Relevant bibliographies by topics / Causal relation

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Causal relation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Causal relation"

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Effendi, Yutika Amelia, and Nania Nuzulita. "Process Discovery of Business Processes Using Temporal Causal Relation." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Business Intelligence 5, no. 2 (October 24, 2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jisebi.5.2.183-194.

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Background: Nowadays, enterprise computing manages business processes which has grown up rapidly. This situation triggers the production of a massive event log. One type of event log is double timestamp event log. The double timestamp has a start time and complete time of each activity executed in the business process. It also has a close relationship with temporal causal relation. The temporal causal relation is a pattern of event log that occurs from each activity performed in the process.Objective: In this paper, seven types of temporal causal relation between activities were presented as an extended version of relations used in the double timestamp event log. Since the event log was not always executed sequentially, therefore using temporal causal relation, the event log was divided into several small groups to determine the relations of activities and to mine the business process.Methods: In these experiments, the temporal causal relation based on time interval which were presented in Gantt chart also determined whether each case could be classified as sequential or parallel relations. Then to obtain the business process, each temporal causal relation was combined into one business process based on the timestamp of activity in the event log.Results: The experimental results, which were implemented in two real-life event logs, showed that using temporal causal relation and double timestamp event log could discover business process models.Conclusion: Considering the findings, this study concludes that business process models and their sequential and parallel AND, OR, XOR relations can be discovered by using temporal causal relation and double timestamp event log.Keywords:Business Process, Process Discovery, Process Mining, Temporal Causal Relation, Double Timestamp Event Log
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Barrière, Caroline. "Investigating the causal relation in informative texts." Terminology 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.7.2.02bar.

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Our work investigates the causal relation as it is expressed in informative texts. We view causal relations as important because of the dynamic dimension they bring to a domain model. Thorough study of a corpus leads us to distinguish two prominent classes of indicators of the causal relation: conjunctional phrases, and verbs. This paper identifies multiple knowledge-rich patterns within each class and studies their usage, frequency and noise. Results from this manual investigation informs a discussion on the feasibility of automatic extraction of the different forms of expression of the causal relation.
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Mittag, Daniel M. "On the Causal-Doxastic Theory of the Basing Relation." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 32, no. 4 (December 2002): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2002.10716530.

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If one is to believe that p justifiably, then one must believe p for, or because of, one's evidence or reasons in support of p. The basing relation is exactly this relation that obtains between one's belief and one's reasons for believing. Keith Allen Korcz, in a recent article published in this Journal, has argued that two conditions are each sufficient and are jointly necessary to establish basing relations between beliefs and reasons. One condition is formulated to account for basing relations that can obtain in virtue of causal relations between one's belief and reasons, and the other condition is supposed to account for basing relations which can be established independently of the instantiation of any such causal relation.
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Stoica, O. C. "Spacetime Causal Structure and Dimension from Horismotic Relation." Journal of Gravity 2016 (May 25, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6151726.

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A reflexive relation on a set can be a starting point in defining the causal structure of a spacetime in General Relativity and other relativistic theories of gravity. If we identify this relation as the relation between lightlike separated events (the horismos relation), we can construct in a natural way the entire causal structure: causal and chronological relations, causal curves, and a topology. By imposing a simple additional condition, the structure gains a definite number of dimensions. This construction works with both continuous and discrete spacetimes. The dimensionality is obtained also in the discrete case, so this approach can be suited to prove the fundamental conjecture of causal sets. Other simple conditions lead to a differentiable manifold with a conformal structure (the metric up to a scaling factor) as in Lorentzian manifolds. This structure provides a simple and general reconstruction of the spacetime in relativistic theories of gravity, which normally requires topological structure, differential structure, and geometric structure (which decomposes in the conformal structure, giving the causal relations and the volume element). Motivations for such a reconstruction come from relativistic theories of gravity, where the conformal structure is important, from the problem of singularities, and from Quantum Gravity, where various discretization methods are pursued, particularly in the causal sets approach.
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den Ouden, Hanny. "De Verwerving van de Negatief Causale Relatie." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 53 (January 1, 1995): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.53.08oud.

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Sanders, Spooren and Noordman (1992) provide a classification of coherence relations that is based on four primitives. These primitives are claimed to have a psychological status, in that hearers and speakers use their knowledge of these primitives to infer the right coherence relation between two clauses. The order in which children acquire coherence relations provides a test base for the classification: the classification predicts that negative causal relations are the most complex and that children therefore acquire these relations later than any of the others. This hypothesis was investigated in an experiment with 8- and 11-year-old children. In one task the children had to infer the right relation, in another task the children had to produce the right relation. Negative causal relations were compared with negative additive and positive causal relations. The items were constructed with nonsense words to eliminate the factor of world knowledge. In several respects the negative causal relation turned out to be the most complex.
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Michiels, J. J., and Th van Joost. "Erythromelalgia and thrombocythemia: A causal relation." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 22, no. 1 (January 1990): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(08)80005-9.

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Helm, Sven, and Poul Erik Petersen. "Causal relation between malocclusion and caries." Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 47, no. 4 (January 1989): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016358909007704.

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NEWMAN, ANDREW. "The Causal Relation and its Terms." Mind XCVII, no. 388 (1988): 529–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/xcvii.388.529.

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Dubois, Didier, and Henri Prade. "Fuzzy relation equations and causal reasoning." Fuzzy Sets and Systems 75, no. 2 (October 1995): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0114(95)00105-t.

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Smith, Sheldon R. "Causation and Its Relation to ‘Causal Laws’." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 659–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axm036.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Causal relation"

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Tarnovanu, Horia. "Causation and responsibility : four aspects of their relation." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7060.

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The concept of causation is essential to ascribing moral and legal responsibility since the only way an agent can make a difference in the world is through her acts causing things to happen. Yet the extent and manner in which the complex features of causation bear on responsibility ascriptions remain unclear. I present an analysis of four aspects of causation which yields new insights into different properties of responsibility and offers increased plausibility to certain moral views. Chapter I examines the realist assumption that causation is an objective and mind-independent relation between space-time located relata – a postulate meant to provide moral assessment with a naturalistic basis and make moral properties continuous with a scientific view of the world. I argue that such a realist stance is problematic, and by extension so are the views seeking to tie responsibility attributions to an objective relation. Chapter II combines the context sensitivity of causal claims with the plausible idea that responsibility ascriptions rest on the assessment of causal sequences relating agents and consequences. I argue that taking context sensitivity seriously compels us to face a choice between moral contrastivism and a mild version of scepticism, viz. responsibility is not impossible, but ultimately difficult to identify with confidence. I show why the latter view is preferable. Chapter III explores the concern that group agents would causally (and morally) overdetermine the effects already caused by their constituent individuals. I argue that non-reductive views of agency and responsibility lack a coherent causal story about how group agents impact the world as relatively independent entities. I explain the practical importance of higher-order entities and suggest a fictionalist stance towards group agency talk. Chapter IV analyses the puzzle of effect selection – if causes have infinitely many effects, but only one or a few are mentioned in causal claims, what determines their selection from the complete set of consequents? I argue that the criteria governing the difference between effects and by-products lack clarity and stability. I use the concerns about appropriate effect selection to formulate an epistemic argument against consequentialism.
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Crosby, Danielle Annik. "Children's causal attributions for economic inequality : relation to age and socioeconomic environments /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Miranda, Ackerman Eduardo Jacobo. "Extracting Causal Relations between News Topics from Distributed Sources." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-130066.

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The overwhelming amount of online news presents a challenge called news information overload. To mitigate this challenge we propose a system to generate a causal network of news topics. To extract this information from distributed news sources, a system called Forest was developed. Forest retrieves documents that potentially contain causal information regarding a news topic. The documents are processed at a sentence level to extract causal relations and news topic references, these are the phases used to refer to a news topic. Forest uses a machine learning approach to classify causal sentences, and then renders the potential cause and effect of the sentences. The potential cause and effect are then classified as news topic references, these are the phrases used to refer to a news topics, such as “The World Cup” or “The Financial Meltdown”. Both classifiers use an algorithm developed within our working group, the algorithm performs better than several well known classification algorithms for the aforementioned tasks. In our evaluations we found that participants consider causal information useful to understand the news, and that while we can not extract causal information for all news topics, it is highly likely that we can extract causal relation for the most popular news topics. To evaluate the accuracy of the extractions made by Forest, we completed a user survey. We found that by providing the top ranked results, we obtained a high accuracy in extracting causal relations between news topics.
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Di, Francisco Maria Nezu Christine M. "Psychopathy, negative emotions of anger and depression, and causal attributions : relation to sexual aggression /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2006. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860%20/839.

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Haynes, Sarah Kirksey. "Student reading performance in relation to selected causal variables and a teaming process for improving higher order thinking skills." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2009. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/60.

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It was proposed to examine student motivation and teacher expectation for student performance in reading in relation to teachers' perceptions of instructional supervision, planning and preparation, instructional delivery, preservice college preparation, reading endorsement certification, teacher professional development, grade level teaching assignment and parental involvement. The results of a teacher survey indicated that student motivation was correlated with teacher expectation about students' performance on the Georgia Criterion Reference Competency Tests (CRCT), and both were correlated with preservice college training, instructional delivery and parent involvement. Based on the survey results, a treatment was conducted to enhance teachers' capabilities to teach for higher order thinking skills in reading in the second grade of a metropolitan Atlanta elementary school. There was no significant transfer on the CRCT from the treatment.
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Battle, Danielle Sanders. "Student mathermatics performance in relation to selected causal variables and a teaming process for improving higher order thinking skills." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2009. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/52.

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It was proposed that student mathematics gain scores on the Georgia Criteria Referenced Competency Test (CRCT], motivation ant1 teacher expectation might be explained by teacher perceptions of the selected independent variables: Instructional I leadership, professional development, teacher methodology, achievement lesson planning, teacher instructional delivery and teacher college preparation. The correlation design did not include a control group. Thirty-seven of the 48 teachers responded to a 51 -item, five-point ordinal scale questionnaire in a metropolitan Atlanta elementary school. Significant correlations were student CRCT performance; motivation and teacher expectations were intercorrelated and all three variables were significantly correlated with the Achievement Lesson Planning system (ALPS), college preparation, instructional supervision, math grouping, and staff professional development. Higher order thinking skills (HOTS) were only significantly related to CRCT and teacher expectation. Based on these results. five third grade teachers were selected for treatment, and were asked to rate their 95 students' ability to respond to higher order thinking skills in addition to providing teacher and student demographic information. Based on the results of both surveys, a treatment was conducted to counteract the identified causal variables for low student responsiveness in teaching of higher order thinking skills in order to improve student mathematic performance. The researcher (the principal) trained the third grade teachers to function as a Grade Achievement 1em (GAT) on the Empowerment Management of meeting (EMOM) model and to utilize the ALPS to plan lessons so as to counteract the causal variables for low student performance and to teach for higher order thinking skills utilizing the Observation Based Instructional Assessment System (OBIA). The results of ANOVA indicated that all teachers made significant gains on the teaching of HOTS in mathematics. In a factor analysis, HOTS gain scores in mathematics were loaded in component I inversely only with teacher gender. The results of regression analysis indicated that student CRCT math performance was significantly predicted only by their Pre-CRCT score and teacher rating of their math performance. It was suggested that the principal provided professional development at the Grade Achievement Team (GAT) level in the Management of Meeting (EMOM) model for conducting Achievement Lesson Planning System (ALPS) and Observation Based Instructional Assessment (OBIA) on the teaching of higher order thinking skills (HOTS).
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Gobeli, Brett Robert. "A two-year causal comparative study of Illinois school districts' instructional expenditures and their relation to student achievement growth." Thesis, Aurora University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10148299.

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The distribution of funds is critical to support quality education and represents large portions of school district's overall budget. With the increase of expenditures in education in the United States, the changes are not evident with increased student achievement. The problem that this study addressed is the spending of districts and student achievement growth. There has been mixed research evidence from the research regarding the relation between the size of a district’s educational budget and students’ level of educational achievement. Based upon the mixed results established by previous research, this study has determined, within the state of Illinois, if a relationship between the funding and student achievement growth exists. In particular, the study assesses the relation between expenditures in the instructional expenditures of school districts and student achievement growth. This study adds to the body of evidence on utilization of resources with particular emphasis on the budget spent for instruction and student achievement growth. In particular, the study assesses if there was a correlation between the instructional expenditures and academic achievement growth for public school districts in Illinois.

This quantitative longitudinal, causal comparative study of extant data investigated the relationship of the independent variables of instructional expenditures, district size, teacher experience level, and teacher salary level as they relate to student achievement growth. The determination of student achievement growth was measured by examining American College Testing (ACT) composite scores from one year to the next. A final analysis was completed to determine the evidence of a relationship over two years of study.

A further discussion of research results, their role in the larger field of student growth research, and suggestions for future research were provided. The summary of the research findings was shared regarding student achievement growth in relation to the proportion of the district's budget for the instructional expenditures, size of the district, type of district, income level of student families, teacher experience level, and teacher salary level.

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Richards, Marina G. A. "Causal attributions in schizophrenia : an investigation of clients' and relatives' causal attributions about the illness : this will be examined in relation to clients' perceptions of family relationships, knowledge about schizophrenia and family distress." Thesis, Open University, 1998. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57911/.

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Many clients with severe mental health problem, live in the community with their relatives. Research in the area has indicated that exacerbation of psychotic symptoms in clients is strongly associated with the emotional atmosphere in the family. The presence of high expressed emotion has been linked with relapse. However, recent research suggests that it is the causal attributions which relatives make to explain the illness symptomatology, which is most predictive of relapse. Relatives viewing clients' symptoms as being controllable by the client has been associated with hostility in relatives. Little has been said in the literature about the subjective experiences of clients. The present study investigated the causal attributions which clients and relatives made to explain the manifestation of the illness. Causal attributions made to explain positive symptoms, negative symptoms and behavioural problems were examined and compared. Clients! perception of their relationship with a key relative and their affective state was measured. Participants knowledge about schizophrenia, and relatives levels of distress were also examined. The clients in the present study were men under fifty with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Key relatives also participated. A cross sectional correlational and comparative methodology was employed. A mixture of quantitative data and qualitative information was generated. A key finding was that the nature of attributions made was determined by symptom category. Positive Symptoms were deemed to be the least controllable symptom and Behavioural Problems were considered the most controllable. Relationships existed between the attributions made by clients and relatives. Depression in clients was related to them attributing their illness to personal factors, and a reporting negative feelings about there relationship with a key relative. Findings are discussed in relation to literature, research and clinical practice.
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Binici, Sevda. "Preschool Teachers’ Inferential Questions during Shared Reading and Their Relation to Low-Income Children’s Reading Comprehension at Kindergarten and First Grade." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1405429590.

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Beri, Hina. "Chemical and molecular analysis of the cell wall composition of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in relation to resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum, causal agent of bacterial wilt." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976699133.

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Books on the topic "Causal relation"

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Kurki, Milja. Causation in international relations: Reclaiming causal analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Kurki, Milja. Causation in international relations: Reclaiming causal analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Kurki, Milja. Causation in international relations: Reclaiming causal analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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American international oil policy: Causal factors and effect. London: F. Pinter, 1987.

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American international oil policy: Causal factors and effect. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987.

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Spadolini, Giovanni. Laurea "honoris causa" dell'Universita' (sic) di Coimbra al Professor Giovanni Spadolini =: Doutoramento "honoris causa" do Professor Giovanni Spadolini pela Universidade de Coimbra. Lisbona: Istituto italiano di cultura in Portogallo, 1992.

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Horiner-Levi, Eveline. Effects of group membership and intergroup stereotypes on causal attribution. [Israel: s.n., 1988.

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El subdesarrollo social de España: Causas y consecuencias. Barcelona: Diario Público, 2009.

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Rey, Alina López de. Un lider y su causa: Quintín Lame. [Colombia]: Academia de Historia del Cauca, 1990.

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González, Arturo Huerta. La globalización, causa de la crisis asiática y mexicana. México: Editorial Diana, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Causal relation"

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Dribus, Benjamin F. "Relation Space and Generalizations." In Discrete Causal Theory, 273–338. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50083-6_5.

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Grünbaum, Adolf. "Why Thematic Kinships Between Events Do Not Attest Their Causal Linkage." In An Intimate Relation, 477–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2327-0_24.

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Wang, Tian-Zuo, Sheng-Jun Huang, and Zhi-Hua Zhou. "Towards Identifying Causal Relation Between Instances and Labels." In Proceedings of the 2019 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, 289–97. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611975673.33.

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Katz, Philipp, and Alexander Schill. "Causal Relation Detection for Activities from Heterogeneous Sources." In Current Trends in Web Engineering, 312–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27997-3_31.

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Yang, Bo, Jianming Wu, and Gen Hattori. "Context-Aware Dialogue Response Generation Integrating Causal Relation." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 84–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73113-7_8.

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Karahan, Özcan. "The Causal Relation Between Savings and Economic Growth in Turkey." In Contributions to Economics, 127–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93452-5_8.

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Chang, Du-Seong, and Key-Sun Choi. "Causal Relation Extraction Using Cue Phrase and Lexical Pair Probabilities." In Natural Language Processing – IJCNLP 2004, 61–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30211-7_7.

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Kushi, Lawrence H., and Thomas E. Kottke. "Dietary Fat and Coronary Heart Disease: Evidence of a Causal Relation." In Preventing Disease, 385–400. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3280-3_39.

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Yoshimura, K., H. Kurokawa, S. Sano, and H. Hudson. "Causal Relation Between Hα Arch Filament Loops and Soft X-Ray Coronal Loops." In Magnetodynamic Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere, 457–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0315-9_94.

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van Ments, Laila, Peter Roelofsma, and Jan Treur. "A Temporal-Causal Network Model for the Relation Between Religion and Human Empathy." In Studies in Computational Intelligence, 55–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50901-3_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Causal relation"

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Gao, Lei, Prafulla Kumar Choubey, and Ruihong Huang. "Modeling Document-level Causal Structures for Event Causal Relation Identification." In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/n19-1179.

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Ohmori, Nobuyuki, and Tatsunori Mori. "Causal Relation Extraction from Failure Analysis Documents." In Applied Simulation and Modelling. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2012.777-022.

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Sun, Yizhou, Kunqing Xie, Ning Liu, Shuicheng Yan, Benyu Zhang, and Zheng Chen. "Causal relation of queries from temporal logs." In the 16th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1242572.1242735.

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Ding, Xiaoshan, Fang Li, and Dongmo Zhang. "Causal relation recognition between sentence-based events." In 2011 23rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2011.5968467.

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Ayyanar, Raja, George Koomullil, and Hariharan Ramasangu. "Causal Relation Classification using Convolutional Neural Networks and Grammar Tags." In 2019 IEEE 16th India Council International Conference (INDICON). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indicon47234.2019.9028985.

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Yang, Xuefeng, Kezhi Mao, and Rui Zhao. "Distributional sentence representation by expert knowledge for causal relation identification." In 2015 10th International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing (ICICS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icics.2015.7459848.

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Yang, Benzhao. "Cointegration and Causal Relation between Energy Intensity and Structure Change." In 2009 International Joint Conference on Computational Sciences and Optimization, CSO. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cso.2009.124.

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Zhang, Liang, Aijun Li, and Yingyi Luo. "Chinese Causal Relation: Conjunction, Order and Focus-to-Stress Assignment." In 2018 11th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing (ISCSLP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscslp.2018.8706669.

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Yamasaki, Susumu, and Mariko Sasakura. "Reference Data Abstraction and Causal Relation based on Algebraic Expressions." In 9th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and Applications. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009825602070214.

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"How Exchange Rate Regimes Effect The Causal Relation Between Macroeconomic Indicators?" In June 20-21, 2018 Paris (France). Universal Researchers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/uruae2.ae06184015.

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Reports on the topic "Causal relation"

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Hamm, Robert M. Evaluation of Relative Importance Judgment Methods in the Context of Causal Prediction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada255718.

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Espinosa-Torres, Juan Andrés, José Eduardo Gómez-González, Luis Fernando Melo-Velandia, and José Fernando Moreno-Gutiérrez. The international transmission of risk : causal relations among developed and emerging countries' term premia. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.869.

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Zhu, Qiuming. Nonmonotonic Extrapolation of Causal Relations for Knowledge-Based Decision Support Using a Bayesian Network Approach. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada409265.

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Wang, Youwei, Yuxin Chen, and Yi Qian. The Causal Link between Relative Age Effect and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from 17 Million Users across 49 Years on Taobao. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25318.

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Contreras Salamanca, Luz Briyid, and Yon Garzón Ávila. Generational Lagging of Dignitaries, Main Cause of Technological Gaps in Community Leaders. Analysis of Generation X and Boomers from the Technology Acceptance Model. Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/ecacen.4709.

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Community and neighborhood organizations are in the process of renewing the organizational culture, considering technological environments in the way of training, and advancing communally, being competitive in adaptation and learning, creating new solutions, promoting change, and altering the status quo, based on the advancement of technology over the last few years, currently applied in most organizations. The decisive factor is the ability of true leaders to appropriate the Technological Acceptance Model –TAM– principles, participating in programs and projects, adopting new technologies from the different actors involved, contributing to the welfare of each community. There is, however, a relative resistance to the use of technology as support in community management, due to the generational differences in leaders and dignitaries, according to collected reports in this study, in relation to the age range of dignitaries –Generation X and Baby Boomers predominate–. They present a challenge to digital inclusion with difficulties related to age, cognitive, sensory, difficulty in developing skills, and abilities required in Digital Technologies, necessary to face new scenarios post-pandemic and, in general, the need to use technological facilities.
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Kaffenberger, Michelle, and Lant Pritchett. Women’s Education May Be Even Better Than We Thought: Estimating the Gains from Education When Schooling Ain’t Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/049.

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Women’s schooling has long been regarded as one of the best investments in development. Using two different cross-nationally comparable data sets which both contain measures of schooling, assessments of literacy, and life outcomes for more than 50 countries, we show the association of women’s education (defined as schooling and the acquisition of literacy) with four life outcomes (fertility, child mortality, empowerment, and financial practices) is much larger than the standard estimates of the gains from schooling alone. First, estimates of the association of outcomes with schooling alone cannot distinguish between the association of outcomes with schooling that actually produces increased learning and schooling that does not. Second, typical estimates do not address attenuation bias from measurement error. Using the new data on literacy to partially address these deficiencies, we find that the associations of women’s basic education (completing primary schooling and attaining literacy) with child mortality, fertility, women’s empowerment and the associations of men’s and women’s basic education with positive financial practices are three to five times larger than standard estimates. For instance, our country aggregated OLS estimate of the association of women’s empowerment with primary schooling versus no schooling is 0.15 of a standard deviation of the index, but the estimated association for women with primary schooling and literacy, using IV to correct for attenuation bias, is 0.68, 4.6 times bigger. Our findings raise two conceptual points. First, if the causal pathway through which schooling affects life outcomes is, even partially, through learning then estimates of the impact of schooling will underestimate the impact of education. Second, decisions about how to invest to improve life outcomes necessarily depend on estimates of the relative impacts and relative costs of schooling (e.g., grade completion) versus learning (e.g., literacy) on life outcomes. Our results do share the limitation of all previous observational results that the associations cannot be given causal interpretation and much more work will be needed to be able to make reliable claims about causal pathways.
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Mirel, Lisa. NHSR 155: Comparative Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Public-Use and Restricted-Use Linked Mortality Files - Production Schedule. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104774.

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This report describes a comparative analysis of the public-use and restricted-use NHANES LMFs. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative hazard ratios for a standard set of sociodemographic covariates for all-cause as well as cause-specific mortality, using the public-use and restricted-use NHANES LMFs.
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Bouwma, I. M., J. L. M. Donders, D. A. Kamphorst, J. Y. Frissel, R. M. A. Wegman, H. A. M. Meeuwsen, and L. M. Jones-Walters. Stakeholder perceptions in relation to changes in the management of Natura 2000 sites and the causes and consequences of change. : A survey in England, Flanders, France and the Netherlands. Wageningen: WOT Natuur & Milieu, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/383660.

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ZHAO, Wen-Man, Shu-Man TAO, and Giu-Ling LIU. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in relation to the risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events among patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.6.0112.

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Asenath-Smith, Emily, Emma Ambrogi, Lee Moores, Stephen Newman, and Jonathon Brame. Leveraging chemical actinometry and optical radiometry to reduce uncertainty in photochemical research. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42080.

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Subtle aspects of illumination sources and their characterization methods can introduce significant uncertainty into the data gathered from light-activated experiments, limiting their reproducibility and technology transition. Degradation kinetics of methyl orange (MO) and carbamazepine (CM) under illumination with TiO₂ were used as a case study for investigating the role of incident photon flux on photocatalytic degradation rates. Valerophenone and ferrioxalate actinometry were paired with optical radiometry in three different illumination systems: xenon arc (XE), tungsten halogen (W-H), and UV fluorescent (UV-F). Degradation rate constants for MO and CM varied similarly among the three light systems as k W-H < kiv-F < kXE, implying the same relative photon flux emission by each light. However, the apparent relative photon flux emitted by the different lights varied depending on the light characterization method. This discrepancy is shown to be caused by the spectral distribution present in light emission profiles, as well as absorption behavior of chemical actinometers and optical sensors. Data and calculations for the determination of photon flux from chemical and calibrated optical light characterization is presented, allowing us to interpret photo-degradation rate constants as a function of incident photon flux. This approach enabled the derivation of a calibrated ‘rate-flux’ metric for evaluating and translating data from photocatalysis studies.
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