orthopedic malformations such as shortening of the lower limbs, and / or gastrointestinal abnormalities, see also genitourinary as well as cardiovascular.Its incidence is 1 to 5 cases per 100,000 births. Its precise cause has not yet been identified, but its relationship to maternal diabetes is well established. We report in our study 5 patients with CRS from different clinics whose sphincter disorders were found in the foreground in all our patients and whose results vary according to the inaugural clinical picture. MRI made it possible to refine and confirm the diagnosis highlighting the congenital anomaly and the associated lesions.We have obtained 75% good results and 25% clinical stabilization; nor do we deplore any case of aggravation or death. The interest is to suspect the diagnosis of CRS; document it at the start of the prenatal period and determine its severity and associated abnormalities in order to present options for patient management; because once the diagnosis is made, surgical treatment becomes imperative due to the formidable neurological sequelae compromising the functional prognosis.

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3

Wang, Xian-xue, Jing Dai, Li Dai, Hua-jing Guo, Ai-guo Zhou, and Dao-bo Pan. "Caudal dexmedetomidine in pediatric caudal anesthesia." Medicine 99, no. 31 (July 31, 2020): e21397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000021397.

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4

Polidoro, D., L. F. D. Corrêa, R. P. Santos, G. Aiello, R. O. Chaves, R. Baumhardt, A. Ripplinger, and A. Mazzanti. "Extrusão de disco intervertebral caudal (coccígea) em um Basset Hound: primeiro relato de caso." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 69, no. 6 (November 2017): 1485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9408.

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RESUMO Relata-se o primeiro caso no Brasil de doença do disco intervertebral (Hansen tipo I) entre as vértebras caudais (coccígeas) em uma cadela Basset Hound com seis anos de idade, castrada, pesando 16kg e com histórico de dor durante defecação e manipulação da região pélvica associada à inabilidade de mover, elevar ou abanar a cauda. Na radiografia simples, observou-se opacidade do forame intervertebral entre a quarta e a quinta vértebra caudal. O animal foi submetido à laminectomia dorsal modificada, seguida de fenestração do disco intervertebral afetado. Decorridos 15 dias da cirurgia, a paciente não demonstrava sinais de dor ao defecar e realizava movimentos de abano de cauda, mas ainda com desconforto na palpação e sem elevação da cauda acima da coluna vertebral, o que foi resolvido após 30 dias do procedimento cirúrgico. A relevância do caso está na inclusão, mesmo que rara, da doença do disco intervertebral caudal no diagnóstico diferencial em cães com dor durante a defecação e manipulação da cauda, sendo o exame radiográfico uma ferramenta auxiliar importante para o diagnóstico definitivo e o plano terapêutico.

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5

Sandoval Erazo, Washington Ramiro, and Eduardo Patricio Aguilera Ortiz. "Determinación de Caudales en cuencas con poco información Hidrológica." Ciencia Unemi 7, no. 12 (June 29, 2015): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29076/issn.2528-7737vol7iss12.2014pp100-110p.

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indispensablepara los diseños de obras hidráulicas. Con miras a paliar esta situación desventajosa, se presentanalgunas ecuaciones lógicas, resultantes de un análisis de masas, para calcular los caudales mínimos,medios y máximos que, junto con otras, permiten evaluar el coeficiente y el módulo específico deescorrentía. Lo anterior se ilustra con aplicaciones para varias cuencas del País.Palabras clave: Caudal mínimo, caudal medio, caudal máximo, caudal ecológico, coeficiente de escorrentía,Módulo específico de escorrentía.

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6

Jöhr, Martin, and Thomas M. Berger. "Caudal blocks." Pediatric Anesthesia 22, no. 1 (August 9, 2011): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03669.x.

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7

Ghai, Babita, Indu Bala, and Neerja Bhardwaj. "Caudal block." Pediatric Anesthesia 15, no. 10 (October 2005): 902–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2005.01699.x.

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8

Guidera, Kenneth J., Ellen Raney, John A. Ogden, Michael Highhouse, and Mutaz Habal. "Caudal Regression." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 11, no. 6 (November 1991): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-199111000-00008.

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9

Garcia, Leonardo, Tatiana Vidigal, Vinicius Suguri, Rodrigo de Paula Santos, and Luis Carlos Gregorio. "Caudal Septoplasty." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 143, no. 2_suppl (August 2010): P270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2010.06.574.

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10

Broadman, Lynn M., and Giorgio Ivani. "Caudal blocks." Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management 3, no. 3 (July 1999): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1084-208x(99)80036-6.

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11

Boretsky, Karen R., and James A. DiNardo. "“Kiddie” Caudal." Anesthesia & Analgesia 120, no. 1 (January 2015): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000000532.

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12

Mayhew, James F. "Caudal opioids." Pediatric Anesthesia 13, no. 6 (July 2003): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.01097.x.

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13

Estin, David, and Alan R. Cohen. "Caudal Agenesis and Associated Caudal Spinal Cord Malformations." Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 6, no. 2 (April 1995): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1042-3680(18)30470-4.

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14

Talaverano, Noe Sabino Zamora, Jhon Walter Gómez Lora, and Víctor Hugo Gallo Ramos. "Evaluacion hidrologica con fines de riego en la subcuenca tumbaro–región san martín." Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 5, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 3269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv5n3-054.

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El objetivo general es estimar el recurso hídrico superficial mediante análisis hidrológico de subcuenca del rio Tumbaro a fin de obtener su disponibilidad hídrica para fines agrícolas y los objetivos específicos: a) Esquematizar la subcuenca del rio Tumbaro utilizando tecnologías de información geográfica y sensoramiento remoto, con la finalidad de conocer sus características geomorfológicas. b) Determinar las variables hidrometereológicas de la subcuenca del rio Tumbaro mediante la modelización hidrológica regional y c) Calcular los caudales medios a diferentes persistencias para conocer la disponibilidad hídrica para riego en la subcuenca del rio Tumbaro. El método utilizado en la investigación es cuantitativo, tipo de investigación es no experimental y el nivel de la investigación explicativa. Se determino los caudales disponibles a diferentes persistencias de la subcuenca del rio Tumbaro al 5% es de 8.63 m3/seg, 10% es de 7.61 m3/seg, 30% es de 5.31 m3/seg, al 50% un caudal de 3.95 m3/seg, al 75% un caudal de 2.85 m3/seg, al 85% un caudal de 2.53 m3/seg, 90%. un caudal de 2.39 m3/seg, al 95% un caudal de 2.26 m3/seg y al 99% un caudal de 2.17 m3/seg. Se determino los caudales para fines agrícolas de la subcuenca del rio Tumbaro utilizando el modelo adimensional, siendo de 2.85 m3/seg.

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15

Takahashi, Mayu, Yuriko Sugiuchi, and Yoshikazu Shinoda. "Convergent synaptic inputs from the caudal fastigial nucleus and the superior colliculus onto pontine and pontomedullary reticulospinal neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 4 (February 15, 2014): 849–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00634.2013.

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The caudal fastigial nucleus (FN) is known to be related to the control of eye movements and projects mainly to the contralateral reticular nuclei where excitatory and inhibitory burst neurons for saccades exist [the caudal portion of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (NRPc), and the rostral portion of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRG) respectively]. However, the exact reticular neurons targeted by caudal fastigioreticular cells remain unknown. We tried to determine the target reticular neurons of the caudal FN and superior colliculus (SC) by recording intracellular potentials from neurons in the NRPc and NRG of anesthetized cats. Neurons in the rostral NRG received bilateral, monosynaptic excitation from the caudal FNs, with contralateral predominance. They also received strong monosynaptic excitation from the rostral and caudal contralateral SC, and disynaptic excitation from the rostral ipsilateral SC. These reticular neurons with caudal fastigial monosynaptic excitation were not activated antidromically from the contralateral abducens nucleus, but most of them were reticulospinal neurons (RSNs) that were activated antidromically from the cervical cord. RSNs in the caudal NRPc received very weak monosynaptic excitation from only the contralateral caudal FN, and received either monosynaptic excitation only from the contralateral caudal SC, or monosynaptic and disynaptic excitation from the contralateral caudal and ipsilateral rostral SC, respectively. These results suggest that the caudal FN helps to control also head movements via RSNs targeted by the SC, and these RSNs with SC topographic input play different functional roles in head movements.

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16

Lima, Eduardo Maurício Mendes de, Irvênia Luiza de Santis Prada, Frederico Ozanam Carneiro e. Silva, Renato Souto Severino, André Luis Quagliatto Santos, Bárbara Oliveira Borges, Tiago do Prado Paim, and André Rodrigues da Cunha Barreto Vianna. "Sistematização da origem, da distribuição e dos territórios da artéria cerebral caudal na superfície do encéfalo em gatos." Ciência Rural 40, no. 9 (September 2010): 1961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782010000900017.

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Foram estudados 26 encéfalos de gatos, adultos, sem diferenciação de sexo, sem raça definida, corados com látex e fixados por solução aquosa de formaldeído. As artérias cerebrais caudais, direita e esquerda, apresentaram-se únicas em 96,1 e 88,4% dos casos, respectivamente. Em 69,2% dos casos no antímero direito e 80,8% no esquerdo, a artéria cerebral caudal originou-se pela anastomose entre o ramo caudal da artéria carótida interna, com maior contribuição, e o ramo terminal da artéria basilar. Em 88,4% dos casos no antímero direito e em 84,6% no esquerdo, a artéria cerebral caudal originou a artéria tectal rostral e um ramo caudal. O ramo caudal bifurcou-se e vascularizou os colículos rostrais e caudais dos corpos quadrigêmeos e em alguns casos contribuiu na formação do plexo coroide do terceiro ventrículo. A artéria tectal rostral seguiu ventralmente ao lobo piriforme e durante seu trajeto liberou ramos para o hipocampo e, no antímero esquerdo, supriu a superfície dorsal do tálamo, contribuindo para a formação do plexo coroide do terceiro ventrículo.

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17

Bansal, Geetika, Dhruv Ghosh, Uttam George, and William Bhatti. "Unusual coexistence of caudal duplication and caudal regression syndromes." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 46, no. 1 (January 2011): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.08.061.

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18

Mohamed, R. "Anatomical studies on the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries of the Barbados Black Belly sheep." Journal of Morphological Sciences 34, no. 02 (April 2017): 093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.112017.

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Abstract Introduction: The Barbados Black Belly is a breed of domestic sheep in the Caribbean island of Trinidad. Anatomical studies on the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries are necessary to know the pattern of its blood supply to gain information in benefit of experimental surgery. Materials and Methods: The thoracic part of the aorta of five sheep was injected with red latex. Careful gross dissection of the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries was performed either after embedding in 10% formalin solution for 2-3 days. Results: The cranial mesenteric artery originated from the abdominal aorta, caudally to the celiac trunk, giving caudal duodenal artery, jejunal arteries, ileal arteries, ileocolic artery and middle colic artery. The caudal mesenteric artery arises from the aorta, cranially to the external iliac arteries, originating the left colic and cranial rectal arteries. Conclusion: cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries supplied the small and large intestine of the Barbados Black Belly sheep except caudal part of the large intestine which were supplied by the middle and caudal rectal arteries.

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19

Oh, Jung Jae, Jong-Hyeok Park, and Jong Tae Kim. "Cauda Equina Syndrome from Subdural Hematoma after Caudal Epidural Injection." Nerve 7, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21129/nerve.2021.7.2.96.

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Caudal epidural injection (CEI) is commonly used to manage patients with low back or leg pain, but cauda equine syndrome (CES) rarely results from epidural and/or subdural hematoma occurred after the procedure. A 71-year-old man presented at our outpatient department with voiding difficulty and radiating pain in both legs 8 days ago after CEI. The patient also complained pain and numbness of saddle area, CES. He had taken clopidogrel for 8 years after cardiac stent insertion. Lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed subdural hematoma at the L5-S1-S2 level. The patient underwent urgent surgical treatment for hematoma evacuation. We finally recognized that subdural hematoma in lumbar MRI was found to subdural-extra arachnoid hematoma as considering intraoperative findings. To the best of our knowledge, few cases of this complication have been reported after CEI. Subdural hematoma often is concomitant with subarachnoid hematoma. Subdural and subarachnoid hematoma is associated with poor clinical outcomes due to severe edema of nerve rootlets. However, no evidence of edema and swelling of nerve rootlets was observed during surgery in our case. As a result, the patient achieved full recovery more than we expected unlike the case of subdural and subarachnoid hematoma.

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20

Hirata, Harumitsu, Shinichiro Takeshita, James W. Hu, and David A. Bereiter. "Cornea-Responsive Medullary Dorsal Horn Neurons: Modulation by Local Opioids and Projections to Thalamus and Brain Stem." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): 1050–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.2.1050.

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Previously, it was determined that microinjection of morphine into the caudal portion of subnucleus caudalis mimicked the facilitatory effects of intravenous morphine on cornea-responsive neurons recorded at the subnucleus interpolaris/caudalis (Vi/Vc) transition region. The aim of the present study was to determine the opioid receptor subtype(s) that mediate modulation of corneal units and to determine whether opioid drugs affected unique classes of units. Pulses of CO2 gas applied to the cornea were used to excite neurons at the Vi/Vc (“rostral” neurons) and the caudalis/upper cervical spinal cord transition region (Vc/C1, “caudal” neurons) in barbiturate-anesthetized male rats. Microinjection of morphine sulfate (2.9–4.8 nmol) or the selective mu receptor agonist d-Ala, N-Me-Phe, Gly-ol-enkephalin (DAMGO; 1.8–15.0 pmol) into the caudal transition region enhanced the response in 7 of 27 (26%) rostral units to CO2 pulses and depressed that of 10 units (37%). Microinjection of a selective delta {[d-Pen2,5] (DPDPE); 24–30 pmol} or kappa receptor agonist (U50488; 1.8–30.0 pmol) into the caudal transition region did not affect the CO2-evoked responses of rostral units. Caudal units were inhibited by local DAMGO or DPDPE but were not affected by U50,488H. The effects of DAMGO and DPDPE were reversed by naloxone (0.2 mg/kg iv). Intravenous morphine altered the CO2-evoked activity in a direction opposite to that of local DAMGO in 3 of 15 units, in the same direction as local DAMGO but with greater magnitude in 4 units, and in the same direction with equal magnitude as local DAMGO in 8 units. CO2-responsive rostral and caudal units projected to either the thalamic posterior nucleus/zona incerta region (PO/ZI) or the superior salivatory/facial nucleus region (SSN/VII). However, rostral units not responsive to CO2pulses projected only to SSN/VII and caudal units notresponsive to CO2 projected only to PO/ZI. It was concluded that the circuitry for opioid analgesia in corneal pain involves multiple sites of action: inhibition of neurons at the caudal transition region, by intersubnuclear connections to modulate rostral units, and by supraspinal sites. Local administration of opioid agonists modulated all classes of corneal units. Corneal stimulus modality was predictive of efferent projection status for rostral and caudal units to sensory thalamus and reflex areas of the brain stem.

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21

Sur, Amitava, Anshuman Paria, and SyamalKumar Sardar. "Caudal duplication syndrome." Journal of Clinical Neonatology 2, no. 2 (2013): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2249-4847.116412.

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22

Sharma, A. "Caudal Regression Syndrome." International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.19056/ijmdsjssmes/2016/v5i2/100617.

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23

Awan, Malik Yasin, and Mohammad Amjad. "CAUDAL EPIDURAL STEROIDS." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 09 (September 10, 2015): 1111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.09.1051.

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Introduction: About 85% of the population experience low back pain duringadulthood and annual incidence is 5 to 15% with no gender discrimination. Design: Quasiintervention experimental study. Setting: DHQ teaching Hospital & at Fazil Memorial HospitalGujranwala. Period: November 2010 to November 2012 (two years). Material & Methods:Hundred patient fulfilling the inclusion criteria with SYMPTOMATIC LUMBER DISC herniationwere selected. Efficacy was determined by improvement in Denis Pain scale and Mcnab’sfunctional criteria. Safety was determined by absence / rareness of complications i.e spinalanesthesia, transient hypotension, and paresthesia, difficulty in voiding, infection andmeningitis. Follow up was weekly for 6 weeks Results: Out of hundred cases 53 were gentsand 47 were ladies. Mean age was 37.56 (22-50 yrs). Maximum cases 72% were in third decadeof life. Maximum pain relief was noted after three weeks of first injection, 72% of the cases wereeither having no or mild pain. Functional recovery was excellent in 44% and good in 40% of thepatients. Complications were fewer and mild, Spinal anesthesia in 2%, transient hypotensionin 3%. Paresthesia in 8% and 10% of the patient developed supra pubic fullness but only oneneeded catheterization. Infection and meningitis was not observed in any case. Conclusions:Caudal epidural steroids injection is safe & effective mode of treating lumbar disc herniation.

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24

Kokrdova, Z. "Caudal regression syndrome." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 33, no. 2 (February 2013): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2012.743508.

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25

Kylat, Ranjit I., and Mohammad Bader. "Caudal Regression Syndrome." Children 7, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7110211.

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Caudal Regression Syndrome (CRS) or Caudal dysgenesis syndrome (CDS) is characterized by maldevelopment of the caudal half of the body with variable involvement of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, skeletal, and nervous systems. CRS affects 1–3 newborn infants per 100,000 live births. The prevalence in infants of diabetic mothers is reported at 1 in 350 live births which includes all the variants. A related condition is sirenomelia sequence or mermaid syndrome or symmelia and is characterized by fusion of the legs and a variable combination of the other abnormalities. The Currarino triad is a related anomaly that includes anorectal atresia, coccygeal and partial sacral agenesis, and a pre-sacral lesion such as anterior meningocele, lipoma or dermoid cyst. A multidisciplinary management approach is needed that includes rehabilitative services, and patients need a staged surgical approach.

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26

Taneja, Atul Kumar, Geazi Zaffani, Augusto Celso Scarparo Amato-Filho, Luciano de Souza Queiroz, Verônica de Araújo Zanardi, and José Ribeiro de Menezes-Netto. "Caudal duplication syndrome." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 67, no. 3a (September 2009): 695–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2009000400023.

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27

Guyuron, Bahman, and Ramin A. Behmand. "Caudal Nasal Deviation." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 111, no. 7 (June 2003): 2449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000060802.70218.fe.

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28

Verghese, Susan, A. Barry Belman, Linda Jo Rice, and Gareth Lovett. "PEDIATRIC CAUDAL ANESTHESIA." Anesthesiology 77, Supplement (September 1992): A1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199209001-01157.

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29

Adra, Abdallah, Dwight Cordero, Andres Mejides, Salih Yasin, Fawwaz Salman, and Mary Jo OʼSullivan. "Caudal Regression Syndrome." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 49, no. 7 (July 1994): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-199407000-00028.

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30

Haack, Jason, and Ira D. Papel. "Caudal Septal Deviation." Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 42, no. 3 (June 2009): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2009.03.005.

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31

SHEEHAN, N. J. "Caudal epidural injections." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 60, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.60.7.718.

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32

Sen, KK, and M. Patel. "Caudal Regression Syndrome." Medical Journal Armed Forces India 63, no. 2 (April 2007): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-1237(07)80071-2.

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33

Chaussy, Yann, Nicolas Mottet, Didier Aubert, and Frédéric Auber. "Caudal Duplication Syndrome." Journal of Pediatrics 166, no. 3 (March 2015): 772–772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.11.035.

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Bhatt, Shuchi, Anupama Tandon, Avneesh Kumar Singh, Smita Manchanda, Sandhya Jain, and Neha Meena. "Caudal Regression Syndrome." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 33, no. 2 (November 3, 2016): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756479316677012.

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35

Peutrell, J. M., and P. A. Cupples. "Caudal epidural analgesia." Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 14, no. 4 (December 2000): 709–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/bean.2000.0122.

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36

Oliver, Jodi-Ann, and Lori-Ann Oliver. "Beyond the caudal." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 26, no. 6 (December 2013): 644–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aco.0000000000000021.

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37

Kubo, T., H. Amano, and Y. Misu. "Caudal ventrolateral medulla." Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 328, no. 4 (February 1985): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00692902.

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Dominguez, Rodrigo. "Caudal Duplication Syndrome." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 147, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1993.02160340034009.

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39

Samartzis, Dino, and Francis H. Shen. "Caudal Regression Syndrome." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 37, no. 5 (May 15, 2008): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v37n5p446.

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&NA;. "Caudal Clonidine Prolongs Analgesia from Caudal S(+)-Ketamine in Children." Survey of Anesthesiology 47, no. 2 (April 2003): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132586-200304000-00029.

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41

Bajpai, Minu, K. Das, and Arun K. Gupta. "Caudal duplication syndrome: more evidence for theory of caudal twinning." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 39, no. 2 (February 2004): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2003.10.018.

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NAGUIB, M., A. M. Y. SHARIF, M. SERAJ, M. EL GAMMAL, and A. A. DAWLATLY. "KETAMINE FOR CAUDAL ANALGESIA IN CHILDREN: COMPARISON WITH CAUDAL BUPIVACAINE." British Journal of Anaesthesia 67, no. 5 (November 1991): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/67.5.559.

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43

Hager, Helmut, Peter Marhofer, Christian Sitzwohl, Leo Adler, Stephan Kettner, and Margot Semsroth. "Caudal Clonidine Prolongs Analgesia from Caudal S(+)-Ketamine in Children." Anesthesia & Analgesia 94, no. 5 (May 2002): 1169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200205000-00021.

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44

Naguib, Mohamed, Mohamed El Gammal, Yasser S. Elhattab, and Mohamed Seraj. "Midazolam for caudal analgesia in children: comparison with caudal bupivacaine." Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 42, no. 9 (September 1995): 758–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03011172.

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45

Altringham, J. D., C. S. Wardle, and C. I. Smith. "MYOTOMAL MUSCLE FUNCTION AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN THE BODY OF A SWIMMING FISH." Journal of Experimental Biology 182, no. 1 (September 1, 1993): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.182.1.191.

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We describe experiments on isolated, live muscle fibres which simulate their in vivo activity in a swimming saithe (Pollachius virens). Superficial fast muscle fibres isolated from points 0.35, 0.5 and 0.65 body lengths (BL) from the anterior tip had different contractile properties. Twitch contraction time increased from rostral to caudal myotomes and power output (measured by the work loop technique) decreased. Power versus cycle frequency curves of rostral fibres were shifted to higher frequencies relative to those of caudal fibres. In the fish, phase differences between caudally travelling waves of muscle activation and fish bending suggest a change in muscle function along the body. In vitro experiments indicate that in vivo superficial fast fibres of rostral myotomes are operating under conditions that yield maximum power output. Caudal myotomes are active as they are lengthened in vivo and initially operate under conditions which maximise their stiffness, before entering a positive power-generating phase. A description is presented for the generation of thrust at the tail blade by the superficial, fast, lateral muscle. Power generated rostrally is transmitted to the tail by stiffened muscle placed more caudally. A transition zone between power generation and stiffening travels caudally, and all but the most caudal myotomes generate power at some phase of the tailbeat. Rostral power output, caudal force, bending moment and force at the tail blade are all maximal at essentially the same moment in the tailbeat cycle, as the tail blade crosses the swimming track.

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Pazmiño-Mayorga, Jaime A., Ramiro J. Vivas-Vivas, Valdano L. Tafur-Recalde, and Wilman I. Ordóñez-Pizarro. "Determinación del coeficiente de descarga de un prototipo tubo de Venturi construido para uso académico en laboratorio." Polo del Conocimiento 2, no. 6 (June 17, 2017): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.23857/pc.v2i6.171.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">En la Unidad de Física de la Universidad Central del Ecuador en el estudio de la hidrodinámica se requiere determinar el coeficiente de descarga de un modelo de tubo de Venturi diseñado y construido para uso experimental en laboratorio; inicialmente este sistema permite tener régimen laminar y caudal constante, lo que posibilita la determinación del caudal práctico y al poder aplicar la Ecuación de Bernoulli se puede determinar el caudal teórico, al comparar estos dos caudales se determina el coeficiente de descarga.</p>

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Santos, Rosilda Maria Barreto, Irvênia Luiza de Santis Prada, and Liberato João Afonso Didio. "Veias hepáticas e segmentação do fígado em ovinos (Ovis aries)." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 28, no. 1 (June 1, 1991): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.1991.51920.

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As veias hepáticas e seus setores de drenagem foram estudados em 40 fígados de ovinos. Em 35 órgãos o sistema venoso foi injetado com Neoprene Latex "650" e em seguida dissecado; nos outros 5 órgãos injetou-se acetato de vinyl (cores diferentes) para obtenção de moldes. Foram observados os lobos hepáticos e seus setores de drenagem das seguintes veias hepáticas e suas tributárias: veias hepáticas maiores (veia hepática esquerda, veia hepática média, veia hepática direita, veia hepática do processo caudado e veia hepática do processo papilar) e veias hepáticas menores. As veias hepáticas esquerda e médias.são os principais vasos de drenagem do sangue do fígado de Ovis aries, desembocando independentemente na veia cava caudal. A veia hepática direita termina na veia cava caudal como vaso único em 57,1% dos casos e junta-se à veia hepática do processo caudado ou veia hepática do processo papilar em 31,4% dos casos. A veia hepática direita ocorre em 88,6% dos casos, sendo em número de uma em maior frequência (51,4%), de duas (22,9%) ou de três (14,3%) veias. Em alguns casos a vaia hepática do processo caudado forma um tronco com a veia hepática direita e/ou a veia hepática do processo papilar (11,4%). Sozinha ou em conjunto com outras, a veia do processo caudado termina na veia cava caudal. A veia hepática do processo papilar chega independentemente na veia cava caudal em 71,4% dos casos. Sozinha ou em conjunto com a veia hepática do processo caudado e/ou a veia hepática direita, desemboca na veia cava caudal. Veias hepáticas menores chegam diretamente à veia cava caudal, completando a drenagem dos setores dorsal e medial do lobo direito e da porção supraportal do lobo caudado. Em grande maioria dos casos existem anastomoses entre veias de segmentos anatomo-cirúrgicos adjacentes, limitados por regiões avasculares ou paucivasculares. A drenagem venosa hepática é formada por vasos independentes mas, interpostos com os vasos integrantes da rede portobiloarterial. A drenagem venosa inclui na maioria dos casos os seguintes anatomo-cirúrgicos: a) segmento da veia hepática esquerda (lobo esquerdo); b) segmento da veia hepática média (lobo quadrado, porção supraportal do lobo caudado e setores intermédio e lateral do lobo direito); c) segmento da veia hepática direita, tipicamente representado pelo setor dorsal do lobo direito; d) segmento da veia hepática do processo caudado; e) segmento da veia hepática do processo papilar. O setor medial do lobo direito é drenado pelas veias hepáticas menores.

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Vega, Haimar, José Ernesto Torres, and Miguel Orlando Durán Rangel. "Aforador y distribuidor de cauda Aforador y distribuidor de caudal de orificio circular en tratamiento de agua." AVANCES: Investigación en Ingeniería 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 150–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18041/1794-4953/avances.1.1354.

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La medición y distribución de caudal inferior a 100 ml/s se dificulta por las reducidas dimensiones implicadas para construir la unidad y garantizar uniformidad, situación presente en sistemas piloto o a escala. El objetivo fue determinar la precisión en la medición de caudal mediante un orificio circular como alternativa para sistemas de potabilización y tratamiento de agua. Se realizaron pruebas con orificios circulares de flujo libre construidos en tuberías midiendo el caudal de forma volumétrica y la carga hidráulica con piezómetro. La ecuación obtenida mediante regresión lineal múltiple para calcular el caudal de salida por el orificio tiene una correlación de 1 y una precisión promedio del 97.1% con desviación estándar de 2.1, y para el caso de descarga desde un tanque, la precisión es del 96.4% y desviación del 1.8. Con las ecuaciones obtenidas para predecir el caudal respecto de la carga hidráulica y el diámetro del orificio es posible medir el flujo con una precisión superior al 95% para caudales inferiores a 135 m/s haciendo del artículo una herramienta para diseño de dispositivos hidráulicos de medición y distribución de caudal.

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Holwerda, Femke M., Mark Evans, and Jeff J. Liston. "Additional sauropod dinosaur material from the Callovian Oxford Clay Formation, Peterborough, UK: evidence for higher sauropod diversity." PeerJ 7 (February 14, 2019): e6404. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6404.

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Four isolated sauropod axial elements from the Oxford Clay Formation (Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of Peterborough, UK, are described. Two associated posterior dorsal vertebrae show a dorsoventrally elongated centrum and short neural arch, and nutrient or pneumatic foramina, most likely belonging to a non-neosauropod eusauropod, but showing ambiguous non-neosauropod eusauropod and neosauropod affinities. An isolated anterior caudal vertebra displays a ventral keel, a ‘shoulder’ indicating a wing-like transverse process, along with a possible prespinal lamina. This, together with an overall high complexity of the anterior caudal transverse process (ACTP) complex, indicates that this caudal could have belonged to a neosauropod. A second isolated middle-posterior caudal vertebra also shows some diagnostic features, despite the neural spine and neural arch not being preserved and the neurocentral sutures being unfused. The positioning of the neurocentral sutures on the anterior one third of the centrum indicates a middle caudal position, and the presence of faint ventrolateral crests, as well as a rhomboid anterior articulation surface, suggest neosauropod affinities. The presence of possible nutrient foramina are only tentative evidence of a neosauropod origin, as they are also found in Late Jurassic non-neosauropod eusauropods. As the caudals from the two other known sauropods from the Peterborough Oxford Clay, Cetiosauriscus stewarti and an indeterminate non-neosauropod eusauropod, do not show the features seen on either of the new elements described, both isolated caudals indicate a higher sauropod species diversity in the faunal assemblage than previously recognised. An exploratory phylogenetic analysis using characters from all four isolated elements supports a basal neosauropod placement for the anterior caudal, and a diplodocid origin for the middle caudal. The dorsal vertebrae are an unstable OTU, and therefore remain part of an indeterminate eusauropod of uncertain affinities. Together with Cetiosauriscus, and other material assigned to different sauropod groups, this study indicates the presence of a higher sauropod biodiversity in the Oxford Clay Formation than previously recognised. This study shows that it is still beneficial to examine isolated elements, as these may be indicators for higher species richness in deposits that are otherwise poor in terrestrial fauna.

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Reyes Rodríguez, Toribio. "Generación de caudales mensuales en microcuencas no aforadas con el modelo de la National Rural Electric Cooperative Association: Caso microcuenca Chiriac, 2015." APORTE SANTIAGUINO 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32911/as.2017.v10.n1.182.

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<p>La investigación tuvo como objetivo generar caudales mensuales en la microcuenca Chiriac empleando el modelo de la National Rural Electric Cooperative Association de los Estados Unidos, la calibración del modelo se hizo con dos mediciones de caudales realizadas en los meses de agosto y setiembre del 2015, posteriormente se generaron los caudales mensuales. La microcuenca Chiriac aporta un caudal específico de 49.5 litros/s.km2 y 0.01 litros/s.km2 en el mes de marzo y setiembre que son los meses de máximo y mínimo caudal, como conclusión el modelo referido se puede usar para la generación de caudales mensuales en la microcuenca Chiriac.</p>

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