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Journal articles on the topic 'Causal deviance'
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McDonnell, Neil. "The Deviance in Deviant Causal Chains." Thought: A Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 3 (2015): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tht3.169.
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Alicke, Mark D., and David Rose. "Culpable Control and Causal Deviance." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 6, no. 10 (2012): 723–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00459.x.
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Aguilar, Jesús H. "BASIC CAUSAL DEVIANCE, ACTION REPERTOIRES, AND RELIABILITY." Philosophical Issues 22, no. 1 (2012): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-6077.2012.00216.x.
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Pizarro, David A., Eric Uhlmann, and Paul Bloom. "Causal deviance and the attribution of moral responsibility." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39, no. 6 (2003): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00041-6.
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Hamm, Jordan P., Yuriy Shymkiv, Shuting Han, Weijian Yang, and Rafael Yuste. "Cortical ensembles selective for context." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 14 (2021): e2026179118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026179118.
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Neural processing of sensory information is strongly influenced by context. For instance, cortical responses are reduced to predictable stimuli, while responses are increased to novel stimuli that deviate from contextual regularities. Such bidirectional modulation based on preceding sensory context is likely a critical component or manifestation of attention, learning, and behavior, yet how it arises in cortical circuits remains unclear. Using volumetric two-photon calcium imaging and local field potentials in primary visual cortex (V1) from awake mice presented with visual “oddball” paradigms, we identify both reductions and augmentations of stimulus-evoked responses depending, on whether the stimulus was redundant or deviant, respectively. Interestingly, deviance-augmented responses were limited to a specific subset of neurons mostly in supragranular layers. These deviance-detecting cells were spatially intermixed with other visually responsive neurons and were functionally correlated, forming a neuronal ensemble. Optogenetic suppression of prefrontal inputs to V1 reduced the contextual selectivity of deviance-detecting ensembles, demonstrating a causal role for top-down inputs. The presence of specialized context-selective ensembles in primary sensory cortex, modulated by higher cortical areas, provides a circuit substrate for the brain’s construction and selection of prediction errors, computations which are key for survival and deficient in many psychiatric disorders.
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Kendler, K. S., K. Jacobson, J. M. Myers, and L. J. Eaves. "A genetically informative developmental study of the relationship between conduct disorder and peer deviance in males." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 7 (2007): 1001–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707001821.
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BackgroundConduct disorder (CD) and peer deviance (PD) both powerfully predict future externalizing behaviors. Although levels of CD and PD are strongly correlated, the causal relationship between them has remained controversial and has not been examined by a genetically informative study.MethodLevels of CD and PD were assessed in 746 adult male–male twin pairs at personal interview for ages 8–11, 12–14 and 15–17 years using a life history calendar. Model fitting was performed using the Mx program.ResultsThe best-fit model indicated an active developmental relationship between CD and PD including forward transmission of both traits over time and strong causal relationships between CD and PD within time periods. The best-fit model indicated that the causal relationship for genetic risk factors was from CD to PD and was constant over time. For common environmental factors, the causal pathways ran from PD to CD and were stronger in earlier than later age periods.ConclusionA genetically informative model revealed causal pathways difficult to elucidate by other methods. Genes influence risk for CD, which, through social selection, impacts on the deviance of peers. Shared environment, through family and community processes, encourages or discourages adolescent deviant behavior, which, via social influence, alters risk for CD. Social influence is more important than social selection in childhood, but by late adolescence social selection becomes predominant. These findings have implications for prevention efforts for CD and associated externalizing disorders.
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Rogers, Ross, Mark D. Alicke, Sarah G. Taylor, David Rose, Teresa L. Davis, and Dori Bloom. "Causal deviance and the ascription of intent and blame." Philosophical Psychology 32, no. 3 (2019): 404–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2018.1564025.
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Mele, Alfred R. "Goal-Directed Action: Teleological Explanations, Causal Theories, and Deviance." Nous 34, s14 (2000): 279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0029-4624.34.s14.15.
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Stueber, Karsten R. "The Causal Autonomy of Reason Explanations and How Not to Worry about Causal Deviance." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 43, no. 1 (2012): 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393112463337.
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Paul, Sarah K. "Deviant Formal Causation." Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 5, no. 3 (2017): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v5i3.55.
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What is the role of practical thought in determining the intentional action that is performed? Donald Davidson’s influential answer to this question is that thought plays an efficient-causal role: intentional actions are those events that have the correct causal pedigree in the agent's beliefs and desires. But the Causal Theory of Action has always been plagued with the problem of “deviant causal chains,” in which the right action is caused by the right mental state but in the wrong way. This paper addresses an alternative approach to understanding intentional action inspired by G.E.M. Anscombe, interpreting that view as casting practical thought in the role of formal rather than efficient cause of action and thereby avoiding the problem of deviant (efficient) causal chains. Specifically, on the neo-Anscombean view, it is the agent’s “practical knowledge” – non-observational, non-inferential knowledge of what one is doing – that confers the form of intentional action on an event and is the contribution of thought to determining what is intentionally done. This paper argues that the Anscombean view is subject to its own problematic type of deviance: deviant formal causation. What we know non-observationally about what we are doing often includes more than what we intend to be doing; we also know that we are bringing about the foreseen side effects of acting in the intended way. It is argued that the neo-Anscombean view faces difficulty in excluding the expected side effects from the specification of what is intentionally done, whereas the Causal Theory has no such difficulty. Thus, the discussion amounts to an argument in favor of the Causal Theory of Action.
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Stinson, Jill D., Judith V. Becker, and Bruce D. Sales. "Self-Regulation and the Etiology of Sexual Deviance: Evaluating Causal Theory." Violence and Victims 23, no. 1 (2008): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.1.35.
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Recently introduced theories of sex offending, including the self-regulation model and the multimodal self-regulation theory, have implicated self-regulatory deficits as a key variable in the development of sexually inappropriate interests and behaviors. While dysregulation has been considered an important component of a variety of behavioral, emotional, and interpersonal disorders, sexual behaviors have rarely been conceptualized within this context. In this study, we have examined a number of variables linked to self-regulation and dysfunctional outcomes in a sample of 95 sex-offending men. Results of a path analysis demonstrated that self-regulatory deficits were significantly predictive of paraphilic and antisocial behaviors in this group. Implications for our understanding of the etiology of sexual deviance and future research in this area are discussed.
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Ahmad Bodla, Ali, Ningyu Tang, Rolf Van Dick, and Usman Riaz Mir. "Authoritarian leadership, organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational deviance." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 40, no. 5 (2019): 583–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-08-2018-0313.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between authoritarian leadership, organizational citizenship behavior toward one’s supervisor (OCBS) and organizational deviance. The authors hypothesized curvilinear relationships between authoritarian leadership and OCBS, and between authoritarian leadership and organizational deviance. Design/methodology/approach The authors analyzed two-source survey data of 240 employee–supervisor dyads collected from seven organizations in Pakistan. Findings Employees exhibited most OCBS and least organizational deviance at intermediate levels of authoritarian leadership. Employees’ perception of a benevolent climate at work moderated the curvilinear relations. Research limitations/implications The authors cannot draw causal inferences because of cross-sectional data. Furthermore, the authors’ results may be limited to cultures with high collectivism and high power distance. Practical implications This study envisions and illuminates a new avenue of curvilinear relationships among authoritarian leadership, OCBS and organizational deviance. Originality/value The two sources (employee–supervisor dyads) data collected from seven organizations supported a unique curvilinear relationship between authoritarian leadership, OCBS and organizational deviance.
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Sanford, Andrew D. "Granger causality in volatility between Australian equity and debt markets: A Bayesian analysis." Corporate Ownership and Control 9, no. 1 (2011): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv9i1c6art2.
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This paper is concerned with identifying Granger causality in the volatilities of returns between the Australian equity and debt markets. Using a bivariate stochastic volatility model previously described by Yu and Renate (2006), we estimate and compare four causal models between equity market volatility, and the short term and long term debt market volatilities. The causal models are compared with two non-causal, bivariate stochastic volatility models. Models comparisons are performed using the Deviance Information Criteria (DIC). Modelling results suggest that bond market volatility Granger causes equity market volatility. Equity volatility and money market volatility show evidence of Granger causality between the two, but no dominate causal direction is identified suggesting causal feedback between the two market volatilities.
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Peng, Yen-Chun, Liang-Ju Chen, Chen-Chieh Chang, and Wen-Long Zhuang. "Workplace bullying and workplace deviance." Employee Relations 38, no. 5 (2016): 755–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-01-2016-0014.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between workplace bullying and workplace deviance. This study also examined the mediating effect of emotional exhaustion and the moderating effect of core self-evaluations (CSE) in the relationship between workplace bullying and workplace deviance. Design/methodology/approach – Convenience sampling was used in this study; 262 caregivers at a long-term care institution in Taiwan participated in the study. Findings – The results of this study showed that workplace bullying positively and significantly influenced workplace deviance; emotional exhaustion fully mediated the relationship between workplace bullying and deviance; and CSE significantly moderated the relationship between workplace bullying and deviance. Research limitations/implications – The self-reporting method and cross-sectional research design adopted in this study might have resulted in common method variance and limited the ability to make causal inferences. This study suggest future studies to obtain measures of predictor and criterion variables from different sources or ensure a temporal, proximal, or psychological separation between predictor and criterion in the collection of data to avoid the common method bias. Practical implications – Businesses should establish a friendly work environment and prevent employees from encountering workplace bullying. Next, an unbiased process for internal complaints should be established. Finally, this study suggests recruiting employees with high CSE. Originality/value – This study was the first to simultaneously consider the effect of emotional exhaustion (a mediator) and CSE (a moderator) on the relationship between workplace bullying and workplace deviance.
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Kendler, K. S., H. Ohlsson, B. Mezuk, K. Sundquist, and J. Sundquist. "Exposure to peer deviance during childhood and risk for drug abuse: a Swedish national co-relative control study." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 4 (2014): 855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001937.
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Background.Peer deviance (PD) is associated with risk for drug abuse (DA). Is this association causal?Method.DA was recorded in official records. PD was defined as the percentage of peers residing in small communities with future DA registrations. We examined offspring in families whose community PD changed when the offspring was 0–15 years of age and then examined families where cousins or siblings differed in their years of exposure to low or high PD communities.Results.The duration of exposure to PD was strongly associated with future DA. Co-relative analyses for families whose exposure to PD declined suggested that the PD–DA association was largely non-causal. Within full-sibling pairs in such families, the length of exposure to low PD environments was unrelated to risk for DA. By contrast, co-relative analyses in families where exposure to PD increased over time indicated that the PD–DA association was largely causal. In such families, siblings who differed in the duration of their exposure to high PD differed in their risk for subsequent DA. These results were replicated in families whose PD changed because they moved or because of changes in the community in which they resided.Conclusions.Within families whose social environment is improving over time, the association between PD exposure and offspring DA outcomes is not causal but is due to familial confounding. Within families whose social environment is deteriorating, the PD–DA association seems to be largely causal. Our measure of PD may also reflect broader aspects of the community environment beyond peers.
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Driesen, Joshua, Ziad El-Khatib, Niklas Wulkow, et al. "Data-Powered Positive Deviance during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic—An Ecological Pilot Study of German Districts." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (2021): 9765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189765.
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We introduced the mixed-methods Data-Powered Positive Deviance (DPPD) framework as a potential addition to the set of tools used to search for effective response strategies against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. For this purpose, we conducted a DPPD study in the context of the early stages of the German SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We used a framework of scalable quantitative methods to identify positively deviant German districts that is novel in the scientific literature on DPPD, and subsequently employed qualitative methods to identify factors that might have contributed to their comparatively successful reduction of the forward transmission rate. Our qualitative analysis suggests that quick, proactive, decisive, and flexible/pragmatic actions, the willingness to take risks and deviate from standard procedures, good information flows both in terms of data collection and public communication, alongside the utilization of social network effects were deemed highly important by the interviewed districts. Our study design with its small qualitative sample constitutes an exploratory and illustrative effort and hence does not allow for a clear causal link to be established. Thus, the results cannot necessarily be extrapolated to other districts as is. However, the findings indicate areas for further research to assess these strategies’ effectiveness in a broader study setting. We conclude by stressing DPPD’s strengths regarding replicability, scalability, adaptability, as well as its focus on local solutions, which make it a promising framework to be applied in various contexts, e.g., in the context of the Global South.
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Iqbal, Muhammad Zafar, and Jahan Ara Shams. "A Study of Self Control and Deviant Behavior of Secondary School Students of Mirpur, Azad Kashmir." FWU Journal of Social Sciences 14, no. 4 (2020): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51709/fw127210.
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This study aimed at finding the effect of self control (SC) on deviant behavior (DB) of Students. The approach of the study was quantitative. Causal comparative research design was used to investigate the effect of self control on students’ deviance. Students (8940) of grade 9th and 10th of all public schools of Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) constituted the population of this study. Data were collected from 470 students of Mirpur, AJK. Out of them there were 291 males and 179 were females. Two scales, SC Scale originally developed by Grasmick et al., (1993) and Normative Deviance Scale by Vazsonyi et al., (2001) were adapted to measure the SC and DB of the students respectively. Descriptive statistics, t-test and linear regression were applied to analyze the data. Results of the study found a low level of SC and high level of DB among the secondary school students. Female were more SC led as compared to the males whereas male showed more DB than females. Regression analysis showed that SC has significant positive effect on the DB and it brings 49.8% variability in the DB of the secondary school students. It was recommended that SC related activities should be added into the curriculum at primary level as this is the best age for the development of SC into the students. Workshops and seminars should be held at Secondary Schools to bring awareness on the benefits of SC for the teachers and students.
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Curry, Theodore R. "Integrating Motivating and Constraining Forces in Deviance Causation: A Test of Causal Chain Hypotheses in Control Balance Theory." Deviant Behavior 26, no. 6 (2005): 571–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639620500218286.
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Ermania Widjajantin and Rusmilawati Windari. "PEDOPHILIA AS A FORM OF SEXUAL DEVIANCE FROM A SOCIAL BONDS THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE." IIUM Law Journal 29, (S1) (2021): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v29i(s1).641.
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Sexual crimes have seen a considerably increase in Indonesia. It not only affects women but also children. Sexual crime against children is also known as “pedophilia” and has now become a terrifying phenomenon. The escalation of sexual crime against children in Indonesia shows that there is a dire need to look into possible prevention strategies to sexual crime prevention. Considering the rapid increase of case of pedophilia in Indonesia, the government has enacted more severe punisment to the offender, that is, by imposing chemical castration under the Law No. 17 Year 2016 on the second amendment of the Law No. 23 Year 2002 on child protection. This article examines the causal factors of pedophilia by employing the social bonds theory introduced by Travis Hirschi. The primary premise of this theory states that deliquency comes up when social bonds tend to be fragile or not unavailable, or in other words, the stronger there bonds, the less likelihood of delinquency. Hirschi also mentioned four social bonds that push up socialization and conformity in society, those are: attachment, commitment, involvement, dan belief. Finally, the problems raised in this article is how does pedophilia in perspective of social bonds theory?. This article is a legal research with normative approach. It is geared to look phaedophilia as a sexual deviance in perspective of social bonds theory.
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Kendler, K. S., S. L. Lönn, J. Sundquist, and K. Sundquist. "The role of marriage in criminal recidivism: a longitudinal and co-relative analysis." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 26, no. 6 (2017): 655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016000640.
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Aims.Marriage is associated with a reduced rate of criminal recidivism, but the underlying mechanisms have only partly been elucidated. We seek to clarify the nature of the association between marriage and recidivism and how that relationship may be moderated as a function of gender, deviance of spouse, a history of violence and familial risk.Method.We utilise a longitudinal cohort design consisting of Swedish men (n = 239 328) and women (n = 72 280), born between 1958 and 1986, who were convicted of at least one crime before age 20 and were not married prior to age 20. The analyses used Cox regression with marriage as a time-dependent covariate. We also perform co-relative analyses in sibling and first cousin pairs.Results.Marriage after a first crime substantially reduces risk of recidivism in both males (hazard ratio (HR) with key covariates and 95% confidence intervals 0.55, 0.53–0.57) and females (HR = 0.38, 0.34–0.42), although the effect is stronger in females. Marriage to a deviant spouse increases recidivism rates in males. In males, a history of violent criminality and high familial risk, respectively, decrease and increase sensitivity to the protective effect of marriage on recidivism. Consistent with a causal effect of marriage on recidivism, marriage was associated with a decline in risk for criminal relapse comparable with that in the population in both male–male sibling pairs (raw HR = 0.53, 0.45–0.62) and cousin pairs (HR = 0.55, 0.47, 0.65) concordant for prior convictions.Conclusions.The protective effect of marriage on risk for criminal recidivism is likely largely causal and is of importance in both males and females. Those at high familial risk for criminal behaviour are more sensitive to the protective effects of marriage.
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Mohammadi, Yahya, Davoud Ali Saghi, Ali Reza Shahdadi, Guilherme Jordão de Magalhães Rosa, and Morteza Sattaei Mokhtari. "Inferring phenotypic causal structures among body weight traits via structural equation modeling in Kurdi sheep." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 42 (June 8, 2020): e48823. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.48823.
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Data collected on 2550 Kurdi lambs originated from 1505 dams and 149 sires during 1991 to 2015 in Hossein Abad Kurdi Sheep Breeding Station, located in Shirvan city, North Khorasan province, North-eastern area of Iran, were used for inferring causal relationship among the body weights at birth (BW), at weaning (WW), at six-month age (6MW), at nine-month age (9MW) and yearling age (YW). The inductive causation (IC) algorithm was employed to search for causal structure among these traits. This algorithm was applied to the posterior distribution of the residual (co)variance matrix of a standard multivariate model (SMM). The causal structure detected by the IC algorithm coupling with biological prior knowledge provides a temporal recursive causal network among the studied traits. The studied traits were analyzed under three multivariate models including SMM, fully recursive multivariate model (FRM) and IC-based multivariate model (ICM) via a Bayesian approach by 100,000 iterations, thinning interval of 10 and the first 10,000 iterations as burn-in. The three considered multivariate models (SMM, FRM and ICM) were compared using deviance information criterion (DIC) and predictive ability measures including mean square of error (MSE) and Pearson's correlation coefficient between the observed and predicted values (r(y, )) of records. In general, structural equation based models (FRM and ICM) performed better than SMM in terms of lower DIC and MSE and also higher r(y, ). Among the tested models ICM had the lowest (36678.551) and SMM had the highest (36744.107)DIC values. In each case of the traits studied, the lowest MSE and the highest r(y, ) were obtained under ICM. The causal effects of BW on WW, WW on 6MW, 6MW on 9MW and 9MW on YW were statistically significant values of 1.478, 0.737, 0.776 and 0.929 kg, respectively (99% highest posterior density intervals did not include zero).
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Kunsch, David W., Karin Schnarr, and W. Glenn Rowe. "Effects of the environment on illegal cartel activity." Journal of Strategy and Management 9, no. 3 (2016): 344–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-09-2015-0075.
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Purpose – Using resource dependency theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine what elements in the business environment may be associated with the formation and continuance of cartels. Design/methodology/approach – The authors employ a unique data set of 148 cartel data points from the 1970s to 2008 which have at least one American company involved to quantitatively test causal relationships. The authors also interview key class action anti-trust attorneys for their views and opinions on the impact of these environmental factors on cartel formation and continuance. Findings – The authors find statistically significant relationships between the pursuit and maintenance of industry profits and the dynamism in the industry, and illegal behavior as represented through price fixing by business cartels. The authors find that in the attorneys’ opinion, it is also the pursuit of individual corporate profits and munificence that are associated with these cartels. Practical implications – This research furthers the understanding of organizational deviance which is critical given its impact on organizations, individuals, regulators, law enforcement, and the general public. Originality/value – This research is a first step in considering cartel activity in a way that encompasses external influences in a new and innovative manner and as a tool to help researchers and practitioners better understand how organizational deviance, as manifested through illegal corporate activity, can be anticipated, identified, and prevented.
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Kendler, Kenneth S., Henrik Ohlsson, Jan Sundquist, and Kristina Sundquist. "Facilitating Versus Inhibiting the Transmission of Drug Abuse from High-Risk Parents to Their Children: A Swedish National Study." Twin Research and Human Genetics 23, no. 1 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2020.1.
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AbstractWe seek to identify factors that facilitate or inhibit transmission of drug abuse (DA) from high-risk parents to their children. In 44,250 offspring of these parents, ascertained from a Swedish national sample for having a mother and/or father with DA, we explored, using Cox models, how the prevalence of DA was predicted by potentially malleable risk factors in these high-risk parents, their spouses and the rearing environment they provided. Analyses of offspring of discordant high-risk siblings and offspring of discordant sibling-in-laws and step-parents aided causal inference. Risk for DA in the children was associated with high-risk and married-in parental externalizing psychopathology, a range of other features of these parents (e.g., low education and receipt of welfare), and aspects of the rearing environment (e.g., neighborhood deprivation and number of nearby drug dealers). Offspring of discordant high-risk siblings, siblings-in-laws and step-parents suggested that nearly all these associations were partly causal. A multivariate analysis utilizing offspring of discordant high-risk siblings identified the six most significant potentially malleable risk factors for offspring DA: (1) criminal behavior (CB) in married-in parent, (2) community peer deviance, (3) broken family, (4) DA in high-risk parent, (5) CB in high-risk parent and (6) number of family moves. Children in the lowest decile of risk had a 50% reduction in their DA prevalence, similar to that seen in the general population. We conclude that transmission of DA from high-risk parents to children partly results from a range of potentially malleable risk factors that could serve as foci for intervention.
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Öztürk, Fatma, and Gökhan Kılıçoğlu. "The Relationship between Academic Intellectual Leadership, Perceived Organizational Support and Organization Citizenship: A Study on the Higher Education Institutions in Turkey." Yuksekogretim Dergisi 11, no. 2Pt2 (2021): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/yod.20.639356.
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The aim of this study is to test the theoretical model which hypothesizes that academics' academic intellectual leadership affects their perceptions of perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship. In line with this general purpose, it was determined whether the perceptions of academics' intellectual leadership affect their perceptions of perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship. The causal design was used in the study. The sample population of the study is composed of 731 academics working in 13 universities selected by convenience sampling from the Central Anatolia, Aegean, Black Sea and East Anatolia regions of Turkey. The data were collected with Academic Intellectual Leadership Scale, Perceived Organizational Support Scale, and Organizational Citizenship Scale in the 2018-2019 academic year. Mean, standard deviance, and correlation analysis were used for the analysis of the descriptive data, and path analysis was used to test the theoretical model. The findings show that academics' academic intellectual leadership perceptions positively effect their perceptions of perceived organizational support (γ=.24) and organizational citizenship (γ=.38). The results were discussed in light of the relevant literature and suggestions were made to the practitioners, policy makers, and researchers.
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Corte, Colleen M., and Marilyn S. Sommers. "Alcohol and Risky Behaviors." Annual Review of Nursing Research 23, no. 1 (2005): 327–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0739-6686.23.1.327.
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The purpose of this chapter is to review and critique the literature on risky drinking, driving, and sexual behaviors. To complete this review, electronic searches using databases from the disciplines of nursing, medicine, and psychology were used with keywords alcohol and risky behavior, risky drinking, risky driving, risky sex, and sexual aggression, as well as other relevant terms.The basic tenets of contemporary theoretical models of risky behaviors are used as a framework for reviewing the literature. Most relevant to the discussion are the relationships among the behaviors, risk and protective factors, and major unresolved theoretical and methodological issues. In the literature, sensation seeking was differentially associated with risky drinking, driving, and sex, but causal assertions are premature.Important conceptual and physiological issues are clarified. First, unconventionality contributes to risky drinking, risky driving, and, among adolescents, risky sex. Second, the pharmacologic effects of alcohol on cognitive processing contribute to risky sex, but only among persons who feel conflicted about risky sex (e.g., condom use). This perception may be particularly true for men who have a belief that alcohol will enhance sex. Third, sexual aggression appears to stem from a variety of factors, including the pharmacologic effects of alcohol on aggression and stereotypes about drinking women.Exploration of risk and protective factors adds breadth and depth to the discussion of risk taking. Risk factors include (1) high tolerance for deviance, (2) unconventional attitudes and behaviors such as early alcohol use and precocious sex, (3) peer norms for deviance, (4) high sensation seeking, and, to a lesser extent, (5) disturbed risk perception and positive beliefs about alcohol. Protective factors appear to mitigate risk and include (1) conventional attitudes and behaviors and (2) having peers that model conventional attitudes and behaviors. Although empirical evidence suggests that risky behaviors tend to covary, most intervention trials to date have focused on single behaviors, and often are based on clinical information rather than existing theoretical and empirical knowledge.
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Mishra, Niti B., Kumar P. Mainali, and Kelley A. Crews. "Modelling spatiotemporal variability in fires in semiarid savannas: a satellite-based assessment around Africa’s largest protected area." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 7 (2016): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15152.
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The relative importance of various drivers of fire regimes in savanna ecosystems can be location-specific. We utilised satellite-derived time-series burned area (2001–13) to examine how spatiotemporal variations in burned area and fire frequency were determined by rainfall, vegetation morphology and land use in semiarid savanna. Mean precipitation of the rainy season (Nov–Apr) had a strong and positive relationship with burned area in the following dry season (variance explained 63%), with the relationship being strongest inside protected areas (variance explained 73%). Burned area and fire frequency were higher in vegetation types with higher herbaceous cover, indicating a causal link between herbaceous load and fire. Among land use, fire frequency was highest in protected areas and lowest in farms and ranches. Spatial models (generalised linear models with Poisson and negative binomial distribution) accounting for spatial autocorrelation showed that land-use classes and vegetation types together explained approximately half of the deviance in null model (48%). Existence of fences and boreholes resulted in finer-scale spatial differences in fire frequency. There was minimal dependence of vegetation types on land-use classes in determining fire frequency (interaction between the two predictors was minimal). These results have significant implications for understanding drivers of fire activity in savanna ecosystems.
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Oke, David Mautin, Koye Gerry Bokana, and Olatunji Abdul Shobande. "Re-Examining the Nexus between Exchange and Interest Rates in Nigeria." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 6 (2018): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i6.2004.
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Nigeria has experienced somersault of foreign exchange policies by the Central Bank. One policy concern in recent times is to have an appropriate target of the exchange and interest rates. Therefore, this paper seeks to provide a foundation for the targeting of an appropriate exchange and interest rates for the country. Using the Johansen Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Mechanism approaches, it specifically examines the relationships among Nigeria’s weak exchange rate, its local rate of interest and world interest rate. Contrary to many studies, a control measure involving inclusion of inflation, money supply and national output in the model is done. The analysis showed an equilibrium association between exchange rate and interest rate-cum-other variables and steady rectification of deviance from long-run stability over a sequence of incomplete short-run modifications. Increase in domestic and world interest rate, inflation, money supply and GDPat equilibrium would strengthen the exchange rate. Besides, further findings showed some bidirectional causal associations among the variables. By long-run implication, the targeting of an appropriate exchange rate in Nigeria requires a tightened monetary policy that is not inflation and growth biased. However, increase in world interest rate, money supply and inflation rate must be moderate in order not to worsen the exchange rate as suggested by the short-run result.
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Barendse, W., R. Bunch, M. Thomas, S. Armitage, S. Baud, and N. Donaldson. "The TG5 thyroglobulin gene test for a marbling quantitative trait loci evaluated in feedlot cattle." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 7 (2004): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02156.
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The TG5 (thyroglobulin 5′ leader sequence) single nucleotide polymorphism has been associated with marbling in cattle fed for periods longer than 250 days. To test whether the association could be detected in diverse cattle, fed for less than 250 days, and to measure the size of the effect, we sampled 1750 cattle from the AMH Toowoomba feedlot. These cattle were sampled on 28 separate days, over 9 months. Their marbling scores covered the complete range. We found that the TG5 single nucleotide polymorphism was associated with marbling scores (P<0.05) and estimated that TG5 genotypes explained 6.5% of the residual deviance for the marbling phenotype. We also found that the '3' allele was more frequent in animals with higher marbling scores. The consistency of the allelic association between studies and, in particular, the association found in diverse cattle, indicate that the TG5 polymorphism can be used as a breeding tool and possibly a feedlot entry tool. To estimate the size of the genetic region in which the marbling quantitative trait loci are located, we tested the nearby DNA markers CSSM66 and BMS1747. These do not show allelic associations to marbling. The consistency of the allelic association between studies, the lack of association to nearby DNA markers and the complementary information on gene action of genes near Thyroglobulin suggest that DNA sequence variations, in or near the Thyroglobulin gene sequence, are the likely causes for the marbling quantitative trait loci. Further studies of single nucleotide polymorphism in and near the Thyroglobulin DNA sequence should allow causal mutations for the effect to be identified.
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Shope, Robert K. "Non-Deviant Causal Chains." Journal of Philosophical Research 16 (1991): 251–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jpr_1991_35.
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Garrido, Marta I., James M. Kilner, Stefan J. Kiebel, and Karl J. Friston. "Dynamic Causal Modeling of the Response to Frequency Deviants." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 5 (2009): 2620–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90291.2008.
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This article describes the use of dynamic causal modeling to test hypotheses about the genesis of evoked responses. Specifically, we consider the mismatch negativity (MMN), a well-characterized response to deviant sounds and one of the most widely studied evoked responses. There have been several mechanistic accounts of how the MMN might arise. It has been suggested that the MMN results from a comparison between sensory input and a memory trace of previous input, although others have argued that local adaptation, due to stimulus repetition, is sufficient to explain the MMN. Thus the precise mechanisms underlying the generation of the MMN remain unclear. This study tests some biologically plausible spatiotemporal dipole models that rest on changes in extrinsic top-down connections (that enable comparison) and intrinsic changes (that model adaptation). Dynamic causal modeling suggested that responses to deviants are best explained by changes in effective connectivity both within and between cortical sources in a hierarchical network of distributed sources. Our model comparison suggests that both adaptation and memory comparison operate in concert to produce the early (N1 enhancement) and late (MMN) parts of the response to frequency deviants. We consider these mechanisms in the light of predictive coding and hierarchical inference in the brain.
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Pan, Yunzhi, Weidan Pu, Xudong Chen, et al. "Morphological Profiling of Schizophrenia: Cluster Analysis of MRI-Based Cortical Thickness Data." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 3 (2020): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz112.
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Abstract The diagnosis of schizophrenia is thought to embrace several distinct subgroups. The manifold entities in a single clinical patient group increase the variance of biological measures, deflate the group-level estimates of causal factors, and mask the presence of treatment effects. However, reliable neurobiological boundaries to differentiate these subgroups remain elusive. Since cortical thinning is a well-established feature in schizophrenia, we investigated if individuals (patients and healthy controls) with similar patterns of regional cortical thickness form naturally occurring morphological subtypes. K-means algorithm clustering was applied to regional cortical thickness values obtained from 256 structural MRI scans (179 patients with schizophrenia and 77 healthy controls [HCs]). GAP statistics revealed three clusters with distinct regional thickness patterns. The specific patterns of cortical thinning, clinical characteristics, and cognitive function of each clustered subgroup were assessed. The three clusters based on thickness patterns comprised of a morphologically impoverished subgroup (25% patients, 1% HCs), an intermediate subgroup (47% patients, 46% HCs), and an intact subgroup (28% patients, 53% HCs). The differences of clinical features among three clusters pertained to age-of-onset, N-back performance, duration exposure to treatment, total burden of positive symptoms, and severity of delusions. Particularly, the morphologically impoverished group had deficits in N-back performance and less severe positive symptom burden. The data-driven neuroimaging approach illustrates the occurrence of morphologically separable subgroups in schizophrenia, with distinct clinical characteristics. We infer that the anatomical heterogeneity of schizophrenia arises from both pathological deviance and physiological variance. We advocate using MRI-guided stratification for clinical trials as well as case–control investigations in schizophrenia.
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Falťan, Vladimír, Stanislav Katina, Jozef Minár, et al. "Evaluation of Abiotic Controls on Windthrow Disturbance Using a Generalized Additive Model: A Case Study of the Tatra National Park, Slovakia." Forests 11, no. 12 (2020): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121259.
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Windthrows are the most important type of disturbance occurring in the forests of Central Europe. On 19 November 2004, the strong northeastern katabatic winds caused significant damage and land cover change to more than 126 km2 of spruce forests in the Tatra National Park. The risk of subsequent soil erosion and accelerated runoff has increased in the affected habitats. Similar situations may reoccur this century as a consequence of climate change. A geographical approach and detailed research of the damaged area with more comprehensive statistical analyses of 47 independent variables will help us to obtain a deeper insight into the problem of windthrow disturbances. The results are based on a detailed investigation of the damaged stands, soil, and topography. A comprehensive input dataset enabled the evaluation of abiotic controls on windthrow disturbance through the use of a generalized additive model (GAM). The GAM revealed causal linear and nonlinear relationships between the local dependent quantitative variables (the damage index and the uprooting index) and independent variables (various soil and topography properties). Our model explains 69% of the deviance of the total damage. The distribution of the wind force depended upon the topographical position—mainly on the distance from the slope’s foot lines. The soil properties (mainly the soil skeleton, i.e., rock fragments in stony soils) affect the rate and manner of damage (uprooting), especially on sites with less wind force. Stem breakage with no relation to the soil prevailed in places with high force winds. The largest number of uprooted trees was recorded in localities without a soil skeleton. The spruce’s waterlogged shallow root system is significantly prone to uprooting. The comprehensive research found a significant relationship between the abiotic variables and two different measures of forest damage, and can expand the knowledge on wind impact in Central European forests.
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Hyman, John. "Desires, Dispositions and Deviant Causal Chains." Philosophy 89, no. 1 (2013): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819113000685.
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AbstractRecent work on dispositions offers a new solution to the long-running dispute about whether explanations of intentional action are causal explanations. The dispute seemed intractable because of a lack of percipience about dispositions and a commitment to Humean orthodoxies about causation on both sides.
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Bishop, J. "Causal deviancy and multiple intentions: a reply to James Montmarquet." Analysis 45, no. 3 (1985): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/45.3.163.
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Paternoster, Ray, Jean Marie McGloin, Holly Nguyen, and Kyle J. Thomas. "The Causal Impact of Exposure to Deviant Peers." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 50, no. 4 (2012): 476–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427812444274.
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Strom, Gregory. "Deviant Causal Chains, Knowledge of Reasons, and Akrasia." Topoi 33, no. 1 (2013): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-013-9209-4.
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Garrido, Sergio, Stanislav Borysov, Jeppe Rich, and Francisco Pereira. "Estimating causal effects with the neural autoregressive density estimator." Journal of Causal Inference 9, no. 1 (2021): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jci-2020-0007.
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Abstract The estimation of causal effects is fundamental in situations where the underlying system will be subject to active interventions. Part of building a causal inference engine is defining how variables relate to each other, that is, defining the functional relationship between variables entailed by the graph conditional dependencies. In this article, we deviate from the common assumption of linear relationships in causal models by making use of neural autoregressive density estimators and use them to estimate causal effects within Pearl’s do-calculus framework. Using synthetic data, we show that the approach can retrieve causal effects from non-linear systems without explicitly modeling the interactions between the variables and include confidence bands using the non-parametric bootstrap. We also explore scenarios that deviate from the ideal causal effect estimation setting such as poor data support or unobserved confounders.
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Sehon, Scott R. "Deviant Causal Chains and the Irreducibility of Teleological Explanation." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 78, no. 2 (1997): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0114.00035.
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Tannsjo, T. "On deviant causal chains - no need for a general criterion." Analysis 69, no. 3 (2009): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/anp078.
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Schlosser, M. E. "Bending it like Beckham: movement, control and deviant causal chains." Analysis 70, no. 2 (2010): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/anp176.
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Zouiouich, Semi, Erikka Loftfield, Inge Huybrechts, et al. "Markers of metabolic health and gut microbiome diversity: findings from two population-based cohort studies." Diabetologia 64, no. 8 (2021): 1749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05464-w.
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Abstract Aims/hypothesis The gut microbiome is hypothesised to be related to insulin resistance and other metabolic variables. However, data from population-based studies are limited. We investigated associations between serologic measures of metabolic health and the gut microbiome in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) and the TwinsUK cohort. Methods Among 506 individuals from the NFBC1966 with available faecal microbiome (16S rRNA gene sequence) data, we estimated associations between gut microbiome diversity metrics and serologic levels of HOMA for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HbA1c and C-reactive protein (CRP) using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for sex, smoking status and BMI. Associations between gut microbiome diversity measures and HOMA-IR and CRP were replicated in 1140 adult participants from TwinsUK, with available faecal microbiome (16S rRNA gene sequence) data. For both cohorts, we used general linear models with a quasi-Poisson distribution and Microbiome Regression-based Kernel Association Test (MiRKAT) to estimate associations of metabolic variables with alpha- and beta diversity metrics, respectively, and generalised additive models for location scale and shape (GAMLSS) fitted with the zero-inflated beta distribution to identify taxa associated with the metabolic markers. Results In NFBC1966, alpha diversity was lower in individuals with higher HOMA-IR with a mean of 74.4 (95% CI 70.7, 78.3) amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) for the first quartile of HOMA-IR and 66.6 (95% CI 62.9, 70.4) for the fourth quartile of HOMA-IR. Alpha diversity was also lower with higher HbA1c (number of ASVs and Shannon’s diversity, p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively) and higher CRP (number of ASVs, p = 0.025), even after adjustment for BMI and other potential confounders. In TwinsUK, alpha diversity measures were also lower among participants with higher measures of HOMA-IR and CRP. When considering beta diversity measures, we found that microbial community profiles were associated with HOMA-IR in NFBC1966 and TwinsUK, using multivariate MiRKAT models, with binomial deviance dissimilarity p values of <0.001. In GAMLSS models, the relative abundances of individual genera Prevotella and Blautia were associated with HOMA-IR in both cohorts. Conclusions/interpretation Overall, higher levels of HOMA-IR, CRP and HbA1c were associated with lower microbiome diversity in both the NFBC1966 and TwinsUK cohorts, even after adjustment for BMI and other variables. These results from two distinct population-based cohorts provide evidence for an association between metabolic variables and gut microbial diversity. Further experimental and mechanistic insights are now needed to provide understanding of the potential causal mechanisms that may link the gut microbiota with metabolic health. Graphical abstract
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Coates, Paul. "Deviant Causal Chains and Hallucinations: A Problem for the Anti-causalist." Philosophical Quarterly 50, no. 200 (2000): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-8094.2000.00188.x.
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Zaman, Khosim Nur. "The Influence Of Group Conformity To Behavior Deviate Student." Bisma The Journal of Counseling 4, no. 1 (2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/bisma.v4i1.24187.
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Some problems that occur in students related to conformity or join in related to the influence of groups or other parties, conformity related to high risk relationships, such as deviating and discussing the law, this research seeks to find an acceptable fix in a group that is categorized as an appropriate action (part of it). the purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of group conformity to the distorted discussion of students looking at the forms of group conformity in students, how to deviate obtained from conformity including bullying, extortion, smoking, beating and canceled cheating during exams, this study uses quantitative research methods in terms of the level of explanation, this study also uses associative forms of causal relations with other objectives to apply the process of confrement to group variables. There are independent and variable variables el in this study are: 1) group conformity 2) deviant motivation, data collection techniques using questionnaires, data collection methods are done by giving separate questions, or asking for help, respondents respond, loosen in the form of data, data analysis of this study is a technique simple linear regression analysis with the help of the SPSS program. based on the results of the analysis of data techniques with the simple linear regression analysis method the conformity to complaints contributes to 0.069 at the significance level (p <0.05). between group conformity to deviate, in other words the hypothesis is accepted
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Grimoldi, Mauro. "Le caratteristiche psicologiche come causa efficiente della devianza minorile." MINORIGIUSTIZIA, no. 4 (December 2011): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mg2011-004015.
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Amen, Miguel. "The Problem of Deviant Casual Chains." Review of Business and Legal Sciences, no. 5 (July 5, 2017): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.26537/rebules.v0i5.808.
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In the following article I identify the source of Davidson's failure to provide an analysis of intentional action. It is shown that this failure should be seen as an instance of consistency within his overall theory of mind and action.In Actions, Reason and Causes (1963) Davidson defended the causal theory of action, according to which the intentions for which a person acts are the reasons for which he acts and those reasons cause the action.According to Davidson, a reason for an action A consists in the agent having a pro-attitude toward actions of a certain kind along with a belief that Aing is an action of that kind. Pro-attitudes can be seen as desires and wantings, giving goals and motives for action.
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Zalmijn, Errol, Tom Heskes, and Tom Claassen. "Spectral Ranking of Causal Influence in Complex Systems." Entropy 23, no. 3 (2021): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23030369.
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Similar to natural complex systems, such as the Earth’s climate or a living cell, semiconductor lithography systems are characterized by nonlinear dynamics across more than a dozen orders of magnitude in space and time. Thousands of sensors measure relevant process variables at appropriate sampling rates, to provide time series as primary sources for system diagnostics. However, high-dimensionality, non-linearity and non-stationarity of the data are major challenges to efficiently, yet accurately, diagnose rare or new system issues by merely using model-based approaches. To reliably narrow down the causal search space, we validate a ranking algorithm that applies transfer entropy for bivariate interaction analysis of a system’s multivariate time series to obtain a weighted directed graph, and graph eigenvector centrality to identify the system’s most important sources of original information or causal influence. The results suggest that this approach robustly identifies the true drivers or causes of a complex system’s deviant behavior, even when its reconstructed information transfer network includes redundant edges.
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Dmitri Gallow, J. "A Model-Invariant Theory of Causation." Philosophical Review 130, no. 1 (2021): 45–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00318108-8699682.
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This article provides a theory of causation in the causal modeling framework. In contrast to most of its predecessors, this theory is model-invariant in the following sense: if the theory says that C caused (didn’t cause) E in a causal model, M, then it will continue to say that that C caused (didn’t cause) E once one has removed an inessential variable from M. The article suggests that, if this theory is true, then one should understand a cause as something which transmits deviant or noninertial behavior to its effect.
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White, Peter A. "Perceiving a strong causal relation in a weak contingency: Further investigation of the evidential evaluation model of causal judgement." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55, no. 1 (2002): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980143000181.
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Contingency information is information about the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a certain effect in the presence or absence of a candidate cause. An objective measure of contingency is the δ P rule, which involves subtracting the probability of occurrence of an effect when a causal candidate is absent from the probability of occurrence of the effect when the candidate is present. Causal judgements conform closely to δ P but deviate from it under certain circumstances. Three experiments show that such deviations can be predicted by a model of causal judgement that has two components: a rule of evidence, that causal judgement is a function of the proportion of relevant instances that are judged to be confirmatory for the causal candidate, and a tendency for information about instances in which the candidate is present to have greater effect on judgement than instances in which the candidate is absent. Two experiments demonstrate how this model accounts for some recently published findings. A third experiment shows that it is possible to use the model to predict the occurrence of high causal judgements when the objective contingency is close to zero.
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Jung, Hyo Sun, and Hye Hyun Yoon. "How Does Sexual Harassment Influence the Female Employee’s Negative Response in a Deluxe Hotel?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (2020): 9537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249537.
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Today, organizations face risky legal and financial consequences stemming from a single sexual harassment event. The purpose of this study was to verify that the sexual harassment, as perceived by female employees, significantly affects their levels of psychological distress and workplace deviant behavior to investigate the moderating role of organizational silence and psychological detachment in the causal relationship. First, this study found that perceived sexual harassment has a negative impact on the female employees’ psychological distress and workplace deviant behavior. This study’s results also demonstrated that psychological distress has a positive impact on workplace deviant behavior. Additionally, the influence of perceived sexual harassment on psychological distress increased when the employees’ psychological detachment was weak. Finally, limitations and future research directions are also discussed.
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Beach, Derek, and Rasmus Brun Pedersen. "Selecting Appropriate Cases When Tracing Causal Mechanisms." Sociological Methods & Research 47, no. 4 (2016): 837–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124115622510.
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The last decade has witnessed resurgence in the interest in studying the causal mechanisms linking causes and effects. This article games through the methodological consequences that adopting a systems understanding of mechanisms has for what types of cases we should select when using in-depth case study methods like process tracing. The article proceeds in three steps. We first expose the assumptions that underpin the study of causal mechanisms as systems that have methodological implications for case selection. In particular, we take as our point of departure the case-based position, where: causation is viewed in deterministic and asymmetric terms, the focus is ensuring causal homogeneity in case-based research to enable cross-case inferences to be made, and finally where mechanisms are understood as more than just intervening variables but instead a system of interacting parts that transfers causal forces from causes to outcomes. We then develop a set of case selection guidelines that are in methodological alignment with these underlying assumptions. We then develop guidelines for research where the mechanism is the primary focus, contending that only typical cases where both X, Y, and the requisite contextual conditions are present should be selected. We compare our guidelines with the existing, finding that practices like selecting most/least-likely cases are not compatible with the underlying assumptions of tracing mechanisms. We then present guidelines for deviant cases, focusing on tracing mechanisms until they breakdown as a tool to shed light on omitted contextual and/or causal conditions.