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1
Tarnovanu, Horia. "Causation and responsibility : four aspects of their relation." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7060.
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The concept of causation is essential to ascribing moral and legal responsibility since the only way an agent can make a difference in the world is through her acts causing things to happen. Yet the extent and manner in which the complex features of causation bear on responsibility ascriptions remain unclear. I present an analysis of four aspects of causation which yields new insights into different properties of responsibility and offers increased plausibility to certain moral views. Chapter I examines the realist assumption that causation is an objective and mind-independent relation between space-time located relata – a postulate meant to provide moral assessment with a naturalistic basis and make moral properties continuous with a scientific view of the world. I argue that such a realist stance is problematic, and by extension so are the views seeking to tie responsibility attributions to an objective relation. Chapter II combines the context sensitivity of causal claims with the plausible idea that responsibility ascriptions rest on the assessment of causal sequences relating agents and consequences. I argue that taking context sensitivity seriously compels us to face a choice between moral contrastivism and a mild version of scepticism, viz. responsibility is not impossible, but ultimately difficult to identify with confidence. I show why the latter view is preferable. Chapter III explores the concern that group agents would causally (and morally) overdetermine the effects already caused by their constituent individuals. I argue that non-reductive views of agency and responsibility lack a coherent causal story about how group agents impact the world as relatively independent entities. I explain the practical importance of higher-order entities and suggest a fictionalist stance towards group agency talk. Chapter IV analyses the puzzle of effect selection – if causes have infinitely many effects, but only one or a few are mentioned in causal claims, what determines their selection from the complete set of consequents? I argue that the criteria governing the difference between effects and by-products lack clarity and stability. I use the concerns about appropriate effect selection to formulate an epistemic argument against consequentialism.
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Crosby, Danielle Annik. "Children's causal attributions for economic inequality : relation to age and socioeconomic environments /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Miranda, Ackerman Eduardo Jacobo. "Extracting Causal Relations between News Topics from Distributed Sources." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-130066.
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The overwhelming amount of online news presents a challenge called news information overload. To mitigate this challenge we propose a system to generate a causal network of news topics. To extract this information from distributed news sources, a system called Forest was developed. Forest retrieves documents that potentially contain causal information regarding a news topic. The documents are processed at a sentence level to extract causal relations and news topic references, these are the phases used to refer to a news topic. Forest uses a machine learning approach to classify causal sentences, and then renders the potential cause and effect of the sentences. The potential cause and effect are then classified as news topic references, these are the phrases used to refer to a news topics, such as “The World Cup” or “The Financial Meltdown”. Both classifiers use an algorithm developed within our working group, the algorithm performs better than several well known classification algorithms for the aforementioned tasks.
In our evaluations we found that participants consider causal information useful to understand the news, and that while we can not extract causal information for all news topics, it is highly likely that we can extract causal relation for the most popular news topics. To evaluate the accuracy of the extractions made by Forest, we completed a user survey. We found that by providing the top ranked results, we obtained a high accuracy in extracting causal relations between news topics.
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Di, Francisco Maria Nezu Christine M. "Psychopathy, negative emotions of anger and depression, and causal attributions : relation to sexual aggression /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2006. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860%20/839.
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Haynes, Sarah Kirksey. "Student reading performance in relation to selected causal variables and a teaming process for improving higher order thinking skills." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2009. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/60.
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It was proposed to examine student motivation and teacher expectation for student performance in reading in relation to teachers' perceptions of instructional supervision, planning and preparation, instructional delivery, preservice college preparation, reading endorsement certification, teacher professional development, grade level teaching assignment and parental involvement. The results of a teacher survey indicated that student motivation was correlated with teacher expectation about students' performance on the Georgia Criterion Reference Competency Tests (CRCT), and both were correlated with preservice college training, instructional delivery and parent involvement. Based on the survey results, a treatment was conducted to enhance teachers' capabilities to teach for higher order thinking skills in reading in the second grade of a metropolitan Atlanta elementary school. There was no significant transfer on the CRCT from the treatment.
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Battle, Danielle Sanders. "Student mathermatics performance in relation to selected causal variables and a teaming process for improving higher order thinking skills." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2009. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/52.
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It was proposed that student mathematics gain scores on the Georgia Criteria Referenced Competency Test (CRCT], motivation ant1 teacher expectation might be explained by teacher perceptions of the selected independent variables: Instructional I leadership, professional development, teacher methodology, achievement lesson planning, teacher instructional delivery and teacher college preparation. The correlation design did not include a control group. Thirty-seven of the 48 teachers responded to a 51 -item, five-point ordinal scale questionnaire in a metropolitan Atlanta elementary school. Significant correlations were student CRCT performance; motivation and teacher expectations were intercorrelated and all three variables were significantly correlated with the Achievement Lesson Planning system (ALPS), college preparation, instructional supervision, math grouping, and staff professional development. Higher order thinking skills (HOTS) were only significantly related to CRCT and teacher expectation. Based on these results. five third grade teachers were selected for treatment, and were asked to rate their 95 students' ability to respond to higher order thinking skills in addition to providing teacher and student demographic information. Based on the results of both surveys, a treatment was conducted to counteract the identified causal variables for low student responsiveness in teaching of higher order thinking skills in order to improve student mathematic performance. The researcher (the principal) trained the third grade teachers to function as a Grade Achievement 1em (GAT) on the Empowerment Management of meeting (EMOM) model and to utilize the ALPS to plan lessons so as to counteract the causal variables for low student performance and to teach for higher order thinking skills utilizing the Observation Based Instructional Assessment System (OBIA). The results of ANOVA indicated that all teachers made significant gains on the teaching of HOTS in mathematics. In a factor analysis, HOTS gain scores in mathematics were loaded in component I inversely only with teacher gender. The results of regression analysis indicated that student CRCT math performance was significantly predicted only by their Pre-CRCT score and teacher rating of their math performance. It was suggested that the principal provided professional development at the Grade Achievement Team (GAT) level in the Management of Meeting (EMOM) model for conducting Achievement Lesson Planning System (ALPS) and Observation Based Instructional Assessment (OBIA) on the teaching of higher order thinking skills (HOTS).
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Gobeli, Brett Robert. "A two-year causal comparative study of Illinois school districts' instructional expenditures and their relation to student achievement growth." Thesis, Aurora University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10148299.
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The distribution of funds is critical to support quality education and represents large portions of school district's overall budget. With the increase of expenditures in education in the United States, the changes are not evident with increased student achievement. The problem that this study addressed is the spending of districts and student achievement growth. There has been mixed research evidence from the research regarding the relation between the size of a district’s educational budget and students’ level of educational achievement. Based upon the mixed results established by previous research, this study has determined, within the state of Illinois, if a relationship between the funding and student achievement growth exists. In particular, the study assesses the relation between expenditures in the instructional expenditures of school districts and student achievement growth. This study adds to the body of evidence on utilization of resources with particular emphasis on the budget spent for instruction and student achievement growth. In particular, the study assesses if there was a correlation between the instructional expenditures and academic achievement growth for public school districts in Illinois.
This quantitative longitudinal, causal comparative study of extant data investigated the relationship of the independent variables of instructional expenditures, district size, teacher experience level, and teacher salary level as they relate to student achievement growth. The determination of student achievement growth was measured by examining American College Testing (ACT) composite scores from one year to the next. A final analysis was completed to determine the evidence of a relationship over two years of study.
A further discussion of research results, their role in the larger field of student growth research, and suggestions for future research were provided. The summary of the research findings was shared regarding student achievement growth in relation to the proportion of the district's budget for the instructional expenditures, size of the district, type of district, income level of student families, teacher experience level, and teacher salary level.
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Richards, Marina G. A. "Causal attributions in schizophrenia : an investigation of clients' and relatives' causal attributions about the illness : this will be examined in relation to clients' perceptions of family relationships, knowledge about schizophrenia and family distress." Thesis, Open University, 1998. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57911/.
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Many clients with severe mental health problem, live in the community with their relatives. Research in the area has indicated that exacerbation of psychotic symptoms in clients is strongly associated with the emotional atmosphere in the family. The presence of high expressed emotion has been linked with relapse. However, recent research suggests that it is the causal attributions which relatives make to explain the illness symptomatology, which is most predictive of relapse. Relatives viewing clients' symptoms as being controllable by the client has been associated with hostility in relatives. Little has been said in the literature about the subjective experiences of clients. The present study investigated the causal attributions which clients and relatives made to explain the manifestation of the illness. Causal attributions made to explain positive symptoms, negative symptoms and behavioural problems were examined and compared. Clients! perception of their relationship with a key relative and their affective state was measured. Participants knowledge about schizophrenia, and relatives levels of distress were also examined. The clients in the present study were men under fifty with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Key relatives also participated. A cross sectional correlational and comparative methodology was employed. A mixture of quantitative data and qualitative information was generated. A key finding was that the nature of attributions made was determined by symptom category. Positive Symptoms were deemed to be the least controllable symptom and Behavioural Problems were considered the most controllable. Relationships existed between the attributions made by clients and relatives. Depression in clients was related to them attributing their illness to personal factors, and a reporting negative feelings about there relationship with a key relative. Findings are discussed in relation to literature, research and clinical practice.
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Binici, Sevda. "Preschool Teachers’ Inferential Questions during Shared Reading and Their Relation to Low-Income Children’s Reading Comprehension at Kindergarten and First Grade." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1405429590.
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Beri, Hina. "Chemical and molecular analysis of the cell wall composition of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in relation to resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum, causal agent of bacterial wilt." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976699133.
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Birch, John F. "Providence and Space-Time: Rethinking God's Relation to the World Through the Eyes of John Polkinghorne." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1607005827363861.
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Korotkov, David. "Evaluating the causal primacy of the Five-Factor Model of personality in relation to health status, physician utilization, restriction of activities, health behaviours, and negative life events." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ55127.pdf.
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Cho, Ikuo. "Geometrical and causal relation between the rupture geometry of a mainshock and distribution of the faults of the aftershocks : the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake sequence, Japan." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157177.
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要旨pdfファイル：タイトル「(本震の破壊形状と余震が起こる断層面の分布との幾何学的関係および因果関係:1995年兵庫県南部地震)」本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(理学)
甲第7667号
理博第2052号
新制||理||1092(附属図書館)
UT51-99-G261
京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻
(主査)教授 中西 一郎, 教授 尾池 和夫, 教授 安藤 雅孝
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Pham, Thi Be Nam. "Un modèle causal de certains antécédents et conséquences des dimensions chaude et froide de la qualité de la relation à la marque (BRQ) : un test empirique dans un contexte Vietnamien." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAG007/document.
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Cette recherche se concentre sur un modèle causal de certains antécédents et les conséquences des dimensions des relations BRQ (chaud vs froid): un test empirique dans un contexte Vietnamien. L'enquête repose sur les théories de la personnalité de la marque, des antécédents (l'auto-congruence et qualité des partenaires), les conséquences (WTP – volonté à payer, la taille de l'ensemble de considération et WOM – le bouche-à-oreille), le BRQ (chaud vs froid) et l'intention de la marque.Les objectifs de cette recherche sont: premièrement, déterminer les effets de la personnalité de la marque sur les antécédents de deux composantes de la BRQ dans le contexte Vietnamien. Deuxièmement, étudier l’impact des antécédents et les conséquences des deux composantes de BRQ sur l'intention d’achat de la marque dans le contexte Vietnamien. Un modèle structurel a été développé illustrant la relation entre la personnalité de la marque (antidépresseur) et les conséquences d'une relation de qualité de marque (BRQ). Cela a entraîné le développement de vingt hypothèses. Pour répondre aux objectifs de cette recherche, des données ont été recueillies, axées sur six classes de produits et, au final, 634 questionnaires ont été recueillis. En ce qui concerne le développement théorique actuel. On a fait recours aux équations structurelles pour analyser les données.Les principaux résultats soutiennent nos attentes. Tout d'abord, les résultats de cette étude révèlent que la personnalité de la marque a une influence positive sur les deux variables de l'auto-congruence et de la qualité des partenaires, mais on voit clairement qu'il existe une différence entre le niveau d'influence et d'importance. Deuxièmement, étant donné que l'auto-congruence a un effet plus important sur le chaud que froid BRQ, d'autre part, la qualité des partenaires a un effet plus important sur le froid que chaud BRQ. Cependant, en fonction du coefficient de chemin de l'auto-congruence et de la qualité des partenaires, les résultats révèlent que l’auto-congruence a un effet positif sur les chauds et froids BRQ par rapport à la qualité des partenaires. Ensuite, pour voir les effets du chaud et froid BRQ sur les conséquences de celui-ci, les résultats révèlent que les chaud et froid BRQ ont des conséquences positives sur la volonté à payer, la taille de l'ensemble de considération et le bouche-à-oreille, qui sont pris en charge par nos hypothèses. En ce qui concerne les résultats de la condamnation des deux composantes de BRQ, nous avons constaté que la taille de l'ensemble de considération et le bouche-à-oreille n'ont aucune relation avec l'intention de la marque, alors que WTP a un effet positif sur la marque.Les principales contributions de cette recherche permettent de mieux comprendre le comportement des consommateurs sur le marché Vietnamien. Les résultats de notre étude montrent que les chauds BRQ ont une influence plus forte et plus significative sur la volonté à payer du consommateur. Cependant, le froid BRQ a considérablement influencé le bouche-à-oreille du consommateur. Par conséquent, le chaud BRQ, qui est la qualité de la relation émotionnelle, augmente principalement le comportement de fidélité des clients. En revanche, le froid BRQ aide à attirer de nouveaux clients’ grâce à une communication positive de bouche-à-oreille des clients. Le maintien des clients actuels et l'attrait des clients potentiels sont des moteurs essentiels pour la survie d'une marque ou d'un produit. Les gestionnaires ont besoin, par conséquent, d'avoir une incidence positive sur le chaud et froid BRQ de leurs clients. En outre, en fonction des résultats de la recherche, ils devraient se concentrer sur une volonté de payer un prix haut de gamme afin d'augmenter leur intention d'achat de marqueThe understanding of Vietnamese consumer behaviors toward brands is crucial for not only local but also foreign marketers to be prepared for the competition in the Vietnamese market. In addition, marketers are increasingly trying to build and to understand the relationship between their brands and consumers. So, this research focuses on a causal model of some antecedents and consequences of hot and cold brand relationship quality (BRQ) dimensions: an empirical test in a Vietnamese context. The investigation is based on the theories of brand personality, antecedents (self-congruence and partner quality), consequences (WTP, consideration set size, and WOM), hot and cold BRQ, and brand purchase intention.The aim behind of this research can be summed up in the following objective: firstly, to determine the effects of brand personality on antecedents of two components of BRQ in the context of Vietnam; secondly, to investigate the impacts of antecedents and consequences of two components of BRQ on brand purchase intention in the context of Vietnam. A structure model was developed illustrating the relationships (assumed) between brand personality on antecedents and consequences of brand relationship quality (BRQ). This resulted in the developed of twenty hypotheses. To address the research aims, data were collected which focused on six product classes and 634 questionnaires were collected in final. Regarding the current of theoretical development, PLS path modeling was used to analyze the data.The key findings emerged from the findings of the current research, which supports our expectation. First, the results of our findings reveal that brand personality has a positive influence on two variables self-congruence and partner quality, but it is clearly seen that there is a different level of influence and importance. Secondly, given that self-congruence is a more significant effect on hot than cold BRQ, on the other hand, partner quality is a more significant effect on cold than hot BRQ. However, based on the path coefficient of self-congruence and partner quality, the results reveal that self-congruence has a positive significant effect on both hot and cold BRQ compared to partner quality. Next, to see how the effects of hot and cold BRQ on the consequences of its, the findings reveal that hot and cold BRQ have positive on consequences with WTP, consideration set size, WOM, which are supported to our proposal hypotheses. Regarding the results of consequences of two components of BRQ on brand purchase intention. We found that consideration set size and WOM have no relationship with brand purchase intention, while WTP has a positive significant effect on brand purchase intention.The key contributions of this research provide a better understanding consumer behavior in the Vietnamese market. The findings of our study show that hot BRQ has been shown to have a stronger and significant influence on consumer’s WTP. Cold BRQ, however, was found to strongly impact the consumer’s WOM. Therefore, hot BRQ, which is the emotional relationship quality, mainly increases the loyalty behavior of customers; in contrast, cold BRQ helps to attract new customers by positively word-of-mouth communication of customers. Both the retention of current customers and the attraction of news customers are crucial drivers for the sustainable future of a brand or a product. Managers need, therefore, try to positively impact both hot and cold BRQ of their customers. Furthermore, based on the research results, they should focus on a willingness to pay price premium in order to increase their brand purchasing intention
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Reimann, Sebastian Michael. "Multilingual Zero-Shot and Few-Shot Causality Detection." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446516.
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Relations that hold between causes and their effects are fundamental for a wide range of different sectors. Automatically finding sentences that express such relations may for example be of great interest for the economy or political institutions. However, for many languages other than English, a lack of training resources for this task needs to be dealt with. In recent years, large, pretrained transformer-based model architectures have proven to be very effective for tasks involving cross-lingual transfer such as cross-lingual language inference, as well as multilingual named entity recognition, POS-tagging and dependency parsing, which may hint at similar potentials for causality detection. In this thesis, we define causality detection as a binary labelling problem and use cross-lingual transfer to alleviate data scarcity for German and Swedish by using three different classifiers that make either use of multilingual sentence embeddings obtained from a pretrained encoder or pretrained multilingual language models. The source languages in most of our experiments will be English, for Swedish we however also use a small German training set and a combination of English and German training data. We try out zero-shot transfer as well as making use of limited amounts of target language data either as a development set or as additional training data in a few-shot setting. In the latter scenario, we explore the impact of varying sizes of training data. Moreover, the problem of data scarcity in our situation also makes it necessary to work with data from different annotation projects. We also explore how much this would impact our result. For German as a target language, our results in a zero-shot scenario expectedly fall short in comparison with monolingual experiments, but F1-macro scores between 60 and 65 in cases where annotation did not differ drastically still signal that it was possible to transfer at least some knowledge. When introducing only small amounts of target language data, already notable improvements were observed and with the full German training data of about 3,000 sentences combined with the most suitable English data set, the performance for German in some scenarios even almost matches the state of the art for monolingual experiments on English. The best zero-shot performance on the Swedish data was even outperforming the scores achieved for German. However, due to problems with the additional Swedish training data, we were not able to improve upon the zero-shot performance in a few-shot setting in a similar manner as it was the case for German.
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Eryilmaz, Cevirgen Aysegul. "Causal Relations Among 12th Grade Students." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614970/index.pdf.
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The purpose of this study is to invetigate the causal relationships among 12th
grade students&rsquogeometry knowledge regarding prisms and pyramids, spatial ability, gender, and school type. Path analysis was used to test the relationships among knowledge factors (declarative, conditional, and procedural knowledge), spatial ability factors (spatial visualization, mental rotation, and spatial perception ability), gender (female and male), and school type (general high schools and Anatolian high schools). Knowledge factors and spatial ability factors were determined by carrying out confirmatory factor analysis for the Prisms and Pyramids Knowledge Test and Purdue Spatial Visualization Test separately. Results revealed the bilateral relations among students&rsquo
declarative, conditional and procedural knowledge
and the bilateral relations among spatial visualization, mental rotation, and spatial perception ability. When relations among spatial ability factors and knowledge factors were examined, the importance of the students&rsquo
spatial abilities on geometry performance was exposed explicitly. Spatial visualization and mental rotation ability have positive direct effects on all knowledge factors. Additionally, spatial perception ability have positive direct effect on declarative and procedural knowledge. On the other hand, school type has positive direct effects on students&rsquo
geometry knowledge factors and spatial ability factors. These effects exposed the superiority of students in Anatolian high schools in respect of students in general high schools. Moreover, direct effects of gender on mental rotation ability, spatial perception ability, and declarative knowledge were found. Although, results presented the male superiority in mental rotation and spatial perception abilities, direct effect of gender on declarative knowledge indicate the female advantage.
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Taylor, Christopher Nigel. "A formal logical analysis of causal relations." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.564138.
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Causal relations of various kinds are a pervasive feature of human language and theorising about the world. Despite this, the specification of a satisfactory general analysis of causal relations has long proved difficult. The research described in this thesis is an attempt to provide a formal logical theory of causal relations, in a broad sense of 'causal', which includes various atemporal explanatory and functional relations, in addition to causation between temporally ordered events; and which involves not only necessity associated with physical laws, but also necessity associated with laws and constraints of various other types. The key idea which motivates the analysis is that many types of causal relation have in common certain underlying abstract properties, regardless of the nature of the participants involved. These properties can be expressed via an axiomatisation, initially viewed as applicable to 'event causation', but subsequently re-interpreted in a more abstract and general way. Given the wide variety of models for the axioms, there are not likely to be powerful general methods for computing the causal relationships defined: instead it is likely to be more productive to use methods tailored to particular models.
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Estrada, Fernandez Zarina. "Arguments and clausal relations in Pima Bajo." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185467.
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This dissertation is a study of Arguments and Clausal Relations of Pima Bajo within the framework of Categorial Unification Grammar. The theoretical framework explored assumes the existence of three major categories--the Argument Categorizing Element, The Propositional Radical, and the Proposition--and studies the structure building mechanisms which account for those categories. The major categories are taken to be feature-value complexes which combine, via unification, with different type of pronominal forms. It is shown that the notion of arguments as feature-values and the application of a categorial unification grammar accounts for the structure of simple as well as for complex constructions. The final part of the dissertation discusses a phonological algebra which accounts for the linear order of elements.
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Sellner, Daniela Bettina. "The access to causal relations in semantic memory." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966247035.
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Sam, Keth Vichetra. "Formalisation de l'interfonctionnement dans les résaux de télécommunication et définition d'une théorie de test pour systèmes concurrents." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077171.
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Wechs, Julian. "Relations causales multipartites en théorie quantique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY008.
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Ces dernières années, une grande attention a été portée à l'étude des relations causales en théorie quantique. Plus particulièrement, il a été montré qu'il est possible de concevoir des scénarios dans lesquelles des parties réalisent des opérations qui sont compatibles avec la théorie quantique, mais qui ne peuvent pas être intégrées dans une structure causale globale. De tels ordres causaux indéfinis sont intéressants d'un point de vue fondamental, mais aussi sous l'angle de l'informatique quantique, étant donné qu'ils sortent du paradigme habituel des circuits quantiques, dans lequel on présuppose un ordre causal bien défini. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier des relations causales indéfinies dans des scénarios comportant plus de deux parties. Comparées au cas bipartite, les situations multipartites font apparaître des aspects et problèmes nouveaux qui nécessitent d’être clarifiés afin de comprendre fondamentalement les structures causales quantiques indéfinies, et de mettre en évidence leurs implications et leur utilité potentielle pour l’informatique quantique.Une approche particulière pour étudier des relations causales quantiques est le formalisme des matrices de processus. Dans ce formalisme, le concept de la non-séparabilité causale a été introduit afin de qualifier des scénarios qui ne sont pas compatibles avec un ordre causal. Dans le chapitre 2, nous étudions comment généraliser ce concept au cas multipartite, comment caractériser des processus multipartites causalement (non)-séparables, et comment certifier la non-séparabilité causale multipartite. Un autre sujet important est de déterminer quels scénarios quantiques avec un ordre causal indéfini sont physiquement réalisables, et comment ils peuvent être réalisés concrètement. Dans le chapitre 3, nous introduisons deux nouvelles classes de processus quantiques multipartites qui sont réalisables en pratique et nous caractérisons les matrices de processus correspondantes. En particulier, nous définissons la classe des circuits quantiques avec un ordre causal contrôlé de manière quantique. L'exemple le plus simple d'un tel circuit est le quantum switch : un protocole dans lequel l'ordre entre deux opérations est contrôlé par un qubit dans un état de superposition, et qui définit un processus causalement non-séparable. La classe que nous introduisons contient des exemples plus généraux de processus causalement non-séparables avec de nouvelles propriétés. Nous montrons ensuite comment la caractérisation des processus de cette classe nous permet d'étudier de nouvelles applications de la non-séparabilité causale. Dans le chapitre 4, nous étudions un effet particulier de communication quantique dans un scénario avec un contrôle cohérent entre deux canaux quantiques. Ceci nous conduit à une analyse plus générale de la notion de canal quantique contrôlé de façon cohérente, qui implique certaines subtilités. Dans le chapitre 5, nous abordons un autre problème inhérent aux scénarios multipartites, qui est de savoir si un phénomène donné est véritablement multipartite (<< genuinely multipartite >>) ou non. Plus particulièrement, nous étudions des corrélations (non)-causales << véritablement multipartites >>. Dans le chapitre 6, nous mettons en évidence que des valeurs faibles anormales sont possibles sans post-sélection. Enfin, dans le chapitre 7, nous montrons qu'une certaine classe de matrices de processus tripartites, à savoir celles qui sont unitairement extensibles, ont une réalisation sur des sous-systèmes dits temporellement délocalisés, c'est-à-dire des sous-systèmes quantiques qui ne sont pas associés à un temps bien défini. Cette classe est plus grande que la classe des circuits quantiques avec un ordre causal contrôlé de manière quantique. Un point intéressant est qu'elle contient des processus qui violent des inégalités causalesIn recent years, the investigation of causal relations in quantum theory has attracted a lot of interest. In particular, it has been found that it is possible to conceive of scenarios where some parties perform operations that are compatible with quantum theory locally, but that cannot be embedded into a global background causal structure. Such indefinite causal structures are of interest from a fundamental point of view, but also from the perspective of quantum information processing, since they do not fit into the usual paradigm of quantum circuits, which assumes a definite causal order. The main aim of this thesis is to study indefinite quantum causal relations involving more than two parties. Compared to the bipartite case, there are many new aspects and complications that arise in multipartite situations, which need to be clarified in order to fundamentally understand quantum causal structures, and to shed light on their implications and potential usefulness for quantum information processing.A suitable mathematical framework for the investigation of quantum causal relations is the process matrix formalism. In this framework, the notion of causal nonseparability was introduced in order to qualify scenarios that are incompatible with a definite causal order. In Chapter 2, we study how to generalise this concept to the multipartite case, how to characterise multipartite causally (non)separable quantum processes, and how to certify multipartite causal nonseparability. Another important topic is to determine which quantum scenarios with indefinite causal order are physically implementable, and how they can be realised concretely. In Chapter 3, we introduce two new classes of physically realisable multipartite quantum processes, and characterise them in terms of their process matrix descriptions. In particular, we define the class of quantum circuits with quantum control of causal order. The simplest example of such a circuit is the quantum switch, a protocol in which the order between two operations is controlled by a qubit in a superposition state, and which defines a causally nonseparable process. The class we introduce also contains more general examples of causally nonseparable processes with new features. We then show how the process matrix characterisation of this class allows us to search for new quantum information processing applications of causal nonseparability. In Chapter 4, we investigate a particular quantum communication effect in a scenario involving coherent control between two quantum channels. This leads us to a more general analysis of the notion of a coherently controlled channel, which involves certain subtilities. In Chapter 5, we turn to another problem that arises in multipartite scenarios, namely whether a given phenomenon is genuinely multipartite or not. More particularly, we study genuinely multipartite (non)causal correlations. In Chapter 6, we show that anomalous weak values are possible without post-selection. In Chapter 7, we show that certain tripartite process matrices, namely those that are unitarily extensible, have a realisation on so-called time-delocalised subsystems, i.e., quantum subsystems that are not associated with a definite time. The class of unitarily extensible tripartite process matrices is larger than the class of quantum circuits with quantum control, and in particular contains processes that violate so-called causal inequalities
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O'Connor, Katherine. "Causal Relations Between Cognitive Control and Language| A Conflict Adaptation Study." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1590850.
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Whether neural substrates underlying conflict resolution, or the ability to choose an appropriate response from number of alternate options, are shared across disparate domains is currently unclear. This thesis sought to extend previous studies examining this question by asking whether conflict adaptation occurs between Stroop (a non-syntactic task well-studied in the conflict resolution literature) and two different language tasks. Evidence for bidirectional behavioral interaction between processing of sentences with syntax-semantic conflict and Stroop was found in Experiment 1; however, there were no behavioral interactions between a multiword production task and Stroop in Experiment 2. The difference between these two studies could be consistent with either a domain-general or domain-specific model of conflict processing, as it is unclear whether interactions were not found due to differences in levels of conflict processing or differences in domains of conflict processing. Further research should focus on better distinguishing between these two possibilities. Finally, we also suggest that future research should better characterize the time course of conflict processing.
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Saraswat, Krishan. "Constraints on geometry from causal holographic information and relative entropy." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62879.
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In this thesis we find constraints to asymptotically anti de-Sitter space dual to holographic conformal field theory states using the holographic duality. A recent conjecture involving the causal holographic information surface propsed that for smooth asymptotically anti de-Sitter spacetimes that obey the null energy condition, the area of the Ryu-Takayanagi surface will always be less than or equal to the area of the causal holographic information surface. This conjecture is explored in three dimensional spacetimes that are dual to translation invariant states on the boundary conformal field theory in two dimensions. A series expansion of the Ryu-Takayanagi surface and causal holographic information surface is derived, and is used to translate the constraint between the ar- eas of the two surfaces into a constraint on the asymptotic structure of such geometries near the conformal boundary. The translated constraints are compared to the constraints given by the null energy condition - and it is found that the first two leading order constraints are the same. We then outline some preliminary results of an ongoing project whose goal is to understand the dual of relative entropy of holographic states defined on null cone regions on the conformal boundary. We derive the modular Hamiltonian for vacuum states defined on null cone regions in a conformal field theory using known results for modular Hamiltonians on null planes. We also derive the Ryu- Takayanagi surface associated with such null cone regions. Using these results, it is argued that, for null cones whose base is cut by a constant time cut, will not give new constraints beyond what is already known for ball shaped regions.Science, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
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CALDAS, LUIZ EDUARDO CARDOSO. "CAUSAL CONJUNCTIVE RELATIONS IN A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE: LANGUAGE PROCESSING, READING AND TEACHING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=23446@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Com base no conceito de conjunção de Halliday e Hasan, esta pesquisa de caráter psicolinguístico busca verificar o processamento de relações conjuntivas causais internas e externas, bem como o papel dos conectivos nesse processamento. Para isso, primeiro foi feita uma atividade exploratória de produção textual junto a alunos de sétimo e oitavo anos do Ensino Fundamental, para verificar se nessa faixa de escolaridade eles já utilizam relações conjuntivas causais internas e externas, e se as realizam léxico-gramaticalmente por meio de conectivos. Confirmado o uso dessas relações, foram realizados testes de compreensão leitora off-line e teste cloze em turmas do oitavo e nono do Ensino Fundamental, respectivamente. O resultado da análise estatística dos dados indicou que as relações conjuntivas causais sob investigação apresentam custos de processamento distintos. Nos testes de compreensão, em que a tarefa do participante consistiu na verificação de afirmativas relativas ao conteúdo depreendido do texto, as relações conjuntivas causais externas foram mais facilmente processadas. No teste cloze, em que o estabelecimento de relações entre orações é feito pelo aluno e, nesse sentido, mais dependente de seu conhecimento extralinguístico e do tipo de conectivo que pode expressar adequadamente tais vínculos semânticos, as relações externas parecem ter trazido mais custo para o processamento do que as internas. No caso das internas, além da identificação do caráter argumentativo do texto, pistas de ordem linguística, tais como emprego de recursos modalizadores, em especial de adjetivos, e tempo/modo verbal, podem ter facilitado o reconhecimento do tipo de relação (independentemente de ter-se efetuado uma compreensão mais efetiva do texto). Em relação à presença ou ausência de conectivo, não foi verificado efeito principal dessa variável em nenhum dos experimentos, o que pode, em princípio, ser relacionado à força da relação causal entre as orações, que, mesmo na ausência do conectivo, é possível ser recuperada pelo aluno nos textos utilizados. Este trabalho representa uma contribuição para a questão da leitura em sala de aula, particularmente no que tange à compreensão de textos de natureza argumentativa, em que as relações conjuntivas causais internas e externas comparecem substancialmente, e devem, portanto, ser mais bem abordadas nas aulas de todas as disciplinas, trabalhando-se uma interpretação que vá além da superfície textual.
Based on the concept of conjunction as presented by Halliday and Hasan, this research, which has a psycholinguistic character, aims to verify the processing of internal and external causal conjunctive relations, as well as the role of connectives in this processing. For this, it was first made an exploratory activity of writing with students from 7th and 8th grades of elementary school , to see whether in this level of schooling they already use internal and external causal conjunctive relations, and if they do it lexical- grammatically through connectives . Having confirmed the use of these relations, we performed the off -line reading comprehension test and cloze test in classes from the 8th and 9th grades of Elementary Education, respectively. The result of statistical analysis of the data indicated that the causal conjunctive relationships under investigation have different processing costs. In the comprehension tests, where the task of the participant was the verification of statements about the content inferred from the text, external causal conjunctive relations were more easily processed . In the cloze test , in where the establishment of relations between sentences is done by the student and, thus , depend more on its extra-linguistic knowledge and on the type of connective that can appropriately express such semantic links, external relations seem to have brought more cost to the processing than the internal ones. In the case of the internal ones, beyond identifying the argumentative character of the text, linguistic cues, such as the use of modal resources, especially adjectives and the use of certain verb tenses and moods, may have favored the recognition of the type of relation (regardless of having had a more effective understanding of the text). Regarding the presence or absence of connective it was not observed a main effect of this variable in any of the experiments, which can, at first, be related to the strength of the causal relationship between clauses, which even in the absence of connective can be retrieved by the student in the texts used. This work brings a contribution to the question of reading in the classroom, particularly with regard to text comprehension of argumentative nature, in which internal and external causal conjunctive relations appear substantially, and should therefore be best addressed in class from all subjects, exercising an interpretation that goes beyond the surface of the text.
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Dutra, Vania Lúcia Rodrigues. "Relações conjuntivas causais no texto argumentativo." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=261.
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Considerando-se a concepção de conjunção adotada por Halliday e Hasan (1977), esta Tese de Doutorado trata, especificamente, das relações coesivas conjuntivas causais em textos do tipo argumentativo. Fundamentado principalmente no Funcionalismo Lingüístico, especialmente no modelo sistêmico-funcional de Halliday (2002), e na noção de seqüência textual desenvolvida na análise pragmático-textual de Jean-Michel Adam (1992), este trabalho identifica as relações coesivas conjuntivas causais e explicita seu sentido com base na interpretação dessas relações como externas ou internas, considerando-se os sentidos que os segmentos textuais por elas conectados expressam: sentido chamado externo (interpretado no âmbito da função ideacional da linguagem) ou interno (interpretado no âmbito da função interpessoal da linguagem). Para tanto, são analisadas ocorrências dessas estruturas em seqüências argumentativas, todas elas componentes estruturais de textos do tipo argumentativo. Confirma-se a hipótese de, nesse tipo de texto, as relações conjuntivas causais configurarem-se majoritariamente como relações internas, demonstrando uma preocupação maior do enunciador com as relações inerentes à organização do discurso, ao processo comunicativo em si nas formas de interação escritor-leitor, do que com as formas inerentes aos fenômenos, aos eventos que são relatados pela língua. Busca-se, em última análise, contribuir para uma melhor compreensão das relações entre gramática e discurso em língua portuguesa, desenvolvendo uma descrição que leva em conta a funcionalidade das estruturas léxico-gramaticais na constituição dos textos.Taking into account the conjunction conception adopted by Halliday and Hasan (1977), the present work deals, especifically, with the causal conjunctive cohesive relations in argumentative texts. Mainly based on Linguistic Functionalism, especially on the functional systemic model of Halliday (2002) and on the notion of textual pragmatic analysis of Jean-Michel Adam (1992), this work explains its meaning based on the interpretation of such relations as internal and external, considering the meanings that textual segments conected express: external meaning (interpreted in the area of the ideational function of language) or internal meaning (interpreted in the area of the interpersonal function of language). To accomplish this we analyse the occurences of such structures in argumentative sequences, all of them structural components of the argumentative texts. We confirm the hypothesis that, in this type of text, the causal conjunctive relations are most often characterized as internal relations, demonstrating a greater concern of the speaker as regards relations inherent to discourse organization, to the communicative process in itself in the writer-reader interaction rather than with the forms which are inherent to the phenomena, events that are reported by language.We also aim at contributing to a better comprehension of the relations between grammar and discourse in portuguese language, developing a description that takes into account the functionality of the lexical-grammatical structures in the constitution of texts.
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Pederson, Thomas. "From Conceptual Links to Causal Relations — Physical-Virtual Artefacts in Mixed-Reality Space." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-137.
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Guha, Amal. "Compréhension de textes et représentation des relations causales." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00161089.
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Cette thèse porte sur la notion de distance causale dans la représentation mentale du texte lu (hypothèse du modèle de situation). J'ai d'abord étudié dans la littérature, notamment philosophique, comment on définissait la relation de causalité "dans les choses". Une telle définition semblant hors d'atteinte, j'ai élaboré des définitions opérationnelles de la distance causale, à la fois dans la réalité et dans le modèle de situation. J'ai conduit deux expériences sur des chaînes causales (i. e. des séquences de phrases dans lesquelles chacune décrit la conséquence de la précédente) partielles issues de textes de vulgarisation, recueillant des jugements de plausibilité sur les couples cause-conséquence présentés. Il s'avère que la distance causale mentale (plausibilité) est d'autant moindre que le nombre d'intermédiaires sautés (approximation de la distance causale réelle) est important. On ne trouve pas d'effet du rang de lecture dans la plausibilité jugée. Par ailleurs, la familiarité du participant avec le thème abordé augmente la plausibilité jugée. Il est présenté une série de descripteurs du temps, de l'espace, et des protagonistes, qui permet de qualifier la relation entre les événements décrits par deux phrases. Ces descripteurs sont prédicteurs (à 41 %) de la plausibilité. La causalité est donc une dimension à part entière du modèle de situation, mais elle peut être en grande partie ramenée aux autres dimensions de la situation, que sont le temps, l'espace, et les protagonistes. Nous suggérons que ces données situationnelles peuvent fournir la base d'une décision "fruste" pour entreprendre ou non une inférence causale lors de la lecture d'un texte.
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Kuhn, Jill Ann. "Cue-to-consequence effects in an associative account of causal attribution." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/652.
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Boudon, Sylvain. "Biologie évolutive des pathovars de "Xanthomonas arboricola", agent causal de phytobactérioses émergentes." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20199.
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Labadal, Abdelkrim. "Alliances technologiques et croissance economique : Impacts et relations causales." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10022.
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Les alliances stratégiques sont l’une des manifestations de la mondialisation. Elles ont marqué le début des années 1980 et n’ont pas cessé de se multiplier. Les alliances stratégiques ont fait l'objet de plusieurs recherches aussi bien en organisation industrielle que dans le domaine des sciences de la gestion. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans cette optique. Il s’agit de chercher la présence de liens de causalité entre les alliances technologiques et la croissance économique. Pour atteindre notre objectif, nous analysons, dans le premier chapitre, le concept d'alliances stratégiques. Dans le second chapitre, nous exposons le problème des alliances technologiques et la place qu’elles occupent parmi les théories de la croissance économique. Soulever toutes les questions relatives à leur efficacité d’une part et leur stabilité d’autre part, font l'objet d'un troisième chapitre. En utilisant la théorie des jeux évolutionniste, nous montrons que les alliances sont en mesure de résister à la présence de firmes qui opèrent seules sur le marché. À la fin de la thèse, dans un quatrième chapitre, nous concluons à l’existence d’un impact, tant quantitatif que qualitatif, des alliances technologiques sur la croissance économiqueStrategic alliances are one manifestation of globalization. They marked the beginning of 1980 and have continued to multiply. Strategic alliances have been subject of several studies in industrial organization and also in the field of management sciences. This thesis is part of this context. We are looking the presence of causal links between technological alliances and economic growth. To achieve our objective, we analyze, in the first chapter, the concept of strategic alliances. In the second chapter, we expose the problem of technological alliances and their place among the theories of economic growth. Raise all matters relating to their effectiveness on the one hand and stability on the other hand, are the subject of a third chapter. Using the theory of evolutionary games, we show that alliances are able to resist the presence of firms that operate only on the market. At the end of the thesis, in a fourth chapter, we conclude that there is an impact, both quantitatively and qualitatively, technology alliances on economic growth
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Fiévé, Estelle. "Rôle des composantes temporelles dans l'évaluation des relations causales." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112253.
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L'information causale est transmise par l'interaction d'un bon nombre de facteurs, principalement les composantes temporelles, c'est ce que nous avons mis en évidence dans un premier temps. Nous avons donc testé le rôle du temps, de l'aspect et du type de verbe sur l'évaluation de la relation causale entre deux évènements. L'" aspect " est la manière dont l'action du verbe est distribuée dans le temps, par rapport au " temps " qui localise un évènement par rapport à un autre. Nous concluons à un effet faciliteur de certaines associations de temps sur l'évaluation de la causalité (notamment quand le texte commence par un imparfait). Puis, nous avons testé si la nature du verbe (état, action ponctuelle ou continue) influençait l'évaluation de la causalité. Là encore, certains verbes facilitent ou gênent l'évaluation de la causalité, mais sans interagir avec le temps des verbes. Principalement, un verbe d'achèvement en première phrase facilite la compréhension -plus rapide- par rapport à un verbe d'état. Nous avons enfin utilisé nos résultats expérimentaux pour tenter une approche de la représentation aspectuo-temporelle à l'aide de réseaux d'intervalles. Nous représentons les procès avec les différents composants du repérage temporel du récit ainsi que leurs relations à l'aide de l'algèbre des intervalles temporels d'Allen. À partir de l'analyse de ces relations, nous mettons en évidence de nouvelles relations entre les aspects de chaque phrase et examinons leur incidence sur la causalité. Reprenant les travaux de Dorr et Gaasterland (2002), nous proposons une approche du temps et de l'aspect qui nous permet de déduire les connecteurs envisageables entre deux procès donnésCausal information is transmitted by the interaction of a lot of factors, mainly the temporal components, it is what we have highlighted in a first experiment. We have thus tested the role of tenses, aspects and the type of verbs on the evaluation of causal relation between two events. The "aspect" refers to the way in which the action of the verb is distributed in time, compared to "tenses" which locate an event compared to another. We conclude that there is a facilitator effect of some associations of tense on the evaluation of causality (in particular when the text starts with imperfect). Then, we have tested if the nature of the verb (state, specific or continue action) influence the evaluation of causality. There still, some verbs facilitate or disturb the evaluation of causality, but without interacting with the tense of the verb. Mainly, a verb of achievement in the first sentence facilitates the comprehension - faster- compared to a verb of state. We have finally used our experimental results to try an approach of the aspectuo-temporal representation using intervals networks. We represent processes with the various components of the temporal location of the story and their relations using the Allen's algebra of temporal intervals. Starting from the analysis of these relations, we highlight new relations between the aspects of each sentence and examine their incidence on causality. Taking up the works of Dorr and Gaasterland (2002), we propose an approach of time and aspect which enables us to deduce the possible connectors between two given proccesses
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Peramageli, Fotini. "Emotional and behavioural difficulties : causal attributions for social and working relations in Greek primary school children." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021769/.
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Emotional and behavioural difficulties are present in many children's lives. Prevalence and stability estimates have called for early identification and intervention. Several factors have been identified which relate to emotional and behavioural difficulties and conclusions have been drawn on how children with EBDs differ from the non-EBD. One area which has not been adequately researched is the relationship between emotional/behavioural difficulties and social cognition and more specifically to causal attributions. Children's causal attributions have been found to relate directly to their emotional and behavioural reactivity, so the objective of the present research was to identify the way children with EBDs perceive and interpret social situations of peer rejection and school failure. Two studies were carried out. The first study dealt with the identification process of emotional and behavioural difficulties in primary school children, aged 8-11yrs old, in Athens, Greece. The Rutter Behaviour Questionnaire for completion by teachers and parents was used for 266 children from 2 state schools. The prevalence rate was estimated at the 35% level. Sex and social class differences were also identified. Three groups of children were identified in the first study for participation in the second study. One group included children identified by parents and teachers on two occasions (the pervasive and stable group), one identified twice by teachers only and one twice by parents only. Each of the three groups was matched with a control in terms of sex, age and SES. It was found that children in all the three EBD groups have consistently failed to choose internal self-attributions in comparison to their controls i.e. selfattributions for failure and rejection in social and work relations were mainly external for the EBD groups whereas they were both internal and external for the controls. There were no differences between the two groups for the other attributions i.e. other attributions for failure and rejection in social and work relations were both external and internal, for both the EBD and control groups. No differences were identified between EBD and control groups in terms of children's ability to anticipate others' hurt feelings. However, differences were found between the pervasive EBD and control groups in children's reactions to anticipating hurt feelings. The EBD group children revealed both internal and external reasons, although they were able to realise, that internal reasons hurt more. The control group children only revealed the external reasons. These results enhance our understanding of the heterogeneity and situation specificity of EBDs and have major implications for assessment and identification measures. They also shed some light on the relationship between EBDs and causal attributions and can have useful educational, social and psychological implications for the children themselves as well as for their significant others.
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Kramdi, Seifeddine. "A modal approach to model computational trust." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30146/document.
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Le concept de confiance est un concept sociocognitif qui adresse la question de l'interaction dans les systèmes concurrents. Quand la complexité d'un système informatique prohibe l'utilisation de solutions traditionnelles de sécurité informatique en amont du processus de développement (solutions dites de type dur), la confiance est un concept candidat, pour le développement de systèmes d'aide à l'interaction. Dans cette thèse, notre but majeur est de présenter une vue d'ensemble de la discipline de la modélisation de la confiance dans les systèmes informatiques, et de proposer quelques modèles logiques pour le développement de module de confiance. Nous adoptons comme contexte applicatif majeur, les applications basées sur les architectures orientées services, qui sont utilisées pour modéliser des systèmes ouverts telle que les applications web. Nous utiliserons pour cela une abstraction qui modélisera ce genre de systèmes comme des systèmes multi-agents. Notre travail est divisé en trois parties, la première propose une étude de la discipline, nous y présentons les pratiques utilisées par les chercheurs et les praticiens de la confiance pour modéliser et utiliser ce concept dans différents systèmes, cette analyse nous permet de définir un certain nombre de points critiques, que la discipline doit aborder pour se développer. La deuxième partie de notre travail présente notre premier modèle de confiance. Cette première solution basée sur un formalisme logique (logique dynamique épistémique), démarre d'une interprétation de la confiance comme une croyance sociocognitive, ce modèle présentera une première modélisation de la confiance. Apres avoir prouvé la décidabilité de notre formalisme. Nous proposons une méthodologie pour inférer la confiance en des actions complexes : à partir de notre confiance dans des actions atomiques, nous illustrons ensuite comment notre solution peut être mise en pratique dans un cas d'utilisation basée sur la combinaison de service dans les architectures orientées services. La dernière partie de notre travail consiste en un modèle de confiance, où cette notion sera perçue comme une spécialisation du raisonnement causal tel qu'implémenté dans le formalisme des règles de production. Après avoir adapté ce formalisme au cas épistémique, nous décrivons trois modèles basés sur l'idée d'associer la confiance au raisonnement non monotone. Ces trois modèles permettent respectivement d'étudier comment la confiance est générée, comment elle-même génère les croyances d'un agent et finalement, sa relation avec son contexte d'utilisationThe concept of trust is a socio-cognitive concept that plays an important role in representing interactions within concurrent systems. When the complexity of a computational system and its unpredictability makes standard security solutions (commonly called hard security solutions) inapplicable, computational trust is one of the most useful concepts to design protocols of interaction. In this work, our main objective is to present a prospective survey of the field of study of computational trust. We will also present two trust models, based on logical formalisms, and show how they can be studied and used. While trying to stay general in our study, we use service-oriented architecture paradigm as a context of study when examples are needed. Our work is subdivided into three chapters. The first chapter presents a general view of the computational trust studies. Our approach is to present trust studies in three main steps. Introducing trust theories as first attempts to grasp notions linked to the concept of trust, fields of application, that explicit the uses that are traditionally associated to computational trust, and finally trust models, as an instantiation of a trust theory, w.r.t. some formal framework. Our survey ends with a set of issues that we deem important to deal with in priority in order to help the advancement of the field. The next two chapters present two models of trust. Our first model is an instantiation of Castelfranchi & Falcone's socio-cognitive trust theory. Our model is implemented using a Dynamic Epistemic Logic that we propose. The main originality of our solution is the fact that our trust definition extends the original model to complex action (programs, composed services, etc.) and the use of authored assignment as a special kind of atomic actions. The use of our model is then illustrated in a case study related to service-oriented architecture. Our second model extends our socio-cognitive definition to an abductive framework that allows us to associate trust to explanations. Our framework is an adaptation of Bochman's production relations to the epistemic case. Since Bochman approach was initially proposed to study causality, our definition of trust in this second model presents trust as a special case of causal reasoning, applied to a social context. We end our manuscript with a conclusion that presents how we would like to extend our work
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Reid, Suzanne Louise. "Invariance seeking action: Acquisition and blocking effects of causal attribution in the workplace." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1108.
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Sahraoui, Arderrazak. "Modélisation et inférence des relations causales dans les systèmes physiques." Paris 13, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA132051.
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Nous presentons dans cette these une nouvelle approche pour la comprehension et la modelisation de la causalite dans les systemes physiques fabriques par l'homme. Contrairement a la plupart des approches deja existantes basees essentiellement sur des connaissances structurelles, notre approche fait appel a des connaissances fonctionnelles afin de pallier les insuffisances des methodes structurelles pour expliciter plus de relations causales. En effet, une meilleure connaissance des principes physiques de fonctionnement des composants dans un domaine donne permet d'etablir une hierarchie causale entre les composants basiques, laquelle hierarchie peut etre par la suite combinee avec des connaissances structurelles pour definir les relations causales qu'etablissent entre eux des composants assembles dans un meme systeme. Nous avons applique notre approche a un domaine restreint de l'electronique. Le monostable, un circuit de reference simple mais tres riche en enseignements nous a servi de guide pour l'etablissement d'une hierarchie causale entre des composants electroniques et definir des regles d'influences non contextuelles. Le meme circuit nous a servi egalement pour proposer une modelisation causale a base d'automates fonctionnels communiquants pour les systemes dont le fonctionnement se fait selon plusieurs etats.
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Aimlon, Nestor. "Aliénation des relations ACP-UE : causes, conséquences et perspectives d'avenir." Paris 8, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA081723.
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Des liens ont ete noues entre les anciennes colonies d'afrique, des caraibes, du pacifique et l'occident. Ils ont ete concus sur la base des relations nord-sud. Ceux-ci ont subsiste apres l'independance sous diverses formes de partenariats parmi lesquels il y a notamment les conventions de lome. A travers quatre differentes versions de cette cooperation, la cge devenue ue a cherche les solutions pour instituer en leur sein des echanges commerciaux bases sur des preferences specifiques en faveur des etats acp et des avantages reciproques. L'instauration d'un nouveau regime commercial pour accelerer l'integration des pays acp dans l'economie mondiale, devrait retenir l'attention de tous. Mais malgre l'effort d'amelioration soutenu, fourni au cours des quatre versions passees, la convention n'a toujours pas produit les effets escomptes. Ni la premiere convention du 28 fevrier 1975, avec l'institution du mecanisme du stabex, ni la deuxieme du 21 octobre 1979 et l'innovation du sysmin, ni la troisieme du 8 decembre 1984, pas plus que la quatrieme du 15 decembre 1989 n'ont fourni une entiere satisfaction aux pma des etats acp dont les points de vue n'ont jamais ete pris en compte au cours des differentes negociations. Encore sous les sequelles de la colonisation et des mefaits de l'esclavage, cribles de dettes, ils se sentent comme reduits a l'impuissance. Il devient urgent de se convaincre qu'une cooperation veritable ne sera possible et acquise a la resolution des problemes qui aneantissent le monde acp que si les acp participent effectivement aux discussions, et si des gens ne decident pas a leur place ! pour aller dans cette voie, un plan marshall a l'occidental en faveur de ceux-ci est indispensable. Sous forme de reparation des prejudices subis, les anciens esclaves, les neocolonises trouveront l'equilibre financier necessaire dans la jungle economique moderne.
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Sadeh, Mohammad Javad [Verfasser], and Rainer [Akademischer Betreuer] Spang. "Considering unknown unknown: reconstruction of non-confoundable causal relations in biological networks / Mohammad Javad Sadeh. Betreuer: Rainer Spang." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1035808706/34.
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Wood, Nichole Justine. "A critical analysis of the religious causes of the 9." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3681.
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Bakhtibekova, Zulfiya. "Early girls' marriage in Tajikistan : causes and continuity." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17438.
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Although there is little official data, early girls’ marriage before the age of 18 appears to have increased in Tajikistan over recent years, due to the limited socio-economic opportunities. This study aimed to explore the main causes behind the fall in the age of marriage for girls. As Tajikistan is based on patriarchal values, where family is the core of decision-making, the study looks into the family dynamics and interrelationships to analyse the driving forces behind the decision to arrange marriage for the girls at an earlier age. Using triangulated methods of qualitative data collection, such as interviews, focus group discussions and case studies, the study was conducted in urban, semi rural/semi urban and rural areas of Tajikistan. The findings confirm that early marriage exists in Tajikistan. Although marriage has always been important for Tajiks, recently early age of marriage has been more prioritized. The young girls today leave school when they reach puberty, limit their socialization with their friends outside of the house and rigorously learn skills that qualify them as a ‘desirable’ kelin [bride] to increase their chances of getting a marriage proposal within what is a short marriage window. At the same time, the study argues that the family decision to pursue an early age of marriage for daughters is not because of the low status of the women as it has been suggested in some earlier research. Instead, the study argues that marriage is a strategy to provide girls with what is often the only opportunity of an economically and socially secure future in the country under the current socio-economic and political context. Relations within the families are more complicated than dominant-subordinate as previously portrayed but are based on respect, love and responsibility towards each other. This ‘connectivity’ assists in shaping the girls as potent Tajik women ready for their future roles of mothers and wives. The young girls, as this study suggests, are usually not completely powerless either, as they exercise the limited agency provided by the patriarchal system and actively engage in negotiating their interests. Thus, the study aimed to (1) draw attention to the issue of early marriage among girls in Tajikistan and (2) to contribute to the scholarly discussion on early marriage and on gender and family dynamics in Tajikistan. Based on the findings, it is recommended that more research needs to be conducted to discuss the phenomenon of early girls’ marriage in Tajikistan. Further, legal, political and social changes are necessary to provide a safety net for women married at an early age but divorced or abandoned later. Although bringing changes to the marriage values might be a challenging task, it is hoped that this research and others similar to this one will demonstrate the importance of the issue and will result in appropriate attention and an effective policy response.
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Mueller, Benjamin. "At Cold War's end : complexity, causes, and counterfactuals." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3260/.
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What caused the Cold War to end? In the following I examine the puzzle of the fast and peaceful conclusion of the bipolar superpower standoff, and point out the problems this creates for the study of International Relations (IR). I discuss prevailing explanations and point out their gaps, and offer the framework of complexity theory as a suitable complement to overcome the blind spots in IR’s reductionist methodologies. I argue that uncertainty and unpredictability are rooted in an international system that is best viewed as non-linear. My analysis of the end of the Cold War proceeds with counterfactual investigations of leaders’ foreign policy choices. This helps produce a more fine-grained understanding of the manifold, dense interactive causal effects that abound in the international arena. I find that various choices made by four key international leaders in the 1980s – Ronald Reagan, George Shultz, Mikhail Gorbachev and George H. W. Bush – contributed to the rapid and unexpected end of the Cold War in various ways. While such leadership effects need to be offset against the wider structural context within which politicians operate, it is mistaken to exclude individual leaders and their key associates from the study of IR. I conclude that deterministic analyses fail to account for the independent causal wellspring provided by reflexive, conscious human agency. Complexity theory and counterfactuals can help identify the scope and limits of leaders’ influence on international affairs.
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Santos, Juliana. "O Advocacy e o papel das Organizações de Direitos Humanos no Legislativo Brasileiro: As campanhas da Rede Justiça Criminal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21529.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Comunicação Social, vertente de Comunicação EstratégicaA presente dissertação tem como objetivo compreender, a partir da análise do trabalho de uma rede de organizações não governamentais (ONG) brasileiras, como o advocacy em questões de direitos humanos é desenvolvido para a defesa de causas perante o Poder Legislativo, identificando os seus contributos e a sua eficácia. Para isso, adota o método de investigação indutivo com abordagem qualitativa e emprega as técnicas de entrevista em profundidade semiestruturada e pesquisa documental. O trabalho desenvolve-se no campo científico das relações públicas, utiliza como referencial a Teoria Crítica e a Teoria Retórica das Relações Públicas e está fundamentado no conceito do advocacy. Enquanto função das relações públicas, o advocacy consiste em um processo constituído de esforços sistemáticos que visam influenciar a tomada de decisões políticas que beneficiem os cidadãos sem voz na arena política. Neste trabalho observaram-se as estratégias e as táticas empregadas na operacionalização de duas campanhas de advocacy promovidas por uma rede ONG brasileiras e as suas contribuições para a defesa de direitos humanos no legislativo. A partir da análise das campanhas pode-se observar alguns resultados do trabalho de advocacy, como a maior conscientização dos decisores políticos, além da influência na definição da agenda política e na ação dos tomadores de decisão. Esses resultados favorecem o fortalecimento do ambiente democrático, uma vez que aumenta o poder e a influência da sociedade civil na tomada de decisões no âmbito do Poder Legislativo. Em última instância, o estudo permitiu observar que o advocacy fortalece a participação dos cidadãos no sistema político. Dessa forma, reforça-se a importância da continuidade de estudos nesta área, que possam acompanhar os resultados de médio e longo prazo obtidos em campanhas de advocacy executadas por organizações da sociedade civil no legislativo e nas demais esferas do poder público.
This study aims to understand, from the analysis of the work of a Brazilian network of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), how advocacy on human rights issues is developed to defend causes with the Legislative Branch, identifying their contributions and its effectiveness. For this, it adopts the method of inductive investigation with a qualitative approach and uses the techniques of semi-structured in-depth interviews and documentary research. The work is developed within the scientific field of public relations, uses as reference the Critical Theory and the Rhetorical Theory of Public Relations and is based on the concept of advocacy. As a function of public relations, the advocacy is a process made up of systematic efforts that aims to influence political decision-making that benefits citizens without a voice in the political arena. In this work, were observed, the strategies and tactics employed in the implementation of two advocacy campaigns promoted by a Brazilian NGOs network, and their contributions to the defense of human rights with the legislative branch. From the analysis of the campaigns, it is possible to observe some results of the advocacy work, such as the greater awareness of political decision-makers, in addition to the influence on the definition of the political agenda and on the action of the political decision-makers. These results encourage the strengthening of the democratic environment, since it increases the power and influence of civil society in the political decision-making within the scope of the Legislative Branch. Ultimately, the study showed that advocacy reinforces citizens participation in the political system. Therefore, this work reinforces the importance of continuing studies in this area, which monitor the medium and long-term results obtained in advocacy campaigns promoted by civil society organizations in the Legislative Branch and in other spheres of public power.
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Fiterman, Luciano. "Proposta de um modelo para avaliação das relações causais entre métricas de modelos de avaliação de desempenho." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/8536.
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Os indicadores de desempenho têm papel fundamental na gestão das organizações, pois mostram aos decisores a situação da organização e como ela se encontra em relação a seus objetivos. Entre os sistemas de indicadores de desempenho utilizado nas organizações, têm tido destaque a conjugação de métricas financeiras e não financeiras, baseada na crença de que a melhora nos resultados não financeiros irá ocasionar a melhora nos índices financeiros. Entretanto, não há uma metodologia consagrada para testar se esses relacionamentos (relações de causa-e-efeito) existem na realidade. O objetivo desse trabalho foi propor e validar parcialmente uma metodologia para testar e quantificar as relações causais entre indicadores de desempenho. A seqüência de passos foi definida a partir da literatura através da implementação de ferramentas do Desdobramento da Função Qualidade, Gerenciamento pelas Diretrizes, Pensamento Sistêmico e Ferramenta para Seleção de Planos de Ação. O método escolhido para sua validação parcial foi o estudo de caso. A unidade de análise foi uma organização que já utiliza métricas financeiras e não financeiras e possui base histórica de dados. A pesquisa utilizou como fontes de evidência a observação participante e entrevista estruturada. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizadas técnicas estatísticas e representação escrita. Os resultados permitem concluir que a metodologia consegue quantificar as relações causais entre métricas de desempenho. A aplicação também gerou grande aprendizado organizacional. A principal contribuição desse trabalho é o modelo conceitual parcialmente validado o qual pode ser utilizado para transformar o sistema de indicadores de desempenho em fonte de informações para a tomada de decisão através da quantificação das relações de causa-e-efeito.Performance metrics have a fundamental role in organizations, because they show to decision makers the situation of the organization in relation to its objectives. Most of the metrics systems used have financial and non-financial indicators, based on the belief that if a non-financial performance is increased, it will cause the same behavior in financial results. On the other hand, there is not a consecrated methodology to test if these relationships (causal relations) exist in the real world. The objective of this paper is to propose and partially validate a methodology to test and quantify the causal relations among performance metrics. A sequence of steps was defined from literature research, using tools from Quality Function Deployment, Policy Deployment, System Dynamics and Tool for Action Planning Selection. The research method chosen was case study. The research unit was an organization that already uses financial and non-financial metrics and has historic data of it. As font of evidences, were used participant observation and structure interviews. Data analysis was made with statistical techniques and written representation. From the results, it can be concluded using the methodology it’s possible to quantify the causal relations between performance metrics. The application of this methodology also contributed the organizations learning. The mainly contribution of this paper is the partially validated conceptual methodology, that can be used to make the performance metric system a information source to decision making, trough the quantification of causal relations.
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Eun, Yong-Soo. "Foreign policy analysis : developing a theoretical scheme for fuller causal explanations of foreign policy behaviour and undertaking in-depth, comparative case study." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/45163/.
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Why do states behave as they do in world politics? Put differently, how can analysts develop a more precise and complete explanation of the causation of foreign policy behaviour? Drawing upon the insights of actor-specific Foreign Policy Analysis scholarship, this thesis argues that we need an approach which posits a human agent as an important analytical category in its own right. However, this thesis also emphasises that the state‘s foreign policy behaviour cannot be fully explained solely in terms of the actions and intentions of individual human agents. While it is indeed conscious human agents who make foreign policies, the parameters of their capacity to do so are constrained and/or facilitated by the structural conditions with which their nations are confronted. The key point here is that structural and agential sources of the state‘s foreign policy behaviour should neither be deemed exclusive nor be granted explanatory priority a priori. In this regard, this thesis presents rationales and guidelines for why and how one should pursue a multicausal approach to the study of foreign policy behaviour. Relatedly, it explores the structure-agent problem in international relations and rethinks currently dominant conceptions of causation in the field of IR. Then this thesis establishes a multicausal framework for the analysis of foreign policy behaviour. The framework consists of three factors associated with human (agential) elements and international structural conditions. With the aim of discerning the fruitfulness of the multicausal approach advocated here and of producing the empirical evidence that shows causation of complex foreign policy actions, this thesis undertakes intensive and comparative case study. The specific question that the case study aims to answer is why South Korea and Australia reacted to the US-led war in Iraq as they did: these two cases have neither received appropriate empirical attention nor been provided with any satisfactory theoretical explanation. The empirical findings gained from the case study leads to a testing and refinement of existing leading IR theories. Also, based on the case study findings and on the multicausal analytical framework built, this thesis creates an integrated theory of a particular type of foreign policy behaviour (i.e. weaker state behaviour vis-à-vis a dominant power) which encompasses both structural and agential perspectives. In a related vein, it discusses the role of theory for IR scholarship and modes of construction of IR. Ultimately it is suggested that a multicausal approach can contribute to the cumulative development and refinement of predictions and generalisations about why states behave as they do on the world stage.
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Araujo, Rodrigo Ulhoa Cintra de. "Sobre causas do desmembramento da Federação Iugoslava." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-17042002-233019/.
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A guerra que desmembrou a ex-Federação das Repúblicas da Iugoslávia ainda apresenta conseqüências tanto na vida dos iugoslavos quanto no sistema internacional. Este estudo busca repensar algumas das teses básicas apontadas pela mídia e por alguns analistas como sendo as causas da guerra. Partindo do questionamento da principal destas teses de que o conflito tem uma origem estritamente étnica fazemos breves anotações sobre as teorias de etnicidade/nacionalismo, passamos para um estudo histórico do conflito, buscando agregar um maior número de dimensões, e finalmente concluímos analisando a participação dos atores do sistema internacional no desenvolvimento do conflito.The war that dismembered the former-Federation of the Republics of Yugoslavia still, through its consequences, presents in the life of the Yugoslavians as in the international system. This study directed to the rethinking of some of the pointed basic theses that may have caused the war; the most important ones are those pointed by the media and by some analysts. Starting from what may be the most important of these theses that the conflict has an strictly ethnic origin we make brief annotations on etnicity and nationalism theories', then we passed for a historical study of the conflict, in an effort to join a larger number of dimensions, and finally we concluded analyzing the participation of some actors of the international system in the development of the conflict.
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Grondin, Pierre. "La perception des objets impliqués dans des relations causales et non causales chez les enfants de 6 mois." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/43100.
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Le but de la présente étude est de vérifier, à l'aide de la technique de l'habituation-réaction à la nouveauté, si les enfants de 6 mois portent bel et bien attention à chaque objet lorsqu'ils perçoivent des événements. Trente-six enfants sont ainsi habitués à des lancers causaux et non causaux, et ensuite soumis à une substitution de l'un ou l'autre des deux objets. Les résultats démontrent que la substitution apportée au deuxième objet est notée plus rapidement que celle apportée au premier, peu importe la nature causale ou non du lancer. Ces résultats signifient que les enfants de 6 mois perçoivent les deux objets impliqués, mais consacrent davantage leur attention sur le deuxième quand ils traitent ce genre de situations.
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Zhang, Shuxiu. "The dragonomic diplomacy (De)code : a study on the causal relationship between Chinese economic diplomacy preference formation and the influence of multilateral economic regimes." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/747/.
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Since the reformation of the Chinese economy, two notable trends have developed. First, the growing prominence of multilateral economic regimes (MERs) on the political agenda of Beijing has propelled deepened engagements between Chinese policy actors and institutions, and the agencies of MERs. This development is accompanied by a second trend, which is a growing dynamism in China’s economic diplomacy within the multilateral arenas. This dynamism is reflected in the evolving national preferences and approaches for multilateral economic negotiations, from outright resistance to gradual flexibility, and in some cases, acceptance. The simultaneous and parallel developments of these two trends stem a curiosity on whether a causal relationship exist between the deepened China-MER engagements and the dynamism of China’s economic diplomacy. Has Beijing’s open-door policy to global economic integration opened new windows of opportunity for the MER agencies to influence China’s economic diplomacy and its preference formation? In what way(s) and/or in which capacities can the agencies of MERs assert influence on China’s economic diplomacy preference formation? Under what conditions is this form of external influence successful? What are the long-run implications of the deepened China-MER engagements on Beijing’s economic diplomacy preference formation structure? What does the China-MER relationship tell us about China’s economic diplomacy preference formation in the 21st century? Although China’s partake in the international political economy has received much scholarly attention, few studies have attempted to decode China’s economic diplomacy preference formation, and even fewer have investigated the important nexus between the China-MER relationship and the behaviours of Chinese economic diplomacy. This thesis is a response to the knowledge deficit in these regards. By examining China’s participation in the multilateral climate change, and trade 4 negotiations, the thesis addresses the primary research question, how do multilateral economic regimes and their agencies influence China’s economic diplomacy preference formation? The study finds that the MER agencies do affect Chinese economic diplomacy preference formation. However, their influence peaks at an absorption level whereby Chinese preferences adapt to external preferences but not to the extent of reforming traditional principles and beliefs. The comparatively more effective ways of asserting influence for the MER agencies is through a costs-and-benefits calculus, information dissemination, shuttle diplomacy proximity talks, and informal negotiation practices. In general, Chinese policy actors do not refute the influence of the MER agencies; rather they absorb and adapt to it. In addition, the MER agencies assert influence at different stages of the preference formation, and over time, implicitly establish themselves as integrated policy actors in Beijing. On the whole, this thesis contributes to a deeper understanding about how, why, and when international linkages matter in China’s economic diplomacy, and to the extent of driving preference transformation. The study provides useful analytic lenses that flesh out the variety of functions the MER agencies have in shaping and informing China’s national preferences and negotiation approaches. At the same time, it offers a fuller description of how the Chinese policy actors and institutions respond to (implicit) external interventions in its policy processes. Consequently, this thesis is a significant contribution that adds value to the scholarly debates and knowledge-building about one of the most important political and economic phenomenon of our time.
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Pavillon, Gérard. "Arc ii : un algorithme d'apprentissage par induction probabiliste: etude des relations de dependance et des relations de dependance causales." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066425.
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Cette these aborde le probleme de l'apprentissage des relations de dependance et des relations de dependance causales. Les motivations de ce travail reposent sur un ensemble de problemes poses par la gestion d'une base de donnees medicale. Les connaissances produites sont des relations entre faits. Les relations sont etablies en utilisant une strategie basee sur la dependance probabiliste. Les relations de nature causales font intervenir le temps en distinguant entre des evenements (faits dates) et des conditions (faits non dates). La notion de relation complete, qui prend en compte tous les faits pertinents disponibles, est definie. Les notions de relation simple et elementaire, qui ne prennent en compte que les faits pertinents, sont egalement definies. Dans le cas des relations de dependance causales, les situations de cause fallacieuse et de cause indirecte sont etudiees. Les relations sont representees sous forme de regles, auxquelles est associe un ensemble de facteurs permettant de preciser leur nature, leur degre de certitude et leur signification statistique. Le systeme arc ii implemente l'ensemble de ces notions. Il s'agit d'un systeme general, independant du domaine d'application. Ce systeme a ete teste sur des donnees medicales et, lorsque la comparaison etait possible, evalue a l'aide d'une regression logistique
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Piwonski, Lynn K. "Causes of absenteeism within the customer relations department of the Oneida Tribe." Online version, 1999. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1999/1999piwonskil.pdf.
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Rigterink, Anouk. "Essays on violent conflict in developing countries : causes and consequences." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1000/.
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This thesis consists of three essays, on the causes and consequences of violent conflict. It focuses on two factors that are thought to play a role in violent conflict, natural resource abundance and the media. The thesis exploits quasi-experimental variation to investigate whether natural resources and violent conflict are related, and if so, through which mechanism. It finds that evidence from cross-country studies indicating that natural resources (as a single category) cause violent conflict is not as robust as popularly believed. Proxies for natural resource abundance used are potentially endogenous to conflict, and addressing this issue changes the results obtained radically. Agricultural resources are found to be negatively related to civil war onset. In the case of diamonds specifically, evidence is found that primary diamonds, but not secondary diamonds, are related to violence. Both results provide support for income (or opportunity cost) as mechanism connecting natural resources and violent conflict. Policy documents assert that media can play a state-building role in conflict situations. However, media could also induce anxiety, and there has been increasing interest in the role of anxiety in the formation of political attitudes. This thesis investigates the impact of intensity of exposure to radio broadcasts on fear of victimization and the impact of fear on political attitudes, in South Sudan. It concludes that individuals living in areas with better radio reception display a higher level of fear, and that anxious individuals are more likely to support a local militia and less likely to support the government army. The latter could be considered the opposite of state-building.
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Monteillet-Geffroy, Mélanie. "Les conditions de l'enrichissement sans cause dans les relations de famille." Orléans, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ORLE0005.
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L’application des conditions de l'enrichissement sans cause dans les relations de famille est particulière. Le lien familial, les relations affectives perturbent l'application traditionnelle de ce quasi-contrat. La condition de subsidiarité qui permet de délimiter le champ d'application de l'action de in rem verso est interprétée d'une manière très souple. Les plaideurs sont traités différemment selon leur qualité (époux, concubins, partenaires d'un pacs, enfants), selon qu'ils bénéficient ou non d'une institution spécifique (salaire différé, prestation compensatoire, indemnité exceptionnelle d'équité). Cela aboutit à des injustices quant à la recevabilité ou irrecevabilité de l'action en enrichissement sans cause. La condition d'absence de cause qui permet de savoir si un déséquilibre patrimonial doit être corrige est faussement caractérisée. L’action de in rem verso ne s'exerce généralement qu'au-delà du titre juridique (dépassement de la contribution aux charges du ménage, dépassement du devoir de piété filiale). Il y a donc seulement absence partielle de cause. De plus, les déplacements de valeurs sont souvent justifies (intention libérale) dans ce domaine ou les relations entre les parties sont empreintes d'affection. En définitive, la pratique jurisprudentielle révèle une inadaptation quant à l'application des conditions de l'enrichissement sans cause dans les relations de famille. Une indemnisation devrait être assurée par un droit spécial plus adapté.