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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Causal suggestion

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Academic literature on the topic 'Causal suggestion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Causal suggestion"

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Kalis, Annemarie, and Denny Borsboom. "Folk psychology as a causal language." Theory & Psychology 30, no. 5 (2020): 723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354320933940.

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According to Oude Maatman (2020), our recent suggestion (Borsboom et al., 2019) that symptom networks are irreducible because they rely on folk psychological descriptions, threatens to undermine the main achievements of the network approach. In this article, we take up Oude Maatman’s challenge and develop an argument showing in what sense folk psychological concepts describe features of reality, and what it means to say that folk psychology is a causal language.

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Le Pelley, M. E., T. Beesley, and M. B. Suret. "Blocking of Human Causal Learning Involves Learned Changes in Stimulus Processing." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 60, no. 11 (2007): 1468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210701515645.

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Several theories of associative learning propose that blocking reflects changes in the processing devoted to learning about cues. The results of the only direct test of this suggestion in human learning (Kruschke & Blair, 2000) could equally well be explained in terms of, among others, interference in learning or memory. The present study tested this suggestion in a situation in which processing-change and interference accounts predict opposing results. Results support the idea that blocking in human learning can reflect a change in processing of the cues involved.

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Harnad, Stevan. "Maturana’s autopoietic hermeneutics versus Turing’s causal methodology for explaining cognition." Mechanicism and Autonomy: What Can Robotics Teach Us About Human Cognition and Action? 15, no. 3 (2007): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.15.3.13har.

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Kravchenko (2007) suggests replacing Turing’s suggestion for explaining cognizers’ cognitive capacity through autonomous robotic modelling by ‘autopoiesis’, Maturana’s extremely vague metaphor for the relations and interactions among organisms, environments, and various subordinate and superordinate systems (‘autopoietic systems’) therein. I suggest that this would be an exercise in hermeneutics rather than causal explanation.

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Chrobak, Quin M., Chris L. Groves, and Tony Otradovec. "The impact of outcome valence on the susceptibility to suggestion for post-event causal misinformation." Journal of General Psychology 143, no. 1 (2016): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2015.1106437.

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Koudia, Seid, and Abdelhakim Gharbi. "Superposition of causal orders for quantum discrimination of quantum processes." International Journal of Quantum Information 17, no. 07 (2019): 1950055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749919500552.

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We address the superposition of causal orders in the quantum switch as a convenient framework for quantum process discrimination in the presence of noise in qubit systems, using Bayes strategy. We show that, for different kinds of qubit noises, the indefinite causal order between the unitary to be discriminated and noise gives enhancement compared to the definite causal order case without reaching the ultimate bound of discrimination in general. Whereas, for entanglement breaking channels, the enhancement is significant, where the quantum switch allows for the attainability of the ultimate bound for discrimination posed by quantum mechanics. Memory effects escorting the superposition of causal orders are discussed, where we point out that processes describing an indefinite causal order, violate the notion of Markov locality. Accordingly, a suggestion for the simulation of indefinite causal orders in more generic scenarios beyond the quantum switch is given.

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De Brigard, Felipe. "The Explanatory Indispensability of Memory Traces." Harvard Review of Philosophy 27 (2020): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/harvardreview202072328.

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During the first half of the twentieth century, many philosophers of memory opposed the postulation of memory traces based on the claim that a satisfactory account of remembering need not include references to causal processes involved in recollection. However, in 1966, an influential paper by Martin and Deutscher showed that causal claims are indeed necessary for a proper account of remembering. This, however, did not settle the issue, as in 1977 Malcolm argued that even if one were to buy Martin and Deutscher’s argument for causal claims, we still don’t need to postulate the existence of memory traces. This paper reconstructs the dialectic between realists and anti-realists about memory traces, suggesting that ultimately realists’ arguments amount to inferences to the best explanation. I then argue that Malcolm’s anti-realist strategy consists in the suggestion that causal explanations that do not invoke memory traces are at least as good as those that do. But then, Malcolm, I argue that there are a large number of memory phenomena for which explanations that do not postulate the existence of memory traces are definitively worse than explanations that do postulate them. Next, I offer a causal model based on an interventionist framework to illustrate when memory traces can help to explain memory phenomena and proceed to substantiate the model with details coming from extant findings in the neuroscience of memory.

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McCann, Hugh J. "Dretske on the Metaphysics of Freedom." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 23, no. 4 (1993): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1993.10717337.

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Most philosophers of action have seen little or no connection between the individuation of action and questions of freedom and responsibility. Is this a mistake? According to a recent suggestion by Fred Dretske it may be. Dretske views overt actions not as observable events with a distinctive sort of causal history, but rather as causal sequences, in which a distinctive sort of inner cause produces the appropriate outcome. So when Jimmy voluntarily wiggles his ears, the motion of his ears is not his action; it is only a component of the action, its result. The entire action consists in an event-causal sequence wherein an inner event C causes the result: it is C’s causing the motion of Jimmy’s ears.

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Cromer, Steven, Connor McDonald, Thomas Monahan, Seth Shields, and Patrick DuBois. "Causal Threat Modeling Applied to the Horn of Africa." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 8, no. 1 (2021): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2020v8i1.pp76-82.

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Initially developed to defeat the increasing threat of improvised explosive devices (IED) during the height of the Iraq War in 2003, DTRA/JD quickly evolved into the Department of Defense’s (DoD) main effort in countering and reducing the effect of improvised threats. Following a suggestion from DTRA/JD about project leads, our team reached out to AFRICOM and began working on a problem narrowly tailored toward their mission. AFRICOM’s strategic focus in East Africa and the complex situation involving refugees and internally displaced persons in the region require a systematic method to identify the most prevalent threats and their relationship with one another. This paper describes a method to leverage publicly available information (PAI) and K-Means Clustering to identify threats and model their interdependence using a Systems Dynamic model. The output will show the greatest threat to a region enabling a decision maker within AFRICOM to enact policy to reduce the overall threat level.

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Jensen, A. B., and K. M. Dromph. "The causal agents of ‘entomophthoramycosis’ belong to two different orders: a suggestion for modification of the clinical nomenclature." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 11, no. 3 (2005): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01079.x.

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Schmajuk, N. A., and G. M. Kutlu. "The computational nature of associative learning." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 2 (2009): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09001125.

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AbstractAn attentional-associative model (Schmajuk et al. 1996), previously evaluated against multiple sets of classical conditioning data, is applied to causal learning. In agreement with Mitchell et al.'s suggestion, according to the model associative learning can be a conscious, controlled process. However, whereas our model correctly predicts blocking following or preceding subadditive training, the propositional approach cannot account for those results.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Causal suggestion"

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Morrison-Blair, Amanda B. "Misattributing post-event causal suggestions to the original story event: Rates of false memory for human and physical causes of negative outcomes." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1341518229.

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Books on the topic "Causal suggestion"

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Mele, Alfred R. Two Libertarian Theories. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190659974.003.0010.

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This chapter explores the relative merits of two different event-causal libertarian views. One is Robert Kane’s well-known view, and the other is the “daring libertarian” view floated in Alfred Mele’s 2006 book, Free Will and Luck. It is argued that event-causal libertarians should prefer the latter view to Kane’s view. Special attention is paid to a problem that luck poses for libertarian theories—a problem that the two views at issue attempt to solve in different ways. The problem is applied both to the decisions of adults and to the decisions of young children. A suggestion about how human beings come to be in a position to perform their earliest free actions is developed.

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Lombrozo, Tania, and Nadya Vasilyeva. Causal Explanation. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.22.

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Explanation and causation are intimately related. Explanations often appeal to causes, and causal claims are often answers to implicit or explicit questions about why or how something occurred. This chapter considers what we can learn about causal reasoning from research on explanation. In particular, it reviews an emerging body of work suggesting that explanatory considerations—such as the simplicity or scope of a causal hypothesis—can systematically influence causal inference and learning. It also discusses proposed distinctions among types of explanations and reviews the effects of each explanation type on causal reasoning and representation. Finally, it considers the relationship between explanations and causal mechanisms and raises important questions for future research.

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Sher, George. Three Grades of Social Involvement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660413.003.0005.

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Communitarians argue that because selves are profoundly influenced by culture, history, and tradition, they are too compromised by society to be morally basic. This chapter asks what this claim means and whether it is true. To find out, it discusses (1) society’s causal influence on people’s aims and attitudes and (2) the fact that many aims and attitudes presuppose a highly specific cultural, legal, and historical background. It also discusses the suggestion that (3) truly autonomous selves would be featureless centers of volition. It concludes that the individual’s moral primacy is undefeated by society’s involvement in the self.

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Rogowski, Jon C., and Betsy Sinclair. Causal Inference in Political Networks. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.6.

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Though scholars have developed an increasingly rich set of research findings regarding the structure of political networks, identifying causal associations between these networks and political outcomes of interest presents a variety of challenges. Addressing these challenges is especially important given the prominence of networks in theories of individual and collective behavior. This chapter uses the framework of the Neyman-Rubin causal model (potential outcomes framework) to discuss challenges to identification researchers face when studying how networks affect political outcomes. It then describes a set of strategies researchers can employ to address these challenges, including suggestions for best practices in the context of both observational and experimental research designs.

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Lacewing, Michael. Could Psychoanalysis be a Science? Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, et al. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0064.

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Could psychoanalysis be a science? There are three ways of reading this question. First, is psychoanalysis the kind of investigation or activity that could, logically speaking, be "scientific"? If we can defend a positive answer here, then it makes sense to ask, second, is psychoanalysis, in the form in which it has traditionally been practiced, and continues to be practiced, a science? If there are good reasons to doubt its credentials, then we might ask, third, is psychoanalysis able to become a science? This is a question about what is needed for the necessary transformation. The chapter argues that psychoanalysis can be a science, but that the historical debate raised important challenges to its methodology, viz., confirmation bias, suggestion, and unsupportable causal inference. The chapter argues that recent developments meet these challenges, and concludes with some reflections on the interdisciplinary nature of psychoanalysis.

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Muentener, Paul, and Elizabeth Bonawitz. The Development of Causal Reasoning. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.40.

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Research on the development of causal reasoning has broadly focused on accomplishing two goals: understanding the origins of causal reasoning, and examining how causal reasoning changes with development. This chapter reviews evidence and theory that aim to fulfill both of these objectives. In the first section, it focuses on the research that explores the possible precedents for recognizing causal events in the world, reviewing evidence for three distinct mechanisms in early causal reasoning: physical launching events, agents and their actions, and covariation information. The second portion of the chapter examines the question of how older children learn about specific causal relationships. It focuses on the role of patterns of statistical evidence in guiding learning about causal structure, suggesting that even very young children leverage strong inductive biases with patterns of data to inform their inferences about causal events, and discussing ways in which children’s spontaneous play supports causal learning.

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Parfit, Derek. Street’s Meta-Ethical Constructivism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778608.003.0015.

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This chapter considers an evolutionary debunking argument, which states that, because our normative beliefs were greatly influenced by natural selection, these beliefs were caused in ways that were unrelated to their truth. When we know that our beliefs were caused in such ways, these beliefs cannot be justified. The chapter rejects that argument. Though our normative beliefs were influenced by natural selection, this influence was not great enough to give strong support to the evolutionary debunking argument. Furthermore, the chapter questions the suggestions that the causal origins of our normative beliefs could not epistemically undermine these beliefs, and that, in responding to the skeptic's argument from disagreement, we can deny that it makes a difference whether, in ideal conditions, we would in fact have similar normative beliefs.

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Arnold, Dan. Ethics without Norms? Edited by Daniel Cozort and James Mark Shields. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198746140.013.3.

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While Buddhist philosophers were emphatically not physicalists, they share with cognitive-scientifically inclined contemporary philosophers a lot of the problems that have been identified with respect to the project of ‘naturalizing’ the mental—difficulties, in particular, with giving exhaustively causal explanations of human activity while yet making sense of ethical and other intuitions that arguably presuppose human responsiveness to reasons, or normativity. Some classical Buddhist philosophers were indeed committed to views to the effect that the liberating transformation effected by the Buddhist path must consist in simply being caused to act ethically, without any conceptual resources for characterizing the consequent activity as ‘ethical’. There is, however, an alternative trajectory of Buddhist thought—the Madhyamaka tradition—that was predicated on resistance to causal realism. Having scouted one Buddhist philosophical project that effectively denies responsiveness to reasons, the chapter concludes by suggesting that Madhyamaka may represent a way to recover this.

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Fox, Merritt B. The Rise of Foreign Ownership and Corporate Governance. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.34.

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This chapter explores the link between corporate governance and the rise of foreign ownership. It presents statistics that illustrate the dramatic rise in foreign ownership over the last few decades and then seeks to explain this rise and its relationship to corporate governance. In order to situate the subject under study within its larger context, this explanation starts with an exploration of the factors independent of corporate-governance considerations that favor a global market for securities and those that impede it. It will be shown that the rise in foreign ownership globally can be explained in significant part by the weakening of the impeding factors. The chapter then shows why, as a matter of theory, improvements in corporate governance can be expected to cause a rise in foreign ownership and a rise in foreign ownership can be expected to cause improvements in corporate governance, with the weakening in the non-corporate-governance factors that impede a global market for securities acting as a catalyst for the causal pathwayings going in both directions. The chapter concludes with a review of substantial empirical evidence suggesting that both causal pathways are in fact at work.

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Hutson, Lorna. Proof and Probability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0009.

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This chapter explores the assumption that literature’s imaginative reality for lawyers depends precisely on its lack of “reality” in the sense of legal efficacy or consequence. Turning to the example of English theatre, it argues that we should recognize as an innovative achievement the fact that late sixteenth-century dramatists began to produce plays that created their own self-contained imaginative worlds. This achievement depended on a poetic adaptation of techniques of legal or forensic rhetoric, which privileged the making known, through circumstances, of human motive, or causa. The chapter concludes by suggesting that Shakespeare’s plays, thus imagining times and spaces as forms of proof relating to human “cause” or motive, have enabled us to construe human inwardness in ways which have created new forms of cultural “reality.”

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Book chapters on the topic "Causal suggestion"

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Tomini, Luca, and Seda Gürkan. "Contesting the EU, Contesting Democracy and Rule of Law in Europe. Conceptual Suggestions for Future Research." In Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54674-8_12.

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Abstract In ECE countries, democratisation and Europeanisation seemed to exist in a mutually reinforcing relationship and both concepts provided the main analytical lenses for studying these states. In the light of recent illiberal and anti-EU politics, two different concepts have started to receive increasing scholarly attention, namely the concepts of de-Europeanisation and autocratisation. Their exact meaning, however, remains unclear and the causal link between these specific processes and the rule of law has largely remained understudied. Against this backdrop, this chapter first summarises the state-of-the-art research on autocratisation and de-Europeanisation, and then examines the interaction and causal link between these two phenomena in times of declining democracies in Europe and rule of law problems.

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Sun, Chengyu, Shuyang Li, Yinshan Lin, and Weilin Hu. "From Visual Behavior to Signage Design: A Wayfinding Experiment with Eye-Tracking in Satellite Terminal of PVG Airport." In Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_24.

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AbstractPassengers principally rely on signage to making wayfinding decisions in transportation buildings. Most existing research focuses on the analysis of the wayfinding trajectory, but there is less attention on the process of how passengers make the wayfinding decision. So, it is hard to accurately locate the causes of the wrong wayfinding decision. Taking the Satellite Terminal of Shanghai Pudong International Airport (PVG Airport) as an example, we adopted the eye-tracking technology and recorded the eye-tracking data of passengers observing the signage and making wayfinding decisions. Then, we compared and analyzed the data, presenting it by data visualization. This study found the causes of passengers making wrong wayfinding decisions and the visual behavior of wayfinding: the reconfirmation behavior, the priority of attention, and the clockwise observation. Finally, corresponding suggestions for signage design optimization are put forward regarding some wayfinding decision points. As a result, the optimized signage system in the satellite terminal is welcomed by the passengers two months later according to monthly questionnaires.

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Parker, Linda A. "Cannabinoids and Psychosis." In Cannabinoids and the Brain. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035798.003.0004.

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Clearly the majority of people who use marijuana do not develop schizophrenia. Yet, the human literature suggests that there is a modest association between cannabis exposure (particularly in adolescence) and later development of schizophrenia--whether or not this association is causal is hotly debated. This chapter reviews some of the evidence for and against such a causal relationship. The chapter concludes with the suggestion that individuals with a family history of schizophrenia, with prodromal symptoms, or who have experienced discreet episodes of psychosis related to cannabis use, may be best served not using THC-predominant marijuana.

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Eaglestone, Robert. "Conclusion." In The Broken Voice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778363.003.0008.

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What good is literature? ‘Perhaps’, wrote Sebald, ‘only to help us to remember, and teach us to understand that some strange connections cannot be explained by causal logic.’<sup>1</sup> This book has followed Kertész’s suggestion that the ‘broken voice’ of the Holocaust will remain through culture: it has also explored the role of literature in memory and analysed some of the strange links between the past and the present which shape the meaning of both. Some themes have recurred....

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Weisberg, Michael. "Abstraction and Representational Capacity in Computational Structures." In The Scientific Imagination. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190212308.003.0009.

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Michael Weisberg’s book Simulation and Similarity argued that although mathematical models are sometimes described in narrative form, they are best understood as interpreted mathematical structures. But how can a mathematical structure be causal, as many models described in narrative seem to be? This chapter argues that models with apparently narrative form are actually computational structures. It explores this suggestion in detail, examining what computational structure consists of, the resources it offers modelers, and why attempting to re-describe computational models as imaginary concrete systems fails even more dramatically than it does for mathematical models.

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O'Connor, Cailin. "Discrimination and Homophily." In The Origins of Unfairness. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789970.003.0008.

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The goal of this chapter is to use the framework developed thus far in the book to address the question: how do discriminatory conventions and norms influence patterns of interaction? In particular, the models presented will highlight causal processes that can lead to homophily, or disproportionate in-group interaction, as a result of discrimination. The chapter uses academic communities as a case study throughout. Actors are modeled on interactive networks, where they prefer to link with partners who yield higher payoffs. The suggestion is that when women get less academic credit, they learn to avoid collaborating with men as a result. However, when certain groups have advantages that lead to more significant production of credit, this trend can reverse. In these cases, a disadvantaged group may be willing to share credit inequitably to have access to a collaborator who generates more credit.

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Lloyd, Anthony. "Reinterpreting social harm." In The Harms of Work. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529204018.003.0002.

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This chapter states the case for a social harm perspective. Initially, the chapter outlines the emergence of social harm as an extension of criminological investigation through the suggestion that entirely legal processes and actions can engender harmful consequences. The strengths and limitations of harm perspectives are outlined before contemplating the question harm from what? This evidences Pemberton’s ‘human needs’, Yar’s ‘search for recognition’, and deviant leisure’s ‘ethical responsibility for the other’. Following this, an ultra-realist interpretation of society is proffered. Synthesising ultra-realism with social harm perspectives extends the social harm perspective by recognising the systemic violence of capitalism and neoliberalism, the negative motivation to harm, is complemented by the positive motivation to harm and the transcendental materialist subject. This emphasis on motivation delineates intentional and unintentional action and links the subject (micro) with organisational culture (meso) and political-economic ideology (macro). Finally, the crucial role of causative absence is outlined; negativity or absence has as much causal power as a positive or presence; both intentional and unintentional harms stem from problematic absences at a structural, cultural and interpersonal level.

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Deeley, Quinton. "The Pythia at Delphi." In Ancient Divination and Experience. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844549.003.0010.

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At Delphi in Greece the inspired oracle of Apollo, the Pythia, underwent a form of possession in which she was viewed as a vehicle for the god. Nevertheless, uncertainty has surrounded the exact nature of the experience of possession of the Pythia, and what could cause or motivate such experiences. This chapter explores the use of a range of explicit analogies and explanatory models to interpret the experience of the Pythia at the sanctuary of Apollo, and the broader context within which it occurred. Understanding of the Pythia can draw on explanatory models that reach beyond the categories of divination and possession. This includes not only the wider class of revelatory experiences in which supernatural agents (such as God or gods, demons, or spirits) speak or act through humans, but other types of experience involving alterations of the sense of identity and agency, whether they occur in psychopathology or as normal variations in experience. Examples include hallucinations and alien control phenomena in schizophrenia, and their analogues in religious experience; dissociation; and experiments combining suggestion and neuroimaging to model revelatory and possession states. All provide potential insights into the forms of experience, attributed significance, and causal processes involved in Apollo’s communication through the Pythia. They also point to the central role of ideas, expectations, and beliefs in influencing dissociations of the sense of self, and make the Pythia’s possession by Apollo seem less exotic, improbable, or deviant than it might once have seemed.

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Corry, Richard. "Causal Power." In Power and Influence. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840718.003.0004.

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This chapter investigates the ontology of causal power and causal influence that was suggested by the discussion of reductive explanation in the previous two chapters. In particular, it is suggested that we should understand causal powers to be dispositions to manifest causal influence. Such powers, it is shown, can be given a conditional analysis that is less susceptible to counterexamples than conditional analyses of dispositions more generally. It is further argued that the conditional analysis can be extended to cover multi-track powers by using functions, rather than conditionals, to describe powers. Functional descriptions of powers connect nicely to the descriptions of force fields that one finds in physics, suggesting that we can interpret forces as influences in the sense described here.

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Banchetti-Robino, Marina Paola, and Jean-Pierre Noël Llored. "Reality Without Reification: Philosophy of Chemistry’s Contribution to Philosophy of Mind." In Essays in the Philosophy of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190494599.003.0010.

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CHEMIST AND PHILOSOPHER of chemistry Joseph E. Earley has recently argued that, in order to resolve some of its most seemingly intractable problems, philosophy of mind should take into consideration the work currently being done in philosophy of chemistry. This is because there exist obvious parallels between questions that inform philosophy of chemistry and the so-called hard problem of consciousness in philosophy of mind. As David Chalmers describes it, the hard problem of consciousness is that of explaining the relationship between physical phenomena, such as brain states, and experience (i.e., phenomenal consciousness, mental states, or events with phenomenal qualities or “qualia”). The “hard problem” is related to the problem of the reduction of mental states to brain states and of the emergence of mental phenomena from physical phenomena. Similar issues are encountered in philosophy of chemistry, such as the reduction of higher-level chemical phenomena to lower-level physical states and the emergence of the higher-level phenomena from the lower-level states. An important and related concern that arises in both philosophical subfields, particularly when dealing with emergence, is the question of “downward causation,” that is, the question of whether the higher levels, such as chemical properties or mental states, exert downward causal influence over the lower levels, such as fundamental physical states or brain states. Given the parallels between these two fields, Earley argues that there are three different ways in which philosophy of chemistry can be of assistance to philosophy of mind. The first is by “developing an extended mereology applicable to chemical combinations.” The suggestion is that, if successful, such an extended mereology may also be applicable to the whole-parts relationships between complex systems such as the brain (and its associated mental phenomena) and individual brain states. A second way is by “testing whether ‘singularities’ prevent reduction of chemistry to microphysics.” If chemical “singularities” indeed prevent such reduction, one might extrapolate that mental “singularities” might also prevent the reduction of mental states to electrochemical interactions in the brain.

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Conference papers on the topic "Causal suggestion"

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Jiang, Fan, and Dan Sun. "The Marketization of University - Cause, Effect, Suggestion." In 2015 International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education. Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsshe-15.2015.103.

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Alsyouf, I., F. Humaid, and S. Al Kamali. "Mishandled baggage problem: Causes and improvement suggestions." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2014.7058619.

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Kumar Sharma, Arun. "FEMALE FETICIDE IN NORTH INDIA: EXTENT, CAUSES AND SUGGESTIONS." In Annual International Conference on Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. Global Science and Technology Forum (GSTF), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-1865_cbp75.

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Sa, Xiao. "Analysis on the Difficulties and Legislative Suggestions of the Proximate Causes of Insurance Law." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2018). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emle-18.2018.151.

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Zhang, Xueying, Shuo Yang, and Ruifeng Dong. "Analysis of the causes of abnormal quality of gypsum wet FGD system and suggestions." In 2016 International Conference on Civil, Transportation and Environment. Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccte-16.2016.141.

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Xiaofeng Mo. "National Liability for Damage Outside Territory Caused by Space Objects and Suggestions to China's Legislation." In 54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-03-iisl.2.16.

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Chen, Xuedong, Rong Yuan, Bing Wang, Tiecheng Yang, Pingjin Li, and Chuanqing Cheng. "Analysis of Causes for Cracking of Chinese Large High-Strength Steel Spheric Tank and Suggestion About Its Prevention." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26473.

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In recent ten years, a number of cracking cases were reported on the in-service high-strength steel spheric tank made of 07MnCrMoVR and 07MnNiCrMoVDR steels (CF-62 steel for short) which were developed in China independently. Based on field survey, actual vessel inspection and failure analysis, it is pointed out that the quality of the steels, the problems existing in design and fabrication process and incompleteness of relevant standards are the major cause of cracking. Recommendations for cracking prevention of the high-strength steel spheric tank made of Chinese CF-62 steel are proposed.

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Park, Garam, and Yoo Jaeheung. "Suggesting infection causes monitoring system based on wireless sensor network for hospital infection control." In 2008 10th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icact.2008.4493844.

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Gao, Lizhong. "Analysis of Causes of China's Real Estate Price Fluctuation and Policy Suggestions based on Behavioral Economics Theory." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Social Science and Management Innovation (SSMI 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ssmi-19.2019.80.

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Morita, Ryo, Yuta Uchiyama, Fumio Inada, and Shiro Takahashi. "Considerations in Steam Piping Design for Prevention of an Acoustic Resonance at a Closed Side Branch." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65244.

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Flow-induced acoustic resonances in piping with closed side branches or T-junctions are one of the causes of severe structural vibrations, which sometimes cause fatigue damage to piping and components in a power plant and many engineering applications. In this paper, on the basis of the results of steam flow experiments and calculations, the effects of the liquid phase on the flow-induced acoustic resonance at closed side branches in the steam flow piping of BWRs are described, and some suggestions for the steam piping design of BWRs are also given. The liquid phase in a steam flow forms droplets or liquid film, which may affect the amplitude, frequency and critical Strouhal number of the resonance. From the results of wet steam experiments and CFD calculations, we have found that in some cases the wetness of the steam flow may decrease the resonant amplitude and change the frequency owing to the interaction of the vortex generation or damping by the existence of the liquid film and droplets. Therefore, for the wet steam piping design of BWR, some suggestions for taking these effects into consideration, under actual BWR steam conditions are described.

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Reports on the topic "Causal suggestion"

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Näslund-Hadley, Emma, Michelle Koussa, and Juan Manuel Hernández. Skills for Life: Stress and Brain Development in Early Childhood. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003205.

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Learning to cope with disappointments and overcoming obstacles is part of growing up. By conquering some challenges, children develop resilience. Such normal stressors may include initiating a new activity or separation from parents during preschool hours. However, when the challenges in early childhood are intensified by important stressors happening outside their own lives, they may start to worry about the safety of themselves and their families. This may cause chronic stress, which interferes with their emotional, cognitive, and social development. In developing country contexts, it is especially hard to capture promptly the effects of stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic on childrens cognitive and socioemotional development. In this note, we draw on the literature on the effect of stress on brain development and examine data from a recent survey of households with young children carried out in four Latin American countries to offer suggestions for policy responses. We suggest that early childhood and education systems play a decisive role in assessing and addressing childrens mental health needs. In the absence of forceful policy responses on multiple fronts, the mental health outcomes may become lasting.

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Tetzlaff, Sasha, Jinelle Sperry, Bruce Kingsburg, and Brett DeGregorio. Captive-rearing duration may be more important than environmental enrichment for enhancing turtle head-starting success. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41800.

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Raising captive animals past critical mortality stages for eventual release (head-starting) is a common conservation tactic. Counterintuitively, post-release survival can be low. Post-release behavior affecting survival could be influenced by captive-rearing duration and housing conditions. Practitioners have adopted environmental enrichment to promote natural behaviors during head-starting such as raising animals in naturalistic enclosures. Using 32 captive-born turtles (Terrapene carolina), half of which were raised in enriched enclosures, we employed a factorial design to explore how enrichment and rearing duration affected post-release growth, behavior, and survival. Six turtles in each treatment (enriched or unenriched) were head-started for nine months (cohort one). Ten turtles in each treatment were head-started for 21 months (cohort two). At the conclusion of captive-rearing, turtles in cohort two were overall larger than cohort one, but unenriched turtles were generally larger than enriched turtles within each cohort. Once released, enriched turtles grew faster than unenriched turtles in cohort two, but we otherwise found minimal evidence suggesting enrichment affected post-release survival or behavior. Our findings suggest attaining larger body sizes from longer captive-rearing periods to enable greater movement and alleviate susceptibility to predation (the primary cause of death) could be more effective than environmental enrichment alone in chelonian head-starting programs where substantial predation could hinder success.

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Venäläinen, Ari, Sanna Luhtala, Mikko Laapas, et al. Sää- ja ilmastotiedot sekä uudet palvelut auttavat metsäbiotaloutta sopeutumaan ilmastonmuutokseen. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361317.

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Climate change will increase weather induced risks to forests, and thus effective adaptation measures are needed. In Säätyö project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, we have summarized the data that facilitate adaptation measures, developed weather and climate services that benefit forestry, and mapped what kind of new weather and climate services are needed in forestry. In addition, we have recorded key further development needs to promote adaptation. The Säätyö project developed a service product describing the harvesting conditions of trees based on the soil moisture assessment. The output includes an analysis of the current situation and a 10-day forecast. In the project we also tested the usefulness of long forecasts beyond three months. The weather forecasting service is sidelined and supplemented by another co-operation project between the Finnish Meteorological Institute and Metsäteho called HarvesterSeasons (https://harvesterseasons.com/). The HarvesterSeasons service utilizes long-term forecasts of up to 6 months to assess terrain bearing conditions. A test version of a wind damage risk tool was developed in cooperation with the Department of Forest Sciences of the University of Eastern Finland and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. It can be used to calculate the wind speeds required in a forest area for wind damage (falling trees). It is currently only suitable for researcher use. In the Säätyö project the possibility of locating the most severe wind damage areas immediately after a storm was also tested. The method is based on the spatial interpolation of wind observations. The method was used to analyze storms that caused forest damages in the summer and fall of 2020. The produced maps were considered illustrative and useful to those responsible for compiling the situational picture. The accumulation of snow on tree branches, can be modeled using weather data such as rainfall, temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In the Säätyö project, the snow damage risk assessment model was further developed in such a way that, in addition to the accumulated snow load amount, the characteristics of the stand and the variations in terrain height were also taken into account. According to the verification performed, the importance of abiotic factors increased under extreme snow load conditions (winter 2017-2018). In ordinary winters, the importance of biotic factors was emphasized. According to the comparison, the actual snow damage could be explained well with the tested model. In the interviews and workshop, the uses of information products, their benefits, the conditions for their introduction and development opportunities were mapped. According to the results, diverse uses and benefits of information products and services were seen. Information products would make it possible to develop proactive forest management, which would reduce the economic costs caused by wind and snow damages. A more up-to-date understanding of harvesting conditions, enabled by information products, would enhance the implementation of harvesting and harvesting operations and the management of timber stocks, as well as reduce terrain, trunk and root damage. According to the study, the introduction of information is particularly affected by the availability of timeliness. Although the interviewees were not currently willing to pay for the information products developed in the project, the interviews highlighted several suggestions for the development of information products, which could make it possible to commercialize them.

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