Journal articles: 'Causal closure'

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Tiehen, Justin. "Grounding Causal Closure." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 97, no. 4 (November 10, 2015): 501–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/papq.12126.

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Tiehen, Justin. "Explaining causal closure." Philosophical Studies 172, no. 9 (December 5, 2014): 2405–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-014-0418-5.

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Morris, Kevin. "Causal Closure, Causal Exclusion, and Supervenience Physicalism." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 95, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/papq.12017.

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Gibb, Sophie. "The Causal Closure Principle." Philosophical Quarterly 65, no. 261 (April 26, 2015): 626–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pq/pqv030.

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Cegła, W., and J. Florek. "Ortho and Causal Closure as a Closure Operations in the Causal Logic." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 44, no. 1 (January 2005): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-005-1430-5.

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Lowe, E. J. "Causal Closure Principles and Emergentism." Philosophy 75, no. 4 (October 2000): 571–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003181910000067x.

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Causal closure arguments against interactionist dualism are currently popular amongst physicalists. Such an argument appeals to some principles of the causal closure of the physical, together with certain other premises, to conclude that at least some mental events are identical with physical events. However, it is crucial to the success of any such argument that the physical causal closure principle to which it appeals is neither too strong nor too weak by certain standards. In this paper, it is argued that various forms of naturalistic dualism, of an emergentist character, are consistent with the strongest physical causal closure principles that can plausibly be advocated.

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Buhler, Keith. "No Good Arguments for Causal Closure." Metaphysica 21, no. 2 (October 25, 2020): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mp-2019-0026.

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AbstractMany common arguments for physicalism begin with the principle that the cosmos is “causally closed.” But how good are the arguments for causal closure itself? I argue that the deductive, a priori arguments on behalf of causal closure tend to beg the question. The extant inductive arguments fare no better. They commit a sampling error or a non-sequitur, or else offer conclusions that remain compatible with causal openness. In short, we have no good arguments that the physical world is causally closed.

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Reppert, Victor E. "Causal Closure, Mechanism, and Rational Inference." Philosophia Christi 3, no. 2 (2001): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/pc20013244.

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Gamper, Johan. "On a Loophole in Causal Closure." Philosophia 45, no. 2 (February 15, 2017): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9791-y.

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Konolige, Kurt. "Abduction versus closure in causal theories." Artificial Intelligence 53, no. 2-3 (February 1992): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(92)90073-7.

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Endo, Akira. "‘Not finding causal effect’ is not ‘finding no causal effect’ of school closure on COVID-19." F1000Research 11 (April 25, 2022): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.111915.1.

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In a paper recently published in Nature Medicine, Fukumoto et al. tried to assess the government-led school closure policy during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. They compared the reported incidence rates between municipalities that had and had not implemented school closure in selected periods from March–May 2020, where they matched for various potential confounders, and claimed that there was no causal effect on the incidence rates of COVID-19. However, the effective sample size (ESS) of their dataset had been substantially reduced in the process of matching due to imbalanced covariates between the treatment (i.e. with closure) and control (without closure) municipalities, which led to the wide uncertainty in the estimates. Despite the study title starting with "No causal effect of school closures", their results are insufficient to exclude the possibility of a strong mitigating effect of school closure on incidence of COVID-19. In this replication/reanalysis study, we showed that the confidence intervals of the effect estimates from Fukumoto et al. included a 100% relative reduction in COVID-19 incidence. Simulations of a hypothetical 50% or 80% mitigating effect hardly yielded statistical significance with the same study design and sample size. We also showed that matching of variables that had large influence on propensity scores (e.g. prefecture dummy variables) may have been incomplete.

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Vicens, Leigh C. "Physical Causal Closure and Non-Coincidental Mental Causation." Philosophia 42, no. 1 (September 1, 2013): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11406-013-9487-5.

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Goetz, Stewart. "Purposeful Explanation and Causal Gaps." European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 5, no. 1 (March 21, 2013): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v5i1.253.

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In this paper, I argue that a commitment to science and the methodo- logical commitment to causal closure do not require a rejection of the idea that the choices of souls explain the occurrence of certain events in the physical world. Stated slightly differently, I maintain that one can both affirm science and believe that souls causally interfere in the course of events in the physical world. Such an affirmation and belief are compatible. In short, science vis-à-vis the methodological principle of causal closure poses no problem for souls as explanatory agents.

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Jones, Kile. "The Causal Closure of Physics: An Explanation and Critique." World Futures 64, no. 3 (May 14, 2008): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02604020701807400.

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Dimitrijevic, Dejan. "Causal closure of physics and the formulation of physicalism." Facta universitatis - series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology 13, no. 1 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fupct1501001d.

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Physicalism is an ontological doctrine according to which everything in the world is physical in the last instance. This is usually interpreted as a claim that every non-physical, most notably every mental property can either be reduced to some physical property or shown to supervene on it. The main obstacle in an attempt to formulate physicalism properly is Hempel?s dilemma, and the most promising strategy of taking this dilemma is based on the argument from causal closure of physics. After analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of this approach, I argue that it is highly controversial and thus unable to support a strong ontological commitment.

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Ellis, George F. R. "The Causal Closure of Physics in Real World Contexts." Foundations of Physics 50, no. 10 (August 18, 2020): 1057–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10701-020-00366-0.

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Florek, Jan. "Ortho and Causal Closure Operations in Ordered Vector Spaces." Algebra universalis 58, no. 4 (July 8, 2008): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00012-008-2088-7.

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Zhong, Lei. "Three Versions of Physical Closure." Grazer Philosophische Studien 97, no. 4 (September 8, 2020): 640–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-000114.

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Abstract The Exclusion Argument has been regarded as the most powerful challenge to non-reductive physicalism. This argument presupposes a crucial thesis, Causal Closure of the Physical, which asserts that every physical effect has a sufficient physical cause. Although this thesis is widely accepted in contemporary philosophy of mind, philosophers say surprisingly little about what notion of physical entities should be adopted in the context. In this article, the author distinguishes between three versions of Closure that appeal to a narrow, a moderate, and a wide notion of the physical, respectively. The author then argues that none of the three versions can challenge non-reductive physicalism.

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MCDERMID, KIRK. "Miracles: metaphysics, physics, and physicalism." Religious Studies 44, no. 2 (May 2, 2008): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412507009262.

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AbstractDebates about the metaphysical compatibility between miracles and natural laws often appear to prejudge the issue by either adopting or rejecting a strong physicalist thesis (the idea that the physical is all that exists). The operative component of physicalism is a causal closure principle: that every caused event is a physically caused event. If physicalism and this strong causal closure principle are accepted, then supernatural interventions are ruled out tout court, while rejecting physicalism gives miracles metaphysical carte blanche. This paper argues for a more moderate version of physicalism that respects important physicalist intuitions about causal closure while allowing for miracles' logical possibility. A recent proposal for a specific mechanism for the production of miracles (Larmer (1996d)) is criticized and rejected. In its place, two separate mechanisms (suitable for deterministic and indeterministic worlds, respectively) are proposed that do conform to a more moderate physicalism, and their potential and limitations are explored.

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Boeri, Marcelo D. "The Stoic Psychological Physicalism: An Ancient Version of the Causal Closure Thesis." CR: The New Centennial Review 10, no. 3 (2010): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ncr.2010.0042.

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Boeri, Marcelo D. "The Stoic Psychological Physicalism: An Ancient Version of the Causal Closure Thesis." CR: The New Centennial Review 10, no. 3 (November 1, 2010): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41949714.

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Han, Mumoungcho, Jaeik Son, Mijin Noh, Tazizur Rahman, and Yangsok Kim. "A Causal Analysis of COVID-19 Outbreak on Start-ups and Closures by Industry." Korean Institute of Smart Media 11, no. 7 (August 31, 2022): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30693/smj.2022.11.7.9.

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With the outbreak of COVID-19, the world is in unexpected chaos. In particular, the Korean economy, which has a large number of self-employed people, is experiencing enormous damage from COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to analyze the causal impact of start-ups and closures by industry due to the COVID-19 outbreak. For the causal impact analysis, we collected and analyzed 8,312,224 cases of start-up and closure of 190 businesses that occurred on the local administrative license data public site for 11 years from 2010 to 2020. As a result of the analysis of the causal impact of COVID-19, there were 29 industries in which start-ups increased(increase rate 313.14% ∼ 6.39%), 23 industries in which start-ups decreased(decrease rate 70.62% ∼ 11.27%), 21 industries in which closures increased(increase rate 157.55% ∼ 13.57%), and 18 industries in which business closures decreased(reduction rate 49.45% ∼ 12.91%). The industries in which start-ups increased and closures decreased due to the COVID-19 outbreak were disinfection, food transportation, and general sales of health functional food. The industries in where start-ups decreased and closures increased due to the COVID-19 outbreak were youth game providing industry, danran pub business, and general game providing industry. It is expected that the results of this study will help practitioners who manage various infectious diseases to understand the causal impact of infectious disease outbreaks and to prepare countermeasures.

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Safronov, Alexey Vladimirovich. "Causal topology and non-material causes." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no. 2 (May 20, 2021): 575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202172867p.575-585.

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The principle of physical causal closure makes the problem of the ontology of consciousness insoluble since the principle rejects the possibility of mental causation. However, this principle is based on the linear causality model the foundation of which is the connection of material events with each other. The article deals with the possibility of mental causation based on non-material events, reflecting the influence of probability on probability, and not an event on an event. A hypothetical model is considered, in which one state of activity of neural processes in the brain can correspond to various mental states that differ from each other, however, not content-wise but within the framework of a non-material property. The non-material property is defined as the likelihood of mental assessments and, in essence, is the causal topology of mental processes.

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Wahlberg, Mats. "A Cosmological Argument against Physicalism." European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 9, no. 2 (June 19, 2017): 165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v9i2.1938.

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In this article, I present a Leibnizian cosmological argument to the conclusion that either the totality of physical beings has a non-physical cause, or a necessary being exists. The crucial premise of the argument is a restricted version of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, namely the claim that every contingent physical phenomenon has a sufficient cause (PSR-P). I defend this principle by comparing it with a causal principle that is fundamental for physicalism, namely the Causal Closure of Physics, which says that every physical effect has a sufficient physical cause (CC). I find that the evidence for Causal Closure is weaker than the evidence for PSR-P, which means that physicalists who take CC to be justified must concede that PSR-P is also justified, and to a higher degree. Since my Leibnizian cosmological argument succeeds if PSR-P is granted, I conclude that physicalists must either give up CC and thereby physicalism, or accept that a necessary being exists.

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Nesic, Janko. "Dualism, mental explanations and explanatory exclusion." Theoria, Beograd 56, no. 1 (2013): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1301017n.

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Kim?s principle of explanatory exclusion (EE) generates the problem of mental explanation for dualism. Gibb argues that Kim?s principle is metaphysically implausible, but shows that a weaker principle EE* generates a similar problem for interactive dualism. In this paper I examine a possible dualistic response to arguments from EE and EE*. It is shown that both arguments from EE and EE* rest on the premises of the argument from overdetermination - causal exclusion and causal closure. Problem of explanatory exclusion can be reduced to the problem of causal overdetermination. I will show how an interactive dualist can make a plausible response to the argument from EE by rejecting the argument from causal overdetermination.

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McKay, Noah. "Problems with the “Problems” with Psychophysical Causation." Stance: An International Undergraduate Philosophy Journal 12 (2019): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/stance2019123.

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In this essay, I defend a mind-body dualism, according to which human minds are immaterial substances that exercise non-redundant causal powers over bodies, against the notorious problem of psychophysical causation. I explicate and reply to three formulations of the problem: (i) the claim that, on dualism, psychophysical causation is inconsistent with physical causal closure, (ii) the claim that psychophysical causation on the dualist view is intolerably mysterious, and (iii) Jaegwon Kim’s claim that dualism fails to account for causal pairings. Ultimately, I conclude that these objections fail and that dualist interactionism is no more problematic or mysterious than physical causation.

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McKay, Noah. "Problems with the "Problems" with Psychophysical Causation." Stance: an international undergraduate philosophy journal 12, no. 1 (September 25, 2019): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/s.12.1.32-43.

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In this essay, I defend a mind-body dualism, according to which human minds are immaterial substances that exercise non-redundant causal powers over bodies, against the notorious problem of psychophysical causation. I explicate and reply to three formulations of the problem: (i) the claim that, on dualism, psychophysical causation is inconsistent with physical causal closure, (ii) the claim that psychophysical causation on the dualist view is intolerably mysterious, and (iii) Jaegwon Kim’s claim that dualism fails to account for causal pairings. Ultimately, I conclude that these objections fail and that dualist interactionism is no more problematic or mysterious than physical causation.

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Kahn, Charles E. "Transitive closure of subsumption and causal relations in a large ontology of radiological diagnosis." Journal of Biomedical Informatics 61 (June 2016): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2016.03.015.

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Caponi, Gustavo. "Fisicalismo Experimental: A solução de Claude Bernard para um problema da Filosofia da Biologia atual/Experimental Physicalism: Claude Bernard's solution for a problem of current Philosophy of Biology." Pensando - Revista de Filosofia 6, no. 12 (February 22, 2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26694/pensando.v6i12.4485.

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A clausura causal do domínio físico pode ser aceita sem por isso negarmos que exista genuíno conhecimento causal, capaz de nos habilitar ao controle experimental dos fenômenos, que não esteja formulado em termos físicos, e que dificilmente possa ser formulado nesses termos. A Biologia dá bons exemplos disso: tal é o caso das explicações que articuladas na base da Teoria da Seleção Natural; mas também é o caso das explicações fisiológicas. Elas, conforme Claude Bernard soube mostrá-lo, podem fornecer efetivo e eficaz conhecimento causal, sem para isso ter que estar construídas em termos físico-químicos.Abstract: The causal closure of the physical domain can be accepted without denying that there exists genuine causal knowledge that can enable us to control experimental phenomena, but is not formulated in physical terms, and that can hardly be formulated in such terms. Biology gives good examples of it: such is the case of explanations articulated by Natural Selection Theory; but it is also the case of physiological explanations. These, as Claude Bernard could show, can provide effective and efficient causal knowledge without been constructed in physico -chemical terms. Keywords: Bernard, Claude; causal explanation; physicalism; reductionism; supervenience.

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Owen, Matthew. "The Causal Efficacy of Consciousness." Entropy 22, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22080823.

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Mental causation is vitally important to the integrated information theory (IIT), which says consciousness exists since it is causally efficacious. While it might not be directly apparent, metaphysical commitments have consequential entailments concerning the causal efficacy of consciousness. Commitments regarding the ontology of consciousness and the nature of causation determine which problem(s) a view of consciousness faces with respect to mental causation. Analysis of mental causation in contemporary philosophy of mind has brought several problems to the fore: the alleged lack of psychophysical laws, the causal exclusion problem, and the causal pairing problem. This article surveys the threat each problem poses to IIT based on the different metaphysical commitments IIT theorists might make. Distinctions are made between what I call reductive IIT, non-reductive IIT, and non-physicalist IIT, each of which make differing metaphysical commitments regarding the ontology of consciousness and nature of causation. Subsequently, each problem pertaining to mental causation is presented and its threat, or lack thereof, to each version of IIT is considered. While the lack of psychophysical laws appears unthreatening for all versions, reductive IIT and non-reductive IIT are seriously threatened by the exclusion problem, and it is difficult to see how they could overcome it while maintaining a commitment to the causal closure principle. Yet, non-physicalist IIT denies the principle but is therefore threatened by the pairing problem, to which I have elsewhere provided a response that is briefly outlined here. This problem also threatens non-reductive IIT, but unlike non-physicalist IIT it lacks an evident response. The ultimate aim of this survey is to provide a roadmap for IIT theorists through the maze of mental causation, by clarifying which commitments lead to which problems, and how they might or might not be overcome. Such a survey can aid IIT theorists as they further develop and hone the metaphysical commitments of IIT.

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Griffin, Robert J., and Shaikat Sen. "Causal Communication: Movie Portrayals and Audience Attributions for Vietnam Veterans' Problems." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72, no. 3 (September 1995): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909507200303.

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This study applies attribution theory to field research into communication and public perceptions of a social group. In particular, audience viewing of various popular Vietnam War films related to attributions audiences made for readjustment problems facing some Vietnam veterans, which in turn related to public opinion about government assistance to Vietnam veterans. Results also suggest that mass media might play a role in the social definition of the meaning of the Vietnam War as the United States comes to closure on that episode in history.

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Barros, Vesna, Itay Manes, Victor Akinwande, Celia Cintas, Osnat Bar-Shira, Michal Ozery-Flato, Yishai Shimoni, and Michal Rosen-Zvi. "A causal inference approach for estimating effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions during Covid-19 pandemic." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 28, 2022): e0265289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265289.

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In response to the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), governments worldwide have introduced multiple restriction policies, known as non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). However, the relative impact of control measures and the long-term causal contribution of each NPI are still a topic of debate. We present a method to rigorously study the effectiveness of interventions on the rate of the time-varying reproduction number Rt and on human mobility, considered here as a proxy measure of policy adherence and social distancing. We frame our model using a causal inference approach to quantify the impact of five governmental interventions introduced until June 2020 to control the outbreak in 113 countries: confinement, school closure, mask wearing, cultural closure, and work restrictions. Our results indicate that mobility changes are more accurately predicted when compared to reproduction number. All NPIs, except for mask wearing, significantly affected human mobility trends. From these, schools and cultural closure mandates showed the largest effect on social distancing. We also found that closing schools, issuing face mask usage, and work-from-home mandates also caused a persistent reduction on Rt after their initiation, which was not observed with the other social distancing measures. Our results are robust and consistent across different model specifications and can shed more light on the impact of individual NPIs.

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Pechsiri, Chaveevan, and Rapepun Piriyakul. "Causal Pathway Extraction from Web-Board Documents." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 10342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110342.

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This research aim is to extract causal pathways, particularly disease causal pathways, through cause-effect relation (CErel) extraction from web-board documents. The causal pathways benefit people with a comprehensible representation approach to disease complication. A causative/effect-concept expression is based on a verb phrase of an elementary discourse unit (EDU) or a simple sentence. The research has three main problems; how to determine CErel on an EDU-concept pair containing both causative and effect concepts in one EDU, how to extract causal pathways from EDU-concept pairs having CErel and how to indicate and represent implicit effect/causative-concept EDUs as implicit mediators with comprehension on extracted causal pathways. Therefore, we apply EDU’s word co-occurrence concept (wrdCoc) as an EDU-concept and the self-Cartesian product of a wrdCoc set from the documents for extracting wrdCoc pairs having CErel into a wrdCoc-pair set from the documents after learning CErel on wrdCoc pairs by supervised-machine learning. The wrdCoc-pair set is used for extracting the causal pathways by wrdCoc-pair matching through the documents. We then propose transitive closure and a dynamic template to indicate and represent the implicit mediators with the explicit ones. In contrast to previous works, the proposed approach enables causal-pathway extraction with high accuracy from the documents.

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Flay, Joseph C. "Rupture, Closure, and Dialectic." Hegel Bulletin 15, no. 01 (1994): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263523200002937.

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The general intent of this paper is to examine Hegel's preoccupation with the question of beginnings. To anticipate, in Hegel's view every account in respect to its beginning – indeed, everything in respect to its beginning – is both immediate and mediated. All things therefore begin having already begun; all things begin in medias res. But if all things begin having already begun, all things begin as a rupture of one sort or another. This necessity of rupture puts the problematic of beginnings for Hegel into clear focus: system, in order to be system, must involve closure; but because of the nature of beginnings, system must also involve rupture. A judicious view of the texts show, I think, that Hegel is not willing to give up either thesis. Consequently, if the system is to be viable, the rupture cannot efface the closure; but if the system is to begin, the closure must not efface the rupture. Rupture and closure must coexist. Hegel's concern with beginning, then, is a concern with how legitimately to initiate the system without either ignoring or effacing rupture, and without preempting the possibility of closure. In Parts One and Two I will establish Hegel's clear awareness of rupture and of the part it plays in the system. If we examine the Preface and Introduction to the Science of Logic and to the Phenomenology of 1807 we find Hegel discussing a series of ruptures – indeed a circle of ruptures – which begin with a rupture at the beginning of the Science of Logic. There is first this rupture in the system as system, instantiated in the necessary reference by the Logic back to the Phenomenology. Behind this, there is a rupture in the Phenomenology itself in its own mediated beginnings, a rupture rooted in the immediate experience of natural consciousness. Behind this second rupture there is a third, a rupture in the contemporary Zeitgeist as it is instantiated in the natural attitude of natural consciousness. This rupture takes the form of the loss in natural consciousness of traditional certitude, a loss brought about by the incursion of Kantian and post-Kantian philosophy on this natural, everyday consciousness. If we reflect back to the first rupture noted – that at the beginning of the Logic and put it into the context of this causal chain of ruptures, we see that philosophy in fact experiences a self-caused rupture. This self-caused rupture is due to philosophy's own effects on the Zeitgeist as internalized by natural consciousness at the end of the eighteenth and in the first half of the nineteenth centuries.

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Diaz, Véronique, Dominique Dorion, Irenej Kianicka, Patrick Létourneau, and Jean-Paul Praud. "Vagal afferents and active upper airway closure during pulmonary edema in lambs." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 1561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.5.1561.

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The present study was undertaken to gain further insight into the mechanisms responsible for the sustained active expiratory upper airway closure previously observed during high-permeability pulmonary edema in lambs. The experiments were conducted in nonsedated lambs, in which airflow and thyroarytenoid and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle electromyographic activity were recorded. We first studied the consequences of hemodynamic pulmonary edema (induced by impeding pulmonary venous return) on upper airway dynamics in five lambs; under this condition, a sustained expiratory upper airway closure consistently appeared. We then tested whether expiratory upper airway closure was related to vagal afferent activity from bronchopulmonary receptors. Five bivagotomized lambs underwent high-permeability pulmonary edema: no sustained expiratory upper airway closure was observed. Finally, we studied whether a sustained decrease in lung volume induced a sustained expiratory upper airway closure. Five lambs underwent a 250-ml pleural infusion: no sustained expiratory upper airway closure was observed. We conclude that 1) the sustained expiratory upper airway closure observed during pulmonary edema in nonsedated lambs is related to stimulation of vagal afferents by an increase in lung water and 2) a decrease in lung volume does not seem to be the causal factor.

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Baumgartner, Michael. "Interventionism and Epiphenomenalism." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 40, no. 3 (September 2010): 359–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2010.10716727.

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One of the central objectives Shapiro and Sober pursue in (2007) is to show that what they call the master argument for epiphenomenalism, which is a type of causal exclusion argument, fails. Epiphe nomenalism, according to the terminology adopted in (Shapiro and Sober 2007), designates the thesis that supervening macro properties (or variables or factors) have no causal influence on micro proper ties that are caused by the micro supervenience bases of those macro properties. Well-known classical exclusion arguments are designed to yield such macro-tomicro epiphenomenalism along the lines of the following reasoning: subject to the widely accepted principle of the causal closure of the physical, there exists a causally sufficient micro cause for every micro effect; if it is additionally assumed that macro properties supervene on micro properties without being identical (or reducible) to the latter and if — in light of the rareness of cases of causal overdetermination — micro effects are assumed not to be systematically overdetermined, it follows that macro properties are causally inert with respect to effects of their micro supervenience bases.

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Bennett, Andrew, and Colin Elman. "Complex Causal Relations and Case Study Methods: The Example of Path Dependence." Political Analysis 14, no. 3 (2006): 250–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpj020.

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This article discusses the application of qualitative methods in analyzing causal complexity. In particular, the essay reviews how process tracing and systematic case comparisons can address path-dependent explanations. The article unpacks the concept of path dependence and its component elements of causal possibility, contingency, closure of alternatives, and constraints to the current path. The article then reviews four strengths that case studies bring to the study of path dependence: offering a detailed and holistic analysis of sequences in historical cases, being suitable for the study of rare events, facilitating the search for omitted variables that might lie behind contingent events, and allowing for the study of interaction effects within one or a few cases.

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Hiers, Wesley. "Party Matters." Social Science History 37, no. 2 (2013): 255–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200010658.

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For nearly two centuries the United States was a democracy that institutionalized in law inequality between racially defined segments of the population. This article shows that such racial closure was causally linked to the workings of a party system in which one party was organized as an interregional alliance for the principles and practices of white supremacy. It does so through a detailed analysis of three historical outcomes: (1) variation in the establishment of racial closure laws across the North during the antebellum period, (2) the elimination of racial closure laws in the North after the Civil War, and (3) the failed attempt in the postbellum South to overcome racial closure in voting. Throughout the analysis of these three outcomes, the article shows that the party model conforms to the empirical record better than three major alternatives that emphasize the causal power of public opinion (electorate model), elite bargaining and consensus (elite model), and the racial preferences of the white working class (class model).

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Copp, Andrew J. "Relationship between timing of posterior neuropore closure and development of spinal neural tube defects in mutant (curly tail) and normal mouse embryos in culture." Development 88, no. 1 (August 1, 1985): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.88.1.39.

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The relationship between timing of closure of the posterior neuropore (PNP) and development of spinal neural tube defects (NTD) has been studied in individual mutant curly tail mouse embryos maintained in culture. Moderate delay in PNP closure results in development of tail flexion defects whereas extreme delay of PNP closure is associated with development of open NTD. Experimental enlargement of the PNP at the stage of 25 to 29 somites leads to delayed PNP closure and development of tail flexion defects in 36 % and 38 % respectively of non-mutant A/Strong embryos. In curly tail embryos, the effect of experimental enlargement of the PNP summates with the genetic predisposition to produce an increased incidence of spinal NTD among which open defects are proportionately more common. These results indicate that a causal relationship exists between delay in PNP closure and development of spinal NTD in mouse embryos. The method described for distinguishing between prospective normal and abnormal curly tail embryos at a stage prior to the appearance of malformations provides an opportunity to study the morphogenetic processes that precede the development of genetically determined spinal NTD.

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40

Šuster, Danilo. "Arguing about Free Will." Croatian journal of philosophy 21, no. 63 (December 27, 2021): 375–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.52685/cjp.21.63.2.

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I explore some issues in the logics and dialectics of practical modalities connected with the Consequence Argument (CA) considered as the best argument for the incompatibility of free will and determinism. According to Lewis (1981) in one of the possible senses of (in)ability, the argument is not valid; however, understood in the other of its possible senses, the argument is not sound. This verdict is based on the assessment of the modal version of the argument, where the crucial notion is power necessity (“no choice” operator), while Lewis analyses the version where the central notion is the locution “cannot render false.”Lewis accepts closure of the relevant (in)ability operator under entailment but not closure under implication. His strategy has a seemingly strange corollary: a free predetermined agent is able (in a strong, causal sense) to falsity the conjunction of history and law. I compare a Moorean position with respect to radical skepticism and knowledge closure with ability closure and propose to explain Lewis’s strategy in the framework of his Moorean stance.

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41

Benbaji, Hagit. "Token Monism, Event Dualism and Overdetermination." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 40, no. 1 (March 2010): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cjp.0.0081.

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The argument from causal overdetermination (‘the CO-argument’) is considered to be the shortest route to token monism. It only assumes that:1.Efficacy: Mental events are causes of physical events.2.Closure: Every physical event has a sufficient physical cause (if it has any sufficient cause).3.Exclusion: Systematic Causal Overdetermination (CO) is impossible: if an event x is a sufficient cause of an event y then no event x* distinct from x is a cause of y.4.Identity: Therefore, mental events are physical events.Exclusion does not deny the possibility of two gunmen that fi re at a victim at the same time. But event-dualism is like a systematic fi ringsquad case — whenever I want to raise my arm, my arm is raised, and that is intolerable.

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42

Calugaru, Dan. "Intraocular pressure modifications in patients with acute central/hemicentral retinal vein occlusions." International Journal of Ophthalmology 14, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 931–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2021.06.20.

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Intraocular pressure (IOP) modifications in patients with acute central/hemicentral retinal vein occlusions (RVOs) consist in IOP reductions and increases. The IOP reduction is due to a transitional hyposecretory phase of the aqueous humor, that increases gradually until 3mo after the venous occlusion onset, and then finally disappears after month 4th. The IOP increases lead to the ocular hypertension and glaucoma. The possible pathogenetic correlations between ocular hypertension/glaucoma and acute central/hemicentral RVOs have been classified into three groups: 1) the venous occlusion precedes the ocular hypertension/glaucoma causing neovascular glaucoma and secondary angle-closure glaucoma without rubeosis; 2) the ocular hypertension and the glaucoma precede the venous occlusion and favor its appearance (ocular hypertension, primary angle-closure, primary angle-closure glaucoma, and open angle glaucomas); and 3) the venous occlusion and the ocular hypertension/glaucoma are mostly age dependent appearances due to common vascular and collagen alterations, lacking a causal connection between the 2 conditions.

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Mintz, Jim, Lois Mintz, and Michael J. Goldstein. "Expressed Emotion and Relapse in First Episodes of Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 3 (September 1987): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.151.3.314.

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Re-analyses of data presented by Macmillan et al (1986b) challenge their conclusions that high expressed emotion is not prognosticate significant for the course of schizophrenia or unrelated to the level of behavioural disturbance prior to admission. Several equally plausible models of causal relationships between EE and duration of untreated illness are presented. We conclude that our re-analyses of the Macmillan data do not warrant premature closure regarding the significance of the EE variable.

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He, Jun-Min, Hua Xu, Xiao-Ping She, Xi-Gui Song, and Wen-Ming Zhao. "The role and the interrelationship of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in the UV-B-induced stomatal closure in broad bean." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 3 (2005): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp04185.

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Previous studies have showed that UV-B can stimulate closure as well as opening of stomata. However, the mechanism of this complex effect of UV-B is not clear. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role and the interrelationship of H2O2 and NO in UV-B-induced stomatal closure in broad bean (Vicia faba L.). By epidermal strip bioassay and laser-scanning confocal microscopy, we observed that UV-B-induced stomatal closure could be largely prevented not only by NO scavenger c-PTIO or NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor l-NAME, but also by ascorbic acid (ASC, an important reducing substrate for H2O2 removal) or catalase (CAT, the H2O2 scavenger), and that UV-B-induced NO and H2O2 production in guard cells preceded UV-B-induced stomatal closure. These results indicate that UV-B radiation induces stomatal closure by promoting NO and H2O2 production. In addition, c-PTIO, l-NAME, ASC and CAT treatments could effectively inhibit not only UV-B-induced NO production, but also UV-B-induced H2O2 production. Exogenous H2O2-induced NO production and stomatal closure were partly abolished by c-PTIO and l-NAME. Similarly, exogenous NO donor sodium nitroprusside-induced H2O2 production and stomatal closure were also partly reversed by ASC and CAT. These results show a causal and interdependent relationship between NO and H2O2 during UV-B-regulated stomatal movement. Furthermore, the l-NAME data also indicate that the NO in guard cells of Vicia faba is probably produced by a NOS-like enzyme.

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45

She, Xiaoping, and Xigui Song. "Pharmacological evidence indicates that MAPKK/CDPK modulate NO levels in darkness-induced stomatal closure of broad bean." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 4 (2008): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07145.

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By using pharmacological approaches and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) based on 4, 5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2 DA), the roles of MAPKK/CDPK and their effects on nitric oxide (NO) levels of guard cells during darkness-induced stomatal closure in broad bean were investigated. The results indicated that both 2′-amino-3′-methoxyflavone (PD98059) (an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, MAPKK) and trifluoperazine (TFP) (a specific inhibitor of calcium-dependent protein kinase, CDPK) reduced the levels of NO in guard cells and significantly reversed darkness-induced stomatal closure, implying that MAPKK/CDPK mediate darkness-induced stomatal closure by enhancing NO levels in guard cells. In addition, as with NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO), but not with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-Arg-methyl ester (L-NAME), PD98059 and TFP not only reduced 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2 DA) fluorescence in guard cells by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in light, but also abolished NO that had been generated during a dark period, and reversed stomatal closure by SNP and by darkness, suggesting MAPKK and CDPK are probably related to restraining the NO scavenging to elevate NO levels in guard cells, during darkness-induced stomatal closure. The results also showed that both PD98059 and TFP reduced stomatal closure by SNP, implying that the possibility of MAPKK and CDPK acting as the target downstream of NO should not be ruled out. There may be a causal and interdependent relationship between MAPKK/CDPK and NO in darkness-induced stomatal closure, and in the process this cross-talk may lead to the formation of a self-amplification loop about them.

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46

BANACH, ZBIGNIEW. "A SYMMETRIC HYPERBOLIC FORMULATION OF THE GENERAL RELATIVISTIC MOMENT EQUATIONS FOR MATTER AND RADIATION." Journal of Hyperbolic Differential Equations 04, no. 01 (March 2007): 65–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219891607001021.

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For a fluid-radiation mixture, i.e. a relativistic gas consisting of material particles and photons, we derive a 14D causal evolution system of first-order symmetric hyperbolic form for a set of basic physical gas-state variables, which is defined relative to a network of observers with arbitrary 4-velocities. This system is obtained by taking moments of the relativistic Boltzmann equation (the so-called central moments) and by truncating and closing the resulting system of moment equations by means of an appropriate (5+9)-moment closure prescription. The material medium under consideration is assumed to be a nonbarotropic perfect gas described by a local Jüttner equilibrium distribution function. With regards to the photon gas, we employ the modified Grad-type approach, which begins by expanding the phase density (i.e. the number density of photons) about a local Planck equilibrium distribution and including the trace-free anisotropic pressure in the expansion. The main advantage of using the above (5+9)-moment closure prescription is that the matter fluid's peculiar velocity and the radiative heat flux are incorporated into the model in a non-perturbative manner, thereby allowing virtually arbitrarily large values for the individual components of these dynamical variables. Within the framework of a reduced 3 + 1 orthonormal frame formalism, we also explain how to choose the initially arbitrary 4-velocity vector field, as this is crucial for the determination of the full 38D causal matter-radiation-gravity system.

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47

Tetlock, Philip E., and Richard Ned Lebow. "Poking Counterfactual Holes in Covering Laws: Cognitive Styles and Historical Reasoning." American Political Science Review 95, no. 4 (December 2001): 829–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055400400043.

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We report a series of studies of historical reasoning among professional observers of world politics. The correlational studies demonstrate that experts with strong theoretical commitments to a covering law and cognitive-stylistic preferences for explanatory closure are more likely to reject close-call Counterfactual that imply that “already explained” historical outcomes could easily have taken radically different forms. The experimental studies suggest that counterfactual reasoning is not totally theory-driven: Many experts are capable of surprising themselves when encouraged to imagine the implications of particular what-if scenarios. Yet, there is a downside to openness to historical contingency. The more effort experts allocate to exploring counterfactual worlds, the greater is the risk that they will assign too much subjective probability to too many scenarios. We close by defining good judgment as a reflective-equilibrium process of balancing the conflicting causal intuitions primed by complementary factual and counterfactual posings of historical questions.

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48

Gustafsson, Charlotta, Pia Vuola, Junnu Leikola, and Arja Heliövaara. "Pierre Robin Sequence: Incidence of Speech-Correcting Surgeries and Fistula Formation." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 3 (September 17, 2019): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619874991.

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Objective: Children with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) and cleft palate have a high rate of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) following primary palatoplasty. Our purpose was to determine the long-term incidence of speech-correcting surgeries (SCSs) and fistula rates in PRS after primary palatoplasty and the influence of possible causal factors. Design: A retrospective single-center, observational chart review study. Participants: After exclusion, the study cohort comprised 78 nonsyndromic PRS children (48 females) born between 1990 and 2009 and treated at the Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Center of Helsinki University Hospital, Finland. Causal factors included gender, surgeon, age at primary palatoplasty, surgical technique, airway obstruction in infancy, and cleft severity. We analyzed the outcome at age 8 years and at data retrieval, with a median follow-up of 14 years (range: 8-27 years). Results: Thirty-four (43.6%) children received SCS by age 8 years, and of the 19 (24.4%) postoperative fistulas, 6 (7.7%) underwent closure. At data retrieval, 37 (47.4%) children had undergone SCS and 8 (10.3%) had a fistula closure. Median age at SCS was 6 years. The results showed no significant association for gender, surgeon, age at primary palatoplasty, surgical technique, cleft severity, or airway obstruction in infancy regarding incidence of SCS, fistulas, or repaired fistulas. Conclusion: Pierre Robin sequence in children is associated with a high incidence of SCS and fistula formation, which necessitates accurate clinical follow-up and observation of speech development. The development of VPI in PRS is complex and most likely involving multiple factors.

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Junna, Liina, Heta Moustgaard, Kristiina Huttunen, and Pekka Martikainen. "The Association Between Unemployment and Mortality: A Cohort Study of Workplace Downsizing and Closure." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 7 (January 24, 2020): 698–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa010.

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Abstract Workplace downsizing and closure have been considered natural experiments that strengthen causal inference when assessing the association between unemployment and health. Selection into unemployment plays a lesser role among those exposed to severe workplace downsizing. This study compared mortality for individuals unemployed from stable, downsized, and closed workplaces with a reference group unexposed to unemployment. We examined nationally representative register data of residents of Finland aged 25–63 years in 1990–2009 (n = 275,738). Compared with the control group, the hazard ratio for substance use–related mortality among men unemployed from stable workplaces was 2.43 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.22, 2.67), from downsized workplaces 1.85 (CI: 1.65, 2.08), and from closed workplaces 2.16 (CI: 1.84, 2.53). Among women, the corresponding estimates were 3.01 (CI: 2.42, 3.74), 2.39 (CI: 1.75, 3.27), and 1.47 (CI: 1.09, 1.99). Unemployment from stable workplaces was associated with mortality from psychiatric and self-harm–related conditions. However, mortality due to ischemic heart disease and other somatic diseases decreased for those unemployed following closure. The results indicate that selection mechanisms partially explain the excess mortality among the unemployed. However, substance-use outcomes among men and women, and fatal accidents and violence among men, might be causally associated with unemployment.

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Kattura, Rania, and Prakeh Shet. "Aripiprazole induced hiccups." Mental Health Clinician 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.n166817.

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Hiccups are a product of involuntary, intermittent spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles that results in sudden inspiration and abrupt closure of the glottis. The exact pathophysiology of hiccups remains unknown. However, certain neurotransmitters, medications, and other factors have been implicated. We report a case of a 38 year old patient who developed hiccups three days after adding aripiprazole 5 mg once a day to his medication regimen. Medical and environmental causes were ruled out and aripiprazole was discontinued. One day later, the hiccups resolved. Several case reports have described patients who developed hiccups when treated with aripiprazole and related this to changes in neurotransmitter concentrations. However, due to limited literature, it was difficult to determine rate of occurrence of this adverse event with aripiprazole. A temporal but not a causal relationship was observed between initiating aripiprazole and development of hiccups in this patient. A causal relationship cannot be established since the patient was not re-challenged with aripiprazole. Nonetheless, clinicians should be cognizant that use of aripiprazole may be associated with hiccups.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Causal closure'

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