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1

1976-, Silvia Paul J., and Lalwani Neal, eds. Self-awareness & causal attribution: A dual systems theory. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

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2

Silvia, Paul J., Thomas Shelley Duval, and Neal Lalwani. Self-Awareness & Causal Attribution: A Dual Systems Theory. Springer, 2001.

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3

Duval, S., V. H. Duval, and F. S. Mayer. Consistency and Cognition: A Theory of Causal Attribution. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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4

Duval, S., V. H. Duval, and F. S. Mayer. Consistency and Cognition: A Theory of Causal Attribution. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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5

Duval, Thomas Shelley. Self-Awareness & Causal Attribution: A Dual Systems Theory. Springer, 2012.

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6

Duval, S., V. H. Duval, and F. S. Mayer. Consistency and Cognition: A Theory of Causal Attribution. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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7

Duval, S., V. H. Duval, and F. S. Mayer. Consistency and Cognition: A Theory of Causal Attribution. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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8

Self-Awareness & Causal Attribution: A Dual Systems Theory. Springer, 2011.

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9

Duval, Thomas Shelley, Neal Lalwani, and Paul J. Silvia. Self-Awareness and Causal Attribution: A Dual Systems Theory. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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10

Schwartz, Barry. Rethinking Conflict and Collective Memory: The Case of Nanking. Edited by Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ronald N. Jacobs, and Philip Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195377767.013.20.

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This article examines the politics of collective memory and attribution theory by studying expert and popular beliefs in Japan about the 1937–1938 Nanking Massacre. Memory, when conceived as a product of political conflict, assumes pluralistic and centralized forms. Multiple memories emerge out of a context of cross-cutting interests, coalitions, power networks, and enterprises, as seen in the fate of artistic and presidential reputations, Holocaust commemoration, place-naming, monument-making, and the organization of museums. After discussing the assumptions underlying the politics of memory
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11

Hagmayer, York, and Philip Fernbach. Causality in Decision-Making. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.27.

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Although causality is rarely discussed in texts on decision-making, decisions often depend on causal knowledge and causal reasoning. This chapter reviews what is known about how people integrate causal considerations into their choice processes. It first introduces causal decision theory, a normative theory of choice based on the idea that rational decision-making requires considering the causal structure underlying a decision problem. It then provides an overview of empirical studies that explore how causal assumptions influence choice and test predictions derived from causal decision theory.
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12

Li, Nan, Natalie Jomini Stroud, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Overcoming False Causal Attribution. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.46.

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In a study published in 1998 in The Lancet, British researchers Wakefield and colleagues described an association between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the onset of autism. Although the MMR–autism association failed to replicate and the lead author was discredited, the purported relationship decreased public confidence in vaccine safety. Parents continue to cite the MMR controversy as a factor complicating their decisions about vaccinating their children. This chapter focuses on misinformation involving false causality and discusses how it might exert persistent influence o
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13

Siderits, Mark. Buddhist Reductionist Action Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499778.003.0015.

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This essay develops the theory of action presupposed by Buddhist Reductionists. Their account uses the theory of two truths to reconcile the folk theory of human action with the Buddhist claim that there are no agents. The conventional truth has it that persons are substance-causes of actions, and the willings that trigger actions are exercises of a person’s powers in light of their reasons. According to the ultimate truth, there are no persons, only causal series of bundles of tropes. An action is a bodily or mental event in one such series that has the occurrence of a prior intention event a
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Hilton, Denis. Social Attribution and Explanation. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.33.

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Attribution processes appear to be an integral part of human visual perception, as low-level inferences of causality and intentionality appear to be automatic and are supported by specific brain systems. However, higher-order attribution processes use information held in memory or made present at the time of judgment. While attribution processes about social objects are sometimes biased, there is scope for partial correction. This chapter reviews work on the generation, communication, and interpretation of complex explanations, with reference to explanation-based models of text understanding t
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Ahn, Woo-kyoung, Nancy S. Kim, and Matthew S. Lebowitz. The Role of Causal Knowledge in Reasoning About Mental Disorders. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.31.

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Despite the lack of scientific consensus about the etiologies of mental disorders, practicing clinicians and laypeople alike hold beliefs about the causes of mental disorders, and about the causal relations among symptoms and associated characteristics of mental disorders. This chapter summarizes research on how such causal knowledge systematically affects judgments about the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of mental disorders. During diagnosis, causal knowledge affects weighting of symptoms, perception of normality of behaviors, ascriptions of blame, and adherence to the DSM-based diagnos
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Elies, van Sliedregt. Part 2 Attributing Criminal Responsibility, 6 Forms of Criminal Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560363.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses forms of criminal responsibility from a comparative and international perspective. They include direct and indirect perpetration, co-perpetration, instigation — including ordering, soliciting, and inducing — planning, and aiding/abetting. These modalities can be referred to as ‘classic’ or ‘general’ in the sense that they feature in most international statutes and have equivalents in national criminal codes, often in the general part. The comparative perspective is important and has been added for two reasons. First of all, because the link with national criminal law is
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17

Lagnado, David A., and Tobias Gerstenberg. Causation in Legal and Moral Reasoning. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.30.

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Causation looms large in legal and moral reasoning. People construct causal models of the social and physical world to understand what has happened, how and why, and to allocate responsibility and blame. This chapter explores people’s common-sense notion of causation, and shows how it underpins moral and legal judgments. As a guiding framework it uses the causal model framework (Pearl, 2000) rooted in structural models and counterfactuals, and shows how it can resolve many of the problems that beset standard but-for analyses. It argues that legal concepts of causation are closely related to ev
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18

Alvarez, Maria. Desires, Dispositions and the Explanation of Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199370962.003.0005.

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We often explain human actions by reference to the desires of the person whose actions we are explaining: “Jane is studying law because she wants to become a judge.” But how do desires explain actions? A widely accepted view is that desires are dispositional states that are manifested in behavior. Accordingly, desires explain actions as ordinary physical dispositions, such as fragility or conductivity, explain their manifestations, namely causally. This paper argues that desires, unlike ordinary physical dispositions, are “manifestation-dependent dispositions”: dispositions whose attribution d
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19

Rudolph, Ulrich. Occasionalism. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.39.

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This chapter charts the development of the theory of occasionalism within the Islamic tradition until the fifth/eleventh century. Occasionalism emphasizes God’s absolute power by negating natural causality and attributing every causal effect in the world immediately to Him. It is often assumed to be a distinctive, if not exclusive, feature of Sunnīkalāmas opposed to Muʿtazilism, Shīʿism, and Islamic philosophy. The chapter begins with the question of how the foundations of the occasionalist theory were prepared in the evolving Muʿtazilī discussions of the third/ninth and early fourth/tenth cen
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20

Maley, Corey J., and Gualtiero Piccinini. A Unified Mechanistic Account of Teleological Functions for Psychology and Neuroscience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199685509.003.0011.

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Functions play an important explanatory role in both psychology and neuroscience. Any effort to integrate psychology and neuroscience must provide an account of functions and how they explain in psychology and neuroscience. Yet the ontological foundations for function attributions and functional explanation remain unsettled. In this chapter, we contribute to an integrated science of cognition and behavior by offering a unified account of the teleological functions of multi-level mechanisms. The account applies to both biological traits and artifacts. Teleological functions are stable causal co
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21

Strawson, Galen. “Person”. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161006.003.0002.

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This chapter examines John Locke's use of the word “person” as the root cause of the misunderstanding about his theory of personal identity. Most of Locke's readers tend to take the term “person” as if it were only a sortal term of a standard kind, that is, a term for a standard temporal continuant, like “human being” or “thinking thing.” However, they fail to take into account the fact that Locke is using “person” as a “forensic” term, that is, a term that finds its principal use in contexts in which questions about the attribution of responsibility (praise and blame, punishment and reward) a
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22

Johnson, Dominic D. P. Strategic Instincts. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691137452.001.0001.

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A widespread assumption in political science and international relations is that cognitive biases — quirks of the brain we all share as human beings — are detrimental and responsible for policy failures, disasters, and wars. This book challenges this assumption, explaining that these nonrational behaviors can actually support favorable results in international politics and contribute to political and strategic success. By studying past examples, the book considers the ways that cognitive biases act as “strategic instincts,” lending a competitive edge in policy decisions, especially under condi
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23

Boodman, Eva. White Ignorance and Complicit Responsibility. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978737655.

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White ignorance is a form of collective denial that aggressively resists acknowledging the role of race and racism. It dominates our political landscape, warps white moral frameworks and affective responses, intervenes in white self-conceptions, and organizes white identities. In this way, white ignorance poses a problem for conceptions of responsibility that rely on individuals’ intentions, causal contributions, or knowledge of the facts. As Eva Boodman shows, our moral concepts for responding to racism are implicated in the process of racialization when they understand responsibility as the
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24

Thomas, R. Murray. Moral Development Theories -- Secular and Religious. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400687358.

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Moral Development Theories—Secular and Religious introduces readers to 13 secular models and 13d religious theories in a wide-ranging comparative study of the roots of moral development. The secular models include attribution theory, cognitive-structural views, social-learning and social-cognition approaches, Freud's psychoanalysis (plus Erikson and Fromm), Marxist beliefs, a composite theory, Hoffman's conception of empathy, Anderson's information-integration view, Gilligan's gender distinction, Sutherland and Cressey's explanation of delinquency, and Lovinger on ego development. Religious
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25

Nederman, Cary J. There Are No ‘Bad Kings’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199394852.003.0009.

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This chapter provides a discussion of the conceptual impossibility of the ‘bad king’ in the medieval Latin West—a conundrum that caused evil lords to be defined exclusively as tyrants. Nonetheless, political theorists from Isidore of Seville to John of Salisbury, Thomas Aquinas, and Dante display a remarkable ambivalence toward the tyrant’s role in civic life. While condemned in normative political theory, tyranny was often viewed as acceptable when a populace was deemed incapable of benefiting from good government, or when it was legitimized as an instrument of divine punishment. This chapter
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26

Lee, Alexander. Communes, Signori, and Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199675159.003.0002.

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In the sixth canto of the Purgatorio, Dante Alighieri lamented the pitiable condition of Italy. Though once the donna di provincie, it was now the ‘dwelling place of sorrow’. Bereft of peace, its cities were wracked by constant strife. Attributing this to the absence of imperial governance, he called on Albert of Habsburg to right Italy’s woes with all haste. As this chapter shows, the earliest humanists embraced the imperial cause for much the same reasons. Although aware of the condition of the regnum Italicum, they were concerned primarily with the affairs of individual cities, and used the
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27

Paris, Joel. Thinking Interactively. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190601010.003.0004.

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The human mind favors linear thinking, with single causes leading to single effects. Thinking interactively is much more difficult. Understanding mental disorders as due to chemical imbalances or abnormal neural connections is tempting. However, it is wrong to view the neural level as more “real” than measures of the mind. This kind of thinking pays lip service to psychosocial factors but loses sight of the important role that life events play in the etiology of mental disorders. In the past, psychotherapists were just as blindly linear in their thinking. They made broad generalizations, overs
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28

Zeidel, Robert F. Robber Barons and Wretched Refuse. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748318.001.0001.

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This book explores the connection between the so-called robber barons who led American big businesses during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era and the immigrants who composed many of their workforces. As the book argues, attribution of industrial-era class conflict to an “alien” presence supplements nativism—a sociocultural negativity toward foreign-born residents—as a reason for Americans' dislike and distrust of immigrants. And in the era of American industrialization, employers both relied on immigrants to meet their growing labor needs and blamed them for the frequently violent workplace
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29

Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Science of Science Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.001.0001.

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The cross-disciplinary Oxford Handbook on the Science of Science Communication contains 47 essays by 57 leading scholars organized into six sections: The first section establishes the need for a science of science communication, provides an overview of the area, examines sources of science knowledge and the ways in which changing media structures affect it, reveals what the public thinks about science, and situates current scientific controversies in their historical contexts. The book’s second part examines challenges to science including difficulties in peer review, rising numbers of retract
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Omstedt, Anders. The Development of Climate Science of the Baltic Sea Region. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.654.

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Dramatic climate changes have occurred in the Baltic Sea region caused by changes in orbital movement in the earth–sun system and the melting of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Added to these longer-term changes, changes have occurred at all timescales, caused mainly by variations in large-scale atmospheric pressure systems due to competition between the meandering midlatitude low-pressure systems and high-pressure systems. Here we follow the development of climate science of the Baltic Sea from when observations began in the 18th century to the early 21st century. The question of why the water l
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31

Lefroy, Ted, Allan Curtis, Anthony Jakeman, and James McKee, eds. Landscape Logic. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103559.

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In 2005, researchers from four Australian universities and CSIRO joined forces with environmental managers from three state agencies and six regional catchment management authorities to answer the question: 'Can we detect the influence of public environmental programs on the condition of our natural resources?' This was prompted by a series of national audits of Australia's environmental programs that could find no evidence of public investment improving the condition of waterways, soils and native vegetation, despite major public programs investing more than $4.2 billion in environmental repa
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