Academic literature on the topic 'Causation of establishment'

One of the most important and complex elements in many product liability actions is the establishment of a causative link between the allegedly defective product and the relevant damage. Indeed, the significance of causation cannot be overstated since, whether the claim is in negligence or under the Consumer Protection Act 1987, proof of causation will often lead to either a settlement or a successful claim.

This chapter probes the relationship of divine action to historical processes by looking at the creation of the modern state of Israel and its relationship to the Jewish people. The establishment of Israel has been described by many writers as a miracle of God. It argues particularistic claims like these should be taken seriously. It also suggests that these kinds of public claims about divine action are not going away, and we ought to reckon with them; if we do not, it is to our detriment for public understanding. It suggests the crucial link between history and theology is the nature of causation—it draws on Ernst Troeltsch’s work to bring out this point.

In the preceding chapters we have built up the premises of an argument concerning morphogenesis and evolution. These are as follows: 1.Evolution occurs through processes of introduction and sorting of variation. 2.In a genealogical hierarchy, introduction and sorting of variation can occur at a series of focal levels and it is a property of the hierarchy that there is upward and downward causation between focal levels. 3.The crucial role of developmental processes with respect to evolutionary mechanisms is in the causation of new phenotypes. Phenotypes are always expressed in individual organisms, but the properties of other focal levels in the genealogical hierarchy must also be considered. 4.Development is also essentially hierarchical, involving processes acting at different focal levels. Each level is defined as the place where new gene expression occurs. For simplicity we can divide its hierarchy into stages from early pattern formation to late cytodifferentiation, each including unknown (but very large) numbers of phases of new gene expression. It must be noted that ontogeny of a given individual or given taxon represents a route through the basic hierarchy of developmental stages that, through historical accident or selective bias, may be extremely convoluted and unpredictable. 5.In the systematics of any group, there is a general correlation between taxonomic rank and different grades or ranks of morphological characters. There is a series of levels or grades of generality of phenotypic characters caused at different levels of the morphogenetic hierarchy. 6.The morphogenetic hierarchy that produces the different grades of phenotypic morphology can potentially involve upward but little if any downward causation. 7.The course of evolution appears principally to produce clusters of evolutionarily equivalent species rather than lines of progressive change. At any taxonomic level, diversification within a group has therefore to be distinguished from those rarer phases of progressive evolution leading to establishment of new groups. The two involve quite different processes because they involve the morphogenetic causation of different levels of morphological characters. 8.Phenotypic characters may occur in groups that are linked both in the sense of functional integration of the phenotype itself and/or by virtue of the integration and interdependency of developmental pathways in morphogenesis.

Recent advances in research technology have allowed a rapid progression in the understanding of upper limb embryogenesis. Limb development occurs between 4 and 8 weeks of gestation and progresses along three axes, as controlled by three centres: proximal–distal by the apical ectodermal ridge, anterior–posterior by the zone of polarizing activity, and dorsal–ventral by the dorsal ectoderm. In addition, research into molecular anatomy has revealed the central role of the sonic hedgehog protein and the complex interconnections linking all three axes of development. Despite these advances in understanding normal limb development, the field of pathembryogenesis remained limited. Recent discoveries about the roles of HOX and TBX genes, as well as bone morphogenetic proteins and GLI transcription factors, have allowed important insights into the causations of common clinical conditions. This expanding field of knowledge has facilitated the establishment of a new classification system based entirely on embryogenesis, which should catalyse closer surgeon/scientist collaborations.

Malaria, the severe vector-borne disease has embedded serious consequences on mankind since ages, causing deterioration of health, leading to deaths. The causative parasite has a wide distribution aligned from tropical to subtropical regions. Out of all the five species Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum have registered about more than 600 million cases worldwide. Throughout the decades, identification of various antimalarial drugs, targets, preventive measures and advancement of vaccines were achieved. The key to executing malaria elimination is the appropriate laboratory diagnosis. Development includes positive scientific judgments for a vaccine, advanced progress of 3 non-pyrethroid insecticides, novel genetic technologies, possibilities to alter malaria parasite mediation by the mosquito, identification of drug resistance markers, initiation of Plasmodium vivax liver stage assessment, perspective to mathematical modeling and screening for active ingredients for drugs and insecticides. Although the last century witnessed many successful programs with scientific progress, however, this was matched with notable obstacles. The mutation in the genes has changed the overall gameplay of eradication. This chapter aims to examine the numerous experimental and theoretical works that have been established in the last two decades along with the ongoing methodologies consisting of detailed explanations necessary for the establishment of new targets and drugs.

Contamination of sea water is proceeding quickly under the influence of climate changes including global warming. The cause of the expansion of seawater pollution is an elevated water temperature by the climate change and an inflow of the pollution river water. The problem of seawater pollution occurs as a result that planet’s environmental problem and regional environmental problems are combined. The effective method for removing these contaminants from sea water now is not developed. In this research, the method of producing the micromachine which fixed the photocatalyst to the surface of th