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Karami, Hamidreza, and Oluwole Alfred Olatunji. "Critical overrun causations in marine projects." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 27, no. 7 (April 19, 2020): 1579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-09-2019-0477.
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PurposeDelay causations in infrastructure projects are well reported in normative literature. However, very little is known regarding the environment-related causations which can assist in developing mitigation strategies. This study aims to examine critical causations of overruns in marine construction projects.Design/methodology/approachA total of 73 delay factors, grouped into 16 themes, were identified from literature. Data relating to the significance of each factor were collected through a questionnaire survey administered to 151 respondents. A total number of 126 valid responses were retrieved. Reductionist methodology was used to identify the statistical significance of each delay causation.FindingsAll 73 variables analysed in the study are significant, including communication issues amongst stakeholders, inadequate planning, safety issues, deficient technical instructions and inappropriate management approaches. Others include design and construction issues, issues with project organisational structures, political and cultural factors, environmental uncertainties and complexity in resource management. The study also found estimation errors, owner's attitude, financial issues, delay in approval processes, construction strategies and unavailability of appropriate technologies for the work as influencing factors. These findings are consistent with earlier studies on other forms of projects, but they further confirm that they are very relevant to marine projects.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the diversity of marine projects, overrun factors are likely to manifest in different ways in varying project circumstances. In addition, economics, technologies and local legislation often influence project situations differently.Practical implicationsThe implications of these findings will assist in growing the practicality of scheduling and contract administration theories in marine projects. Although delay causations that have been reported in normative literature are relevant to marine construction, however, some of the causations are more severe in marine projects. It is important that planners and project stakeholders are mindful of this such that they can develop their expectations to tolerate variability rather than trade impracticable blames.Originality/valueDetermining delay factors specific to marine construction projects assists stakeholders and project management community in developing dedicated strategies applicable in scheduling to prevent and correct obstructions caused by overruns. Since projects are different in types and sizes, delay observations cannot be generalised.
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Hitchcock, Christopher Read. "Farewell to Binary Causation." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 26, no. 2 (June 1996): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1996.10717454.
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Causation is a topic of perennial philosophical concern. As well as being of intrinsic interest, almost all philosophical concepts — such as knowledge, beauty, and moral responsibility — involve a causal dimension. Nonetheless, attempts to provide a satisfactory account of the nature of causation have typically led to barrages of counterexamples. I hope to show that a number of the difficulties plaguing theories of causation have a common source.Most philosophical theories of causation describe a binary relation between cause and effect, or at any rate, a relation that reduces to such a binary relation when certain background information is held fixed. Indeed, most theories provide the same general account of when this relation holds: in order to evaluate whether C causes E, we must make a comparison between two cases, which we may neutrally label as C and ∼C. Where theories of causation differ, of course, is in precisely what is being so compared. Regularity theories of causation require a comparison between what actually happens whenever C occurs, and what actually happens, elsewhere and elsewhen, when C does not occur.
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CLARKE, RANDOLPH. "Absence Causation for Causal Dispositionalists." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 4, no. 3 (2018): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2018.16.
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AbstractSeveral theories of causation rule out causation of or by lacks, omissions, or absences of things. They thereby conflict with much of what we think and say about what causes what. This article proposes a modification of one kind of theory, causal dispositionalism, so that it accepts absence causation while retaining a fundamental commitment of dispositionalism.
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Grenda, Vytautas. "DEVYNIŲ KONTRAFAKTINIŲ PRIEŽASTINGUMO TEORIJŲ PALYGINIMAS PASITELKIANT SEPTYNIS PAVYZDŽIUS." Problemos 76 (January 1, 2009): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2009.0.1937.
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Straipsnyje lyginamos ir vertinamos devynios per pastarąjį dešimtmetį pasirodžiusios kontrafaktinės vienetinio priežastingumo teorijos, kurias visas sukūrė arba inspiravo D. Lewisas, J. Y. Halpernas ir J. Pearlas, o savo tekstuose išdėstė šeši kiti autoriai. Parodomi kai kurie literatūroje dar neaprašyti šių teorijų skirtumai. Įrodinėjama, kad dauguma šių teorijų intuityviai panašius pavyzdžius nagrinėja skirtingai, ir šiuo požiūriu primeta perskyras, kurių buitinės priežastingumo sampratos požiūriu ne tik nėra, bet ir neturėtų būti.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: vienetinis priežastingumas, kontrafaktiniai sąlyginiai teiginiai, „atsarginės“ priežastys, persąlygojimas.Comparison of Nine Counterfactual Theories of Causation by the Use of Seven ExamplesVytautas Grenda SummaryThe article compares and evaluates nine last-decade counterfactual theories of singular causation, which were either created or inspired by David Lewis, Joseph Y. Halpern and Judea Pearl and presented in the texts of six other authors. Some differences between those theories that have not yet been described in literature are shown in the article. It is argued that the majority of those theories analyze intuitively similar examples in different ways. In that respect, those theories impose distinctions which, according to the folk theory of causation, are (and should be) absent.Keywords: singular causation, counterfactuals, backup causes, overdetermination.
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Engler, S., J. Luterbacher, F. Mauelshagen, and J. Werner. "The Irish famine of 1740–1741: causes and effects." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 1 (February 15, 2013): 1013–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-1013-2013.
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Abstract. This paper advances the current debate on causes and effects of famines. Since Sen's food entitlement decline theory emerged in the 1980's, climate and environmental factors are widely excluded in famine analysis. Studying the causation and the processes of famines as well as the adaptations to it before the 20th century will enhance modern famine theories and lead to a rethinking of the role of climate/environmental aspects in current research. In our case study, the "Famine Vulnerability Analysis Model" (FVAM) serves as an explanatory model and will open up new perspectives on famines. Special emphasis will be put on the Europe-wide crises of 1740–1741, with a focus on the famine of the "great frost" in Ireland. The interaction of demographic, political, economic and environmental aspects is characteristic in this famine.
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Pemunta, N. V. "The Social Epidemiology and Burden of Malaria in Bali Nyonga, Northwest Cameroon." Health, Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2013.69.
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Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the anopheles mosquito that kills at least one million people in Sub-Saharan Africa every year, leading to human suffering and enormous economic loses. This paper examines the complex web of cultural, poor socio-economic conditions and environmental factors for the prevalence of malaria in Bali Nyonga. The study outlines and assesses the multiple notions of malaria causation with dirty environment (80.76%) and the mosquito (76.92%) as the leading causes. Other causes are poor hygiene (46.15%), impure sources of portable water (23.08%), malnutrition (15.38%), witchcraft (11.54%), human-vector contact (34.61%),and palm wine drinking (32.69%).It reveals that any effective management of malaria must be based on an understanding of traditional cultural views and insights concerning the cause, spread and treatment of the disease, as well as gender roles within a given community since women bear a greater burden of the disease than men. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts.
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Shang, Shi Yu. "Aanalyse on the Causation and Classification of Usual Damages of Highway Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1297.
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There are long spans and various types of lining of highway tunnels under different geological conditions. It is challenging to obtain accurate geological condition data of tunnel, the existing tunnel design theories and methods are not mature either. Meantime, the stresses of tunnel during the stage of design, construction, operation and maintenance are also changing with time. Therefore, it is difficult to discover the root causes of the highway tunnels defeats, also because of the joint influence of the above factors. Through the broadly investigations of defeats of highway tunnel, the reasons of these defeats was analyzed and classified from four aspects, external forces, design methods, construction phase and deterioration of materials. More important, the general rules and association between the defeats and causes was studied and suggested following the brief introduction of the highway tunnel defeats.
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Ruggiero, Vincenzo. "Hypotheses on the causes of financial crime." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-02-2019-0021.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the aftermath of the 2006-07 financial crisis and attempts to identify a range of causes that were responsible for it and are likely to trigger similar events in the future. The analytical tradition established by the study of white-collar crime provides the background for such an examination, which avails itself of some conceptualisations derived from classical economic thought. Design/methodology/approach Explanations of financial crime can resort to general theories based on allegedly universal values. They can posit the existence of criminaloids, namely, individuals who indulge in illegal practices, or ‘honest fraud’, while not deeming themselves culpable. Anomie and control theory in criminology have highlighted how the causes of financial crime are associated with general criminogenic contexts or with individual propensities or mindsets. This paper adds to the existing perspectives a number of variables that can provide a more nuanced picture of financial crimes. Findings This paper attempts to identify a range of discrete variables that can be termed interstitial in the sense that they can accompany a variety of theoretical hypotheses, locate themselves in the space left in between the different approaches while providing supplementary analytical foci. Ignorance, entitlement, reverse Keynesianism, recklessness, efficiency and the finance curse may offer additional angles from which the causation of financial crime can be observed. Sociological and criminological arguments, in this paper, are interspersed with notions derived from classical economics. Originality/value The originality of this contribution is to be found in its use of different theoretical traditions, establishing a dialogue between social theory, criminology and economic thought.
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Gad ELhak, Seham A., Abdel Aziz A. Ghanem, Hassan AbdelGhaffar, Sahar El Dakroury, and Mohamed M. Salama. "Parkinson's Disease: Is It a Toxic Syndrome?" Neurology Research International 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/103094.
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Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases which we can by certainty identify its pathology, however, this confidence disappeares when talking about the cause. A long history of trials, suggestions, and theories tried linking PD to a specific causation. In this paper, a new suggestion is trying to find its way, could it be toxicology? Can we—in the future—look to PD as an occupational disease, in fact, many clues point to the possible toxic responsibility—either total or partial—in causing this disease. Searching for possible toxic causes for PD would help in designing perfect toxic models in animals.
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Portes, Alejandro. "International Migration and National Development." Sociology of Development 2, no. 2 (2016): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2016.2.2.73.
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This article reviews theoretical perspectives on migration and development, starting with nineteenth-century political economy theories focused on “colonizing” migrations from England and other European powers and concluding with the emerging literature on immigrant transnationalism and its consequences for sending nations. The general concept of equilibrium has until currently dominated orthodox economic theories of both colonizing and labor migrations from peripheral regions to advanced nations. The counteroffensive, led by Gunnar Myrdal and theorists of the dependency school, centered on the notion of cumulative causation leading to increasing poverty and the depopulation of peripheral sending areas. Both perspectives registered numerous empirical anomalies, stemming from a common view of migration flows as occurring between separate politico-economic entities. An alternative conceptualization of such flows as internal to an overarching global system has improved our understanding of causes and consequences of labor migration and has framed the back-and-forth complexities of these movements captured in the novel notion of transnationalism.
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Zimring, Franklin E., and Jefferey Fagan. "The Search for Causes in an Era of Crime Declines: Some Lessons from the Study of New York City Homicide." Crime & Delinquency 46, no. 4 (October 2000): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128700046004002.
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This article addresses the problem of testing the effects of particular policies on crime rates in an era of general down trends. One illustration of that problem is our recent finding that rates of non-gun homicide had been declining substantially in New York City for 8 years prior to any significant change in policing and could not plausibly be caused by these later events. The article contrasts three different “controls” for time trend effects, naive cross-sectional controls, detailed models of crime causation, and qualitative checks that examine whether the details of crime patterns are changing in ways consistent with theories of policy events as change agents. The qualitative approach is embraced as a necessity. A final section questions whether criminal justice policies should be assumed to affect general crime rates in broad and undifferentiated ways.
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Marques, José Oscar de Almeida. "Regularity and counterfactuality in Hume's treatment of causation." Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia 52, no. 124 (December 2011): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-512x2011000200007.
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Of the several theories of causation current in our days, Hume is said to be the inspiration of two of the most influential and accepted: the regularity theory, first clearly formulated by Thomas Brown in 1822, and the counterfactual theory, proposed by David Lewis in 1973. After a brief outline of the comparative merits and difficulties of these two views, I proceed to examine whether Hume's own treatment of causation actually corresponds to any of them. I will show that his first definition of cause, coupled with his rules by which to judge about causes and effects, contains elements that, properly developed, allow us to address successfully some traditional difficulties of the regularity view of causation, without resorting to the conceptual resources employed in the counterfactual approach. Therefore, we can properly classify Hume as an advocate of the conception of causation as regularity, noting however that his primary goal in his research and definitions of the concept was to provide not so much an analysis of causation as such, but of causation as we apprehend it, in the form of our ability to make causal inferences and refine them to reach the more sophisticated causal reasonings that are required in the theoretical and practical issues of life.
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Wang, Yingxu. "Inference Algebra (IA)." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 5, no. 4 (October 2011): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcini.2011100105.
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Inference as the basic mechanism of thought is one of the gifted abilities of human beings. It is recognized that a coherent theory and mathematical means are needed for dealing with formal causal inferences. This paper presents a novel denotational mathematical means for formal inferences known as Inference Algebra (IA). IA is structured as a set of algebraic operators on a set of formal causations. The taxonomy and framework of formal causal inferences of IA are explored in three categories: a) Logical inferences on Boolean, fuzzy, and general logic causations; b) Analytic inferences on general functional, correlative, linear regression, and nonlinear regression causations; and c) Hybrid inferences on qualification and quantification causations. IA introduces a calculus of discrete causal differential and formal models of causations; based on them nine algebraic inference operators of IA are created for manipulating the formal causations. IA is one of the basic studies towards the next generation of intelligent computers known as cognitive computers. A wide range of applications of IA are identified and demonstrated in cognitive informatics and computational intelligence towards novel theories and technologies for machine-enabled inferences and reasoning.
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Coman, Alina, Finn Skårderud, and Bjørn M. Hofmann. "A Disorder of a Vulnerable Self: Anorexia Nervosa Patients’ Understanding of Disorder and Self in the Context of fMRI Brain Scanning." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 15, no. 2 (2013): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.15.2.120.
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In this article, we aim to explore patient perspectives regarding the etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) in the context of participating in brain research for AN. This is a qualitative study using semistructured interviews with 12 young AN patients. Data were analyzed according to thematic analysis method. This study shows that patients’ language used to express their understanding of the etiology of AN was characterized by psychological terms such as personality, self-esteem, control, and coping rather than neuroscientific terms.Participants held a complex understanding of the causes of AN, acknowledging a brain–mind relationship. However, participants expressed the hope that brain sciences could contribute to identify an objective, physical proof for AN, that would validate their illness, increase understanding, and reduce blame. The study suggests that prevailing biological explanations promoted by brain research did not encourage simplistic perspectives on causation among patients. Instead, patients viewed biological-based theories and brain science as a means of validating their illness.
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Aamir, Momin Shahzad. "An Introduction and Historical Background of Concept of Akhlat (Humour)." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 2, no. 4 (August 29, 2018): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v2i4.54.
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Humoral theory, also known as theory of akhlat is a key concept in Unani System of Medicine. It was originated in Ancient Greece and later developed by Galen and Arabic Physicians. The theory was central to the teachings of Greco Arabic medicine and it became the dominant theory in Europe for many centuries. It remained a major influence on medical practice and teaching until eighteenth century. The theory was first postulated by Hippocrates in his treatise On the Nature of Man. The method of approach of these early thinkers was to look for natural explanations for human physiology and disease causation with the help of logical reasoning and observation. In this theory, humors existed as liquids within the body which are known as blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile. The humoral theory evolved over millennia and finally became the dominant explanation of human physiology. This was in contrast to the supernatural theories for disease causation and also attempt to explain that disease instead is a naturalistic event and it can be understood by natural causes. This short review will mainly focus on the understanding and historical background of the theory of akhlat.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 02 No. 04 October’18. Page : 189-192
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Osimani, Barbara. "Causing something to be one way rather than another." Kybernetes 43, no. 6 (May 27, 2014): 865–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-07-2013-0149.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to suggest a definition of genetic information by taking into account the debate surrounding it. Particularly, the objections raised by Developmental Systems Theory (Griffiths, 2001; Oyama 1985; Griffiths and Knight 1998) to Teleosemantic endorsements of the notion of genetic information (Sterelny et al. 1996; Maynard Smith, 2000; Jablonka, 2002) as well as deflationist approaches which suggest to ascribe the notion of genetic information a heuristic value at most, and to reduce it to that of causality (Godfrey-Smith, 2000; Boniolo, 2003, 2008). Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents the notion of genetic information through its historical evolution and analyses it with the conceptual tools offered by philosophical theories of causation on one side (“causation as influence,” Woodward, 2010; Waters, 2007; Lewis, 2000) and linguistics on the other (“double articulation” Martinet, 1960). Findings – The concept of genetic information is defined as a special kind of cause which causes something to be one way rather than another, by combining elementary units one way rather than another. Tested against the notion of “genetic error” this definition demonstrates to provide an exhaustive account of the common denominators associated with the notion of genetic information: causal specificity; combinatorial mechanism; arbitrariness. Originality/value – The definition clarifies how the notion of information is understood when applied to genetic phenomena and also contributes to the debate on the notion of information, broadly meant, which is still affected by lack of consensus (Floridi, 2013).
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Jacobs, David H., and David Cohen. "The End of Neo-Kraepelinism." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 14, no. 2 (2012): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.14.2.87.
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In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association asserted that its subject matter was straightforwardly medical and created a diagnostic manual—Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.; DSM-III)—consisting of supposedly discrete and independent mental disorders based on what were meant to be low-inference, easily observed sets of symptoms. It was taken for granted that such mental disorders existed and that biological research over time would unearth their specific somatic causes. The idea was to purge psychiatric diagnosis of jargon and unverified and unverifiable psychosocial theories of etiology and thereby place psychiatry on the road to discoveries regarding somatic pathology and causation that has proven so fruitful in the rest of medicine. When DSM-5 is published in 2013, however, biological information about the individual being diagnosed will play the same role as it did in DSM-III—namely, nothing. This article summarizes why adopting medicine as a model for conceptualizing personal distress and social difficulties was and is naïve and misguided. It is time for the mental health industry to stop pretending that psychological difficulties can be reduced to morbid physiology.
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Ackerman, Sara L., Katherine Weatherford Darling, Sandra Soo-Jin Lee, Robert A. Hiatt, and Janet K. Shim. "The Ethics of Translational Science: Imagining Public Benefit in Gene-Environment Interaction Research." Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 3 (June 29, 2017): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2017.152.
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Biomedical research is increasingly informed by expectations of “translation,” which call for the production of scientific knowledge that can be used to create services and products that improve health outcomes. In this paper, we ask how translation, in particular the idea of social responsibility, is understood and enacted in the post-genomic life sciences. Drawing on theories examining what constitutes “good science,” and interviews with 35 investigators who study the role of gene-environment interactions in the etiology of cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, we describe the dynamic and unsettled ethics of translational science through which the expected social value of scientific knowledge about complex disease causation is negotiated. To describe how this ethics is formed, we first discuss the politics of knowledge production in interdisciplinary research collectives. Researchers described a commitment to working across disciplines to examine a wide range of possible causes of disease, but they also pointed to persistent disciplinary and ontological divisions that rest on the dominance of molecular conceptions of disease risk. The privileging of molecular-level causation shapes and constrains the kinds of knowledge that can be created about gene-environment interactions. We then turn to scientists’ ideas about how this knowledge should be used, including personalized prevention strategies, targeted therapeutics, and public policy interventions. Consensus about the relative value of these anticipated translations was elusive, and many scientists agreed that gene-environment interaction research is part of a shift in biomedical research away from considering important social, economic, political and historical causes of disease and disease disparities. We conclude by urging more explicit engagement with questions about the ethics of translational science in the post-genomic life sciences. This would include a consideration of who will benefit from emerging scientific knowledge, how benefits will accrue, and the ways in which normative assumptions about the public good come to be embedded in scientific objects and procedures.
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Yu, Kimberley, and Madeline Chadehumbe. "A rare pediatric case of cluster headaches after cardiac catheterization in a patient with an isolated innominate artery." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 9 (January 2021): 2050313X2110236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x211023679.
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While cluster headaches are classified and considered a primary headache disorder, secondary causes of cluster headaches have been reported and may provide insight into cluster headaches’ potential pathophysiology. The mechanisms underlying this headache phenotype are poorly understood, and several theories have been proposed that range from the activation within the posterior hypothalamus to autonomic tone dysfunction. We provide a review of reported cases in the literature describing secondary causes after cardiac procedures. We will present a novel pediatric case report of a 16-year-old boy with an isolated innominate artery who presented with acute new-onset headaches 8 h following cardiac catheterization of the aortic arch with arteriography and left pulmonary artery stent placement. The headaches were characterized by attacks of excruciating pain behind the left eye and jaw associated with ipsilateral photophobia, conjunctival injection, rhinorrhea, with severe agitation and restlessness. These met the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 criteria for episodic cluster headaches. The headaches failed to respond to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, dopamine antagonists, and steroids. He showed an immediate response to treatment with oxygen. This unique case of cluster headaches following cardiac catheterization in a pediatric patient with an isolated innominate artery may provide new insight into cluster headaches’ pathogenesis. We hypothesize that the cardiac catheterization induced cardiac autonomic changes that contributed to the development of his cluster headaches. The role of aortic arch anomalies and procedures in potential disruption of the autonomic tone and the causation of cluster headaches is an area requiring further study.
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Wang, Yingxu. "Inference Algebra (IA)." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 6, no. 1 (January 2012): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcini.2012010102.
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Inference as the basic mechanism of thought is abilities gifted to human beings, which is a cognitive process that creates rational causations between a pair of cause and effect based on empirical arguments, formal reasoning, and/or statistical norms. It’s recognized that a coherent theory and mathematical means are needed for dealing with formal causal inferences. Presented is a novel denotational mathematical means for formal inferences known as Inference Algebra (IA) and structured as a set of algebraic operators on a set of formal causations. The taxonomy and framework of formal causal inferences of IA are explored in three categories: a) Logical inferences; b) Analytic inferences; and c) Hybrid inferences. IA introduces the calculus of discrete causal differential and formal models of causations. IA enables artificial intelligence and computational intelligent systems to mimic human inference abilities by cognitive computing. A wide range of applications of IA are identified and demonstrated in cognitive informatics and computational intelligence towards novel theories and technologies for machine-enabled inferences and reasoning. This work is presented in two parts. The inference operators of IA as well as their extensions and applications will be presented in this paper; while the structure of formal inference, the framework of IA, and the mathematical models of formal causations has been published in the first part of the paper in IJCINI 5(4).
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Braun, Caelesta, Jorren Scherpenisse, Martijn van der Steen, and Mark J. W. van Twist. "On the forces of policy change and joint causation: insights from the banker’s bonus case." International Review of Administrative Sciences 83, no. 4 (July 9, 2016): 738–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852315599046.
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One of the few robust findings in the public policy literature is that policy dynamics are both a function of stability and volatility. And although most theories of public policy making posit the occurrence of policy junctures as necessary conditions for significant change, studies that set out to unravel the underlying mechanisms of such policy junctures remain relatively rare. This article further develops the idea of policy junctures, commonly hypothesized to initiate significant change, as essentially entailing joint causation. We illustrate the joint and reinforcing nature of forces of change with a case study of bonus regulation. Based on document analysis and a political claim analysis, this article shows that most changes in bonus regulation were of a marginal nature. We argue that the intrinsically attractive nature of performance rewards that a bonus practice entails combined with a sheer lack of alternatives supported by a strong coalition on how to curb risk appetite in financial markets seem to count for the resilience of bonus practices. Theoretically, the case study contributes to theory development on joint causation that causes major policy change. Empirically, it unravels a key mechanism employed by the financial sector to resist reforms: offering an alternative no one can refuse. Points for practitioners There is a broad consensus in the policy literature that policy change usually results from multiple forces. We identify this crucial jointly causal nature of policy change and suggest that among the forces of change a strong policy alternative capable of uniting a broad coalition of stakeholders is a necessary condition for policy change. Financial reforms, in particular the practice of bonus payment, are thus not likely to result from tight regulation, but rather from real alternatives on how to reward professional excellence and curb risk appetite.
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Schliesser, Eric. "Two Definitions of ‘cause,’ Newton, and The Significance of the Humean Distinction Between Natural and Philosophical Relations." Journal of Scottish Philosophy 5, no. 1 (March 2007): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jsp.2007.5.1.83.
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The main aim of this paper is to explore why it is so important for Hume to defi ne ‘cause’ as he does. This will shed light on the signifi cance of the natural/philosophical relation (hereafter NPR) distinction in the Treatise. Hume's use of the NPR distinction allows him to dismiss on general grounds conceptions of causation at odds with his own. In particular, it allows him to avoid having to engage in detailed re-interpretation of potentially confl icting theories formulated by natural philosophers. Moreover, it provides an instance of the normative nature of Hume's “science of man.” The paper argues that the NPR distinction - in conjunction with the so-called copy principle - is meant to undercut appeals to the authority of theories not founded on Hume's “principles.” In order to illustrate its claims about Hume, this essay explores some aspects of Newton's natural philosophy. Finally, this paper resolves a long-standing interpretive problem: how to reconcile Hume's two “defi nitions” of causation in the Treatise.
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Wright, James R. "A Fresh Look at the History of SIDS." Academic Forensic Pathology 7, no. 2 (June 2017): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2017.017.
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Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) became a named entity in 1969 and the term has been used to certify sudden unexpected infant deaths meeting certain demographic, epidemiologic, and pathologic criteria. Since it is a diagnosis of exclusion, there is inherent imprecision, and this has led the National Association of Medical Examiners to recommend that these deaths now be classified as “undetermined.” This historical review article briefly analyzes anecdotal instances of SIDS described centuries ago as overlying, smothering, infanticide, and suffocation by bedclothes followed by a more detailed review of “thymic” causes (i.e., thymic asthma and status thymicolymphaticus) popular in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Before the 1950s, such cases were also often categorized as accidental mechanical suffocation. In the 1940s and 1950s, forensic studies on infants dying unexpectedly revealed a typical pattern of autopsy findings strongly suggestive of natural causation and, after 1969, cases meeting the appropriate criteria were usually categorized as SIDS, a term embraced by the public and by advocacy groups. Research conducted after the 1960s identified important risk factors and generated many theories related to pathogenesis, such as prolonged sleep apnea. The incidence of SIDS deaths decreased sharply in the early 1990s after implementing public awareness programs addressing risk factors such as prone sleeping position and exposure to smoking. Deletion of cases in which death scene investigation suggested asphyxiation and cases where molecular autopsies revealed metabolic diseases further decreased the incidence. This historical essay lays the foundation for debate on the future of the SIDS entity.
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Ng, K. H., M. Agius, and R. Zaman. "Effect of the worldwide crises on mental health." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72268-4.
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The events that unfolded towards the end of 2008 led to the worst global economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. While the economic and political implications have been studied in detail, the impact on health – especially that of mental health – has received much less attention. This essay aims to achieve a critical evaluation of causality (or lack thereof) between an economic crisis and mental health, using a combination of psychological theories, statistical review and common logic.From a theoretical perspective, establishing the value-laden concept of mental health is core to this evaluation. We reflect on Professor Warr's component-based model of mental health and how/whether the economic downturn relates to these ‘components’ individually. On the statistical front, an analysis of data from previous global economic crises reveals a close association between job-related insecurities and psychological morbidities.We found that both psychological theory and epidemiological data support causation between a recession and conditions like depression, anxiety and substance abuse. Further, we also explore the effects of the crisis on the family unit, society and international relations. This will highlight issues like child abuse, the psychological impacts on the socially deprived, and effects of the crisis on the developing world.We also review the effectiveness of efforts of different nature and magnitude to mitigate the effects of this downturn. All this will hopefully impact on our understanding of the causes of mental health problems in times of economic insecurity and assist in developing strategies to ameliorate them.
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Ng, K. H., M. Agius, and R. Zaman. "The effects of the economic crisis on mental health." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72369-0.
Full textAbstract:
The events that unfolded towards the end of 2008 led to the worst global economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. While the economic and political implications have been studied in detail, the impact on health - especially that of mental health - has received much less attention. This poster aims to achieve a critical evaluation of causality (or lack thereof) between an economic crisis and mental health, using a combination of psychological theories, statistical review and common logic.From a theoretical perspective, establishing the value-laden concept of mental health is core to this evaluation. We reflect on Professor Warr's component-based model of mental health and how/whether the economic downturn relates to these ‘components’ individually. On the statistical front, an analysis of data from previous global economic crises reveals a close association between job-related insecurities and psychological morbidities.Integrating the analyses, both psychological theory and epidemiological data support causation between a recession and conditions like depression, anxiety and substance abuse. Further, we also explore the effects of the crisis on the family unit, society and international relations. This will highlight issues like child abuse, the psychological impacts on the socially deprived, and effects of the crisis on the developing world.We also review the effectiveness of efforts of different nature and magnitude to mitigate the effects of this downturn. All this will hopefully impact on our understanding of the causes of mental health problems in times of economic insecurity and assist in developing strategies to ameliorate them.
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Cantone, Jason A. "Counterfactual Thinking, Causation, and Covariation in Mock Juror Assessments of Negligence: Twenty‐Five Years Later." Psychological Reports 123, no. 2 (December 14, 2018): 371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118816945.
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In the past three decades, researchers have examined counterfactual thinking and causation in decision making. However, little work has applied these findings to trial settings. The present research examined two conflicting theories regarding counterfactual thinking and causation to elaborate on earlier work examining counterfactual thinking in negligence law cases. The research also expanded the earlier work by examining covariation theory, additional psychological measures, and the rank order and reaction time associated with counterfactuals. Participants read a summary of a negligence case that manipulated covariation information to suggest that the defendant or plaintiff caused an accident. Participants then completed counterfactual, preventability, or causal statements about the case before responding to legal and psychological measures. Overall, the research found support for norm theory and covariation, but mixed evidence regarding the role of counterfactual thinking and causation. Counterfactual thinking more strongly affected the duty and breach components of a negligence case, while causal thinking more strongly affected causation and legal decisions. Legal implications were discussed.
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Xie, Hong Tao. "Research on the Interaction Relation of the Causations of Tunnel Collapse Accident." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 1414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1414.
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The purpose of this study is to find the key factors influencing the tunnel collapse accident, and explore the causal relationships between the causations of the tunnel collapse accident. Based on document surveys and Delphi Method, a system of the causation indicators of the collapse accident is established. In order to make sure that the hierarchy structure of the causation index system of the tunnel collapse accident is illustrative and reasonable, a new method of system structure analysis is proposed based on the integration of Decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and Interpretive structure model (ISM). Applying this method, the center degree and the reasoning degree of the causation are obtained firstly, and then the system hierarchy structure of the causation index system of the tunnel collapse accident is actualized. The results showed that the main causes of the tunnel collapse accident are derived from management. This research reveals the interaction relations of the causations of tunnel collapse accident, based on which this research also provides strong theory and methods to support dynamic decision and quantitative risk assessment in tunnel construction.
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Andonovski, Nikola. "Causation and mnemonic roles: on Fernández’s Functionalism." Estudios de Filosofía, no. 64 (July 30, 2021): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.ef.n64a07.
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Debates about causation have dominated recent philosophy of memory. While causal theorists have argued that an appropriate causal connection to a past experience is necessary for remembering, their opponents have argued that this necessity condition needs to be relaxed. Recently, Jordi Fernández (2018; 2019) has attempted to provide such a relaxation. On his functionalist theory of remembering, a given state need not be caused by a past experience to qualify as a memory; it only has to realize the relevant functional role in the subject’s mental economy. In this comment, I argue that Fernández’s theory doesn’t advance the debate about memory causation. I propose that this debate is best understood as being about the existence of systems, which support kinds of interactions that map onto the relations dictated by (causal) theories. Since Fernández’s functionalism tells us very little about this empirical question, the theoretical gains from endorsing it are minimal.
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Sunstein, Cass R., and Adrian Vermeule. "Conspiracy Theories: Causes and Cures*." Journal of Political Philosophy 17, no. 2 (June 2009): 202–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2008.00325.x.
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Brady, David. "Theories of the Causes of Poverty." Annual Review of Sociology 45, no. 1 (July 30, 2019): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022550.
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There has been a lack of debate between and frameworks for theories of the causes of poverty. This article proposes that most theories of poverty can be productively categorized into three broader families of theories: behavioral, structural, and political. Behavioral theories concentrate on individual behaviors as driven by incentives and culture. Structural theories emphasize the demographic and labor market context, which causes both behavior and poverty. Political theories contend that power and institutions cause policy, which causes poverty and moderates the relationship between behavior and poverty. I review each theory's arguments, contributions, and challenges. Furthermore, I explain how to integrate, classify studies into, and distinguish between theories. Ultimately, I argue that poverty research would benefit from more explicit theory and theoretical debate, as well as greater interdisciplinarity and integration between studies of the United States, rich democracies, and developing countries.
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Martin, Shane, and Tim A. Mickler. "Committee Assignments: Theories, Causes and Consequences." Parliamentary Affairs 72, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsy015.
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Suo, Xiao, Gui Fu, Chunxue Wang, and Qingsong Jia. "An Application of 24Model to Analyse Capsizing of the Eastern Star Ferry." Polish Maritime Research 24, s3 (November 27, 2017): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2017-0113.
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Abstract In the present study, the Eastern Star ferry accident was analyzed via 24Model. 24Model, as an accident causation model based on system thinking, holds that all causations of the accident are hazards and all hazards in the system need to be identified and comprehensively controlled in accident prevention. The result showed that five factors were the main causes of the accident. First, the direct causes: bad weather, the bad condition of the hull and the unsafe acts of the captain. Second, the indirect cause: the lack of safety awareness and safety knowledge of both the captain and the company’s senior management. Third, there were loopholes in safety management system, including the training, supervision and execution of the company. Forth, the root cause: the company didn’t establish a good safety culture. Last, the external causes: the severe market pressure, excessive regulatory authorities with puzzled relations and responsibilities-seriously hindered effective supervision. In order to prevent this kind of accident and to secure shipping system, the shipping companies and the relevant regulatory units should draw lessons from the five factors mentioned above, and take measures to identify and control those hazards.
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Humphrey, Emily. "Chiari malformations in adults: their surgical and nursing management." British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 15, no. 3 (June 2, 2019): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2019.15.3.130.
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There are two categories of Chiari malformations that occur in adults: type 1 and type 2. Type 1 Chiari malformations are conditions where the bottommost parts of the back of the brain (called the cerebellar tonsils) descend below the skull and enter the spinal canal—the space around the spinal cord. In type 2 Chiari malformations, more of the brain descends below the skull. This means that, as well as the cerebellar tonsils, the lower section of the brainstem (the medulla) and the brain's lowermost fluid-filled cavity, the fourth ventricle, also descend. The descending structures cause pressure and disrupt the normal flow of fluid that circulates in the brain and spinal cord, known as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This article further explains the Chiari malformations, presents theories of how they are caused and describes their symptoms and complications. It also discusses Chiari malformations, theories of causation, symptoms, complications, treatment and nursing management considerations.
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Moon, Byongook, Hye-Won Hwang, and John D. McCluskey. "Causes of School Bullying." Crime & Delinquency 57, no. 6 (May 20, 2008): 849–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128708315740.
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A growing number of studies indicate the ubiquity of school bullying: It is a global concern, regardless of cultural differences. Little previous research has examined whether leading criminological theories can explain bullying, despite the commonality between bullying and delinquency. The current investigation uses longitudinal data on 655 Korean youth, in three schools, to examine the applicability of leading criminological theories (general theory of crime, differential association theory, and general strain theory) in explaining school bullying. Overall, our findings indicate limited support for the generality of these three leading criminological theories in explaining the etiology of bullying. However, the findings show the significant effects of school-generated strains (teachers’ physical and emotional punishment and examination related strain) on bullying. Directions for future research and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
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Lehmann, Christine. "Researchers Offer Theories On Chronic Fatigue Causes." Psychiatric News 36, no. 1 (January 5, 2001): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.2001.36.1.20.
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Lofgren, Eric, N. H. Fefferman, Y. N. Naumov, J. Gorski, and E. N. Naumova. "Influenza Seasonality: Underlying Causes and Modeling Theories." Journal of Virology 81, no. 11 (December 20, 2006): 5429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01680-06.
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Harvey, Allison G., Adriane Soehner, Tania Lombrozo, Lynda Bélanger, Jamie Rifkin, and Charles M. Morin. "‘Folk Theories’ About the Causes of Insomnia." Cognitive Therapy and Research 37, no. 5 (May 23, 2013): 1048–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9543-2.
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Tadic, Jovan. "The refutation of counterfactual and conditional approaches to causation." Theoria, Beograd 58, no. 1 (2015): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1501039t.
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This article is concerned with applicability of the two models of causation - counterfactual and conditional, within a framework defined by stipulated causal relationship in which the cause can include several alternative sets of atomic events. In the form of a thought experiment, it was examined if two models of causation succeeded to reconstruct a stipulated reality. Logical and empirical analysis showed that both models failed, pointing out to their inherent weaknesses under selected conditions. The analysis also showed logical nonequivalence between reconstructed and stipulated causations, discovering deeper logical apart form the weaknesses in applicability of two models. It was also demonstrated that real-life examples in which alternative sets of antecedents act as causes are not rare, with reference to the Le Chatelier's principle in chemistry, which provides a framework for identification of whole series of similar causal situations.
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PADMANABHAN, SANDOSH, CLAIRE HASTIE, CHRISTOPHER A. SAINSBURY, MARTIN W. MCBRIDE, JOHN M. CONNELL, and ANNA F. DOMINICZAK. "THE CAT, THE FLY AND THE BEETLE — WHY GENETICS NEEDS A SEMANTIC EDUCATION." International Journal of Semantic Computing 03, no. 01 (March 2009): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x09000665.
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Major advances have been made in the understanding of the genetic basis of diseases since Mendel's publication of the results of plant breeding experiments in 1866. To date these advances have been largely confined to the monogenic disorders — caused by mutations in a single gene. The public-health implications of these advances is relatively limited. In this review we explore our current understanding of the genetic basis of human traits and the reasons why current theories may account for the difficulties in identifying the genes for common diseases. We then postulate that semantic computing may be rightly poised to help understand complex disease causation, and explore the efforts that have been made to date to develop the necessary technological approach to the problem.
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Gordon, Sanford C., and Hannah K. Simpson. "Causes, theories, and the past in political science." Public Choice 185, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2019): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00703-6.
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Huang, Xiong Feng, Chun Jie Zhou, Yuan Qing Qing, Ye Wang, and Ming Yue Yang. "Applying System Theory to Transient Fault Tolerance and Safety Enhancement of Tunnel Construction Wireless Monitoring and Control System." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 1370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.1370.
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Transient faults are hard to be detected and located due to their unpredictable nature and short duration, and they are the dominant causations of system failures, which makes it necessary to consider transient fault-tolerant design in the development of modern safety-critical industrial system. In this paper an approach based on system theory is proposed to tolerate the transient faults in tunnel construction wireless monitoring and control systems (TCWMCS), in which the effects of transient faults are expressed by dysfunction of interactions among software applications. After analyzing the dysfunctional interactions of the system by the operational process model and educing the causes of dysfunction in the functional control diagram, a safety enhancement way was proposed for the designers, in which effictive safety constraints were set up to tolerate the transient faults. The experiment evaluation indicated that the effects of transient faults could be exposed by the causal factors of dysfunctional interactions and system safety could be enhanced by the enforcement of appropriate constraints.
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Voracek, Martin, Lisa Mariella Loibl, and David Lester. "Lay Theories of Suicide Among Austrian Psychology Undergraduates." Crisis 28, no. 4 (July 2007): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.28.4.204.
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Lester and Bean's (1992) Attribution of Causes to Suicide Scale gauges lay theories of suicide including intrapsychic problems, interpersonal conflicts, and societal forces as causes. Results obtained with its German form (n = 165 Austrian psychology undergraduates) showed no sex differences and no social-desirability effects. Intriguingly, all three subscales were moderately intercorrelated, thereby indicating respondents' general agreement (or disagreement) with all three theories. Thus, the critical dimension of lay theories of suicide appears to be the belief that suicide has definite causes (regardless of type) versus that it is without causes (unpredictable). In addition, religiosity was positively associated (and overall knowledge about suicide negatively associated) with belief in intrapsychic causes, whereas liberal political views were negatively associated with belief in interpersonal causes.
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Moyes, Holley, Jaime J. Awe, George A. Brook, and James W. Webster. "The Ancient Maya Drought Cult: Late Classic Cave Use in Belize." Latin American Antiquity 20, no. 1 (March 2009): 175–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1045663500002571.
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AbstractCaves were used as ritual venues by the ancient Maya from the Early Preclassic to the Postclassic period. These sites have been intensively investigated, but little research has been devoted to changes in cave use over time. Work at Chechem Ha Cave in western Belize investigates transformations in ritual practice occurring between the Early and Late Classic periods using an explanatory framework that incorporates high-definition archaeological research with a paleoclimate reconstruction derived from speleothems. This is one of the first projects to directly link these data to the archaeological record. We also introduce new methodology to evaluate changes in ritual practice using use-intensity proxies and artifact patterning. These data demonstrate that Late Classic transformations were coeval with climatic drying. The phenomenon was identified in this case study, and the pattern is prevalent throughout the eastern lowlands suggesting that an ancient Maya drought cult was initiated at this time. We provide the first evidence that there was a failed ritual response to environmental stress, implying that a loss of faith in Maya rulership contributed to the downfall of political systems. This is an important finding for collapse theories that include ideological causations.
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Papadakis, Konstantinos A., and Stephan R. Targan. "CURRENT THEORIES ON THE CAUSES OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE." Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 28, no. 2 (June 1999): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70057-1.
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Grossback, Lawrence J., David A. M. Peterson, and James A. Stimson. "Comparing Competing Theories on the Causes of Mandate Perceptions." American Journal of Political Science 49, no. 2 (April 2005): 406–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00131.x.
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Guntheroth, Warren G. "Theories of cardiovascular causes in sudden infant death syndrome." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 14, no. 2 (August 1989): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(89)90200-3.
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Zhang, Chu. "A Reexamination of the Causes of Time-Varying Stock Return Volatilities." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 45, no. 3 (March 31, 2010): 663–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109010000232.
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AbstractThe decline of average stock return volatility in the 2001–2006 period provides an opportunity to test various theories on why the average return volatility increased in the pre-2000 period. This paper compares fundamentals-based theories with trading volume-based theories. While both fundamentals-based and trading volume-based theories explain the upward trend in the average volatility in U.S. stocks from 1976 to 2000 and international stocks from 1990 to 2000, only the fundamentals-based theories explain the volatility pattern for 2001–2006. Much of the variation in the stock return volatilities can be explained by the variation in the earnings volatilities and proxies for growth options, but not by trading-related variables. Evidence also shows that the explanatory power of the fundamentals variables is time varying.
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Andreev, Evgeny M. "Reflections on demographic theories." Population and Economics 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.3.e37965.
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Abstract The article presents the author’s reflections on theories in general and demographic theories in particular. The epidemiological transition, i.e. periodization of changes in the structure of causes of death, proposed by A.R. Omran in 1971 and later raised to the rank of theory, is taken as an example. The author points out the insufficiency of Omran’s concept to explain the contemporary mortality trends and suggests possible directions of theorizing that would enable correlating the new stage of life expectancy growth with the notion of “epidemiological transition”.
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Tennant, Chris. "Psychosocial Causes of Duodenal Ulcer." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 22, no. 2 (June 1988): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678809158960.
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The evidence that duodenal ulcer is a psychosomatic disorder is reviewed. A variety of both experimental stressors and differing states of emotional arousal (anxiety and anger in particular) are associated with increased acid and pepsin secretion. Furthermore, chronic life stressors predispose to duodenal ulcer, presumably by way of symptomatic anxiety or depression, while poor social support may comprise another risk factor. Subjects with high levels of trait anxiety or neuroticism are more prone to stress-induced anxiety and its physiological consequences. There is minimal acceptable evidence to support more specific personality-related theories, including Type A behaviour, alexithymia or the earlier psycho-analytic theories of Alexander. Nonetheless, it is concluded that Alexander's inclusion of duodenal ulcer as one of a handful of classic psychosomatic disorders has been confirmed. Since some 40% of duodenal ulcer patients relapse in the first year after medical treatment, there may be some role for psychological treatments (especially in the domain of stress/anxiety management) for those patients who relapse and have co-existing high state or trait anxiety or exposure to chronic stressors.
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Levshina, Natalia. "Measuring iconicity." Functions of Language 24, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 319–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.15013.lev.
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Abstract The idea of isomorphism of form and meaning has played an important role in functionalist theories of syntax and morphology. However, there have been few studies that test this hypothesis empirically on quantitative data. This study aims to fill this gap by testing the predictions made by iconicity theory with the help of statistical hypothesis-testing techniques. The paper focuses on a subtype of isomorphism, namely iconicity of cohesion. The analyses are based on a sample of lexical and analytic causatives from the British National Corpus. The study employs three different operationalisations of the degree of semantic cohesion of the causing and caused events, which are based on English and cross-linguistic data. The form-function correlation is interpreted from the point of view of three possible models of relationships between form, function and/or frequency.