Academic literature on the topic 'Causation 2021. Volume 16. Issue 3'

<strong>Aim.</strong> Human nature appears to urge us to drive ever further and ever faster and to ask deep questions even about the completely unknown. In this context, a photon appears to be such a mystery on its own, however even if not completely unknown. <strong>Methods.</strong> The usual physical rules and laws were used. <strong>Results.</strong> Newton&rsquo;s gravitational constant G is not a constant. An experiment is proposed to prove this issue definitely. The photon itself is determined by a graviton and an antigraviton. <strong>Conclusion.</strong> &nbsp;A graviton and an antigraviton are the determining parts of a photon. &nbsp;

Background: Cardiac myxomas are benign cardiac neoplasms usually found solitarily located within a single cardiac chamber, most commonly in the left atrium. With no established cause, they are often thought to occur spontaneously with no particular genetic cause or external incitement. While it has been explored, there is no universally accepted correlation with myxoma formation following a cardiac ablation procedure. We propose the theory of an iatrogenic causation of cardiac myxoma formation, likely incited by the local tissue injury during the transseptal puncture of the interatrial wall. Case Summary: We present the case of a 62-year-old male with a medical history significant for Atrial Fibrillation for which he underwent a transseptal ablation procedure, during which a puncture is made through the interatrial septum. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms obtained prior to the procedure did not reveal any intracardiac masses or abnormalities. Two-years post-procedure, during an inpatient hospitalization for a suspected asthma exacerbation, a new transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated a pedunculated mass within the left atrium. 1. Rubio Alvarez J, Martinez de Alegria A, Sierra Quiroga J, Adrio Nazar B, Rubio Taboada C, Martinez Comendador JM. Rapid growth of left atrial myxoma after radiofrequency ablation. Tex Heart Inst J. 2013;40(4):459-61. PMID: 24082379; PMCID: PMC3783123. 2. Wada et al. General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Cases https://doi.org/10.1186/s44215-024-00145-7 3. Santillo E, Migale M, Marini L, Fallavollita L, Massini C, Balestrini F. Left atrial myxoma development after radiofrequency ablation of an atrial flutter substrate. JC Cases. 2015;11:124-6. 4. Kahraman, D. Et. Al. Refractory anemia and myxoma after radiofrequency ablation: a case report. Cardiovasc Surg Int 2016;3(1):15-17 http://dx.doi.org/DOI: 10.5606/e-cvsi.2016.479 5. Islam, AKMM. Cardiac Myxomas: A narrative Review. World J Cardiol 2022 April 26; 14(4): 206-219. 10.4330/wjc.v14.14.206 6. Satomi, K. Editorial: Incidental tumor or ablation-promoted oncogenesis? Journal of Cardiology Cases. 12 (2015) 30-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jccase.2015.04.001 7. AlAhmadi HH, Alsafwani NS, Shawarby MA, Ahmed F. Cardiac Myxoma: Typical Presentation but Unusual Histology. Case Rep Med. 2021 May 4;2021:6611579. doi: 10.1155/2021/6611579. PMID: 34035819; PMCID: PMC8116158. 8. Lee VH, Connolly HM, Brown RD. Central Nervous System Manifestations of Cardiac Myxoma. Arch Neurol.2007;64(8):1115–1120. doi:10.1001/archneur.64.8.1115 9. Okongwu CC, Olaofe OO. Cardiac myxoma: a comprehensive review. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2025 Mar 13;20(1):151. doi: 10.1186/s13019-024-03333-2. PMID: 40082903; PMCID: PMC11905437. 10. El Sabbagh, A, Al-Hijji, M, Thaden, J. et al. Cardiac Myxoma: The Great Mimicker. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2017 Feb, 10 (2) 203–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.06.018 11. I.M. Keeling, P. Oberwalder, M. Anelli-Monti, H. Schuchlenz, U. Demel, G.P. Tilz, P. Rehak, B. Rigler, Cardiac myxomas: 24 years of experience in 49 patients, European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Volume 22, Issue 6, December 2002, Pages 971–977, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-7940(02)00592-4 12. Ngow HA, Khairina WM. Atrial myxoma: histological confirmation. Heart Asia. 2011 Jan 1;3(1):43-4. doi: 10.1136/ha.2010.003046. PMID: 27325987; PMCID: PMC4898555. 13. Hamdan, M., Alam, B. &amp; Kossaify, A. A polo ball in the right atrium, importance of echocardiographic characteristics of intracardiac myxomas: a case report. J Med Case Reports 17, 403 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-023-04130-6. 14. Wang JG, Li YJ, Liu H, Li NN, Zhao J, Xing XM. Clinicopathologic analysis of cardiac myxomas: Seven years experience with 61 patients. J Thorac Dis 2012;4 (3):272-283. DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.05.07. 15. Zahra, K, Salma, S, Ali, T. et al. Giant Right Atrial Myxoma: Multimodality Imaging and Management. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2025 Jan, 30 (2) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2024.102772. 16. Cotrim, N, Veiga, A, Castilho, B. et al. Giant Cardiac Myxoma as a Cause of Stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2024 Dec, 29 (24). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2024.102866. 17. Paraskevaidis IA, Michalakeas CA, Papadopoulos CH, AnastasiouNana M. Cardiac tumors. ISRN Oncol. 2011;2011:208929. doi: 10.5402/2011/208929. Epub 2011 May 26. PMID: 22091416; PMCID: PMC3195386. 18. Nektaria M, Theologou S, Christos C, George S, Rokeia E, Dimitrios S, Ioanna P. Cardiac myxomas: A single-center case series of 145 patients over a 32-year period study. Ann Card Anaesth. 2023 Jan-Mar;26(1):17-22. doi: 10.4103/aca.aca_290_20. PMID: 36722583; PMCID: PMC9997480. 19. Sido V, Volkwein A, Hartrumpf M, Braun C, Kühnel RU, Ostovar R, Schröter F, Chopsonidou S, Albes JM. Gender-Related Outcomes after Surgical Resection and Level of Satisfaction in Patients with Left Atrial Tumors. J Clin Med. 2023 Mar 6;12(5):2075. doi: 10.3390/jcm12052075. PMID: 36902863; PMCID: PMC10003994. 20. Lima NA, Byers-Spencer K, Cwikla K, Huffman C, Diaz M, Melgar TA, Helmstetter N. Benign Cardiac Neoplasms in the United States: A Thirteen-Year Review. Cardiology. 2021;146(6):748-753. doi: 10.1159/000519290. Epub 2021 Sep 1. PMID: 34469887; PMCID: PMC8743935. 21. Saleh Y, Hammad B, Almaghraby A, Abdelkarim O, Seleem M, Abdelnaby M, Shehata H, Hammad M, Ramadan B, Elshafei M, Elsharkawy E, Abdel-Hay MA. Carney Complex: A Rare Case of Multicentric Cardiac Myxoma Associated with Endocrinopathy. Case Rep Cardiol. 2018 Jul 2;2018:2959041. doi: 10.1155/2018/2959041. PMID: 30065853; PMCID: PMC6051319. 22. Amano J, Kono T, Wada Y, Zhang T, Koide N, Fujimori M, Ito K. Cardiac myxoma: its origin and tumor characteristics. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 Aug;9(4):215-21. PMID: 13129418. 23. Orlandi A, Ciucci A, Ferlosio A et al (2006) Cardiac myxoma cells exhibit embryonic endocardial stem cell features. J Pathol 209(2):231-239. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1959. 24. Sakamoto H, Sakamaki T, Sumino H, Sawada Y, Sato H, Sato M, Fujita K, Kanda T, Tamura J, Kurabayashi M. Production of endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 by human cardiac myxoma cells- -implications of the origin of myxomas--. Circ J. 2004 Dec;68(12):1230-2. doi: 10.1253/circj.68.1230. PMID: 15564714. 25. Singhal P, Luk A, Rao V, Butany J (2014) Molecular basis of cardiac myxomas. Int J Mol Sci 15(1):1315–1337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15011315. 26. Sughimoto K., Shiikawa A., Ohkado A., Nanaumi M. Multiple cardiac myxomas with pulmonary artery obstruction and acute right heart failure. Jpn. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2004;52:530–533. doi: 10.1007/s11748-004-0005-3. 27. Mendyka D, Płonek T, Jędrasek T, Korman A, Złotowska A, Jędrasek A, Skalik R, Kustrzycki W. The Therapeutic Potential of Different Surgical Approaches in the Management of Cardiac Myxoma: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med. 2024 Dec 28;14(1):121. doi: 10.3390/jcm14010121. PMID: 39797207; PMCID: PMC11722112. 28. Changing management of cardiac myxoma based on a series of 40 cases with long-term follow-up Selkane, Chekir et al. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Volume 76, Issue 6, 1935 – 1938. 29. Argueta EE, Ratheal K, Prieto S, Paone R, Jenkins LA, Oyenuga O. Recurrent atrial myxoma, right atriotomy, and sinus node dysfunction: a case of interdisciplinary care. The Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles 2018;6(23):42–46. 30. Scalise M, Torella M, Marino F, Ravo M, Giurato G, Vicinanza C, Cianflone E, Mancuso T, Aquila I, Salerno L, Nassa G, Agosti V, De Angelis A, Urbanek K, Berrino L, Veltri P, Paolino D, Mastroroberto P, De Feo M, Viglietto G, Weisz A, Nadal-Ginard B, Ellison-Hughes GM, Torella D. Atrial myxomas arise from multipotent cardiac stem cells. Eur Heart J. 2020 Dec 1;41(45):4332-4345. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa156. PMID: 32330934; PMCID: PMC7735815.

Introduction. The concept of permissible blood loss during childbirth and during caesarean section (CS) remains a subject of discussion. Also, a controversial issue is the adequacy of the assessment of the volume of blood loss in women in labor based on body weight. Criteria for the appointment of infusion therapy for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) I-II stage are controversial and require research in this area. Objectives. Determination of the optimal method for assessing blood volume loss to identify women with PPH. Materials and methods. In a pilot prospective cohort study, 30 pregnant, prepared for planned CS. The primary endpoints of the study were the assessment of the volume of blood loss depending on the method of determination, the assessment of TTE and ultrasound of the inferior vena cava in postpartum period after elective CS. Results. Assessment of the volume of blood loss as a percentage of the circulating blood volume revealed 30 % of women with PPH who were not diagnosed by visual assessment, and 16 % of women with PPH who were not diagnosed by gravimetric assessment of the volume of blood loss. Postpartum hemorrhage I-II gr. does not always require replacement fluid therapy. Statistically significant large indices of the collapse index of the inferior vena cava and central hemodynamics indicated a hyperdynamic response of the circulatory system in postpartum women with postpartum hemorrhage due to the redistribution of the water sector. Conclusions. The calculation of the blood volume by the patient’s weight during pregnancy leads to an underestimation of the frequency of PPH of I-II severity in almost every 6 women. The data obtained cast doubt on the existing classification of postpartum hemorrhage depending on the amount of blood loss and require further research in this area to determine the optimal methods for diagnosing the severity of PPH.

Introduction. The development of materials for bioresorbable implants is an urgent issue in medicine and materials science. Magnesium alloys are promising materials for this purpose. In particular, alloy WE43 (Mg-Y-Nd-Zr) has proven itself well in this field. However, the use of magnesium alloys is limited by a high degradation rate, which is often accompanied with nonuniform corrosion, which negatively affects the load bearing capacity of the product. In addition, the increased degradation rate usually seriously worsens the biocompatibility of magnesium alloys. Therefore, the study of the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys, as well astheir biocompatibility, is an urgent task.Purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of multiaxial deformation (MAD), aimed at increasing the mechanical characteristics of the alloy WE43, on its biodegradation kinetics, as well as on cell colonization.Materials and methods. The alloy WE43 in two states – homogenized (WE43 hom) and strengthened by MAD (WE43 MAD) was investigated in this work. The kinetics of biodegradation was investigated on an xCELLigence RTCA Systems analyzer. A method for estimating the volume of hydrogen was used to study the process of gas formation, which was recorded using an automated digital microscope LionheartTM FX. The corrosive medium was a solution based on Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium. A culture of mesenchymal multipotent stromal cells was used to study the colonization of the alloy surface by cells.Results. MAD of the alloy WE43 leads to a decrease in the biodegradation rate and the intensity of gas formation. The period of stabilization of biodegradation for the alloy after the MAD is 16 hours versus 3 hours for the alloy after homogenization. In this case, the volume of released hydrogen was 65.0 ± 4.4 mm3H2/mm3 alloy and 211.0 ± ± 21.1 mm3H2/mm3 alloy for the alloy after MAD and homogenization, respectively. MAD improves the biocompatibility of the alloy WE43, stimulating the colonization of mesenchymal multipotent stromal cells.Conclusion. MAD reduces biodegradation and improves the biocompatibility of the alloy WE43, which makes it a promising medical material, including for the purposes of oncoorthopedics

It is customary to check the effectiveness of antidepressant substances in preclinical experimental tests on key days, often weekly [1, 2], or according to the “before-after” scheme [3], without taking into account the daily dynamics of behavior. Such studies are typical, to a greater extent, for the clinic and practically have no analogues when working with laboratory animals. Understanding how specific treatments for depression affect not only quantitatively on certain days, but also qualitatively on the dynamics of symptoms of the disease in general, will help to see the big picture and better select antidepressants and predict their effectiveness. The study of the fundamental rhythmological features of the course of depressive disorders is also an important issue because the endogenous part of the biological clock system makes it possible to predict future stress effects and to react homeostatically to them proactively, and not only reactively [4]. It has been established that the organism of animals (including humans) is characterized by rhythmic fluctuations of functional parameters, rhythmic disturbances of which can lead to a decrease in adaptive capabilities, maladjustment and the development of various diseases [5]. In the modern literature there are a number of works proving the participation of biorhythms in the pathogenesis of depression [6–8] and the presence of rhythmic changes in the manifestation of symptoms of this disease [9–11]. Much is known and written about circadian rhythms, which has contributed to a better understanding of how the physiology of living organisms’ changes over the course of twenty-four hours. It is less clear whether and how physical and mental parameters in animals change on a larger time scale [12]. It is only recently that attention has been paid to the study of not only circadian (≤ 28 h), but also longer infradian biorhythms, which is promising for the development of chronobiological approaches to the diagnosis and correction of somatic and mental diseases [13]. Moreover, most biorhythmological studies are devoted to assessing the body’s reactions to the impact of various factors of meteorological and geomagnetic nature [14], but not factors of a mental and chemical nature. The experiments were carried out on 60 male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g, divided into 6 equal groups (n = 10): “control 3”, “stress 2”, “haloperidol 2”, “stress + amitriptyline”, “haloperidol + amitriptyline” and “stress + haloperidol”. Also, the final biorhythmological analysis included data from previous studies, which had already been partially published earlier [15, 16]: groups (n = 10) “control 1”, “control 2”, “stress 1” and “haloperidol 1” — in order to check the reproducibility of the data and reduce the likelihood of the influence of random (atypical) fluctuations on the final conclusions. The “stress” groups were subjected to chronic, unpredictable mild stress for 21 days, according to the previously described method [16]. Selective D2-receptor blocker haloperidol (“Haloperidol”, N. A. Semashko Moskhimpharmpreparaty, Russia) was administered for 24 days (3 days of preliminary administration to achieve a high % of blocked receptors) at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. The tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline (Amitriptyline Hydrochloride, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was administered for 21 days at a dose of 15 mg/kg. All substances were diluted in saline and injected intraperitoneally in a volume of 0.2 ml/animal 30 minutes before testing. The control group received saline solution in the same volume. With the combined administration of several substances, a break of 30 minutes was made between injections. Starting from the 4th day of the experiment, the behavior of the animals was examined daily in the Forsed swim test (FST), 30 minutes after the last injection. Testing duration – 3 minutes (shortened procedure) [17, 18]; the time of immobility was recorded in seconds. The significance of differences between groups was determined using the Mann-Whitney test or Student’s t test, according to the nature of the distribution of the data. The calculations and visualization of the results were carried out in the GraphPad Prism 8. The rhythmic component in the data dynamics was determined using Fourier spectral analysis in the STATISTICA 10. Studying the graphs of immobility dynamics in the FST caused by chronic stress and blockade of D2-like receptors, it becomes obvious that the level of depression in animals has a pronounced periodicity. From these data, it follows that the dynamics of the immobility time in FST: It is largely characterized by semi-weekly (2.5–3.5 days) and weekly (7 ± 3 days) rhythmic changes. In the groups “haloperidol” and “stress + haloperidol”, in contrast to the others, there is no rhythm of 4.40 days. In the groups “stress”, “haloperidol”, and partly “stress + haloperidol” and “stress + amitriptyline”, longer rhythms are pronounced – 5.50, 7.33 and 11.00 days. In the groups with stress and haloperidol, there are smaller rhythms with a duration of 2.00 and 2.20 days, which are not in the control. Stress factors can also cause phase shifts in the studied parameters [19]. Similar changes were observed in this study, both in the stress group and in the haloperidol group. Chronic blockade of D2-like receptors changes the adaptive mechanisms of the rat organism: in the temporal dynamics of the immobility level in FST, the 4-day rhythm typical for the physiological systems of many animals disappears, but a stress-induced 2-day rhythm occurs, and a phase shift in the level of immobility compared with control animals. This characterizes the chronic blockade of D2-like receptors as a powerful stress factor causing depression-like behavior in rats, and indicates a significant contribution of the central dopaminergic system to the infradian rhythm of this behavior.

Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are a promising technology to produce zero-carbon emission, renewable, high-purity hydrogen. [1] There is a need to reduce capital cost while improving performance for the progression of widespread development. The crossover of hydrogen from the cathode into the anode not only restricts cell performance, but also poses a safety hazard, as the crossover reaches the lower explosive limit of hydrogen in oxygen. [2] Previous work has been conducted on the fabrication and testing of Pt recombination layers in PEMWEs. The addition of the Pt recombination layer has proven to be an effective mitigation strategy for hydrogen crossover while improving performance. [3, 4] Further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms of the Pt recombination layer. In this work, reactive spray deposition technology (RSDT) was used to deposit two Pt recombination layers separated by a membrane. Testing of a single cell 25 cm2 PEMWE was conducted. Polarization analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and distribution of relaxation times were used to investigate the cell performance. Results show good cell performance and hydrogen crossover reduction, as well as insight to the mechanisms of the chemical reactions that occur on the dual recombination layer. References [1] Aricò, A. S., Siracusano, S., Briguglio, N., Baglio, V., Di Blasi, A., &amp; Antonucci, V. (2012). Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis: Status of technologies and potential applications in combination with renewable power sources. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 43(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-012-0490-5 [2] Schalenbach, M., Carmo, M., Fritz, D, L., Mergel, J., Stolten, D. Pressurized PEM water electrolysis: Efficiency and gas crossover, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(35), (2013), 14921-14933. [3] Klose, C., Trinke, P., Bohm, T., Bensmann, B., Vierrath, S., Hanke-Rauschenbach, R., Thiele, S. Membrane Interlayer with Pt Recombination Particles for Reduction of the Anodic Hydrogen Content in PEM Water Electrolysis, Journal of Electrochemical Society, 165(16), (2018), F1271-F1277. [4] Mirshekari, G., Ouimet, R., Zeng, Z., Yu, H., Bliznakov, S., Bonville, L., Niedzwiecki, A., Capuano, C., Ayers, K., Maric, R. High-performance and cost-effective membrane electrode assemblies for advanced proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers: Long-term durability assessment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 46, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 1526-1539, ISSN 0360-3199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.10.112.

This writing explains and traces the culture of Nusantara’s bendawi kriya (crafts) that are stored in the Museum Prabu Geusan Ulun in Sumedang, West Java, which are cultural artifacts as evidence of the skills and abilities possessed by the Sundanese ethnic group in West Java. This Sumedang Museum has various kinds of bendawi kriya relics from the Sumedang Larang Kingdom that are unique and have symbols and meanings in Sundanese culture. The method used in this writing uses qualitative data obtained through several techniques, namely reading literature through library studies of written sources related, direct observation, interviews with the management of the Pangeran Geusan Ulun Foundation and some of the community, Documentation and reviewing documents related to the Museum Prabu Geusan Ulun, visual photo documentation, collections in the Museum Prabu Geusan Ulun can be concluded that this Sumedang Museum contains various bendawi kriya relics from the Sumedang Larang Kingdom, such as keris, kudi, gamelan, traditional clothes, household appliances, weapons, and chariots that are historical evidence of Sundanese culture in the past that have ethnic cultural traditions of kenusantaran as capital to be globalized according to their times.Keywords: Globalize, Craft,MuseumAbstrakTulisan ini menjelaskan dan menelusuri budaya bendawi kriya Nusantara yang tersimpan di Museum Prabu Geusan Ulun di Sumedang Jawa Barat yang merupakan artefak budaya sebagai bukti tentang keahlian, ketrampilan yang dimiliki oleh etnis Sunda di Jawa Barat. Museum Sumedang ini memiliki berbagai macam benda peninggalan bendawi kriya dari Kerajaan Sumedang Larang yang khas dan memiliki simbol, makna dalam kebudayaan Sunda. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini menggunakan data kualitatif yang diperoleh melalui beberapa teknik yaitu membaca literatur melalui studi pustaka sumber-sumber tertulis, observasi langsung, wawancara dengan pengurus Yayasan Pangeran Geusan Ulun dan sebagian masyarakat, Dokumentasi dan mengkaji dokumen-dokumen yang terkait dengan museum Prabu Geusan Ulun, dokumentasi foto visual, koleksi-koleksi yang ada di museum Prabu Geusan Ulun dapat disimpulkan bahwa Museum Sumedang ini terdapat berbagai benda peninggalan bendawi kriya dari kerajaan Sumedang Larang, seperti keris, kudi, gamelan, pakaian adat, peralatan rumah tangga, senjata, dan kereta kencana yang merupakan bukti sejarah budaya Sunda masa lalu yang memiliki etnisitas budaya tradisi kenusantaraan sebagai modal untuk diglobalkan sesuai zamannya.Kata Kunci: Menglobalisasikan, Kriya, MuseumAuthors:Purwo Prihatin : Institut Seni Indonesia SurakartaSunarmi : Institut Seni Indonesia SurakartaSantosa Soewarlan : Institut Seni Indonesia SurakartaReferencesAsiarto, Luthfi, Ali Akbar, &amp; Dian Sulistyowati, (2012). Museum Dan Pendidikan, Jakarta: Direktorat Pelestarian Cagar Budaya dan Permuseuman Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.Gina, Luthfiatin, &amp; Aam Abdillah, (2022). “Sejarah Penyebaran Islam Di Sumedang Melalui Pendekatan Budaya”, Jurnal Priangan, Volume 1, Nomor 01, Juni, 48-59.Haryono, Joko, Myrza Rahmanita, &amp; Gratia Wirata Laksmi, (2023). “Identifikasi Komponen Daya Tarik Wisata dan Manajemen Pengelolaan Museum Prabu Geusan Ulun Sebagai Wisata Pusaka di Sumedang,” YUME: Journal of Management, Volume 6, Issue 1, 15-27.Hutama, Krishna, (2006). “Pencitraan Kriya Sebagai Produk Seni Wisata”, Jurnal Dimensi Seni Rupa Dan Desain, Volume 4, Nomor 1, September, 87-95.Juju, Ai Rohaeni, Wanda Listiani, &amp; Khairul Mustaqin, (2018). “Desain Dan Proses Produksi Cinderamata Ikon Pangeran Aria Soeria Atmadja Sumedang”, Jurnal Atrat. Vol. 6, No. 2, April, 1001-108.Kurniawan, Aris, (2014). “Kajian Historis dan Filosofis Kujang”, Jurnal Itenas Rekarupa, No. 1, Vol. 2, Januari‐Juni, 29-40.Lucky, Raden (Raja Kerajaan Sumedang Larang). (2023). “Menglobalisasikan Bendawi Kriya Di Museum Prabu Geusan Ulun Di Sumedang, Jawa Barat”. Hasil Wawancara Pribadi: 19 Desember 2023. Sumedang.Meisari, Yuliani, Tita Cardiah, &amp; M Togar Mulya Raja, (2021), “Redesain Interior Museum Prabu Geusan Ulun”, e- Proceeding of Art &amp; Design, Vol. 8, No.2 April, 667-674.Muhsin, Mumuh Z., (2012). Kujang, Pajajaran, Dan Prabu Siliwangi, Bandung: Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia Cabang Jawa Barat.Siti, Nita Mudawamah, (2021). “Pengelolaan Koleksi Di Museum Musik Indonesia Sebagai Upaya Pelestarian Warisan Budaya”, Fihris: Jurnal Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi, Vol. 16, No.1, Januari-Juni, 1-20.Soewarlan, Santosa, (2015). Membangun Perspektif Catatan Metodologi Penelitian Seni, Surakarta: ISI Press. Sunarmi, (2023). “Tradisi Dalam Kontestasi Global Dengan Kasus Interior Rumah Tradisi Dalam Kontestasi Global” Orasi Ilmiah dalam Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Prof. Dr. Dra. Sunarmi, M.Hum, disampaikan dalam Sidang Terbuka Senat Akademik Institut Seni Indonesia Surakarta, tanggal 29 Agustus, di ISI Surakarta.Sunarmi, (2013). “Peran Riset Dalam Perwujudan Desain”, Jurnal Brikolase, Institut Seni Indonesia Surakarta, Volume 5, No. 1, Juli. 14-23.Tubagus, Mochamad Rilo, Neneng Yanti K.L., &amp; Lip Sarip H, (2020). “Fungsi Tradisi Ngumbah Pusaka Prabu Geusan Ulun Sumedang Larang”, Jurnal Budaya Etnika, Vol. 4 No. 1, Juni, 3-22.Thresnawaty, Euis, (2011). “Sejarah Kerajaan Sumedang Larang,” Jurnal Patanjala, Volume 3, Nomor 1, Maret, 154-158.https://www.museumprabugeusanulun.org/catalogYunitawati, D., &amp; Latifah, L. (2016, Juni). AKecemasan Dan Gangguan Fungsi Tiroid Pada Wanita Usia Subur. Media Gizi Mikro Indonesia, 7(2), 107-116. 10.22435/mgmi.v7i2.6017.107-116.

The most recent global innovation index showed a rank that shocked the startup industry and the country as a whole, and the news quickly spread on social media. "Bangladesh, the least innovative country," the headlines read. Although these figures only apply to Asian countries, they piqued everyone's interest, and the bad publicity about our country was disheartening. It piqued the interest of the government's ICT section, as well as all organizations that work with startups. They couldn't figure out why such a huge assertion was made. Having said that, every individual can see that Bangladesh has not seen any unique business ideas in any sector in recent years. Nothing novel has occurred. The significance of startups and businesses to the economy cannot be overstated. With one of the world's fastest growing economies, it is critical to maintain development so that it does not become stable and linear. It must also be ensured that the line is not sloping lower. This study seeks to uncover the causes of a lack of innovation as well as the challenges that businesses encounter that contribute to their failure. REFERENCES Abadeen, S. J. (2021). Problems and Prospects of Startups in Bangladesh. Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., Shafiq, S., &amp; Craine, I. (2022). Economic Impacts of Post COVID-19. Inverge Jounal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 56-65. Aurangzeb, Alizai, S.H., Asif, M., &amp; Rind, Z. K. (2021). Relevance of Motivational Theories and Firm Health, International Journal of Management (IJM), 12(3), 2021, pp. 1130-1137. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJM?Volume=12&amp;Issue=3 Baker, M., &amp; Wurgler, J. (2013). Do investors value smooth performance?. Journal of Finance, 68(5), 1787-1823. Bari, M., Obayed, S.&amp; Tahmida, Q. (2019). Opportunities and Shortcomings of Developing and Implementing Academic Entrepreneurial Activities in Bangladesh. Academic Entrepreneurial Activities in Bangladesh. Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., &amp; Evans, S. 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Background:Radiofrequency Echographic Multi-Spectrometry (REMS) is a non-ionizing innovative approach for the assessment of REMS-based bone mineral density (BMD) of the axial skeleton. The principle of the REMS technology is based on the analysis of native raw unfiltered ultrasound signals during an echographic scan of the lumbar spine or the femoral neck [1]. Several studies demonstrated the high concordance with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in terms of measured BMD with this novel technology [2,3]. In previous published literature it was envisaged to apply this technology for the examination of the axial bone density in pregnant women. Pregnancy-associated bone loss has been demonstrated as decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in previous studies [4].Objectives:The aim of the current study is to compare the BMD values of both femora between pregnant and non-pregnant women matched for age and BMI using the novel REMS technology.Methods:Of total fifty women twenty pregnant women (40%) and thirty non-pregnant women (60%) were included in the study. The mean age of the pregnant women was 32 years ± 5 standard deviations (SD), (range 25-41 years) and the mean age of the non-pregnant women was 30 years ± 6 standard deviations (SD), (range 24-39 years). REMS approach was used to assess REMS-based BMD and REMS-based Z-score values of the femoral neck. Furthermore, body mass index (BMI) and gestational age in weeks were evaluated.Results:The mean BMI of the pregnant women was 26 kg/m2 ± 7 kg/m2 (range 14 kg/m2-42 kg/m2) and those of the non-pregnant women was 25 kg/m2 ± 5 kg/m2 (range 16 kg/m2-35 kg/m2). The mean gestational age was 20 weeks’ gestation ± 5 weeks’ gestation (range 13-27 weeks’ gestation). REMS-based mean BMD of the left femoral neck of the pregnant women was 0.793 g/cm2 ± 0.167 g/cm2 (range 0.563 g/cm2-1.154 g/cm2). REMS-based mean BMD of the right femoral neck of the pregnant women was 0.828 g/cm2 ± 0.153 g/cm2 (range 0.570 g/cm2-1.161 g/cm2). After comparing left femoral neck BMD with the right femoral neck BMD of the pregnant women, we found a linear correlation (R=0.764). Left femoral neck BMD value (0.793 g/cm2) of the pregnant women was significantly lower than those of the non-pregnant women (0.854 g/cm2), p=0.002. The mean left femoral Z-score of the pregnant women (-0.1 SD with range -2.5 SD-2.9 SD) was also significantly lower compared to those of the non-pregnant women (1.2 SD with range -1.5 SD-3.1 SD), p=0.003.Conclusion:This is the first study which provides data about BMD and Z-score values of both femora in pregnant women assessed with the radiation-free REMS technology. Pregnant women demonstrated significantly lower femoral neck BMD values and Z-scores compared to those of the non-pregnant women. Innovative REMS method could be very helpful for making decision about the treatment of pregnant women who are at risk of lower BMD due to concomitant diseases and/or treatment associated with osteoporosis.References:[1]Casciaro S, Conversano F, Pisani P, Muratore M. New perspectives in echographic diagnosis of osteoporosis on hip and spine. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2015; 12(2):142-150.[2]Nikolov M, Nikolov N. AB0908 Assessment of the impact of the lean mass with body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry on the bone mineral density. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2020; 79:1756.[3]Chakova M., Chernev D., Kashukeeva P., Krustev P., Abedinov F. Lumbar Sympathectomy - Literature Review. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) Volume 7 Issue 8, August 2018 ISSN (Online): 2319-7064.[4]Degennaro, V. A.; Cagninelli, G.; Lombardi, F. A. “VP34.12: First assessment of maternal status during pregnancy by means of radiofrequency echographic multi-spectrometry technology”. Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology. 2020, 56 (S1): 199.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

When children only see their friends in little squares via Google Meet or Zoom, can teachers really address concepts like the importance of teamwork or how to manage conflict? This is a learning phenomenon during the COVID-19 pandemic and the era after it. This study aims to see the role of parents as children's learning companions in terms of mentors and motivators when online education takes place. This research using photovoice within phenomenological methodology and have been doing with thematic analysis and collecting data through interviews and observations. The participants were eight parents and one female teacher as a homeroom teacher. The research findings show that although there are many obstacles in online learning for children, learning during the COVID-19 pandemic can still run by involving the role of parents and teachers as pillars of education for preschool-age children. 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