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Journal articles on the topic 'Causes and consequences of corruption'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

Sharma, Subhash, and Devendra Mishra. "Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Eradication." Indian Journal of Public Administration 57, no. 3 (2011): 583–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120110321.

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2

Rose-Ackerman, Susan. "Corruption: Causes, consequences and cures." Trends in Organized Crime 3, no. 1 (1997): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-997-1155-3.

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3

Ranamagar, Udaya. "Public Sector Corruption in Nepal: Causes and Consequences." Prashasan: The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration 55, no. 2 (2023): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/prashasan.v55i2.63542.

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The research paper discusses corruption in Nepal's public sector, a significant challenge in the development agenda. The main objective of this study is to find the causes and consequences of corruption in the public sector. This study used primary and secondary data to determine the causes and consequences of corruption in Nepal. The results found that the political, court, and administration sectors are the most corruption-prone zones, losing the government's credibility. The leading causes of corruption are non-compliance with existing rules and regulations, lack of political commitment, transparency, accountability, consistency, and institutional weaknesses. Corruption reduces competitiveness and increases the cost of living, becoming a significant obstacle to economic growth, social development, and political stability. The government has taken various measures to combat corruption, including establishing anti-corruption bodies and laws. However, these measures have yet to be effective in curbing corruption, and there is a need for more significant reforms. The political leader, bureaucrats, civil society, and media should take responsibility for controlling corruption in the public sector of Nepal.

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4

Jeong, Yujin, Jordan Siegel, Yanbo Wang, and Stefan Zeume. "Causes and Consequences of Corporate Corruption." Academy of Management Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 15879. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.15879symposium.

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5

Hope, Kempe Ronald. "Kenya's corruption problem: causes and consequences." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 52, no. 4 (2014): 493–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2014.955981.

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6

AZFAR, O., Y. LEE, and A. SWAMY. "The Causes and Consequences of Corruption." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 573, no. 1 (2001): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716201573001003.

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7

Azfar, Omar, Young Lee, and Anand Swamy. "The Causes and Consequences of Corruption." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 573, no. 1 (2001): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000271620157300103.

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8

Gura, Vadim. "CORRUPTION: CONCEPTS AND TYPES, CAUSES." Economic Analysis, no. 32(2) (2022): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2022.02.073.

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Introduction. One of the key threats to the effective development of the country’s economy and national security is corruption, which penetrates into all spheres of society and slows down the process of European and global integration of Ukraine. It exists in a different way and degree in all countries, reflects the inefficiency of the state power, the imperfection of its institutional support. In Ukraine, corruption has become widespread and latent, and the process of it’s overcoming will be long. Research of its nature, manifestations, causes and consequences will help develop effective ways to prevent and overcome it. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to form a unified approach to the definition of “corruption” and to generalize the classification of its forms and types on a number of grounds; study the key causes of corruption, its consequences for the development of society and its security, as well as identify the most common ways to prevent and overcome corruption. Method (methodology). To achieve this goal, traditional methods of scientific knowledge of social phenomena and processes were used to clarify the essence of the concept of “corruption”; generalization and systematization – to study and clarify the key features of the classification of forms and types of corruption; analysis and synthesis – to find out the main causes of corruption, its consequences and identify key ways to overcome it. Results. The result of this study is clarifying of the definition of “corruption”, generalization and systematization of the classification of its forms and types, characterization of the key causes of corruption and its consequences for all spheres of society, as well as studying the main ways to prevent and overcome corruption in Ukraine and the world. Scope of the usage of the research results. These results can be used for further scientific research and substantiation of anti-corruption programs, economic development of the country, its faster integration into the European and world community. Conclusions. Corruption is a social evil that hinders the effective development of society. The formation of a unified interpretation of the concept of “corruption”, systematization of its forms and types, determining the causes and consequences will contribute to the development of effective methods of prevention and counteraction and faster integration of Ukraine into European and international space.

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9

Loureiro, Paulo R. A., Mario Jorge Mendonça, and Tito Belchior S. Moreira. "Corruption in Brazil: Perceptions, Causes and Consequences." International Journal of Economics and Finance 16, no. 1 (2023): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v16n1p33.

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This article conducts a thorough examination of corruption in Brazil, spanning its infiltration into everyday scenarios to its profound impact on the country&rsquo;s political, economic, and social spheres. It investigates prevalent instances of fraudulent practices in daily life, particularly in dining establishments, underscoring the challenge of combating this deeply ingrained culture of dishonesty due to underreporting. The piece highlights the extensive investigations into alleged criminal activities involving a significant proportion of Brazilian lawmakers and emphasizes the judiciary&rsquo;s slow response in prosecuting accused officials. Moreover, it delves into the adverse effects of corruption on the economy, citing its deterrent effect on foreign investments, exacerbation of income disparities, and contribution to economic instability. Criticisms of the government&rsquo;s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed, including the intervention of the Federal Supreme Court to scrutinize government actions. Proposing a mathematical model to comprehend and prevent crimes, it explores the intricate connections between various crime types, public security policies, and corruption. Finally, the article concludes by advocating empirical testing of this model and suggesting methodologies to construct comprehensive indices for diverse crime categories, offering an exhaustive analysis of corruption&rsquo;s multifaceted impact on Brazilian society, economy, and political framework.

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10

Lam, Eddie T. C. "Corruption in Sport: Causes, Consequences, and Reform." International Journal of Sport Communication 12, no. 1 (2019): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2018-0132.

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11

Conner, Andrea, and E. Ike Udogu. "Corruption in Africa: Causes, Consequences, and Cleanups." African and Asian Studies 7, no. 1 (2008): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921008x273105.

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12

Kelman, Steven. "Corruption and government: Causes, consequences, and reform." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 19, no. 3 (2000): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6688(200022)19:3<488::aid-pam10>3.0.co;2-o.

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13

Agbodohu, William. "Corruption in Ghana: Causes, Consequences and Cures." International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences 2, no. 1 (2014): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijefm.20140201.20.

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14

ogli, Rakhmonaliyev Zikrullo Iqboljon. "Corruption in Job Allocation and Its Legal Consequences." International Journal of Law And Criminology 5, no. 5 (2025): 86–88. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijlc/volume05issue05-13.

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This article investigates cases of corruption in job allocation in Uzbekistan, its types, causes, and legal consequences. It analyzes the manifestations of corruption in the distribution of jobs and the challenges related to ensuring transparency in the recruitment process. The study examines legislative acts adopted in Uzbekistan during 2023–2025 aimed at combating corruption in job allocation and their application in practice. In conclusion, the article presents proposals for improving legal mechanisms and preventive measures to eliminate corruption in job distribution.

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15

Ndidiamaka Okoye, Dr Joy, Okafor Nnenna Dorothy, and Chinonso Chigozie Ojimba. "Corruption in the Nigerian Public Sector: Causes, Consequences and Sustainable Solutions." International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies 4, no. 5 (2024): 1109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2024.4.5.3374.

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Corruption in Nigeria's public sector has long hindered the nation's development, stability, and prosperity. It permeates various facets of governance and society, leading to detrimental consequences, including economic stagnation, social injustice, and the erosion of public trust. Historical factors, such as the legacy of colonial exploitation and successive post-independence governments' mismanagement, have entrenched a culture of corruption. Despite efforts to combat it, including the establishment of anti-corruption agencies like the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), corruption remains pervasive. This study adopts a qualitative research design to explore the complex dynamics of corruption in Nigeria's public sector. Using Albert Bandura's social learning theory as the theoretical framework, and it explores how corrupt behaviors are observed, imitated, and reinforced within the public administration. The research identifies multiple causes of corruption, including institutional weaknesses, economic pressures, and cultural norms, which create an environment conducive to corrupt practices. The consequences of corruption are enormous: It undermines economic growth and development, deters foreign direct investment, exacerbates poverty and inequality, erodes public trust in government, and fuels political unrest and instability. Addressing corruption requires a comprehensive approach involving the strengthening of institutional frameworks, promoting transparency and accountability, improving public sector management, and fostering a culture of ethical leadership. Sustainable solutions to combat corruption include; enhancing the capacities of anti-corruption agencies, to be independent of the executive body, implementing public procurement reforms, ensuring budget transparency, and enforcing stringent anti-corruption measures.

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16

Kumar, Ravindra, Kaushal Ghunawat, Vishal Singh, Kajal Kumari, Saeema Qureshi, and Saurabh Shringar. "Impact of Corruption on Governance and Economic Development: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 6, no. 4 (2025): 6943–47. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.6.0425.14166.

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17

Rajak, Jeevan Singh. "Corruption in India: Nature, Causes, Consequences and Cure." IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science 18, no. 5 (2013): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-1852024.

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18

Cokgezen, Murat. "Corruption in Kyrgyzstan: the facts, causes and consequences." Central Asian Survey 23, no. 1 (2004): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634930410001711198.

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19

Stasavage, David. "Causes and consequences of corruption: Mozambique in transition." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 37, no. 3 (1999): 65–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662049908447797.

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20

Gould, David J., and Tshiabukole B. Mukendi. "Bureaucratic corruption in africa: causes, consequences and remedies." International Journal of Public Administration 12, no. 3 (1989): 427–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900698908524633.

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21

Zhu, Di. "The Causes and Countermeasures of Corruption in China." Journal of Business Theory and Practice 9, no. 2 (2021): p31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v9n2p31.

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Based on the Transparency International’s rank, China have had serious corruption issue so far (Lawrence & Weber, 2017). Since the reform and opening-up policy has been carried out in 1978, corruption has rapidly worsened in China, although the Chinese economy has been performing well (Wederman, 2004). Some scholars argued that the corruption may distort the allocation of resources, but unlike other countries, China’s economic growth was not affected significantly by corruption because of high level of public trust (Li & Wu, 2007). However, corruption may result in a serious regional income inequality and has significant negative consequences of increasing public resentment and social unrest causing more harm to economy (Wu & Zhu, 2011). As a result, the Chinese government often aggressively punishes the corruption actions by law (Lawrence & Weber, 2017).There are currently few researches to focus on corruption in China because of sensitive nature of corruption and lack of effective methodologies limited to surveys and case studies (Guo, 2008). In this paper, corruption only refers to bribery, a common form and consequence of abuse of public authority for personal gains (Wederman, 2004). By looking at some literatures, this short paper first elaborated on several reasons why corruption in China has been so serious, then come up with a constructive framework coping with corruption.

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22

Ozina, Albina, and Irina Karishina. "Corruption in public authorities: problems, consequences, counteraction measures." KANT 36, no. 3 (2020): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2020-36.15.

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Anti-corruption is one of the most important activities of state bodies. In this article, the authors consider in detail the causes, types and forms of corruption in public authorities, investigate the structure and consequences of corruption offenses. Attention is paid to the substantiation of directions and measures to combat corruption in government bodies.

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23

Rakhmonaliyev, Zikrullo Iqboljon o'g'li. "FORMS OF CORRUPTION IN THE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES." American Journal of Advanced Scientific Research (AJASR) 2, no. 9 (2025): 66–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15229776.

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This article thoroughly analyzes the forms of corruption in the use ofnatural resources, their causes, and negative consequences. The author focuses oncommon manifestations such as bribery in licensing, corruption in publicprocurement, regulatory body misconduct, illegal exploitation, and violations ofenvironmental standards. Based on statistical data, corruption-related challengesin Uzbekistan are explored, along with proposed solutions.

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24

Ellah, Charlie Chukwudi PhD, and Mezewo Emerinwe Obuzor. "Corruption in Academia: Understanding the Root Causes and Consequences of Lecturers-Students transactions." International Journal of Research in Education and Sustainable Development 4, no. 11 (2024): 40–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14555350.

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<em>Corruption in academia, particularly within the lecturer-student dynamic in Nigeria, poses a significant challenge to the integrity and credibility of the education system. This study explores the root causes and consequences of corruption in this context. Root causes include a lack of accountability, power imbalances, and lack of transparency, poor governance, and socioeconomic factors. These factors create an environment where unethical behavior can flourish, leading to consequences such as erosion of trust, compromised quality of education, perpetuation of inequality and discrimination, and broader societal impacts. Addressing corruption in academia requires a multi-faceted approach that emphasizes accountability, transparency, ethical leadership, and a culture of integrity. By understanding and addressing the root causes of corruption and its consequences, academic institutions in Nigeria can work towards creating a more ethical and equitable learning environment for all stakeholders involved. </em>

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25

Schneider, Friedrich, and Dominik H. Enste. "Shadow Economies: Size, Causes, and Consequences." Journal of Economic Literature 38, no. 1 (2000): 77–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.38.1.77.

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Using various methods, the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries is estimated. Average size varies from 12 percent of GDP for OECD countries, to 23 percent for transition countries and 39 percent for developing countries. Increasing taxation and social security contributions combined with rising state regulations are driving forces for the increase of the shadow economy, especially in OECD countries. According to some findings, corruption has a positive impact on the size of the shadow economy, and a growing shadow economy has a negative effect on official GDP growth.

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26

Tanzi, Vito. "Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures." IMF Working Papers 98, no. 63 (1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451848397.001.

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27

Tanzi, Vito. "Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures." Staff Papers - International Monetary Fund 45, no. 4 (1998): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3867585.

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28

Yahyaev, A. Kh, and A. S. Gadzhiev. "Causes and consequences of corruption in the Russian Federation." Государственная служба и кадры, no. 5 (2022): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.56539/23120444_2022_5_117.

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29

Tan Phat, Nguyen. "Causes and Consequences of Financial Corruption: a Conceptual Inquiry." International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences 1, no. 2 (2013): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijefm.20130102.17.

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30

Ruzanov, R. M., and T. M. Zharlygassinov. "Corruption in the Healthcare Sector During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Causes, Consequences and Responses." Economics: the strategy and practice 16, no. 3 (2021): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2021-3-217-226.

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The purpose of this article is to analyze the main causes of corruption in the healthcare sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study identified the main problems of national health during the pandemic, such as theft and resale of state-funded medicines, vaccines, and medical supplies (medical equipment), reduced availability and quality of medical services, low wages of medical workers, limited supervision and control (monitoring) in the healthcare sector and etc. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that there is a need for additional work to identify cases of those types of corruption that are indicated in the article. Also, citizens should be involved in suppressing corruption in the health sector - documenting all cases of corruption that can be detected at the place of service delivery. They will serve as strong evidence to advocate for transparency and accountability mechanisms that guarantee more equitable access to health services. The authors argue that one of the important recommendations for preventing corruption in the health sector is investing in prevention as well as enforcing it: developing health system reforms and new health programs to reduce incentives and opportunities for corruption. The results showed that the method of statistical analysis is quite effective in the field of studying corruption. The study of the statistics of corruption crimes allows us to adequately characterize the level of corruption. The sources are statistical data of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Combating Corruption, the Bureau of National Statistics, data from international organizations.

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31

Zeeshan, Shaikh, and Ansari Shahib Imtiyaz. "Corruption: Cancer for the System." Journal of Nursing Research,Patient Safety and Practise, no. 33 (April 16, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jnrpsp.33.1.5.

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Today corruption is a very hot debating topic around the world. This research paper is dealing with causes, consequences and possible cures of the corruption. Corruption is one of the biggest threats to the well-being of a society. Corruption hinders the growth of the country. Corruption is going to exist in future if people will not become aware and strict laws and their strict implementation. Corruption is not a new phenomenon but it has attracted much attention in recent times and it has increased as well. This paper discusses the causes and consequences of corruption, especially in the context of development of country. Corruption is a major obstacle in the process of economic development and in modernizing a country. Many people now feel that it should receive priority attention in a country’s development agenda. Corruption has devastating impacts on economic and societal development of any country. It is this paper’s aim to on corruption and its causes and effects. This paper is not dealing with the historical background of corruption and it’s types.

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32

Qudah, Anas M. Al, Lara Al-haddad, and Alaa A. A. Aljabali. "Combatting medical corruption: A global review of root causes, consequences, and evidence-based interventions." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 8, no. 2 (2025): 968–85. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i2.5397.

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Medical corruption poses a widespread and growing threat to healthcare systems globally, with the World Health Organization estimating that 10-25% of global healthcare spending is lost annually to corrupt practices. This systematic review synthesizes existing evidence on the causes, socioeconomic and clinical impacts, and effectiveness of anti-corruption interventions. We critically examine manifestations of corruption, such as bribery, fraudulent billing, kickbacks from pharmaceutical companies, and systemic inequities driven by unethical practices, including informal payments for care. A literature review was conducted across the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases (2013–2024), screening 1,250 peer-reviewed articles and case studies, with 89 selected. These findings indicate that corruption disproportionately impacts vulnerable groups, leading to medication shortages, unequal access to care, and preventable deaths. Low- and middle-income countries lose 30% of their healthcare funds to corruption, compared to 5-10% in high-income nations. Ongoing barriers to reform include regulatory capture, cultural normalization of bribery, and the lack of whistleblower protections. Emerging technological solutions, such as blockchain for supply chain transparency, AI-driven fraud detection, and crowdsourced corruption-reporting platforms, promise to combat illegal activities. However, anti-corruption interventions must be context-specific, incorporating robust legal frameworks, culturally sensitive ethics training, and international cooperation to address cross-border pharmaceutical fraud. This review uniquely advocates for institutional accountability metrics and the integration of anti-corruption goals into universal health coverage agendas. Policy implications underscore the necessity of political will to dismantle entrenched networks and public-private partnerships to ensure equitable care. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to assess intervention effectiveness and explore the role of social determinants in exacerbating corruption.

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33

He, Zengke. "Corruption and anti-corruption in reform China." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 33, no. 2 (2000): 243–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(00)00006-4.

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During the transition period, the extent of corruption in China is higher than before. Meanwhile the forms and characters of Chinese corruption are also different in many important aspects from those of its past and of other countries. This paper explores the causes, consequences of corruption and anti-corruption campaigns of the Chinese government. The major conclusion of this paper is that further political reform toward democracy should be the direction of future anti-corruption efforts.

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34

Kokoriev, Oleksii. "STAGNATION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY IN LITHUANIA: CAUSES, MANIFESTATIONS, CONSEQUENCES." European Political and Law Discourse 7, no. 2 (2020): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46340/eppd.2020.7.2.27.

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35

Ignjatijević, Svetlana, and Miroslav Čavlin. "Analysis of the causes and consequences of corruption in society." Oditor - casopis za Menadzment, finansije i pravo 3, no. 3 (2017): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/oditor1703035i.

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36

Manion, Melanie. "Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform. Susan Rose-Ackerman." Journal of Politics 63, no. 3 (2001): 1010–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jop.63.3.2691753.

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37

Ferreira de Oliveira, Wilson José. "Anti-corruption protests, alliance system and political polarization." Civitas - Revista de Ciências Sociais 20, no. 3 (2020): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1984-7289.2020.2.38032.

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The fight against corruption has become, in recent years, one of the main international causes. Many studies have been done on the effects and consequences of corrupt and corrupting practices for the political system and for the general society. However, there are still few who are dedicated to analyzing the conditions and dynamics of the fight against corruption as a public and international cause and its consequences and impacts on national political systems. Therefore, the objective of this article is to examine the emergence and spread of anti-corruption movements and protests in Brazil, between 2013 and 2018. I aim to demonstrate that the emergence and development of anti-corruption protests and mobilizations in this period are related to the crisis and collapse of the “alliance system” between the main political leaders and organizations, becoming a political resource to recompose and change such alignments. This analysis shows the relevance of the “political dimension” to understand the process of emergence and the development of protests and mobilizations against corruption.

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Egoryshev, S. V., and E. A. Egorysheva. "Corruption: institutional features, social determinants and consequences." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 2 (2021): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-2-253-264.

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The article considers the nature, causes, determinants and consequences of corruption. As a form of social deviation of a delinquent nature and as a type of crime, corruption has a destructive effect on all spheres of social life, primarily on their management - by redistributing their resources and by replacing social values and goals with group and personal ones. Corruption affects not only states but also international affairs; therefore, we need active opposition to corruption from the world community: International Anti-Corruption Day was included in the calendars of 187 countries including Russia. According to the World Bank, the annual global amount of bribes is 1 trillion US dollars. For many countries, corruption has become a threat to national security, which makes them seek and use effective and often radical measures to counter corruption, and to conduct comprehensive studies of corruption as an objective and widespread social phenomenon. The authors consider corruption on the basis of an interdisciplinary methodology with an emphasis on institutional and structural-functional approaches, which allowed to identify institutional features of corruption, its structure, functions and social consequences, and to assess the efficiency of anti-corruption measures. The article is based on the statistical data on the dynamics of corruption in Russia and the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2012-2020, and on the results of the sociological survey conducted by the Institute for Strategic Studies of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2020 according to the methodology for assessing corruption described in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. The survey focused on the problems in the interaction of citizens and employees of state and municipal authorities (everyday corruption), and in the interaction of authorities and business (business corruption) (the corresponding samples were 814 and 300 people). The study of everyday corruption was conducted by individual formalized interviews, of business corruption - by the online survey on the Google Forms.

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Koch, Levent, and M. A. Chaudhry. "February 2001 Crisis in Turkey: Causes and Consequences." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (2001): 467–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.467-486.

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Turkey has suffered from different economic crises since 1990. However, the February 2001 crisis has been unprecedented in intensity and repercussions. Although many factors, both internal and external, may have contributed to their occurrences, the former owing to their inducing corruption and waste in the economy, seem to have fomented them more than the latter. Although Turkey has been getting transformed into a market economy since 1980, government intervention is still pervasive in its economy. Government still controls Central Bank, owns commercial banks, and operates public enterprises. It has liberalised market, currency, foreign trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), but still operates sectors like energy, sugar and tobacco. Such a level of state intervention had adverse implications for corruption, waste, effective reforms, etc. in the country. Further, since the transformation of the economy could not be accompanied by concomitant structural, legal and institutional reforms in 1990s, resources have constantly been misused over the years. Further still, groups owning bank, media and holding companies jointly have notoriously precipitated domestic financial crisis by stashing away the home deposits in their offshore branches. Finally, supporting agriculture and industry with politically-motivated credit for voting purposes has constantly been aggravating the drain of resources and thereby financial crises of the country. This paper attempts a critical examination of how such factors may have contributed to the occurrence and accentuation of economic crises suffered by Turkey over the last decade.

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40

Alsaad, Muslim Alawi, and Abdulridha Nasser Mohsen. "Invisible Corruption in Iraqi Universities: Causes and Solutions." Journal of Development and Administrative Studies 25, no. 1-2 (2017): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jodas.v25i1-2.23440.

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Corruption is a global phenomenon driving towards the non-productive activities, and its result becomes more risky if corruption is widespread. Corruption in high education institutions has detrimental consequences on the quality of education, the student’s ethics, the future opportunities for students, and the quality of future leadership. This paper aims to explore the role of universities in the spread of invisible corruption at the Iraqi high education sector. The main research problem is an attempt to explore the role of students, academic and other staff in the spread of invisible corruption at the Iraqi high education sector, and what best solution are used to limit its effects. This study pursues both deductive and inductive approach and uses the analysis which is supported by both theoretical evidence and statistical techniques. The study was conducted at the University of Basra and the Southern Technical University, where, the sample included professors with experience and specialization in the field of teaching and analyzing corruption in high education. The results showed limited visible corruption in the Iraqi education sector, while Invisible corruption was the most common in the Iraqi high education sector, because of the difficulty of discovering its practices. The spread of this type of corruption was due to the common interests between students and academic and administrative bodies. This requires Popularizing the culture of integrity and exposing corruption and its dangers in the external and internal community levels of Iraq's high education sector.

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Sorokina, Anna, and Maria Shtanko. "CORRUPTION AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON." Scientific Papers Collection of the Angarsk State Technical University 2024, no. 1 (2024): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-7788-2024-1-496-500.

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The article analyzes the influence of corruption on the social life of society. The causes and consequences of corruption are considered, the importance of negative social consequences is emphasized. It was revealed that if a distortion of social, political, economic foundations is identified in a state, then there is a degradation of social relations due to the weakening of legal institutions, then the level of corruption will be high. Effective measures to combat corruption aimed at strengthening social norms in society are summarized and listed

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Brovka, G., and A. Nazarchuk. "CORRUPTION RISKMANAGEMENT IN THECUSTOMS BODIES OF THE EAEU." Экономическая наука сегодня, no. 10 (December 11, 2019): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-6667-2019-10-195-203.

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The article deals with the phenomenon of corruption, its essence, causes and consequences. Attention is paid to corruption in Customs bodies and its features. The comparative economic analysis of corruption backgrounds in the Customs bodies of the EAEU is carried out. Foreign anticorruption instruments are reported. The ways of enhancing corruption counteraction in Customs bodies are defined.

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Ferreira do Vale, Hélder. "La impunidad en Brasil: causas y consecuencias = Impunity in Brazil: causes and consequences." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 14 (March 19, 2018): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2018.4158.

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Resumen: El artículo busca entender las causas y consecuencias de la impunidad en Brasil. Para ello, el artículo trata la impunidad como consecuencia de factores institucionales y estructurales que sobreviven y se han reafirmado en la sociedad brasileña a lo largo de décadas. Las causas institucionales y estructurales de la impunidad –el sistema de recursos de apelación, la prescripción del crimen, la falta de capacidad del Estado, y la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica de determinados grupos sociales– son determinantes para la creación de una cultura que normaliza el no cumplimiento de penas, la falta de celeridad en los juicios y la aplicación de penas blandas. Con el objetivo de examinar estas causas y sus manifestaciones en varios ámbitos, el artículo identificó cuatro casos emblemáticos –la matanza de jóvenes frente a la Iglesia de la Candelaria en Rio de Janeiro en 1993, el asesinato del recolector de cauchos Chico Mendes en 1988, la corrupción en la Comisión de Presupuestos de la Cámara de Diputados en 1994 y la ruptura de la represa de residuos minerales en Mariana en 2015– que ilustran la existencia de factores institucionales y estructurales propulsores de la impunidad. A través de esos casos el artículo contempla varios delitos que incluyen crímenes de corrupción, ambiental y asesinato colectivo, y enfoca la resolución de cada uno de los casos destacando los elementos de impunidad. El análisis ilustra la impunidad de estos casos que revelan la constante incapacidad del Estado y de la sociedad en Brasil de hacer justicia.Palabras clave: Impunidad, justicia, ciudadanía, corrupción, derechos, BrasilAbstract: The article seeks to understand the causes and consequences of impunity in Brazil. With this purpose, the article treats impunity as a consequence of institutional and structural factors that survive and have been reaffirmed in the Brazilian society over the decades. The institutional and structural causes of impunity –the system of appeals, the prescription of crime, the lack of state capacity, and the socioeconomic vulnerability of certain social groups– are determinants for the creation of a culture that normalizes non-compliance of sentences, the lack of speed in the trials and the application of soft sentences. With the aim of examining these causes and their manifestations in several areas, the article identified four emblematic cases –the killing of teenagers in front of the Church of Candelaria in Rio de Janeiro in 1993, the murder of rubber tapper Chico Mendes in 1988, corruption in the Budget Committee of the National Chamber of Deputies in 1994 and the rupture of the mineral waste dam in Mariana in 2015– illustrating the existence of institutional and structural factors that foster impunity. Through these cases, the article contemplates several crimes that include corruption and environmental crimes as well as collective murder and focuses on the resolution of each of the cases, highlighting the elements of impunity. The analysis shows high levels of impunity that reveal the constant inability of the State and society in Brazil to carry out justice.Keywords: Impunity, justice, citizenship, corruption, rights, Brazil.

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Pranoto., Vincent, and Gu Biao. "The Causes and Consequences of Capital Flight in Indonesia: A VAR Model Approach." International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics 12, no. 2 (2025): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15462873.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> This study examines the dynamic relationship between corruption and capital flight in Indonesia over the period from 2000 to 2022. Using a Vector Autoregression (VAR) framework, the research investigates the interactions among six important variables: Corruption Index, Capital Flight, Interest Rate, Exchange Rate, GDP Growth Rate, and Inflation Rate. In the model specification, corruption is positioned as the key driver of changes in the system, while capital flight serves as the primary transmission channel linking institutional weaknesses to financial instability and real sector outcomes. In the Indonesian context, weak institutional quality can trigger financial outflows, destabilize monetary conditions, and slow down real economic growth. The findings suggest that improving governance is essential not only for ethical governance but also for financial stability and long-term economic resilience. Stronger institutional frameworks could help mitigate the risks associated with capital flight and strengthen Indonesia’s external position. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Capital Flight, Corruption Index, Granger Causality, Impulse Response Function, Political Instability, Vector Autoregression. <strong>Title:</strong> The Causes and Consequences of Capital Flight in Indonesia: A VAR Model Approach <strong>Author:</strong> Pranoto. Vincent, Biao. Gu <strong>International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics</strong> <strong>ISSN 2394-7322</strong> <strong>Vol. 12, Issue 2, May 2025 - August 2025</strong> <strong>Page No: 1-6</strong> <strong>Novelty Journals</strong> <strong>Website: www.noveltyjournals.com</strong> <strong>Published Date: 19-</strong><strong>May-2025</strong> <strong>DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15462873</strong> <strong>Paper Download link (Source)</strong> <strong>https://www.noveltyjournals.com/upload/paper/The%20Causes%20and%20Consequences-19052025-2.pdf</strong>

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Kulmie, Dayah Abdi. "Financial Crimes in Somali Public Sector: Causes and Consequences." International Journal of Economics and Finance 15, no. 4 (2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n4p18.

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This study investigated financial crimes in Somali public sector. It intended to explicitly assess public workers&rsquo; perception of financial crimes, as well as the primary causes and effects of financial crimes in Somali Public Sector. A descriptive research approach was used in this study, and a questionnaire was used to gather data from 160 participants. This research was guided by the Fraud Triangle Theory and Fraud Dimond Theory which describe pressure, opportunity, rationalization and capability as key factors for conducting financial crimes. Although these elements have a significant influence, the findings showed that opportunity mainly representing improper internal audit and control, poor governance and improper duty segregation is the most contributing element to financial crimes in Somali public sector. The findings also revealed that financial crimes disturb resource allocation, wealth distribution and socioeconomic development, resulting in poverty and loss of public trust in government institutions. The study concludes that the financial crimes in public sector of Somalia is alarming and is affecting the economy, quality of life, wellbeing, integrity and social progress. However, this study recommends that the Somali government should establish effective control mechanisms, apply appropriate budgetary strategies to ensure government financial soundness and establish/activate government anti-corruption bodies to combat any form of corruption and financial crimes. Furthermore, the government should develop strong legal frameworks to promote accountability and deter perpetrator. The research also recommends that the government implement e-government with the purpose of increasing transparency and public trust. Finally, the study recommends that international donors should help Somalia to develop strong public institutions by providing administrative and technical support, particular, public financial management system.

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Israilov, Galib Rashidovich. "SYSTEM OF FORMING AN UNCOMPROMISING ATTITUDE BASED ON TRAINING FUTURE TEACHERS IN THE CAUSES AND CONDITIONS OF CORRUPTION." Research and implementation 2, no. 9 (2024): 6–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13778500.

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This article examines the issue of forming an intolerant attitude towards corruption in future teachers by studying the causes and conditions that cause corruption. The economic, social, legal and moral factors of corruption are analyzed and their negative consequences in the field of education are described. The importance of forming a professional culture based on the principles of justice and transparency in society is emphasized by teaching these factors to future teachers and developing their anti-corruption knowledge and skills. Thus, the measures presented in the article will help to strengthen the uncompromising attitude in pedagogical activity for an effective fight against corruption.<strong> </strong>

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Abitew, Endalsasa Belay. "Assessing the Prevalence, Cause and Consequences of Corruption in Dagmawi Minilk Sub-City, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia." International Journal of Political Activism and Engagement 7, no. 1 (2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpae.2020010103.

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The main purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence, cause and consequences of corruption in Dagawi Minilk Sub-City, Bahir Dar. Primary data were gathered from 103 employees using questionnaires and from 5 key informants through interviews. The results of the study confirmed that corruption forms such as bribery, nepotism and favoritism) are frequently occurring in the sub-city. Low payment scales, absence of exemplary leadership, lack of effective supervisions, ineffective institutional accountability were the major causes of corruption. Embezzlement of public resources, delaying in delivering services, lowering quality of service, worsening income inequality undermines the legitimacy of the government were also identified as the major adverse consequences of corruption. This study recommends that improving institutional accountability, increasing salary and selecting exemplary leaders is paramount important.

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Suvedi, Mukti. "The Level of Corruption in Democratic Republic of Nepal: An In-depth Analysis of Root Causes, Governance Impact, and Potential Solutions." Contemporary Research: An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal 7, no. 1 (2024): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/craiaj.v7i1.67252.

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This article critically examines the issue of corruption in Nepal's modern democracy, which poses a significant challenge to the foundational principles of transparency, accountability, and fair representation. Through an exploration of the root causes, impact on governance, and potential solutions, the study sheds light on the complexities of corruption within Nepal's political and administrative systems. The analysis identifies historical factors, including the lingering effects of past autocratic regimes and political instability, as contributors to the conducive environment for corruption. Furthermore, weak institutional frameworks, characterized by insufficient checks and balances, inadequate enforcement mechanisms, and political patronage networks, are identified as systemic issues fostering corrupt practices. The impact of corruption on governance is manifested in the erosion of public trust, economic consequences leading to resource misallocation, and impaired service delivery in essential sectors. These consequences collectively contribute to disillusionment among citizens, hindering the democratic process and perpetuating social inequalities. This study utilizes qualitative methods to analyze corruption in Nepal's democracy, identifying root causes and impacts while proposing solutions like strengthening institutions and fostering transparency. Secondary research study was performed to abstract potential solutions, emphasizing the need for strengthening democratic institutions, promoting transparency and accountability through robust measures and enforcement of anti-corruption laws, and fostering citizen engagement. Additionally, international cooperation is highlighted as a valuable avenue for sharing best practices and gaining insights from successful anti-corruption efforts in other nations. In conclusion, the study advocates for a comprehensive, multi-faceted approach to address corruption in Nepal's democracy. By addressing root causes and fostering a culture of accountability, the nation can strive towards building a more resilient democratic system that effectively serves the interests of its people. The article underscores the importance of sustained efforts and a collective commitment to combating corruption for Nepal to realize a future where democracy thrives and fulfills its promises.

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Abduqodirov, Axrorbek. "THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY." TSUL legal report 3, no. 2 (2022): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.lr.3.2./ktrq1451.

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This article describes the concept of corruption and its content, various scientific and theoretical views on corruption, as well as the possible causes and consequences of corruption. They also discussed in detail the large-scale legal reforms aimed at preventing corruption in the country, state anti-corruption programs and mechanisms for their implementation, as well as best practices in combating corruption in developed countries. The author of the article emphasizes the importance of building immunity in the fight against corruption in the life of society in the Republic of Uzbekistan, and makes recommendations for the prevention of corruption based on the analysis of reforms and government programs in this area.

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Nchang, Nchise Delphine, Shu Gerald Shu, and Giyoh Gideon Nginyu. "The Effects of Corruption in the Church and Its Consequences: Case of Yaounde I Municipality in the Center Region of Cameroon." Studies in Social Science & Humanities 4, no. 2 (2025): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.56397/sssh.2025.03.01.

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Corruption is a phenomenon with serious consequences that affects all communities in the world. In Cameroon, its effects are widespread in all sectors. In both 1998 and 1999, Transparency International identified Cameroon as the globe’s leading corrupt nation. Corruption has cut across every sector of the country, and that is why this study was therefore carried out to determine the effects of corruption in the church. Survey data for this study were quantitatively analyzed by use of Semi-structured questionnaires, to test the statistical relationships using descriptive statistical methods and regression methods with the Structural Equation Model [CB-SEM], and with the aid of SPSS and AMOS 24 statistical packages. The study examined the causes of corruption in the church, the consequences of corruption on church growth, and the extent to which corruption can be curbed in the church. The respondents concurred that corruption was a serious issue and that its existence resulted from a lack of accountability, transparency, and awareness of its repercussions.

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