Academic literature on the topic 'Cause for liability'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cause for liability"
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Hurka, Thomas. "Liability and Just Cause." Ethics & International Affairs 21, no. 2 (2007): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2007.00070.x.
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This paper is a response to Jeff McMahan‘s “Just Cause for War” (Ethics & International Affairs 19, 2005). McMahan holds, as many have, that there is a just cause for war against group X only if X have made themselves liable to military force by being responsible for some serious wrong. But he interprets this liability requirement in a very strict way. He insists (1) that one may use force against X for purpose Y only if they are responsible for a wrong specifically connected to Y; and (2) that one may use force against an individual member of X only if he himself shares in the responsibility for the wrong. This paper defends a more permissive, and more traditional, view of just war liability against McMahan's claims. Against McMahan‘s first claim it argues that certain “conditional just causes,” such as disarming an aggressor, deterring future aggression, and preventing lesser humanitarian crimes, can be legitimate goals of war against X even if X have no specific liability connected to them. Against McMahan's second claim it argues that soldiers who have no responsibility for X‘s wrong may nonetheless be legitimately attacked because in becoming soldiers they freely surrendered their right not to be killed by enemy combatants in a war between their and another state, so killing them in such a war is not unjust. Though initially a criticism of McMahan, the paper makes positive proposals about conditional just causes and the moral justification for directing force at soldiers.
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Mascaro, Marisa L. "Preconception Tort Liability: Recognizing a Strict Liability Cause of Action for DES Grandchildren." American Journal of Law & Medicine 17, no. 4 (1991): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800006560.
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AbstractOver the past decade more than 1,000 "DES daughters" have filed lawsuits against the manufacturers of DES, alleging that their in utero exposure to the drug caused various reproductive tract abnormalities, including cancer. Plaintiffs now allege that their grandmothers' use of DES during pregnancy caused genetic damage leading to cancer in third generations. This Note addresses the validity of preconception tort liability in the context of third-generation DES cases. Plaintiffs in preconception tort liability cases have sought recovery under both negligence and strict liability causes of action. Courts should recognize the validity of preconception tort liability and allow a strict liability cause of action in third-generation cases.
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Vehovec, Marjeta Tomulic. "The Cause of Member State Liability." European Review of Private Law 20, Issue 3 (June 1, 2012): 851–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2012054.
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Abstract: This article researches the problem of establishing causal link in Member State liability cases under European Union (EU) law. It tackles the presumption that the condition of direct causal link is left to national courts to determine. The author examines EU legal rules concerning the Member State liability and their interaction with national law. As an example of national law, the author examined German State liability law and those of its rules that are relevant for causation in Member State liability cases. The results show that the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union influences the establishment of the causal link before national courts in Member State liability cases. Résumé: Le présent article traite du problème de l'établissement du lien causal dans des affaires de responsabilité d'un Etat membre en droit de l'UE. Il soulève la presumption selon laquelle il appartient aux cours et tribunaux nationaux de déterminer la condition du lien causal direct. L'auteur examine les règles du droit de l'UE concernant la responsabilité de l' Etat membre et leur interaction avec le droit national. A titre d'exemple de droit national, l'auteur analyse le droit de la responsabilité de l'Etat allemand et celles parmi ses règles qui s'appliquent au lien de causalité dans des cas de responsabilité d'un Etat membre. Les résultats indiquent que la jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne influence l'établissement du lien causal devant les cours et tribunaux nationaux dans des affaires de responsabilité d'un Etat membre. Zusammenfassung: Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Frage der Feststellung des Kausalzusammenhangs in Fällen der Haftung von Mitgliedstaaten nach EU-Recht. Insbesondere wird diese Frage im Hinblick auf die Annahme, dass die Feststellung von der Voraussetzung des unmittelbaren Kausalzusammenhangs den nationalen Gerichten überlassen wird, analysiert. Die Autorin vergleicht EU-Rechtsvorschriften zur Haftung der Mitgliedstaaten mit den Vorschriften des nationalen Rechts. Als nationalrechtliches Beispiel führt sie deutsches Staatshaftungsrecht und für die Fälle der Haftung von Mitgliedstaaten maßgebende Vorschriften an. Aus der Analyse ergibt sich, dass die Rechtssprechung des Gerichtshofs der Europäischen Union die Feststellung des Kausalzusammenhangs in Fällen der Haftung von Mitgliedstaaten vor den nationalen Gerichten beeinflusst.
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Liivak, Taivo, and Janno Lahe. "Strict Liability for Damage Caused by Self-Driving Vehicles: The Estonian Perspective." Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2019-0009.
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Abstract In the case of damage caused by a conventionally driven vehicle, it is usually possible in EU Member States to subject the possessor/controller of the vehicle to heightened tortious no-fault liability, i.e. strict liability. The development and possible introduction of self-driving vehicles pose a challenge also for tort law, because it is unlikely that self-driving vehicles will not cause any damage to third parties. With the application of strict liability in mind, this article attempts to identify possible differences between damage caused by a conventional vehicle as opposed to that caused by a self-driving vehicle. In light of this developing technology the key legislative question to be answered is whether the introduction of self-driving vehicles calls for, among other things, the revision of strict liability rules. Answers to these questions are sought mainly based on Estonian tort law.
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Hay, Bruce, and Kathryn E. Spier. "Manufacturer Liability for Harms Caused by Consumers to Others." American Economic Review 95, no. 5 (November 1, 2005): 1700–1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282805775014416.
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Should the manufacturer of a product be held legally responsible when a consumer, while using the product, harms someone else? We show that if consumers have deep pockets, then manufacturer liability is not desirable. If homogeneous consumers have limited assets, then the best rule is “residual-manufacturer liability” where the manufacturer pays the shortfall in damages not paid by the consumer. Residual-manufacturer liability distorts the market quantity when consumers' willingness to pay is correlated with their propensity to cause harm. It distorts product safety when consumers differ in their wealth levels. In both cases, consumer-only liability may be preferred.
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Gu, Yong Cai, and Wen Di Zhang. "On the Negative Impact of Defects Liability Period." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 6261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.6261.
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The "Interim Measures for Construction Quality Margin" gave the provisions on the terms of defect liability period. These provisions have serious negative effects on the construction contract management. This negative effect is manifested in two aspects: firstly, it is difficult for people to distinguish defects liability period, defects notification period in FIDIC contract, and the warranty period in the law. Second is to cause a heavier burden on the contractors. This paper analyzes both the negative impacts and causes.
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Orlov, Vladimir. "Liability in Russian Corporate Law." ATHENS JOURNAL OF LAW 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajl.7-1-1.
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Liability issues related to corporate activities are primarily regulated by general and special rules of the Civil Law in Russia that are mainly dispositive. The general liability rules consist of tort and contract liability provisions of the Civil Code. Special corporate norms are, in turn, included in the Civil Code provisions on juristic persons and legislation regulating corporate forms, and they concern liability of founders, shareholders and corporation as well as executives of corporation. The main form of civil liability is compensation for damages, the award for which generally requires that the illegal action and the caused damages as well as their causal relationship and the fault for causing the damages is proved in accordance with the rules on presumptions and burden of proof provided by the procedural rules. Traditionally, Russian civil liability rules have relied on the concept of illegality of an action (or breach of an obligation) that is to cause liability, which reflects the dominant role of legal supervision in the Russian legal system. However, in the event of liability of corporate executives, a breach of fiduciary duties could be regarded sufficient as a ground to qualify their actions as illegal without particular reference to concrete legal norms. Keywords: Civil liability; Corporation; Corporate executives; Illegality
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Butler, Alan. "Products Liability and the Internet of (Insecure) Things: Should Manufacturers Be Liable for Damage Caused by Hacked Devices?" University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 50.4 (2017): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.50.4.products.
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While the application of products liability to insecure software is a frequently-discussed concept in academic literature, many commentators have been skeptical of the viability of such claims for several reasons. First, the economic loss doctrine bars recovery for productivity loss, business disruption, and other common damages caused by software defects. Second, the application of design defects principles to software is difficult given the complexity of the devices and recent tort reform trends that have limited liability. Third, the intervening cause of damage from insecure software is typically a criminal or tortious act by a third party, so principles of causation might limit liability for manufacturers.
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Brown, Julian M., and John M. Snell. "Legal liability in sepsis cases." Journal of Patient Safety and Risk Management 23, no. 5 (September 13, 2018): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516043518799024.
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The treatment of sepsis is a significant cause of clinical negligence. Determining causation is a key aspect to successful litigation. We have reviewed the use of medical evidence in establishing legal causation.
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Sari Sumantri, Made Gede Niky. "Tanggung Jawab Atas Kebijakan Yang Diterapkan Oleh Perusahaan Induk Kepada Perusahaan Anak Yang Berakibat Pada Timbulnya Suatu Kerugian." Acta Comitas 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ac.2020.v05.i01.p15.
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Liability to the parent company for policies implemented by subsidiaries that result in losses with third parties is a major problem in the practice of group. This problem This problem is due to absence of legislation that specifically regulate of the company group, the regulatory framework of the realationship the parent and it’s subsidiaries in the group companies is use Corporate Law. The incorporation of the company’s subsidiary in the group does not abolish the legal status of a subsidiary. Parent companies in the group company contractions have immunity over the implementation of the principle of limited liability. the purpose of writing this journal is to know, how is the assignment legal liability to the parent company for the policies applied to the subsidiary companies resulting in a loss to a third party and how to anticipate control without legal liability the parent company for its policies that impact the economic insecurity of the subsidiary in the construction of group companies. The research that the author uses is normative legal research. From this research, assigning legal liability to the parent company through the implementation of policies implemented by the subsidiary is certainly seen from the fault that cause losses. One effort that can be done to anticipate control without legal liabilty of the parent companies it’s Make Charter Corporate Relations and Between Subsidiaries or make agreement control between the parent company and subsidiary.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cause for liability"
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Moodley, Alecia Genise. "Analysing the international civil liability regime for oil pollution damage caused by ships and aligning with it the South African civil liability regime for oil pollution damage cause by ships." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29257.
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Oil-fouled beaches, dying seabirds and severe economic loss from the closure of fishing grounds and holiday resorts is the picture painted by oil spills, and these consequences often arouse public outrage. Oil spills cause extensive damage to the marine environment and to human society. Indeed, the economic consequences are often extensive, and it is for this reason that the internationalisation of a civil liability regime for oil pollution damage was initially proposed. The first move towards an international civil liability regime came when states which were affected by an unprecedented oil spill made it clear that individual states could not cope alone with these negative effects. The tanker held responsible for the oil spill which has been described as ‘the greatest peace-time menace ever to have confronted Britain’s shores’ was Liberian-registered tanker, the Torrey Canyon About 6 000 nautical miles south of Pollard rock, which was struck by the Torrey Canyon in 1967, lays the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa (SA). The route that runs through the Cape of Good Hope is one of the busiest oil tanker routes in the world and this contributes to the large volume of oil traffic in this route. The Cape of Good Hope is also known as the ‘Cape of Storms’ and many vessels have faltered off this hazardous coastline of SA. The 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78) to address pollution prevention, the 1969 Intervention Convention to deal with emergency response, the 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969 CLC), and the 1971 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (1971 Fund convention) were enacted after the Torrey Canyon disaster, once it was clear that the international regime was not sufficient to deal with such an immense oil spill. 8 In addition, and of paramount importance, is the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which is known as the “framework” or ”umbrella” convention in the international law of the sea. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse and compare the International and the South African civil liability regimes on oil pollution damage caused by ships. This comparative analogy will be done with the view of ascertaining whether the legal regime of South Africa (SA) is in line with the international civil liability regime and to ascertain what improvements can be made to SA’s civil liability regime. During this analysis, any inadequacies identified in these regimes will be addressed briefly. South Africa gave effect to the 1969 CLC and the 1971 Fund convention by enacting the Marine Pollution (Control and Civil Liability) Act 6 of 1981 (MPA)(own emphasis). SA, however, only acceded to the 1992 protocols of amendment on 1 October 2005 (own emphasis) and, subsequently, did not implement these amendments domestically. Eight years later, the government finally updated the domestic law by providing for the domestic enactment of the provisions as contained in the 1992 protocols. In December 2013 (own emphasis), the Merchant Shipping (Civil Liability Convention) Act 25 of 2013 (“MSCLC act”), the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Act 24 of 2013 (“the IOPC act”), the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Administrations Act 35 of 2013 (“Administrations act”), and the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Contributions Act 36 of 2013 (“Contributions act”) was enacted by Parliament. This dissertation serves to explore these laws of SA against the backdrop of the relevant international conventions including the UNCLos which provides a general framework. Prior to these amendment laws, SA’s regime was outdated and provided insufficient compensation for a major oil spill. The primary research question of this dissertation is: Is SA’s civil liability regime consistent with, aligned with and adequate in light of, the international civil liability regime? In order to answer the abovementioned research question, this dissertation adopts the following structure: It is divided into five chapters which will follow one another as the civil liability regime is being unpacked and analysed. Chapter 1 contains an introduction, background, and sets out the scope and limits of this topic; It furthermore provides a brief literature review on civil liability to aid in understanding the main topic of this dissertation. In Chapter 2 it will be beneficial to look at the brief history behind the international regulation of marine oil pollution in order to grasp the reasoning behind the existing international regime. Therefore, the international history will first be addressed, and thereafter a comprehensive analysis of the various conventions that make up the international regime will be done. There will also be an indication of certain inadequacies which may be contained therein, before concluding and moving the focus to SA in the next chapter. It will then be of importance to address SA’s liability regime critically. In Chapter 3 the new marine pollution acts are dissected whilst keeping in mind the broad themes that originate in the international conventions. This third chapter also addresses whether the MSCLC act has strengthened the South African regime and whether SA will have access to the compensation funds after the enactment of the IOPC Fund Act. Chapter 4 will accordingly look at the laws of general application in SA with a view of ascertaining how these laws complement the civil liability regime and how reliance on them could improve the South African regime. Furthermore, recommendations will be made with regards to improving SA’s regime. Finally, this dissertation will come to a conclusion in Chapter 5 which will also briefly summarise the findings of the previous chapters.
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Schuetze, Jennifer Johanna. "To cause or not to cause, that is the question : the prosecutorial standard for incitement at international criminal law." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82670.
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The prosecutorial standard for incitement is subject to different approaches in the common law and civil law traditions respectively. The most crucial difference lies in the role attributed to the result as a definitional element of the offence. While the civil law generally characterizes proof of results as a prerequisite to liability, the common law views it as significant but not determinative of guilt. This divergence is expounded at the international level, which condones both approaches with respect to different crimes, employing the common law approach only to genocide and relegating all other crimes to the purview of the civil law approach. The practical effect is a focus on the gravity of the substantive crime to which incitement attaches, rather than on the crucial role of incitement itself. This thesis will seek to elucidate the parameters of this debate with the aim of deconstructing and redrawing preconceived barriers in international criminal law.
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Beyney, Geoffrey. "La contribution de la victime à la production de son dommage en droit de la responsabilité civile extra-contractuelle des personnes publiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0221.
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En droit de la responsabilité civile, la contribution de la victime à la production de son dommage ne fait l'objet que d'un nombre relatif d'études. Elle est succinctement appréhendée comme cause étrangère ou plus précisément comme cause d'exonération ou d'atténuation de responsabilité. Pourtant, l'étude de la contribution de la victime à la production de son dommage permet de s'interroger sur ce qu'est une victime. À ce titre, nous nous sommes demandés si la victime qui participe à la survenance de son dommage est l'auteur d'un fait générateur et si elle est civilement responsable. Pour ce faire, nous avons procédé à une analyse croisée de la jurisprudence administrative et des travaux doctrinaux afin de saisir la contribution de la victime et de définir les notions de victime, d'auteur et de responsable. Par ce travail, nous démontrons que la victime qui contribue à la production de son dommage est l'auteur d'un fait générateur spécifique qui n'est pas civilement responsable. Toutefois, la victime supporte les conséquences qui découlent de son fait générateur en raison de la remise en cause de son droit à réparation. Fondée sur une analyse du droit positif et sur une étude théorique du droit de la responsabilité civile extra-contractuelle, notre thèse permet d'identifier précisément la contribution de la victime à la production de son dommage comme cause étrangère et de l'aborder par un prisme nouveau en mettant en évidence ce qu'est une victime en droit de la responsabilité civile extra-contractuelleIn liability law, the victim's contribution to her damage has only been the object of a few studies. It's succinctly understood as an extraneous cause or more precisely as an exemption or lightening cause. However, the study of the victim's contribution to the production of her damage makes it possible to ask what a victim is. In this respect, we have asked ourselves whether the victim who participates in the occurrence of her damage is the author of an event giving rise to it and whether she is civilly liable. In order to do this, we have proceeded to a cross analysis of administrative jurisprudence, in order to grasp the victim's contribution and to define the notions of victim, author and liable. Through this work, we show that the victim who contributes to the production of her damage is the author of a specific event which is not civilly liable. However, the victim bears the consequences that result from her event because her right to repation is called into question. Based on an analysis of positive law and on a theoretical study of extra-contractual civil liability law, our PhD allows us to identify precisely the victim's contribution to the production of her damage as an extraneous cause and to approach it through a new prism by highlighting what a victim is in extra-contractual civil liability law
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Pascini, Líliam Regina. "O nexo de causalidade na responsabilidade civil contemporânea." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5976.
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Previous issue date: 2012-10-18The present study aims to discuss the need to review the importance of analyzing Cause as one of the necessary prerequisites for setting civil liability, due the current personalistic characteristics of this legal institution. Through the analysis of the main existing theories about Cause, it´s possible to verify the possibility of its presumption in certain situations of diffuse damage where, despite the difficulty of proof production related to Cause, there is the presence of statistic and logical probability that the cause of harm was originated by a certain agent, becoming forcible, due to the current outlook of civil liability and its base principles particularly the principles of the human dignity and social solidarity the imputation on the duty to indemnify
Objetiva o presente trabalho dissertar acerca da necessidade de se rever a importância da análise do nexo de causalidade enquanto um dos pressupostos necessários à configuração da responsabilidade civil, devido à atual configuração personalista deste instituto jurídico. Mediante a análise das principais teorias existentes sobre o nexo de causalidade, verifica-se a possibilidade de sua presunção em determinadas situações de danos difusos, em que, apesar da dificuldade da produção da prova demonstrativa da relação causal, constata-se a presença de probabilidade estatística e lógica da causação do dano ter partido de determinado agente, tornando-se-lhe forçosa, devido ao atual panorama da responsabilidade civil e seus princípios formadores sobretudo os princípios da dignidade da pessoa humana e da solidariedade social a imputação do dever de indenizar
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Прохоров, К. О. "Адміністративна відповідальність за порушення порядку подання декларації про доходи та ведення обліку доходів і витрат." Thesis, МАУП, 2021. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/14724.
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Дисертаційне дослідження присвячено розробці моделі адміністративної відповідальності за порушення порядку подання декларації про доходи та ведення обліку доходів і витрат. У роботі визначено правову природу юридичної відповідальності за правопорушення у податковій сфері України, розкрито сутність і зміст адміністративної відповідальності, передбаченої у ст. 164-1 КУпАП, в структурі юридичної відповідальності за податкові правопорушення. Встановлено та систематизовано підстави та умови адміністративної відповідальності за ст. 164-1 КУпАП. Конкретизовано зміст і складові елементи об’єктивних і суб’єктивних елементів складу порушення, передбаченого ст. 164-1 КУпАП. Виокремлено, проаналізовано та узагальнено основні актуальні проблеми притягнення порушників до адміністративної відповідальності за ст. 164-1 КУпАП, зокрема: теоретичні; ідеологічні; нормативно-правові; політико-правові, економічні і процедурні. Сформульовано пропозиції щодо вдосконалення чинного адміністративного законодавства у досліджуваній сфері, а також окреслено основні шляхи оптимізації адміністративно-юрисдикційної діяльності органів, уповноважених притягувати порушників до адміністративної відповідальності за ст. 164-1 КУпАП. The dissertation for the first time reveals theoretical and practical issues of administrative responsibility for violation of the procedure for income declaration and maintaining records of income and expenditure, as defined in the Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. Administrative liability for violation of Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine is considered as a special manifestation of the «system of legal responsibility in the tax area», being its integral element, characterized by many common and special features. This liability takes place as a result of illegal actions committed by individuals in the tax area. These unlawful acts belong to the group of «administrative violations of legal obligations for tax payment and declaration of incomes and property status». The social and legal essence and legal content of causes and conditions for administrative responsibility have been clarified. The criteria for causes and a set of necessary conditions for the liability under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine have been defined. Particular attention is paid to a critical analysis of the composition of the offense under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. The object of this offense is public relations that take place in the field of tax accounting and income declaration, the objective side is the illegal acts provided for in Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. The social consequences of the illegal act are determined; in addition, a causal link was established between the act under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine, and its consequences. The main characteristics of the subject of the offense (an individual with a corresponding duty) and the subjective side (guilt in the form of intent or negligence; optional characteristics of the offense are the purpose and motive of crime) are revealed. Special conditions have been established under which the objective and subjective elements of this offense will be sufficient for the emergence of administrative responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. The work systematized the problems of bringing violators to administrative responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine, in particular: conceptual problems (lack of an integrated scientific approach for understanding the responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine); ideological problems (low level of legal society awareness, an increase of legal nihilism, discredited state tax policy); normative problems (a difficult concept understanding of an offense as in Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine, uncertainty in the consequences of ineffective use of administrative resources when prosecuted under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine); political and legal, economic and cultural crisis (difficulties in identifying and bringing violators to responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine: in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine); procedural problems (slow response to offenses, non-compliance with the rules for drawing up a protocol and/or other documents of a case on an administrative offense under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. Dissertation has identified the factors that aggravate the negative effect of the identified problems of bringing violators to administrative responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. Moreover, specific proposals were formulated in order to solve the identified problems, improve the current national legislation, as well as to optimize the administrative and jurisdictional activities of the recently created Tax Service of Ukraine in the context of bringing the relevant violators to administrative responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine.
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Camguilhem, Benoit. "Recherche sur les fondements de la responsabilité sans faute en droit administratif." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020060.
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La question des fondements de la responsabilité a été l’une de celles qui a le plus intéressé la doctrine depuis l’abandon du principe de l’irresponsabilité des personnes publiques. Tantôt compris comme un principe général d’explication, tantôt comme une véritable règle juridique, le fondement de la responsabilité est un élément de justification. Afin de clarifier le discours visant à expliquer le mécanisme de responsabilité, le fondement juridique de la responsabilité doit être distingué des principes qui justifient l’existence de cette règle et des conditions parfois mises à l’application de celle-ci. Jurisprudence et doctrine ont fait du risque et du principe d’égalité devant les charges publiques les deux fondements de la responsabilité sans faute en droit administratif. Cette présentation classique est aujourd’hui dépassée du fait de la création par le Conseil d’Etat de régimes de responsabilité dans lesquels la faute n’est pas exigée et qui ne sont pas pour autant rattachables à ces fondements classiques. Il apparaît donc que la présentation classique de la responsabilité sans faute doit être abandonnée au bénéfice d’une présentation centrée sur la notion d’obligation. Les hypothèses de responsabilité dans lesquelles la condition de faute n’est pas exigée peuvent alors être classées en deux catégories. Celles dans lesquelles le fait générateur méconnaît une obligation préexistante sont constitutives de véritables régimes de responsabilité, et celles dans lesquelles le fait générateur ne méconnaît aucune obligation préexistante et qui ne sont alors qu’abusivement rattachées à la responsabilité. La responsabilité sans faute, qui n’est qu’une catégorie négative n’ayant aucune unité, n’a pas de fondements propres ce qui la distinguerait par nature d’autres hypothèses de responsabilitéCause of liability has been one of the most discussed questions since the principle of administrative irresponsibility was given up. Sometimes seen as a general principle of explanation, sometimes as a legal rule, cause of liability is an element of justification. In order to clarify the discourse on liability, cause of liability has to be distinguished from principles which justify the legal rule of liability. For doctrine and jurisprudence, the risk theory and the principle of public expenses equality are the two causes of liability. This presentation has to be renewed because of the creation by the Conseil d’Etat of cases of liability in which the proof of a fault is not compulsory but which do not relate to classical cases. A new presentation with two categories based on the notion of obligation should be preferred. When the event giving rise to the damage ignores a pre-existing obligation it is a true system of responsibility but when the event giving rise to the damage doesn’t ignores such an obligation it is a mechanism of guarantee and not a system of responsibility. “Liability without fault” is a negative category with no unity and no specific causes. Fault is only a condition of liability: liability with fault and liability without fault are not different in nature
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Sato, Eliane Mitsuko. "A construção da verdade no processo civil em matéria ambiental." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6844.
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Previous issue date: 2015-08-31This paper‟s main purpose was studying the techniques used in order to achieve judicial conviction on elements of civil liability for damage caused to nature. The fundamental question was whether such instruments are able to absorb the stunning complexity and uncertainty arising from the fact that often comes to environmental degradation. In this tune, it was found that the allocation of civil consequences for environmental damage in the traditional mold, linked to the fact of conviction and certainty about the factual substrate of the conflict, would greatly compromise the effectiveness. In this scenario, the operator was forced to act when obligations should be imposed based on conjectures, in a degree of uncertainty with which the law is not used to dealing with. However, despite the complexity of the task of verifying the existence of the liability requirements in these circumstances, it does not relieve a solution is given. The present monograph is ideally divided into three parts. The first is the presentation of the context from which the vulnerability of nature caused by technological progress arises and its reverberations in law. The second part concerns of the general aspects of normative and judicial protection designed to protect the environment in the civil sphere. The third part is dedicated to the examination of techniques for the representation of facts in the lawsuit in this case. At the end, some conclusions are presented
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal examinar as técnicas utilizadas na formação do juízo de fato adotado como premissa para a decisão que resolve litígios em que se postula a responsabilidade civil pelo dano causado à natureza. A questão fundamental era saber se tais instrumentos são capazes de assimilar a atordoante complexidade e as incertezas advindas da realidade em que frequentemente se insere a degradação ambiental. Nessa toada, constatou-se que a imputação das consequências civis pelo dano ambiental nos moldes tradicionais, atrelado à convicção de verdade e de certeza a respeito do substrato fático do conflito, comprometeria sobremaneira a efetividade do direito material violado. Neste cenário, o operador do direito se viu forçado a atuar em meio a situações em que obrigações devem ser impostas com apoio em conjecturas, em um grau de incerteza com o qual o Direito não está habituado a lidar. No entanto, em que pese a complexidade da tarefa de verificar a existência dos requisitos da responsabilidade civil nestas circunstâncias, ela não dispensa o seu equacionamento. Neste passo, impende assinalar que a presente monografia está idealmente dividida em três partes. A primeira consiste na apresentação do contexto do qual exsurgiu a vulnerabilidade da natureza diante do progresso tecnológico e das respectivas reverberações no Direito. A segunda parte cuida dos aspectos gerais da tutela normativa e jurisdicional preconizada para a atuação concreta das normas concebidas para a proteção do meio ambiente na esfera civil. A terceira parte dedica-se ao exame das técnicas idealizadas para a representação dos fatos no processo que embasará a decisão judicial sobre a responsabilidade civil neste setor. Finalmente, a partir dos dados obtidos e de sua discussão, foram apresentadas as conclusões do estudo
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Galli, Andreas. "Kausalität bei psychischen Störungen im Deliktsrecht /." Basel : Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/526895977.pdf.
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Jullian, Nadège. "La cession de patrimoine." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G019.
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La cession de patrimoine est une institution récente du droit positif. Introduite par la loi n° 2010-658 du 15 juin 2010 relative à l’Entrepreneur Individuel à Responsabilité Limitée (EIRL), elle a pour objet la transmission d’un patrimoine entre vifs. Cependant, son avènement se heurte à la célèbre théorie subjective du patrimoine qui, élaborée par AUBRY et RAU à la fin du XIXème siècle, fait du patrimoine une émanation de la personne. Ainsi conçu comme indissociable de la personne, le patrimoine ne peut en être séparé même par voie de cession. Dès lors se pose la question de savoir comment la figure de la cession de patrimoine a pu être admise dans notre droit.L’introduction de la cession de patrimoine invite en réalité à revenir sur la théorie du patrimoine, et ce afin de comprendre comment ce qui jusqu’à présent ne pouvait être réalisé du vivant de la personne peut désormais l’être. De cette analyse, il ressort que, sous certaines conditions, une personne peut volontairement céder un patrimoine dans son intégralité et sans liquidation préalable. La transmission opérant à titre universel, elle peut prendre plusieurs formes, notamment celle d’une vente ou d’une donation du patrimoine (Première partie. L’admission de la cession de patrimoine).Le caractère novateur de la cession de patrimoine a rendu très délicat l’élaboration de son régime. Dépassé par un bouleversement qu’il a causé mais dont les implications dépassent parfois l’imagination, le législateur a certes organisé la cession du patrimoine de l’EIRL, mais en concevant un régime tout à la fois imparfait et lacunaire. Afin de corriger et de compléter ce qui doit l’être, il faut, plutôt que de concevoir le droit ex nihilo, puiser dans l’existant, et tout spécialement dans les règles régissant déjà certaines transmissions universelles de patrimoine, comme le droit des fusions et des transmissions successorales. Pour autant, ces règles doivent être adaptées aux spécificités de la cession de patrimoine que sont, d’une part, la réalisation entre vifs et, d’autre part, – la pluralité des patrimoines étant désormais admise – le maintien possible du patrimoine comme universalité distincte chez le cessionnaire (Seconde partie. Le régime de la cession de patrimoine)The transfer of estate is a recent institution in French substantive law. It was established under Law N° 2010-658 of 15 June 2010 (The Limited Liability Sole Trader [EIRL] Act) and provides for inter-vivos transfers of estates. However, the concept comes into direct conflict with AUBRY and RAU’s famous late 19th century subjective theory of estates, according to which an estate issues from a person. Because an estate cannot be dissociated from the person who holds it, the link between the person and his or her estate cannot be severed, even by way of a transfer. The question thus arises as to how the very notion of transfer of estate could find its way into French law. The introduction of the transfer of estate into French law is actually an invitation to review the theory of estates, in order to understand how something that so far could not be achieved in a person’s lifetime has now become possible. It thus appears that under some conditions a person may willingly dispose of his or her whole estate without any prior liquidation. As the transfer is essentially a universal transaction, it may take several forms such as that of a sale or a gift of property (Part I : Establishing the transfer of estate in French law).The establishment of a legal framework for such a new concept was a delicate matter. Parliament was initially overtaken by the disruption it had caused and what were for all intent and purposes unforeseen (if not inforeseeable) implications. It did organise the transfer of estate as applied to Limited Liability Sole Traders [EIRL] but the resulting framework was both defective and incomplete. If one is to correct and complete the existing framework, one should not devise legal rules ex nihilo but rather draw from existing rules, particularly those that already govern some forms of universal transfers of estate, such as the law of mergers and acquisitions and the law of successions. Still, these rules must be adapted to the specificities of the transfer of estate, namely inter-vivos gifts and, now that French law recognises the plurality of estates, the possibility for the transferee to hold the estate separately from his own assets (Part II : Setting the rules for the transfer of estate)
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Landsweerdt, Christie. "Le fondement de la responsabilité du transporteur." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL20027.
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Le transporteur est tenu d’une obligation de résultat, dont l’inexécution engage automatiquement sa responsabilité, dès lors qu’il en découle un préjudice. Mais il peut se libérer de sa responsabilité en prouvant l’existence d’une cause d’exonération. Considérée comme un obstacle à l’indemnisation, l’exonération sera appréciée avec plus ou moins de méfiance, selon le mode employé et l’objet transporté. A cet égard, il convient de distinguer le transport de passagers et le transport de marchandises. La prise en compte croissante du besoin de protection du passager fait évoluer le régime auquel est soumis le transporteur. L’analyse de cette évolution est indispensable à la recherche d’un fondement commun à la responsabilité du transporteur. Considéré comme une victime, le passager devient le pivot du régime applicable au transporteur, lequel cesse d’être un régime de responsabilité. Au contraire, lorsque la responsabilité demeure, la défense exonératoire révèle le fondement rationnel de la responsabilité du transporteur : sa fauteThe carrier is under an obligation of result, the nonfulfilment of which he /she will be automatically held liable for, as soons as damage arises. Yet he can escape liablitiy if he can prove the existence of a ground for exemption. Considered as an impediment to compensation, the exemption will be assessed with more or less suspicion, depending on the transport mode and the cargo. In this respect, there should be a distinction made between the transport of passengers and goods. As the passenger’s need for protection is more and more taken into account, this causes the regime governing carriers to evolve. Analyzing these developments is essential to look for a common ground for the carrier’s liability. Considered as a victim, the passenger becomes the pivot of the regime applicable to the carrier, this regime being no longer a system of liablity. On the contrary, when liability remains, the defense based on exemption reveals the rationale behind the carrier’s liability: his fault
Books on the topic "Cause for liability"
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Akkermans, A. J. Proportionele aansprakelijkheid bij onzeker causaal verband: Een rechtsvergelijkend onderzoek naar wenselijkheid, grondslagen en afgrenzing van aansprakelijkheid naar rato van veroorzakingswaarschijnlijkheid. Deventer: W.E.J. Tjeenk Willink, 1997.
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Queiroga, Antônio Elias de. Responsabilidade civil e o novo Código civil. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2003.
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Andersson, Håkan. Skyddsändamål och adekvans: Om skadeståndsansvarets gränser. Uppsala: Iustus förlag, 1993.
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Stella, Federico. Leggi scientifiche e spiegazione casuale nel diritto penale. 2nd ed. Milano: A. Giuffrè, 2000.
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Reille, Florence. La notion de confusion des patrimoines, cause d'extension des procédures collectives. Paris: Litec, 2007.
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Frenz, Walter. Das Verursacherprinzip im Öffentlichen Recht: Zur Verteilung von individueller und staatlicher Verantwortung. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1997.
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Motor vehicle accident reconstruction and cause analysis. 5th ed. Charlottesville, Va: LEXIS Pub., 1999.
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Motor vehicle accident reconstruction and cause analysis. 3rd ed. Charlottesville, Va: Michie Co., 1989.
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Motor vehicle accident reconstruction and cause analysis. 4th ed. Charlottesville, Va: Michie, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Cause for liability"
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Prem, Christian. "Joint liability can cause adverse selection instead of resolving it." In The Theory of Credit Contracts, 119–30. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29362-8_6.
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Wagner, Gerhard. "Tort Law and Human Rights." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 209–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_12.
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AbstractThe article explores the relationship between tort law and human rights. It explains the potential inherent in holding corporations liable in tort for human rights violations along the supply chain, such as the 2013 Rana Plaza collapse in Bangladesh. On a theoretical level, it devises a legal framework of tort liability that is optimal from the standpoint of social welfare. Such an optimal liability system would make manufacturers internalise the full cost of production, including harm caused to workers, third parties and the environment. In contrast, the present global liability situation is characterised by legal fragmentation and enforcement deficits. These factors provide the explanation for the large-scale externalisation of production risks we witness today, leading to an inflated global demand. In principle, tort law is well suited to offer a remedy, as the interests protected by human rights and national tort law broadly overlap. Furthermore, the duty of care which is the core requirement for shifting losses to others via tort law is a flexible concept that may even be stretched to accommodate cross-border human rights policies. The new French “devoir de vigilance,” or human rights due diligence, as well the UK Supreme Court’s recent jurisprudence, aim to tap this potential. On the other hand, the article raises doubt in relation to the adverse economic incentives and market shifts if such duties are imposed selectively, i.e. only in some jurisdictions, but not in others. After all, private international law often stands in the way of a global application of national tort law. Finally, alternative mechanisms of enforcement are assessed and examined with a view to their comparative effectiveness. This analysis casts doubt on the usefulness of tort law as a means to further the human rights cause.
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Haba, Michael. "Introduction." In The Case of State Liability, 1–5. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08080-8_1.
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Haba, Michael. "State Liability in Damages Before Francovich." In The Case of State Liability, 6–21. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08080-8_2.
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Haba, Michael. "The Seminal Francovich Judgment on State Liability." In The Case of State Liability, 22–32. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08080-8_3.
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Haba, Michael. "Conditions for Implementing State Liability: Brasserie du Pêcheur / Factortame III." In The Case of State Liability, 33–49. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08080-8_4.
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Haba, Michael. "Development of Case Law After the Brasserie Judgment." In The Case of State Liability, 50–74. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08080-8_5.
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Haba, Michael. "Liability for Judicial Breaches of European Law." In The Case of State Liability, 75–93. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08080-8_6.
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Haba, Michael. "Liability of Individuals for Breach of European Law." In The Case of State Liability, 94–105. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08080-8_7.
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Haba, Michael. "Conclusion." In The Case of State Liability, 106–11. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08080-8_8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Cause for liability"
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Идрисов, Хусейн Вахаевич, and Хамзат Усманович Мираев. "FORMS OF CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY: CONCEPT AND LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS." In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt185.2020.41.15.015.
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Гражданское право предусматривает возможность наступления ответственности, в том числе, и за нарушение договорных обязательств. Существующие доктринальные мнения, формулировки понятия ответственности за нарушение обязательств, вызывает дискуссии по поводу того, что именно можно относить к ее сущности и формам реализации. Исходя из этого, в статье рассмотрены понятие, основные характеристики и специфика форм договорной ответственности. Civil law provides for the possibility of liability, including for violation of contractual obligations. The existing doctrinal opinions, formulations of the concept of liability for breach of obligations, cause discussions about what exactly can be attributed to its essence and forms of implementation. Based on this, the article considers the concept, main characteristics and specifics of forms of contractual liability.
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Kačer, Blanka, and Hrvoje Vojković. "Pravno adekvatna uzročnost u slučajevima građanskopravne odgovornosti zbog povrede medicinskog standarda (uključujući informirani pristanak na temelju podataka dobivenih od robota)." In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.633k.
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In the context of the civil law liability for medical malpractice, the concept of legally adequate causality in Croatian, Serbian and Slovenian law practice is a synthesis of several legally theoretical approaches and includes elements of the theory of natural (factual causality) and the theory of the protective aim of the norm. In this sense, the theory of legally adequate causality appears as the optimal legal construct for the determination of legally relevant causality, since the application of each of the above theoretical models does not separately determine the closest possible cause - causa proxima. Only by interpolating the concepts of factual causation and the protective objective of the norm within the legal construction of adequate causality, do real assumptions be made to establish a legally relevant cause with the characteristic of a qualified degree of probability. Adequate causation theory is an advanced theory of natural causation that combines essential elements of other causal models, thus enables the effective and credible identification of the closest and adequate cause whose regular effect is attributed to a certain harmful consequence. At the end of the paper, doubts were raised regarding the (in)applicability of the conclusions (all or part) to the no-fault liability where the causal nexus was differently regulated, and to the role of the robot in informed consent. At the end of the paper, doubts were raised regarding the (in)applicability of the conclusions (all or part) to the no-fault liability where the causal nexus was differently regulated, and to the role of the robot in informed consent.
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Radovanovic, Milos. "ELEKTRIČNI TROTINETI I OSIGURANjE OD AUTOODGOVORNOSTI." In MODERNE TEHNOLOGIJE, NOVI I TRADICIONALNI RIZICI U OSIGURANjU. Association for Insurance Law of Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxsav21.113r.
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Technological progress, importance of taking care of the environment and need for the “micro-mobility” of humans in the cities, have led to increased usage of electric scooters. Every means of transportation, including the scooter, cause of risk of a damage. Possibility of causing of the damage opens a question of the obligation of owners of the electric scooters to conclude motor third party liability insurance. Th is paper tries to give an answer on the question. Author also seeks to fi nd an answer on a question is the injured party entitled to receive compensation of damage from guarantee fund, if the damage is caused by the uninsured electric scooter. Author gives the positive answer on these two questions. Author concludes that de lege lata electric scooter must have third party liability insurance, and that injured party is entitled to receive the compensation from the guarantee fund. Obligation of the owners of the electric scooter to conclude liability insurance, as well as injured party claim toward the guarnatee fund, is based on the fact that electric scooter is motor vehicle, according to the legal defi nition of the motor vehicle. Author considers that there is no legal gap in current laws of the Republic of Serbia, concerning insurance of the electric scooters. It is not necessary to change regulations on compulsory insurance in traffi c. Th ere is no need for the special rules for insurance of electric scooters. Legal issues concerning insurance of electric scooters and redress of damage caused by those scooters, can be resolve by interpretation of the applicable regulations.
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Huang, Jingyuan, and Xiang Wang. "Design Workflow for Electronic Product With Safety Assessment Concept at the Early Stage." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86963.
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Today, the interdisciplinary design approach has been quickly adopted as a new trend in the modern product design process. Whereas, it is believed that manufacturers try to make shortcuts in order to reduce the time-to-market. Therefore, many inherent or uncertain safety parameters and factors are normally ignored in the early stage of the process until problems occur during the life cycles of products. This is very harmful to users. Enterprises may face liability claims and recalls of those products. In addition to the claims, additional time and cost are required to investigate the root cause of problems and to redesign the products and. Those problems mostly happen in some developing countries in which their product design and manufacturing process is still in a labor-intensive mode. Systematic and knowledge-based design approaches have not yet been popularly adopted. In order to have a better consideration, in terms of safety at the early stage of design process, the integration of practical experience of safety assessment concept and analysis methods into the traditional electronic product design process is the key proposed idea in this paper. A new design workflow with safety assessment concept at the early stage is generated, with a result of saving redesign cost and time.
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Berglund, U., H. von Schenk, and L. Wallentin. "PLATELET FUNCTION AND PLASMA FIBRINOGEN IN YOUNG SURVIVORS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643019.
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An increased liability for thrombosis might be of pathogenetic importance in young survivors of myocardial infarction (MI). In 73 (58 men and 15 women) patients with MI below 45 years of age and 73 matched healthy controls plasma fibrinogen and platelet function tests were studied 3-6 months after the MI. At the time of the MI 77% of the patients were smokers but at the time of the investigation 27% of the patients smoked compared to 37% of the controls. Platelet aggregabi1ity was measured in vitro in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as maximal aggregation to ADP and collagen. The platelet sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of prostacyclin (PG12) was tested by preincubation of PRP with PG12 before inducing aggregation with ADP 5 μM. Plasma levels of beta-thrombog1obuIin (BTG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) were measured by RIA methods and plasma fibrinogen by heat precipitation. The table presents the results (means ± SE). * is p<0.04, ** is D<0.02 and ns is non significant.Severe emotional stress preceeding the MI occured in 7 patients - these cases had an increased platelet reactivity to ADP. The fibrinogen level was also elevated by smoking and obesity (multivariate analysis). Conclusion: young MI patients have elevated levels ol fibrinogen and reduced platelet sensitivity to PGI2. This might cause an increased thrombotic tendency.
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Landini, Sara. "AUTO-ODGOVORNOST U SLUČAJU AUTOMATSKOG IZBORA." In MODERNE TEHNOLOGIJE, NOVI I TRADICIONALNI RIZICI U OSIGURANjU. Association for Insurance Law of Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxsav21.084l.
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Automation has an important role in the reduction of human errors, but what about in case of losses caused by an automated vehicle? Who is liable? Th is paper addresses the issue of automation coverage for costs in the event of damage caused by an automated decision-making process. It will consider civil liability and insurance from the point of view of problems related to the proof of a causal nexus between wrongdoing and losses. Th e thesis that the paper proposes is that legal liability is not a suffi cient instrument to permit eff ective prevention and compensation in the case of damage caused by full algorithmic automation.
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Mitkus, Sigitas. "Liability of a Technical Supervisor of Construction: Analysis of Lithuanian Case Law." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.006.
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The article deals with the liability issues of a technical supervisor of construction in Lithuania. It is established in statutory law that a technical supervisor of construction is liable against an owner jointly with other parties involved in the construction (contractor, designer); however, it provides no explanation as to how this liability is distributed between the parties. Analysis of case law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania is used as a basis for crystallizing the rules applied by the courts in defining liability of a technical supervisor of construction and distributing it between other construction players. It has been found out that the liability attributed in case law to the technical supervisor of construction found guilty for defective construction works usually varies from 15% to 20%. The findings of this research may be used in systems for predicting court judgements and decision support systems for judicial disputes.
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Kosorukova, Irina. "Causes FOR EXEMPTION FROM LEGAL LIABILITY AND PUNISHMENT." In Current problems of jurisprudence. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02058-6/199-204.
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The article provides a general overview of such legal aspects as exemption from administrative responsibility and criminal punishment. Since the Russian Federation is a state governed by the rule of law, in which legal institutions must fully protect the rights and freedoms of citizens, it is necessary to try to study this issue so that it is possible to propose new or alternative solutions to the problems that exist today. Namely, the gaps in the legislation.
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Berry, Kevin. "The locust liability: A case of stoichiometric externalities." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105661.
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Yin, Junyi. "Tort Liability for Damage Caused by Self-driving Cars." In 2021 International Conference on Public Management and Intelligent Society (PMIS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pmis52742.2021.00071.
Full textReports on the topic "Cause for liability"
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Mengak, Michael T. Wildlife Translocation. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7210105.ws.
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Many people enjoy wildlife. Nationwide, Americans spend over $144 billion annually on fishing, hunting, and wildlife-watching activities. However, wildlife is not always welcome in or near homes, buildings, or other property and can cause significant damage or health and safety issues. Many people who experience a wildlife conflict prefer to resolve the issue without harming the offending animal. Of the many options available (i.e., habitat modification, exclusion, repellents) for addressing nuisance wildlife problems, translocation—capturing and moving—of the offending animal is often perceived to be effective. However, trapping and translocating wild animals is rarely legal nor is it considered a viable solution by wildlife professionals for resolving most nuisance wildlife problems. Reasons to avoid translocating nuisance wildlife include legal restrictions, disease concerns, liability issues associated with injuries or damage caused by a translocated animal, stress to the animal, homing behavior, and risk of death to the animal. Translocation is appropriate in some situations such as re-establishing endangered species, enhancing genetic diversity, and stocking species in formerly occupied habitats. The main focus of this publication, however, is to address nuisance wildlife issues that may be commonly encountered by homeowners and nuisance wildlife control professionals.
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Hay, Bruce, and Kathryn Spier. Manufacturer Liability for Harms Caused by Consumers to Others. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10972.
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Campbell, Thomas, Daniel Kessler, and George Shepherd. The Causes and Effects of Liability Reform: Some Empirical Evidence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4989.
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Ayala, David, Ashley Graves, Colton Lauer, Henrik Strand, Chad Taylor, Kyle Weldon, and Ryan Wood. Flooding Events Post Hurricane Harvey: Potential Liability for Dam and Reservoir Operators and Recommendations Moving Forward. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.floodingpostharvey.
Full textAbstract:
When Hurricane Harvey hit the Texas coast as a category 4 hurricane on August 25, 2017, it resulted in $125 billion in damage, rivaling only Hurricane Katrina in the amount of damage caused. It also resulted in the deaths of 88 people and destroyed or damaged 135,000 homes. Much of that devastation was the result of flooding. The storm dumped over 27 trillion gallons of rain over Texas in a matter of days. Some parts of Houston received over 50 inches of rainfall. The potential liability that dam and reservoir operators may face for decisions they make during storm and flooding events has now become a major concern for Texas citizens and its elected officials. Law suits have now been instituted against the federal government for its operation of two flood control reservoirs, as well as against the San Jacinto River Authority for its operation of a water supply reservoir. Moreover, the issues and concerns have been placed on the agenda of a number of committees preparing for the 2019 Texas legislative session. This report reviews current dam and reservoir operations in Texas and examines the potential liability that such operators may face for actions and decisions taken in response to storm and flooding events. In Section III, the report reviews dam gate operations and differentiates between water supply reservoirs and flood control reservoirs. It also considers pre-release options and explains why such actions are disfavored and not recommended. In Section IV, the report evaluates liabilities and defenses applicable to dam and reservoir operators. It explains how governmental immunity can limit the exposure of state and federally-run facilities to claims seeking monetary damages. It also discusses how such entities could be subject to claims of inverse condemnation, which generally are not subject to governmental immunity, under Texas law as well as under the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In addition, the Section discusses negligence and nuisance claims and concludes that plaintiffs asserting either or both of these claims will have difficulty presenting successful arguments for flooding-related damage and harm against operators who act reasonably in the face of storm-related precipitation. Finally, Section V offers recommendations that dam and reservoir operators might pursue in order to engage and educate the public and thereby reduce the potential for disputes and litigation. Specifically, the report highlights the need for expanded community outreach efforts to engage with municipalities, private land owners, and the business community in flood-prone neighborhoods both below and above a dam. It also recommends implementation of proactive flood notification procedures as a way of reaching and alerting as many people as possible of potential and imminent flooding events. Finally, the report proposes implementation of a dispute prevention and minimization mechanism and offers recommendations for the design and execution of such a program.