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Journal articles on the topic 'Causalité indirecte'
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Higashi, Masahiko, and Bernard C. Patten. "Dominance of Indirect Causality in Ecosystems." American Naturalist 133, no. 2 (February 1989): 288–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284919.
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Pliushch, B. O. "Causality between indirect translation and translator disparity." Science and Education a New Dimension VII(195), no. 59 (April 20, 2019): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31174/send-ph2019-195vii59-13.
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Lloret‐Climent, Miguel. "Direct and indirect causality in living systems." Kybernetes 31, no. 3/4 (April 2002): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920210422575.
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Tsaurai, Kunofiwa. "Banking sector development and foreign direct investment. A case of Botswana." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 4, no. 3 (2014): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv4i3art5.
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The study investigates if there is a causality relationship between banking sector development and FDI inflows in Botswana. Though quite a number of authors have written on the subject, there appears to be no consensus on the directional causality between banking sector development and FDI inflows into the host country. At the moment, three dominant perspectives exist regarding the relationship between banking sector development and FDI inflows into the host country. The first perspective says that banking sector development attracts FDI inflows into the host country. The second perspective suggests that there is a positive feedback effect between banking sector development and FDI inflows whilst the third perspective maintains that there is no direct causality relationship between the two variables. The results from this study are consistent with the third perspective that says there is no direct causality relationship between banking sector development and FDI net inflows. This confirms that the long run relationship between banking sector development and FDI net inflows is an indirect one and the two set of variables affect each other indirectly through other factors in Botswana.
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Ivanouw, Jan. "The Rorschach Comprehensive System Scoring Conceptualized by a Phenomenological Metalanguage." Rorschachiana 24, no. 1 (January 2000): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604.24.1.127.
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Le psychologue danois Edgar Rubin est bien connu pour ses expériences sur les rapports figure/fond. Son disciple Edgar Tranekjær Rasmussen a développé un métalangage phénoménologique applicable aux expériences sur la perception. Ce langage constitue aussi un outil d’intérêt général en psychologie et nous l’utilisons dans l’enseignement pour mieux comprendre les processus impliqués dans le Rorschach et résoudre les problèmes de la cotation. Le test du Rorschach nécessite de recueillir des informations sur l’expérience du sujet. Le recours au métalangage de Edgar Tranekjær Rasmussen nous aide dans ce processus. Le concept central de ce métalangage est celui de “phénomène.” Celui-ci désigne toute “chose” qui apparaît à une personne, y compris tous les aspects des autres phénomènes qui apparaissent, dont les relations entre phénomènes. Un phénomène apparaît à une personne à partir de traits médiateurs, ou formes apparentes qui changent selon le point de vue, tandis que le phénomène reste identique à lui-même. Un phénomène a un champ d’apparition dans la mesure où il apparaît en même temps que d’autres phénomènes, qui sont ses traits de champ. Parmi ces derniers, on distingue les traits propres, les traits étrangers et les traits périphériques. Lorsque l’on combine, d’une manière expérimentale, le phénomène A avec ses traits propres, le phénomène qui en résulte est identique à A. De même, lorsque l’on combine A avec ses traits étrangers, le phénomène qui en résulte est différent de A. Les traits périphériques sont indéterminés quant à leur qualité propre ou étrangère. Un phénomène comporte des traits déterminants. Pour qu’un phénomène garde son identité, certains traits déterminants doivent apparaître pour la personne dans différentes situations d’observation. Les traits propres du phénomène fonctionnent comme traits déterminants. Certains des traits étrangers peuvent aussi être des traits déterminants. Les traits périphériques peuvent changer, de telle sorte que le phénomène apparaît changé mais reste le même phénomène. Le concept d’identité tient donc une importance centrale dans le métalangage. Parfois, un phénomène apparaît comme un phénomène dont l’identité est encore à déterminer. Un phénomène peut apparaître d’une manière directe, immédiate, ou il peut apparaître d’une manière indirecte, médiate. Dans ce dernier cas, les traits médiateurs apparaissent d’une manière immédiate mais se réfèrent au phénomène qui est lui indirect. Il existe des phénomènes à différents niveaux. Au niveau supérieur, un phénomène possède tous les traits déterminants du niveau inférieur plus certains autres. Il est courant de confondre les différents niveaux de phénomènes lorsqu’ils portent le même nom. Un phénomène abstrait est formé à partir de certains traits déterminants d’un autre phénomène, mais pas de tous. La procédure d’identification intersubjective désigne ce qui se passe lorsque deux personnes utilisent le langage ou toute autre forme de communication (apparition anthropique) pour s’assurer que le phénomène qui leur apparaît est le même. Lorsqu’ils ont quelque doute, ils se réfèrent aux traits déterminants du phénomène, et s’ils doutent encore de ceux-ci, le processus continue jusqu’à ce qu’ils atteignent les phénomènes qui fonctionnent comme des bases de référence qui leur apparaissent à tous les deux comme identiques. Une relation peut apparaître comme un phénomène. Elle peut avoir comme champ d’apparition certains processus et quelques autres phénomènes qui participent à la relation. A l’inverse, le trait d’un phénomène peut être d’avoir une certaine relation avec d’autres phénomènes. Les phases de réponse et d’enquête au Rorschach sont caractérisées par ce métalangage. La nature même du Rorschach suscite beaucoup de phénomènes dont l’identité est encore à déterminer. Les caractéristiques des taches d’encre poussent le sujet à utiliser une identité de phénomène de manière moins stricte que ce qu’ils feraient dans la vie de tous les jours. Cela est dû au fait que les phénomènes apparaissant comme des réponses au test possèdent souvent beaucoup de traits périphériques, qui ne fonctionnent pas comme des traits déterminants mais qui permettent que les phénomènes apparaissent comme changés en comparaison avec leur apparence habituelle. Alors que, dans la phase de réponse, les phénomènes apparaissent souvent comme immédiats, dans la phase d’enquête ils apparaissent de manière plus indirecte, médiatisée par leurs formes d’apparition. A l’enquête, il va être important de formuler les traits déterminants des phénomènes qui ont apparus au sujet dans la phase de réponse de telle sorte que les phénomènes conservent l’identité et la forme d’apparition qu’ils avaient au départ. La procédure d’identification intersubjective peut être utile pour recueillir l’information pertinente. Le métalangage phénoménologique est utile pour éclairer les problèmes de détermination des localisations et pour distinguer entre une qualité de développement ordinaire ou de synthèse. Nous discutons dans cet article de la relation entre déterminants au Rorschach et le concept de “traits déterminants” propre au métalangage. Nous évoquons aussi le problème du type de causalité impliqué dans le concept de déterminant au Rorschach, c’est-à-dire ce qui “détermine” la réponse. Nous soulignons l’importance de recourir à l’équivalence phénoménologique dans la procédure d’extrapolation de la qualité formelle. Nous présentons les cotations spéciales critiques comme les produits d’une confusion entre traits propres et étrangers. Nous suggérons que différentes formes d’apparition des réponses dotées de cotations spéciales pourraient être interprétées de manières différentes. Il serait utile de poursuivre les recherches dans ce domaine, dans la mesure où la phase d’enquête a été peu étudiée. Quelques thèmes de recherche sont avancés en guise de conclusion.
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Vakorin, Vasily A., Olga A. Krakovska, and Anthony R. McIntosh. "Confounding effects of indirect connections on causality estimation." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 184, no. 1 (October 2009): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.07.014.
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Vakorin, VV, OA Krakovska, and AR McIntosh. "Confounding Effects of Indirect Connections on Causality Estimation." NeuroImage 47 (July 2009): S146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(09)71476-4.
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Lee, Jae Ha, and Deok Hee Hahn. "Lead-Lag Relationship between Return and Volume in the KOSPI200 Spot and Option Markets." Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies 15, no. 2 (November 30, 2007): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdqs-02-2007-b0005.
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This study explores the Granger causal relationship between return and volume in the KOSPI200 spot and option markets for the period from December 13. 2002 to December 9. 2004. using minute-by-minute data. Specifically, we examine the lead-lag relationship among OPtion volume, option return, cash volume, and cash return to determine whether option volume and return impact cash return. Our results show that option volume has no direct impact on cash return as cash return unilaterally leads option volume‘ While option volume impacts cash volume. cash return unilaterally leads cash volume. implying no indirect impact of option volume on cash return. However, there is evidence that option return impacts cash return directly, given a bilateral causality between option return and casll return. Option return also impacts cash volume, but again cash volume has no impact on cash return. meaning no indirect impact of option return on cash return. Our findings were generally robust across days of the week and different maturities. Finally, we analyzed lead-lag relationship within the option market. and found a bilateral causality between option volume and option return. This implies that option volume may impact cash return indirectly via option return.
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Falasca, N. W., and R. Franciotti. "Ability of Granger Causality Analysis to Detect Indirect Links: A Simulation Study." Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems 23, no. 2 (July 9, 2020): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/1561-4085-2020-23-2-121-124.
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Granger causality (G-causality) has emerged as a useful tool to investigate the influence that one system can exert over another system, but challenges remain when applying it to biological data. Specifically, it is not clear if G-causality can distinguish between direct and indirect influences. In this study time domain G-causality connectivity analysis was performed on simulated electroencephalographic cerebral signals. Conditional multivariate autoregressive model was applied to 19 virtual time series (nodes) to identify the effects of direct and indirect links while varying one of the following variables: the length of the time series, the lags between interacting nodes, the connection strength of the links, and the noise. Simulated data revealed that weak indirect influences are not identified by Gcausality analysis when applied on covariance stationary, non-correlated electrophysiological time series.
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Cimaglia, Riccardo. "Relative indirette libere e causali indirette libere nella narrativa italiana ottocentesca." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 48, no. 2 (December 5, 2013): 221–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.48.2.02cim.
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In this paper I will analyze two subordinate clauses which can be frequently found within free indirect reported speech (FIRS, in the paper DIL): relative and causal clauses. After a short illustration of FIRS I will examine the two clauses with an analysis of the passages in FIRS from Italian narrative literature of the XIX century (especially Manzoni and Verga). A relative or a causal clause can recur within a FIRS passage, can open it or can constitute on its own a FIRS passage becoming, respectively, free indirect relative clause (FIRC, in the paper RIL) and free indirect causal clause (FICC, in the paper CIL). FIRC and FICC share two peculiarities: a) They have a rhematic function; b) They are cases of “hypotactizated parataxis” (FIRC and FICC, as subordinate clauses, connect a FIRS passage to the diegesis without the break of the normal FIRS, paratactically juxtaposed to the narratum). For this last peculiarity FIRC and FICC represented two important stylistic means for the novelists of the Realism to attain the impersonality of the author in the novel through a close fusion between the voice of the author and the voice of the characters.
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Deely, John. "From semiosis to semioethics: The full vista of the action of signs." Sign Systems Studies 36, no. 2 (December 31, 2008): 437–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2008.36.2.09.
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How anything acts depends upon what it is, both as a kind of thing and as a distinct individual of that kind: “agere sequitur esse” — action follows being. This is as true of signs as it is of lions or centipedes: therefore, in order to determine the range or extent of semiosis we need above all to determine the kind of being at stake under the name “sign”. Since Poinsot, in a thesis that the work of Peirce centuries later confirmed, the proper being of signs as signs lies in a relation, a relationship irreducibly unifying three distinct terms: a foreground term representing another than itself — the representamen or sign vehicle; the other represented — the significate or object signified; and the third term to or for whom the other-representation is made — the interpretant, which need not be a person and, indeed, need not even be mental. The action of signs then is the way signs influence the world, including the world of experience and knowledge, but extending even to the physical world of nature beyond the living. It is a question of what is the causality proper to signs in consequence of the being proper to them as signs, an indirect causality, just as relations are indirectly dependent upon the interactions of individuals making up the plurality of the universe; and a causality that models what could or might be in contrast to what is here and now. To associate this causality with final causality is correct insofar as signs are employed in shaping the interactions of individual things; but to equate this causality with “teleology” is a fundamental error into which the contemporary development of semiotics has been inclined to fall, largely through some published passages of Peirce from an essay within which he corrects this error but in passages so far left unpublished. By bringing these passages to light, in which Peirce points exactly in the direction earlier indicated by Poinsot, this essay attempts a kind of survey of the contemporary semiotic development in which the full vista of semiosis is laid out, and shown to be co-extensive with the boundaries of the universe itself, wherever they might fall. Precisely the indirect extrinsically specificative formal causality that signs exercise is what enables the “influence of the future” according to which semiosis changes the relevance of past to present in the interactions of Secondness. Understanding of this point (the causality proper to signs) also manifests the error of reducing the universe to signs, the error sometimes called “pansemiosis”.
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Tsaurai, Kunofiwa. "Is there a relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Zimbabwe?" Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no. 4 (2013): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i4c2art5.
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This paper investigated the causality relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Zimbabwe using a bi-variate time series framework for the period 1980 to 2011. The causality relationship between the two variables has been a subject of extensive debate for decades among economists and academics. There are four dominant perspectives with regard to the causality relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth. The first perspective maintains electricity consumption spur economic growth whilst the second perspective argues that it is economic growth that drives electricity consumption. The third perspective suggests that both electricity consumption and economic growth promotes each other whilst the fourth perspective argues that there is no causality relationship at all between the two variables both in the short and long run. Using the bi-variate causality test framework, this study failed to establish any direct causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. The results imply the existence of an indirect bi-directional causality relationship between the two variables. The study therefore recommends Zimbabwe authorities to address indirect factors that have a bearing on economic growth over and above scaling up investment efforts into electricity production capacity improvement infrastructure
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Vallverdú, Jordi. "Approximate and Situated Causality in Deep Learning." Philosophies 5, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies5010002.
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Causality is the most important topic in the history of western science, and since the beginning of the statistical paradigm, its meaning has been reconceptualized many times. Causality entered into the realm of multi-causal and statistical scenarios some centuries ago. Despite widespread critics, today deep learning and machine learning advances are not weakening causality but are creating a new way of finding correlations between indirect factors. This process makes it possible for us to talk about approximate causality, as well as about a situated causality.
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Tsaurai, Kunofiwa. "An empirical analysis of the energy consumption – real GDP nexus for Zimbabwe." Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no. 3 (2013): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i3c4art2.
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This study looked into causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Zimbabwe using time series data spanning from 1980 to 2011. Four views explaining the causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth include the growth hypothesis, conservation hypothesis, feedback hypothesis and the neutrality hypothesis. Whilst the growth hypothesis argues that energy consumption promotes economic growth, conservation hypothesis says that it is in fact economic growth that drives energy consumption. The feedback hypothesis argues that both energy consumption and economic growth promote each other whilst according to the neutrality hypothesis, no causality relationship exist between the two variables either in the short or long run. Using the bi-variate causality test framework, this study failed to establish any direct causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. However, the results imply the existence of an indirect bi-directional causality relationship between the two variables. The study therefore recommends Zimbabwe authorities not only to scale up investment into energy generation capacity improvement infrastructure but also address indirect factors like employment, human capital development, financial market development, and government consumption, among others in order to boost sustainable economic growth.
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SHEA, MATTHEW, and C. P. RAGLAND. "God, evil, and occasionalism." Religious Studies 54, no. 2 (April 17, 2017): 265–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412517000129.
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AbstractIn a recent paper, Alvin Plantinga defends occasionalism against an important moral objection: if God is the sole direct cause of all the suffering that results from immoral human choices, this causal role is difficult to reconcile with God's perfect goodness. Plantinga argues that this problem is no worse for occasionalism than for any of the competing views of divine causality; in particular, there is no morally relevant difference between God directly causing suffering and God indirectly causing it. First, we examine Plantinga's moral parity argument in detail and offer a critical evaluation of it. Then we provide a positive argument, based on the doctrine of doing and allowing, to show why there is a morally relevant difference between God's direct and indirect causation of suffering.
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Chan, Jacob Yui Chung, Fong Chan, Nicole Ditchman, Brian Phillips, and Chih-Chin Chou. "Evaluating Snyder’s Hope Theory as a Motivational Model of Participation and Life Satisfaction for Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Path Analysis." Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education 27, no. 3 (2013): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2168-6653.27.3.171.
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Objective: To evaluate Snyder’s (2002) hope theory as a motivational model of community participation and life satisfaction.Design: Quantitative descriptive design using path analysis.Setting: Manitoba chapter of the Canadian Paraplegic Association.Participants: One-hundred and sixteen participants with spinal cord injuries who were members of the Manitoba chapter of the Canadian Paraplegic Association.Results: The respecified path-analytic hope model of participation and life satisfaction fits the data reasonably well, with χ2/df = 2.58; GFI = .95; and CFI = .95. Participation—with indirect effects of causality, perceived control, resilience, agency thinking, and pathways thinking—explained 32% of the variance in life satisfaction. Causality and agency thinking—with indirect effects of perceived control, resilience, and pathways thinking—explained 40% of the variance in participation.Conclusion: Synder’s hope theory as a motivational model of participation and life satisfaction was validated with minor modifications to the model. The respecified model indicated that causality had a direct effect on participation; pathways thinking had a direct link to agency thinking; and pathways thinking only had an indirect effect on participation through agency thinking.
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Davies, C. J. "The Problem of Causality in Object-Oriented Ontology." Open Philosophy 2, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2019-0010.
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AbstractObject-oriented ontologists understand relations of cause and effect to be sensory or aesthetic in nature, not involving direct interaction between objects. Four major arguments are used to defend an indirect view of causation: 1) that there are analogies between perception and causation, 2) that the indirect view can account for cases of causation which a direct view cannot, 3) an Occasionalist argument that direct interaction would make causation impossible, and 4) that the view simply fits better with object-oriented ontology’s own premises. However, each argument is fallacious or otherwise unconvincing. The first affirms the consequent. The second fails because the relevant cases can easily be accounted for with a direct view. The third makes false assumptions about the relation between parts and wholes. And the fourth can also be used to argue against object-oriented ontology. Many of these problems can be traced to the methodological aspects of object-oriented ontology and might be avoided by emphasizing the role of non-argumentative justification in metaphysics.
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R. Manjunath, B., J. K. Raju, and M. Rehaman. "Testing of causality relationship between Indian and Australian mutual funds performance: standard vs customized benchmarks." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, no. 3 (September 24, 2020): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(3).2020.18.
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Most Australian domestic investors rely on fund managers, and in India, this is not the same as they are primarily in direct investment rather than indirect. The study attempts to investigate the causal relationship between the returns of the standard indices, namely BSE500 and ASX300, and customized indices, MIMF and MAMF, for both India and Australia. The study uses econometric tools and techniques such as unit root test, vector error correction model, Wald test, Johansen co-integration, and model efficacy assumptions on the historical closing NAV of the selected mutual fund schemes for the period from April 2008 to March 2018. The econometric investigation using Johansen’s Co-Integration test confirmed the co-integration between BSE500, ASX300 and customized indices. Empirical evidence suggests that the Australian customized MAMF index is not Granger-caused by the Indian customized index MIMF, and therefore the MIMF index value cannot be used to predict the future rate of index MAMF returns, and vice versa.
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Makoni, Tendai. "An analysis of the relationship of inflation and unemployment to the gross domestic product (gdp) in zimbabwe." Journal of Management and Science 1, no. 3 (December 30, 2014): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2014.15.
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The time series yearly data for Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation and unemployment from 1980 to 2012 was used in the study. First difference of the logged data became stationary as suggested by the time series plots. Johansen Maximum Likelihood Cointegration test indicated a long-run relationship among the variables. Granger Causality tests suggested unidirectional causality between inflation and GDP, implying that GDP is Granger caused by inflation in Zimbabwe. Another unidirectional causality was noted between unemployment and inflation. The causality between unemployment and inflation imply that unemployment do affect GDP indirectly since unemployment influences inflation which in turn positively affect GDP.
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IBRAHIM, NURHANI ABA. "CAUSALITY BETWEEN EXPORTS AND PRODUCTIVITY IN THE MALAYSIAN ECONOMY." Singapore Economic Review 56, no. 03 (August 2011): 377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590811004304.
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Empirical evidence linking exports and productivity growth has been mixed and inconclusive. This study re-examines the direction of the causality between them for Malaysian industries by using the error-correction mechanism and Granger causality models. In a panel of 63 manufacturing industries, for the period of 1981 to 1999, it is found that these industries support the export-led growth and the growth-driven export hypotheses. A further look into the results indicates that there are possibilities of indirect causalities between productivity growth and export through size and capital intensity, as both exports and labor productivity have bidirectional causality with size and capital intensity.
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Radov, Vladislav. "Chain of Causation: Omission Committed by the Obligor." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences 2020, no. 3 (November 6, 2020): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2020-4-3-278-286.
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The article deals with theoretical and law-enforcement problems of establishing the chain of causation in crimes of omission committed by the obligor. The doctrine of criminal law developed an unambiguous philosophical understanding of causality within the framework of dialectical materialism. However, such scientists as Prof. V. B. Malinin and Prof. Z. B. Soktoev came to polar conclusions about the absence and presence of a causal relationship in cases of criminal omission. The author criticizes the so-called golden rule of causality in cases of omission and the comprehensive reason for omission. He believes that omission cannot be recognized as a condition of an antisocial result. The author uses the relativistic approach to causality to explain the relationship between the failure to fulfill one's professional or official duties and the resulting antisocial consequence. He proves the conditioning relationship in such situations and states the correlation of causation and condition, as well as the limits of understanding causality as an element of the objective aspect of a crime. Apparently, doctrinal controversies affect the law enforcement. The article introduces the latest judicial practice and positions of the courts on the legal content and legal consequences of establishing an indirect, indirect, and mediated causation chain. The category of causality cannot be used for the purposes of criminal law qualification due to the fact that law and natural science have a different understanding of causation. The research questions the significance of forensic medical examinations in cases of iatrogenic crimes in relation to the causal relationship and their assessment by the court. In this article, the issues of causality are considered only for such cases of omission that presuppose a failure to fulfill professional or official duties in a negligent crime. Therefore, the author does not claim to be exclusive of conclusions and proposals. As Academician V. N. Kudryavtsev said, the configuration of chain of causation depends on the corpus delicti or the type of crime.
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Darbo-Peschanski, Catherine. "Medical and Philosophical Causality of Nutrition. About some Hippocratic Issues." Elenchos 42, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 67–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/elen-2021-0007.
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Abstract After a quick overview on the specification of the causal role of the powers or faculties (δυνάμεις) in nutrition, from the Hippocratic physicians to Galen, via Aristotle, the article defines the set of questions about this process that the Hippocratic physicians leave open. It then examines how Aristotle provides some sort of indirect physical and ethical answers, while Galen openly takes the side of reappropriating the central Stoic concept of oikeiôsis in a Platonist way.
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Danlami, Ibrahim Abdulhamid, Mohamad Helmi Hidthiir, and Sallahuddin Hassan. "Evidence of Inflation-Poverty Causality in Nigeria based on the Toda-Yamamoto Dynamic Causality Test." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v6i1.993.
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Purpose: One of the known global consequences of inflation is increasing and causing poverty. Most studies follow suit and empirically investigated the effect of inflation on poverty without taking into cognizance that poverty might as well cause inflation. The main aim of this study is to investigate the nature of causality between inflation and poverty in Nigeria.
Methodology This research work employs the famous Toda-Yamamoto causality test to investigate the nature of causality between inflation and poverty in Nigeria for the period 1980-2016, with money supply and exchange rate as control variables.
Findings: The results reveal that there is bidirectional causality between inflation and poverty, none of the variables cause money supply and none of them cause exchanges rate.
Implication: Even though the money supply does not cause poverty directly, it does cause inflation, and inflation in turns causes poverty. Also, the exchange rate does not cause inflation directly, but it does cause poverty, and at the same time, poverty causes inflation. Therefore, the study calls the attention of the policymakers to be cautious in making policies concerning money supply and local currency devaluations (exchange rate) as they cause both inflation and poverty directly and indirectly, consequently, they affect the societal welfare in general.
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Liobikienė, Genovaitė, Mindaugas Butkus, and Kristina Matuzevičiūtė. "The Contribution of Energy Taxes to Climate Change Policy in the European Union (EU)." Resources 8, no. 2 (April 6, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8020063.
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Energy taxes are one of the main market-based tools directed toward mitigating climate change in the European Union (EU). Therefore, the aim of this article was to analyze whether energy taxes really contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the successful implementation of climate change policy. Applying the Granger causality test on time series and using panel data analysis, the direct and indirect (via the reduction of fossil energy consumption (FEC) and energy intensity (EI), as well as the increase of renewable energy consumption (REN)) impacts of energy taxes on GHG emissions in EU countries were analyzed in the present study. The results showed that energy taxes did not Granger-cause fossil energy consumption, energy intensity, renewable energy consumption, and GHG emissions in almost all EU countries. Regarding the panel data analysis, the results showed that energy taxes did not, directly and indirectly, influence GHG emissions. Therefore, this paper shows that generally, energy tax policy in EU countries is ineffective. Thus, tax policy should be reformed and matched with an emissions trading system in seeking climate change mitigation.
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Huang, Bwo-Nung, and Chin-Wei Yang. "Industrial output and stock price revisited: an application of the multivariate indirect causality model." Manchester School 72, no. 3 (June 2004): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.2004.00396.x.
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Zorzela, Liliane, Silvano Mior, Heather Boon, Anita Gross, Jeromy Yager, Rose Carter, and Sunita Vohra. "Tool to assess causality of direct and indirect adverse events associated with therapeutic interventions." Current Medical Research and Opinion 34, no. 3 (October 24, 2017): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2017.1383891.
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Doyar, Bayram Veli. "R&D expenditures by field of science and GDP: Which causes which in Canada?" Economics and Business Letters 8, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.8.1.2019.31-40.
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This paper attempts to reveal the relationship between GDP per capita and R&D expenditure per capita, R&D expenditure per capita on natural sciences and engineering, and R&D expenditure per capita on social sciences and humanities for Canada. Based on data from 1981 to 2014, bootstrap causality test proposed by Hacker and Hatemi-J (2006) show that there is a unidirectional causality from GDP per capita to R&D expenditure per capita, and a unidirectional causality from GDP per capita to R&D expenditure per capita on natural sciences and engineering. However, no causal relationship is observed between R&D expenditure per capita on social sciences and humanities and GDP per capita. These results may point an indirect relationship between the variables or the validity of R&D paradox and the European paradox for Canada.
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Lewis, Glyn, and Anthony J. Pelosi. "The Case-Control Study in Psychiatry." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 2 (August 1990): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.2.197.
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Case-control studies involve ‘cases' being compared to ‘controls' with respect to ‘exposures', possible aetiological (or associated) factors. Associations between a disease and an exposure can be explained by chance, reverse causality, confounding and biases or, lastly, by causality. However, confounders as well as information and selection biases can be adjusted for at the design (or analysis) stage of the study. The strength of an association can be measured by means of relative risk, calculated indirectly using the odds ratio. Well conducted control studies should produce accurate estimates of relative risks in many psychiatric investigations.
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Goyal, Ashima, and Vaishnavi Sharma. "Estimating the Relationship Between the Current Account, the Capital Account and Investment for India." Foreign Trade Review 54, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732518810832.
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Causality from the capital account (KA) to the current account (CA) of the balance of payments indicates disruption from capital flows while the reverse can indicate smooth financing of the CA that allows investment to exceed domestic savings. A three-variable vector autoregression tests for Granger causality between the Indian CA, KA, KA components, and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) over 2000–01Q1 to 2015–16Q3. Since a CA deficit indicates an excess of investment over savings it is useful to estimate which type of capital flows affect investment. No causality is found to exist in any direction between the KA and the CA. There is only indirect causality through some components. Of the capital flow components, only FDI affects GFCF. The latter consistently affects the CA. The CA affects debt portfolio flows and non-resident deposits, suggesting these were used to finance the CA, but they were not causal for GFCF. Volatile flows, therefore, did not deteriorate the CA, but they also did not contribute to GFCF. India’s gradual KA convertibility may have mitigated shocks from the KA. Long-term sustainability, however, requires FDI to increase as compared to other types of flows. JEL Codes: F21, F32
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Chalak, Karim, and Halbert White. "Causality, Conditional Independence, and Graphical Separation in Settable Systems." Neural Computation 24, no. 7 (July 2012): 1611–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00295.
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We study the connections between causal relations and conditional independence within the settable systems extension of the Pearl causal model (PCM). Our analysis clearly distinguishes between causal notions and probabilistic notions, and it does not formally rely on graphical representations. As a foundation, we provide definitions in terms of suitable functional dependence for direct causality and for indirect and total causality via and exclusive of a set of variables. Based on these foundations, we provide causal and stochastic conditions formally characterizing conditional dependence among random vectors of interest in structural systems by stating and proving the conditional Reichenbach principle of common cause, obtaining the classical Reichenbach principle as a corollary. We apply the conditional Reichenbach principle to show that the useful tools of d-separation and D-separation can be employed to establish conditional independence within suitably restricted settable systems analogous to Markovian PCMs.
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Yong, Jaime, and Anh Khoi Pham. "The long-term linkages between direct and indirect property in Australia." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 33, no. 4 (July 6, 2015): 374–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-01-2015-0005.
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Purpose– Investment in Australia’s property market, whether directly or indirectly through Australian real estate investment trusts (A-REITs), grew remarkably since the 1990s. The degree of segregation between the property market and other financial assets, such as shares and bonds, can influence the diversification benefits within multi-asset portfolios. This raises the question of whether direct and indirect property investments are substitutable. Establishing how information transmits between asset classes and impacts the predictability of returns is of interest to investors. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– The authors study the linkages between direct and indirect Australian property sectors from 1985 to 2013, with shares and bonds. This paper employs an Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average (ARFIMA) process to de-smooth a valuation-based direct property index. The authors establish directional lead-lag relationships between markets using bi-variate Granger causality tests. Johansen cointegration tests are carried out to examine how direct and indirect property markets adjust to an equilibrium long-term relationship and short-term deviations from such a relationship with other asset classes.Findings– The authors find the use of appraisal-based property data creates a smoothing bias which masks the extent of how information is transmitted between the indirect property sector, stock and bond markets, and influences returns. The authors demonstrate that an ARFIMA process accounting for a smoothing bias up to lags of four quarters can overcome the overstatement of the smoothing bias from traditional AR models, after individually appraised constituent properties are aggregated into an overall index. The results show that direct property adjusts to information transmitted from market-traded A-REITs and stocks.Practical implications– The study shows direct property investments and A-REITs are substitutible in a multi-asset portfolio in the long and short term.Originality/value– The authors apply an ARFIMA(p,d,q) model to de-smooth Australian property returns, as proposed by Bond and Hwang (2007). The authors expect the findings will contribute to the discussion on whether direct property and REITs are substitutes in a multi-asset portfolio.
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Obadic, Alka, Tomislav Globan, and Ozana Nadoveza. "Contradicting the twin deficits hypothesis: The role of tax revenues composition." Panoeconomicus 61, no. 6 (2014): 653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1406653o.
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The general theory of twin deficits hypothesis does not consider specific characteristics of domestic tax systems, i.e. whether the revenue side of the budget is dominated by indirect or by direct taxes. The main hypothesis of the paper is that in countries with fiscal systems dominated by indirect taxes, the deterioration of the current account balance would imply higher fiscal revenues due to larger imports and consumption. The hypothesis is based on the characteristics of domestic tax systems of Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland and Romania in which indirect tax revenues account for the majority of total budget tax revenues. Results suggest that the co-movements of the current account and the fiscal balance cannot be explained by the twin deficit theory in countries with indirect tax-oriented systems. These results imply that only the structural economic transformation and export orientation of the economy may reverse the causality direction between two deficits.
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Alifah, Abdu. "EFEK MEDIASI WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT TERHADAP STRES KERJA PADA IBU BEKERJA DI RUMAH SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19." Jurnal Ekobis : Ekonomi Bisnis & Manajemen 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37932/j.e.v11i1.171.
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Teleworking mothers in Indonesia have been stressed due to work-family conflicts during the Covid-19 pandemic. Whilst most scholars likely have been studied work-family conflict and work stress partially, this study proposed a more comprehensive structural model of causality by analyzing the effect of spousal and organizational support toward work stress on teleworking mothers during the Covid-19 pandemic through the mediation of work-family conflict. This study used a purposive sampling technique in collecting 57 respondents that appropriated to the criteria of study such as teleworking mother during the Covid-19 pandemic, live in Jabodetabek, and possess one child or more. This study used path analysis with two models of direct and indirect. The results indicated that spousal support and organizational support directly and negatively affected work-family conflict, but did not directly affect work stress. Work-family conflict directly and positively affected work stress, while spousal and organizational support indirectly and negatively affected work stress through the mediation of work-family conflict. Therefore, teleworking mothers who have been stressed during the pandemic due to work-family conflicts are recommended to improve their spousal dan organizational support in reducing their level of work stress.
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PAPANA, ANGELIKI, DIMITRIS KUGIUMTZIS, and PÅL G. LARSSON. "DETECTION OF DIRECT CAUSAL EFFECTS AND APPLICATION TO EPILEPTIC ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ANALYSIS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 22, no. 09 (September 2012): 1250222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127412502227.
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An extension of transfer entropy, called partial transfer entropy (PTE), is proposed to detect causal effects among observed interacting systems, and particularly to distinguish direct from indirect causal effects. PTE is compared to a linear direct causality measure, the Partial Directed Coherence (PDC), on known linear stochastic systems and nonlinear deterministic systems. PTE performs equally well as PDC on the linear systems and better than PDC on the nonlinear systems, both being dependent on the selection of the measure specific parameters. PTE and PDC are applied to electroencephalograms of epileptic patients during the preictal, ictal and postictal states, and PTE turns out to detect better changes of the strength of the direct causality at specific pairs of electrodes and for the different states.
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Dufour, Jean-Marie, and David Tessier. "La causalité entre la monnaie et le revenu : une analyse fondée sur un modèle VARMA-échelon." L’économétrie de la politique économique 73, no. 1-2-3 (February 9, 2009): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/602232ar.
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RÉSUMÉLes analyses de causalité, au sens de Wiener-Granger, sont habituellement fondées sur une spécification autorégressive (VAR) du processus générateur des données. C’est le cas, en particulier, pour les nombreuses études de causalité entre la monnaie et le revenu au niveau macroéconomique. Comme la spécification VAR ne constitue qu’une approximation et surtout n’est pas robuste à la désagrégation en sous-vecteurs, nous étudions ici la causalité entre monnaie et revenu à partir du cadre plus général et logiquement cohérent des modèles ARMA multivariés (VARMA). Pour résoudre les problèmes d’identification associés à ces modèles, nous considérons un modèle VARMA sous la forme échelon, lequel fournit automatiquement un modèle identifié. Nous utilisons, pour spécifier les ordres du modèle, la nouvelle méthodologie proposée par Nsiri et Roy (1992, 1996) et fondée sur une estimation des indices de Kronecker du modèle. Cette approche est appliquée à un modèle de l’économie américaine comprenant cinq variables : le revenu réel, le niveau des prix, un taux d’intérêt à court terme, la base monétaire et le multiplicateur de M1. Contrairement à certaines études antérieures, nous trouvons que les variables monétaires (base et multiplicateur) causent le revenu (au sens de Granger), la relation étant unidirectionnelle dans le cas de la base, tandis que le taux d’intérêt ne cause pas directement le revenu, mais a possiblement un effet indirect passant par les variables monétaires. Le niveau des prix apparaît comme une variable passive sans influence sur les autres variables du système.
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Silva Moreira, Tito Belchior, Michel Constantino, George Henrique de Moura Cunha, Paulo Roberto Pires de Sousa, and Luciano Balbino dos Santos. "The Business Cycle, Inflation, and Unemployment Rate Nexus: An Empirical Approach." International Journal of Economics and Finance 13, no. 10 (September 12, 2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v13n10p110.
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This paper revisits the main assumption regarding the original Phillips curve regarding the American economy, in which one assumes that the unemployment rate causes an inflation rate. In this context, this paper aims to evaluate if the variance of the inflation rate affects the unemployment rate and, besides, if there is a one-way causality from the variance of the inflation rate to the unemployment rate. Based on quarterly time series from 1959:04 to 2019:04 the empirical results show, via OLS and GMM methods, that the monetary policy affects the business cycle, and, in turn, the business cycle impacts the unemployment rate. Hence, the monetary policy affects indirectly the unemployment rate via the business cycle. On the other hand, the variance of the inflation rate contributes to an increase in the unemployment rate, consequently, there isn’t a trade-off between the unemployment rate and the variance of the inflation rate. Moreover, there is a one-way causality from the variance of the inflation rate to the unemployment rate. This is the contribution of this paper. At last, based on the Phillips curve, one expects that the unemployment rate causes the inflation rate. However, the Granger causality tests display a two-way causality relation between both variables.
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Brzezicka, Justyna, Jacek Łaszek, and Krzysztof Olszewski. "An Analysis of the Relationships Between Domestic Real Estate Markets – A Systemic Approach." Real Estate Management and Valuation 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2019-0008.
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Abstract This article analyzes the spread of market phenomena, market tensions and trends between real estate markets on the global scale. At the theoretical level, the main aim of the study was to determine the nature of the relationships between housing markets throughout the world. The main research goal was to identify and describe the strength of the correlations between the real estate markets of the world’s 10 largest economies (countries with the highest GDP). The analyses were conducted with the use of Pearson’s correlation tests, Granger causality tests and graphs. Our results revealed strong correlations between most of the markets; however, we did not find strong evidence for causality. In a globalizing world, national economies will become increasingly interconnected, which will indirectly influence the housing market.
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Omodero, Cordelia Onyinyechi. "The Consequences of Indirect Taxation on Consumption in Nigeria." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 4 (October 7, 2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040105.
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This research tests the consequences of Nigeria’s indirect taxes on consumption. There are two reasons why the government imposes taxes on goods and services in Nigeria. The primary purpose is to produce income for the smooth running of the administration. Another silent reason is to discourage the ingestion of prohibited products and services, and that is through customs and excise duties (CED). This study assesses both Value Added Tax (VAT) and CED to determine their effects on consumption using various econometric tools, such as trend analysis, pairwise Granger causality tests, unrestricted co-integration rank test, least squares technique, and data that cover the period from 2005 to 2019. The results indicate that VAT insignificantly but positively influences consumption, while CED has a considerable auspicious influence on use. This result shows that VAT imposition on merchandises and services is discouraging the absorption of specific foodstuffs and services and allowing the operation of informal economic activities to thrive in Nigeria. However, CED charges do not reduce the use of certain illegal products purposely taxed to discourage their consumption. This study recommends a reduction in the prices of food items and services to enable consumers to increase their patronage, while the products that attract CED but are harmful should be banned entirely. Thus, offenders should be allowed to face the wrath of the law.
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McCoy, Daniel T., Paul Field, Hamish Gordon, Gregory S. Elsaesser, and Daniel P. Grosvenor. "Untangling causality in midlatitude aerosol–cloud adjustments." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 7 (April 6, 2020): 4085–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4085-2020.
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Abstract. Aerosol–cloud interactions represent the leading uncertainty in our ability to infer climate sensitivity from the observational record. The forcing from changes in cloud albedo driven by increases in cloud droplet number (Nd) (the first indirect effect) is confidently negative and has narrowed its probable range in the last decade, but the sign and strength of forcing associated with changes in cloud macrophysics in response to aerosol (aerosol–cloud adjustments) remain uncertain. This uncertainty reflects our inability to accurately quantify variability not associated with a causal link flowing from the cloud microphysical state to the cloud macrophysical state. Once variability associated with meteorology has been removed, covariance between the liquid water path (LWP) averaged across cloudy and clear regions (here characterizing the macrophysical state) and Nd (characterizing the microphysical) is the sum of two causal pathways linking Nd to LWP: Nd altering LWP (adjustments) and precipitation scavenging aerosol and thus depleting Nd. Only the former term is relevant to constraining adjustments, but disentangling these terms in observations is challenging. We hypothesize that the diversity of constraints on aerosol–cloud adjustments in the literature may be partly due to not explicitly characterizing covariance flowing from cloud to aerosol and aerosol to cloud. Here, we restrict our analysis to the regime of extratropical clouds outside of low-pressure centers associated with cyclonic activity. Observations from MAC-LWP (Multisensor Advanced Climatology of Liquid Water Path) and MODIS are compared to simulations in the Met Office Unified Model (UM) GA7.1 (the atmosphere model of HadGEM3-GC3.1 and UKESM1). The meteorological predictors of LWP are found to be similar between the model and observations. There is also agreement with previous literature on cloud-controlling factors finding that increasing stability, moisture, and sensible heat flux enhance LWP, while increasing subsidence and sea surface temperature decrease it. A simulation where cloud microphysics are insensitive to changes in Nd is used to characterize covariance between Nd and LWP that is induced by factors other than aerosol–cloud adjustments. By removing variability associated with meteorology and scavenging, we infer the sensitivity of LWP to changes in Nd. Application of this technique to UM GA7.1 simulations reproduces the true model adjustment strength. Observational constraints developed using simulated covariability not induced by adjustments and observed covariability between Nd and LWP predict a 25 %–30 % overestimate by the UM GA7.1 in LWP change and a 30 %–35 % overestimate in associated radiative forcing.
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Lanfear, Charles C., Ross L. Matsueda, and Lindsey R. Beach. "Broken Windows, Informal Social Control, and Crime: Assessing Causality in Empirical Studies." Annual Review of Criminology 3, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041541.
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An important criminological controversy concerns the proper causal relationships between disorder, informal social control, and crime. The broken windows thesis posits that neighborhood disorder increases crime directly and indirectly by undermining neighborhood informal social control. Theories of collective efficacy argue that the association between neighborhood disorder and crime is spurious because of the confounding variable informal social control. We review the recent empirical research on this question, which uses disparate methods, including field experiments and different models for observational data. To evaluate the causal claims made in these studies, we use a potential outcomes framework of causality. We conclude that, although there is some evidence for both broken windows and informal control theories, there is little consensus in the present research literature. Furthermore, at present, most studies do not establish causality in a strong way.
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Sánchez González, Santiago, Felipe Bedoya-Maya, and Agustina Calatayud. "Understanding the Effect of Traffic Congestion on Accidents Using Big Data." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 7500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137500.
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Understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of traffic accidents are a key determinant in their mitigation. This article leverages big data and a Poisson model with fixed effects to understand the causality of traffic congestion on road accidents in ten cities in Latin America: Bogota, Buenos Aires, Lima, Mexico City, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, San Salvador, Santiago, Santo Domingo, and Sao Paulo. Analyzing over 10 billion observations in 2019, results show a positive non-linear causality of congestion on the number of accidents. Overall, the results suggest that a 10% reduction in traffic delay would reduce accidents by 3.4%, equivalent to over 72 thousand traffic accidents. Sao Paulo and Mexico City would be particularly benefited, with reductions of 5.4% and 4.7%, respectively. The results of this paper aim to support policymakers in emerging economies in implementing measures to reduce congestion and, with it, the related direct and indirect costs borne by societies.
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Dr. Abdelhamid, Nechad. "Resources and capabilities in emerging countries: Which causality?" ЕКОНОМІКА І РЕГІОН Науковий вісник, no. 4(75) (December 27, 2019): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/eir.2019.4(75).1816.
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The article deals with analysis of the observations and results that point to the contrast between useful-based and resource-based approaches and the possibilities-based approach, founded by Amartya Sina (Nobel Prize in Economics in 1998). Thus, a possibilities-based approach seeks to remedy the situation by focusing on the ability to achieve specific goals rather than on the means. The nature of real existence has always been of interest to social thinkers for centuries. If the current criteria of economic progress, reflected in a number of ‘turnkey’ statistics, are orientated on the growth of inanimate "comfort objects" (such as GNP and GDP in the basis of countless economic development studies), this focus can only be justified by the impact of these objects on human lives (that they directly or indirectly affect). The interest in replacing them with direct indicators of the quality of life, well-being and freedom that people enjoy is becoming more and more apparent. The article is presented in two parts. In the first part, we will try to highlight the imperfections of traditional currency indicators, as well as the difficulties of measuring various aspects of poverty, especially in developing countries such as Morocco. We argue that poverty is not simply an idea of the inadequacy of an individual's economic means, but rather a fundamental shortcoming that entails deprivations. The second part of the paper focuses on the reorientation of ability to explain the extent to which a possibilities-based approach could be the basis for assessing the level of financial difficulties rather than resource-focused income and wealth.
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Sigtermans, David. "Towards a Framework for Observational Causality from Time Series: When Shannon Meets Turing." Entropy 22, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22040426.
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We propose a tensor based approach to infer causal structures from time series. An information theoretical analysis of transfer entropy (TE) shows that TE results from transmission of information over a set of communication channels. Tensors are the mathematical equivalents of these multichannel causal channels. The total effect of subsequent transmissions, i.e., the total effect of a cascade, can now be expressed in terms of the tensors of these subsequent transmissions using tensor multiplication. With this formalism, differences in the underlying structures can be detected that are otherwise undetectable using TE or mutual information. Additionally, using a system comprising three variables, we prove that bivariate analysis suffices to infer the structure, that is, bivariate analysis suffices to differentiate between direct and indirect associations. Some results translate to TE. For example, a Data Processing Inequality (DPI) is proven to exist for transfer entropy.
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Tsaurai, Kunofiwa. "Stock market and foreign direct investment in Zimbabwe." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 4, no. 2 (2014): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv4i2art4.
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This study investigates the causality relationship between stock market and foreign direct investment. The subject has been contentious in recent years with three theoretical rationales emerging. The first being that FDI net inflows boost stock market by increasing the amount of funds into the host country’ economy. The second suggests that FDI inflows forces the host country government to embrace market friendly policies, regulations and controls that end up boosting stock market. The third theoretical rationale mentions that well-developed and functioning stock markets attracts FDI as multinational firms perceive such a market as a friendly environment whose government is more open to the international community. Using the bi-variate causality test framework, this study discovered that there exists a long run relationship between stock market and FDI net inflows in Zimbabwe. However, the direct causality relationship from either stock market to FDI or from FDI to stock market development could not be found. This implies that stock market development and FDI net inflows in Zimbabwe are indirectly related to each other via some factors whose investigation should be a subject of another research.
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Masruroh, Iffa, Jun Surjanti, and Ni’matush Sholikhah. "Perceived Usefulness, Self-Efficacy, and Emotional Engagement: Does It Affect Student’s Satisfaction while using the Platform?" AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan 13, no. 1 (June 11, 2021): 617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v13i1.536.
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Many students are dissatisfied with using blended learning platforms. At the same time, student satisfaction with a blended learning platform can determine the quality of learning and learning outcomes. This study analyzed the direct and indirect influence between the user perception of a blended learning platform, self-efficacy, and emotional engagement on student satisfaction. This research includes quantitative research with a type of causality—grade XI students of IPS SMA 14 Negeri Surabaya as a population. A sample of 103 students was taken using saturated sample techniques. Data collection is obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The data analysis used is path analysis. The results directly influenced perceptions of the usefulness of blended learning platforms, self-efficacy, and emotional engagement on student satisfaction. The indirect influence between the perception of usefulness of platform and self-efficacy to student satisfaction through emotional engagement.
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Ari, Ibrahim, and Muammer Koc. "Economic Growth, Public and Private Investment: A Comparative Study of China and the United States." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 2243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062243.
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Public and private investments play a central role in production functions by providing the required capital for development. There are many studies in the literature investigating the linear macroeconomic relations based on public and private investment in cross-country and country-specific analyses by focusing on various perspectives and methodologies. However, there is a gap in the literature in exploring nonlinear causal relations among public-private investment and economic growth, particularly in the U.S. and China, in order to comparatively discuss policy implementations and potential implications. To narrow the gap, this study investigates nonlinear causal relationships between public-private investment and gross domestic product in the U.S. and China, which are the largest economies comprising about 40 percent of the global gross domestic product (GDP) in 2018. These countries show a similar pattern in economic growth and implementing sustainable development goals, although they follow considerably different socio-economic regimes and fall into different development levels (i.e., developed and developing countries). Therefore, there should be a common underlying mechanism in macroeconomic factors that fosters economic development. In this regard, the motivation behind the study is to reveal a common, but hidden, behavior of the nonlinear causal relations of given macroeconomic factors in these countries to make recommendations about sustainable economic growth for policymakers. To this end, there are three main contributions of the paper. First, the research finds nonlinear dependencies in the related time series between 1960–2015, thereby nonlinear causality tests are performed to reach more reliable information than the linear causality. Second, the study formulates a feedback loop between public and private investment through economic growth, which indicates that public and private investment should stimulate each other directly or indirectly (i.e., through the GDP). Third, the direction of the causality does not affect sustainable economic growth as long as it exists directly or indirectly.
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Dyah Poespita Ernawati, Nur Laily,. "The Effect of Knowledge Sharing and Innovation Behavior on The Performance of Batik Entrepreneurs." Jurnal Manajemen 24, no. 2 (June 24, 2020): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jm.v24i2.643.
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The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of knowledge sharing and innovation behavior on the performance of Batik entrepreneurs. It was also meant to examine the indirect impact of knowledge sharing on entrepreneurial performance through innovation behavior as a mediator. This is a causality study with 62 batik SME in Surabaya as samples. The inclusion criteria involved batik businesses with a minimum of 3 employees, the enterprise owned by Indonesian citizens, a legal entity, and at least 3 years operation. This research uses primary data with questionnaire and interviews with batik entrepreneurs as data collection instruments. The Partial Least Square (PLS) and Sobel tests to determine the indirect effect of variables. The results showed that knowledge sharing affected the performance of Batik entrepreneurs and their innovation behavior. The Sobel test results showed that innovation behavior mediates the influence of knowledge sharing and entrepreneurial performance.
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Fuadati1, Siti Rokhmi, Nuzulianti Rahayu, and Hening Widi Oetomo. "KOMPENSASI DAN PENGHARGAAN SEBAGAI INTERVENING HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENERAPAN DISIPLIN DAN KINERJA PEGAWAI DI BKKBN PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 14, no. 4 (September 12, 2018): 501–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2010.v14.i4.175.
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The aim of the research is to study and analyze performances of East Java BKKBN’s officers by describing a conceptual framework about both direct and indirect impacts of Disciplinary Applying variables, Compensating, and Rewarding and Performances. In this research, performances levels directly influenced by Disciplinary Applying and indirect by bith disciplinary applying on performances through compensating and rewarding to East Java BKKBN’s officers. Sample of the research was proportionally taken using cluster system and served as respondent were East Java BKKBN’s officers as much 82 people. Data types used in the study were primary and secondary data with the questionnaire division.Based on the performed hypothetical cross-variable causality test using Path Analysis, obtained: Disciplinary Applying variables have a direct impact on performances with value or standardized coeficient of 0.209. Disciplinary Applying variables have an indirect impact on performances through compensating with value or standardized coeficient of 0.066. Disciplinary Applying variables have an indirect impact on performances through rewarding with value or standardized coeficient of 0.323. Disciplinary Applying variables have an indirect impact on performances through compensating and rewarding with value or standardized coeficient of 0.431. More researches are required to develop the goal of this study in the future by observing performance improvement among the officers through Disciplinary Applying and Compensating as well as Rewarding but with different indicator selection than those in the study or adding more variables as well as expanding population thereby such as an analytical framework was obtained.
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Fuadati, Siti Rokhmi, Nuzulianti Rahayu, and Hening Widi Oetomo. "KOMPENSASI DAN PENGHARGAAN SEBAGAI INTERVENING HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENERAPAN DISIPLIN DAN KINERJA PEGAWAI DI BKKBN PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 14, no. 4 (February 2, 2017): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2010.v14.i4.2189.
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The aim of the research is to study and analyze performances of East Java BKKBN’s officers by describing a conceptual framework about both direct and indirect impacts of Disciplinary Applying variables, Compensating, and Rewarding and Performances. In this research, performances levels directly influenced by Disciplinary Applying and indirect by bith disciplinary applying on performances through compensating and rewarding to East Java BKKBN’s officers. Sample of the research was proportionally taken using cluster system and served as respondent were East Java BKKBN’s officers as much 82 people. Data types used in the study were primary and secondary data with the questionnaire division.Based on the performed hypothetical cross-variable causality test using Path Analysis, obtained: Disciplinary Applying variables have a direct impact on performances with value or standardized coeficient of 0.209. Disciplinary Applying variables have an indirect impact on performances through compensating with value or standardized coeficient of 0.066. Disciplinary Applying variables have an indirect impact on performances through rewarding with value or standardized coeficient of 0.323. Disciplinary Applying variables have an indirect impact on performances through compensating and rewarding with value or standardized coeficient of 0.431. More researches are required to develop the goal of this study in the future by observing performance improvement among the officers through Disciplinary Applying and Compensating as well as Rewarding but with different indicator selection than those in the study or adding more variables as well as expanding population thereby such as an analytical framework was obtained.
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Bilas, Vlatka. "FDI and Economic Growth in EU13 Countries: Cointegration and Causality Tests." Journal of Competitiveness 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7441/joc.2020.03.03.
Full textAbstract:
Foreign direct investments are seen as a prerequisite for gaining and maintaining competitiveness. The research objective of this study is to examine the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in “new” European Union member countries using various unit root, cointegration, as well as causality tests. The paper employs annual data for FDI and gross domestic product (GDP) from 2002 to 2018 for the 13 most recent members of European Union (EU13): Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. An estimated panel ARDL (PMG) model found evidence that there is a long-run equilibrium between the LogGDP, LogFDI and LogFDIP series, with the rate of adjustment back to equilibrium between 3.27% and 20.67%. In the case of the LogFDI series, long-run coefficients are highly statistically significant in all four models, varying between 0.0828 and 0.3019. These coefficients indicate that a 1% increase in LogFDI increases LogGDP between 0.0828% and 0.3019%. Results of a Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test indicated that a relationship between the GDP growth rate and FDI growth rate is only indirect. Finally, only weak evidence was shown that FDI had a statistically significant impact on GDP in the EU13 countries over the period 2002-2018. This report of findings contributes to the literature concerning FDI and economic growth, namely regarding the current understanding of the relationship between these two factors.