Relevant bibliographies by topics / Causes of conflicts

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Causes of conflicts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Causes of conflicts"

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Boonstra, Albert, and Jan de Vries. "Information system conflicts: causes and types." International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management 3, no. 4 (February 8, 2022): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12821/ijispm030401.

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Conflicts are an inherent part of organizational life and managers deal with confrontations and conflicts on an almost daily basis. Information Systems (IS) implementations are a type of change that often leads to open or hidden conflicts. Managers and others involved can only deal with such conflicts effectively if they understand the nature and causes of information system conflicts (IS conflicts). To contribute to such an understanding, this study focuses on the analysis of IS conflicts. In so doing, it aims to identify various types of IS conflicts and to develop a framework that can be helpful in assessing these conflicts. To this end, we have conducted a meta-ethnographic study – that is, we synthesized earlier case studies in which IS conflicts are described. We purposefully selected 11 descriptions of IS conflicts and we analyzed the topics, contexts, and processes of these conflicts. Based on this analysis, we propose a two-dimensional framework of IS conflicts that leads to a categorization involving four IS conflict types: task; implementation process; structure; and value conflicts. Based on the conflicts that were studied, this paper also reveals that, in reality, many IS conflicts have a hybrid form and develop from one type to another over time.
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Dewita, Tri, Aruna Laila, and Wahyudi Rahmat. "Variety of Social Conflicts in Novel Drupadi Karya Seno Gumira Ajidarma." Bahasa: Jurnal Keilmuan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 2, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/bahasa.v2i2.44.

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Conflict is something that cannot be avoided in social life. With the conflict, the community will be more intelligent in dealing with life and life. That is what is seen in the Drupadi novel by Seno Gumira Ajidarma. Seno Gumira Ajidarma manifests social conflict by using the uniqueness of abstract language. Social conflict is portrayed by Seno Gumira Ajidarma by asserting something with others so that the social conflict that is portrayed becomes more interesting, because it is very different in its delivery with other works. Based on then this study aims to describe the forms of social conflict and the causes of social conflict. This type of research is qualitative using the method of analysis description to explain the results of the study. The data collection technique used is descriptive literature study. The results showed that the forms and causes of social conflict were found in the form of (1) Gender conflict caused by social change, (2) Inter-group conflict caused by individual differences, (3) Conflict of interest caused by conflict of interests both in terms of economic or political, (4) Interpersonal conflicts caused by individual differences, (5) Conflicts between Social Classes, (6) Conflicts between countries / nations caused by conflicts of interests both economically or politically.
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Lee, Byungjoo, and MyungUn Kim. "An exploratory investigation on conflicts between physicians and nurses: Types, causes, and asymmetry." Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 25, no. 1 (February 28, 2012): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v25i1.1-25.

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This study investigated on the conflict types, causes, and asymmetry, which can be witnessed between physicians and nurses who are the essential members of the hospital. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews of physicians and nurses who worked within the same department. The results of this exploratory research illustrated significant indications of task conflicts, relationship conflicts, and process conflicts, in accordance with Jehn’s(1997) study, among the two professions. Furthermore, there were some conflicts related to the typical in-role behavior caused by factors such as misperformance due to the lack of knowledge/skill and the partial completion or nonexecution of order along both occupations. Additionally, indications of conflict type asymmetry between physicians and nurses resulting from the differences of power and perception, and asymmetry on conflict causes even when experiencing the same type of conflict existed. The implications and the limitations of this study with invitation of suggestions to remedy such conflicts are discussed.
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Wati, Mega. "Meningkatkan Fleksibilitas Kerj a : Suatu Upaya Menangani Konflik Antar Kelompok di Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana." Jurnal Riset Manajemen dan Bisnis 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21460/jrmb.2007.21.106.

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Conflicts are inevitable in a work context. Therefore, understanding the causes of conflicts and how to solve them becomes significance for the effictiveness of an organization. Based on a case study at Duta Wacana Christian University (DWCU), this paper focuses on how to solve conflictsby increasing the work flexibility. It will start with a closer look at the theory of intergroup conJlicts and the causes, as well as the interttention technique. Then, moving to the context of an organization, it will describe the sources of conflicts and the common conflict managernent styles in DWCU. Finally, this paper will recommend the most appropriate strategtt in managing intergroup conflicts in DWCU based on the modification of the interttention technique and the embedded concepts of Brown and Harvqt's boundaryles sness and fl exibility and Zand's collateral organization.Keywords : Inter group conflict management, Organization development.
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Briones Arcentales, Viviana Elizabeth, and Francisco Omar Cedeño Loor. "CONFLICTOS FAMILIARES Y SU INCIDENCIA EN EL TRASTORNO DE CONDUCTA DE LOS NIÑOS." Revista Cognosis. ISSN 2588-0578 5 (February 13, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/cognosis.v5i0.1918.

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El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de estimar la relación que existe entre los conflictos familiares y el trastorno de la conducta de los niños, es así que se pudo evidenciar que estos conflictos se convierten en factores claves para evidenciar problemas en el comportamiento de los niños y en los miembros de sus familias. Se aplicó una metodología de carácter exploratorio, utilizando las técnicas observación y encuesta, para realizar un análisis de datos de la conducta de los alumnos. Uno de los resultados más relevantes es la identificación de las causas que generan este tipo de conflicto en los hogares, de tal manera que se pueda aportar, de manera directa, a la mejora del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y de la conducta de los estudiantes que sufren de tal ambiente familiar. PALABRAS CLAVE: conflicto; familia; conducta; comportamiento; trastorno. FAMILY CONFLICTS AND ITS INCIDENCE IN CHILDREN´S BEHAVIOR DISORDER ABSTRACT The present study was carried out with the objective of estimating the relationship between family conflicts and children's behavior disorder, so it was possible to show that these conflicts become key factors to show problems in the behavior of children and their family members. An exploratory methodology was applied, using the observation and survey techniques, to perform a data analysis of the students' behavior. One of the most relevant results is the identification of the causes that generate this type of conflict in the homes, in such a way that it can contribute, directly, to the improvement of the teaching-learning process and the behavior of the students which suffer from such family atmosphere. KEYWORDS: conflict; family; conduct; behavior; disorder.
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Luzgina, T. A., and O. A. Tsyganova. "CAUSES OF CONFLICTS IN DENTAL PRACTICE, WAYS TO PREVENT AND RESOLVE THEM." Social Aspects of Population Health 67, no. 5 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21045/2071-5021-2021-67-5-7.

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Significance: the number of conflicts related to realization of the right to health and medical care especially in such specific branch of medicine as dentistry has recently been on the rise in Russia. Furthermore, among the main fields of social interaction, a large number of interpersonal conflicts does relate to professional activity. Subject of research: conflicts and conflict situations in dental practice. Purpose of work: to identify main groups of causes of conflict situations and conflicts in dental practice and suggest ways to prevent and resolve them. Material and methods: questionnaire survey of dentists with additional interview of the respondents, mathematical and statistical data analysis using the SPSS Statistics software (Pearson chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests). Results: The majority of the respondents (59.0%) say that they have never had any conflicts with the administration. The leading cause of disagreement is dissatisfaction with the material base and supplies (35%). The prevailing share of the dentists (61.5%) indicate that conflicts between them and a colleague / nurse have never occurred. The main cause of the conflict communication is insubordination or lack of subordination, especially in rural areas and public facilities. Doctors of public healthcare facilities and dentists working in rural areas were more often in conflict with a colleague or manager. Almost all health workers (98%) note that they have encountered conflict patients. The main cause of the conflict communication is long waiting for a dental appointment (33.3%). Out of all factors influencing the relationship, about half of the respondents (53.0%) mentioned the emotional state of the patient. Out of all behavior strategies in conflicts, the majority of dentists (44%) prefer cooperation. Conclusion: Almost all (98%) dentists came into conflict with the patient. The main causes of these conflicts included: long waiting times for admission (33.3%), irrational work of the registry, the administrator (23.1%) and complaints about the quality of services (22.2%). Medical workers with average work experience (10-29 years) were more likely to conflict with the patient about claims to the quality of treatment (31.3%).
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Long, William J., and Peter Brecke. "The emotive causes of recurrent international conflicts." Politics and the Life Sciences 22, no. 1 (March 2003): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400006262.

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Many international conflicts are recurrent, and many of these are characterized by periods of violence, including wars, that are hard to describe as planned products of rational decision-making. Analysis of these conflicts according to rational-choice international-relations theory or constructivist approaches has been less revealing than might have been hoped. We consider the possibility that emotive causes could better explain, or at least improve the explanation of, observed patterns. We offer three emotive models of recurrent conflict and we outline a method by which the reliability of emotive explanations derived from these models could be tested prospectively.
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Khoshimjanovna, Narzikulova Dilnoza. "Types Of Social Conflicts In The Family And The Causes Of Their Own." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 11, 2021): 3104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1533.

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This article describes the causes, types of social conflicts in the family and ways to overcome them. The article deals with the main manifestations of family conflicts,as well as conflicts between spouses, conflicts between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, conflicts between mother-in-law and son-in-law, conflicts between parents and children.The main directions of conflict resolution between parents and children are described.
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Opoku, Patrick. "Exploring the Causes and Management of Pastoralists-Farmer Conflicts in Ghana." Journal of Energy and Natural Resource Management 1, no. 3 (February 21, 2018): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26796/jenrm.v1i2.35.

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Conflicts between pastoralists and farmers are not new to our farming communities in Ghana but in recent years the magnitudeof these conflicts have increased especially in the Agogo traditional area of the Ashanti region of Ghana. This paper exploresthe causes of the conflicts and conflict management strategies used. In order to achieve the said objective a qualitative andquantitative data collection techniques were employed to study some 90 farmers who were directly affected by the conflicts inthe study area. Data were collected using semi structured questionnaire administered through personal interviews. The datawere analyzed using content analysis and descriptive statistics. The study found out that, the conflicts between farmers andFulani pastoralist in the study area was caused by five major factors which include; destruction of food crops by cattle and thekilling of innocent citizens of the area which has brought fear and panic among citizens. Since the 1990s till today, the Fulaniherdsmen have either shot and killed or butchered not less than 12 people in the study area. The conflicts were managed usingseveral conflict management strategies, however what proved very effective was coercion and adjudication.
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Rojo Guillamón, María Isabel. "La percepción de la conflictividad en el profesorado de Educación Secundaria: estudio de caso." AZARBE, Revista Internacional de Trabajo Social y Bienestar, no. 8 (December 26, 2019): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/azarbe.384081.

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El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer y analizar los tipos de conflictos entre el profesorado de un Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria (IES) en la Región de Murcia. Los instrumentos utilizados han seguido una doble metodología. Por una parte, una metodología cuantitativa con aplicación de la técnica de la encuesta y, por otra parte, con una metodología cualitativa en aplicación de las técnicas de grupo de discusión y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los participantes fueron 35 docentes seleccionados sobre una población total de 92. Los resultados indican que los tipos de conflictos principales son: discrepancias y desacuerdos entre estos y el equipo directivo y la administración. Al mismo tiempo, otro de los tipos de conflictos que se generan es la distribución de horarios y las franjas horarias en las que el profesorado desea impartir las asignaturas. Igualmente, se destacó que el profesorado percibe el conflicto de manera distinta en función de la edad, así pues, el profesorado con edades comprendidas entre los 36 y 45 años prefiere evitar el conflicto, frente al grupo del profesorado de mayor edad que percibe el conflicto como “lucha para vencer”. Sin embargo, el grupo de profesorado más joven y el grupo con mayor experiencia docente, lo percibe como oportunidad de cambio, desde el punto de vista positivo. El sexo femenino ante el conflicto, prefiere bien, ceder o ignorar a la otra parte. Siendo la principales causas de los conflictos: ideológicas, comunicación deficiente, insatisfacción laboral o diferencia de funciones. The objective of this work is to know and analyze the types of conflicts between the teaching staff of a Secondary Education Institute (IES) in the Region of Murcia. The instruments used have followed a double methodology. On the one hand, a quantitative methodology with application of the technique of the survey and, on the other hand, with a qualitative methodology in application of the techniques of discussion group and semi-structured interviews. The participants were 35 selected teachers out of a total population of 92. The results indicate that the main types of conflicts are: discrepancies and disagreements between them and the management team and the administration. At the same time, another of the types of conflicts that are generated is the distribution of schedules and the time slots in which the teaching staff wishes to teach the subjects. Likewise, it was highlighted that teachers perceive the conflict differently depending on their age, therefore, teachers aged between 36 and 45 prefer to avoid conflict, compared to the group of older teachers who perceive the conflict as "fight to win". However, the group of younger teachers and the group with the most teaching experience perceive it as an opportunity for change, from a positive point of view. The female sex in the face of conflict, prefers well, yield or ignore the other party. Being the main causes of conflicts: ideological, poor communication, job dissatisfaction or difference of functions. KEY WORDS: Secondary education, conflicts, teachers, job dissatisfaction.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Causes of conflicts"

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Suaka, Yaro David. "An investigation into the causes and ramifications of political conflict in Ivory Coast." Thesis, Walter Sisulu University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11260/d1007276.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes and the ramifications of the political conflict in Ivory Coast from 2002 to 2009. A purposive sampling was used to select fourteen respondents. Qualitative methodology was used for the study. The data collection instruments were semi-structured interview questions, open-ended Semi-structured questionnaire and documentary analysis. The analysed data revealed that the causes of the conflict were: competition for scarce resources, bad governance, media incitement, xenophobia, incessant political power struggle and the proliferation of small fire arms entering the country. The effects experienced during the conflict were human rights violation, destruction of property including UN premises and displaced people both internally and externally. Some recommendations made include: Efforts should be made by the Government to strengthen good relationship among different ethnic groups and help them adapt to new challenges that confront democratic developments in the country. The Government should organise the South African style of Truth and Reconciliation Commission to revisit the horrors of the past in order to heal wounds and prevent future occurance of the conflict. Employment opportunities and other income generationg ventures for Ivorian should be created by the Government by attracting local and foreign investors. The numerous rebels should be given special skills training in other for them to be able to live among the communities in Ivory Coast. Government of national unity should be encouraged in situation like this. ECOWAS as well as AU should make sure that when disarmament instituted, it should be done properly. They should always monitor it and not to allow the arms to get into the country again. It is the hope of the researcher that this study makes a contribution towards the prevention of similar conflicts in Africa in the future.
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Salverda, Nynke. "Complex Conflicts : Causes and Consequences of Multiparty Civil Wars." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328463.

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Civil wars are inherently complex and often feature a myriad of actors, whose interactions influence the intensity, duration and outcome of the conflict. The larger the number of actors involved in a conflict, the more complex it gets. While civil wars are often portrayed as a dyadic interaction between the government and a single rebel group, this is far from the reality. Between 1946 and 2015, more than half of those countries that experienced civil wars saw two or more active rebel groups. Understanding multiparty conflicts better is important, as they are deadlier, more difficult to solve and more dangerous for civilians. This dissertation studies the causes and consequences of multiparty civil wars. It suggests that all actors in a conflict system with several actors influence each other, which impacts conflict dynamics. Four essays shed light on different aspects of these civil wars. Essay I studies the differences in formation rates of rebel groups across the states of Northeast India. It finds that potential rebel groups will only form when rebellion is perceived as a legitimate way to address grievances and when competition from already existing groups is not too high. Essay II looks at rebel group splintering: It focusses on relationships within rebel groups and finds that both vertical and horizontal relations affect the likelihood of splintering. Essay III studies violent interactions between rebel groups and investigates how different conflict dynamics influence interrebel fighting. It demonstrates that interrebel fighting is more likely when one of the rebel groups is more successful against the government and when negotiations are ongoing. Finally, Essay IV widens the scope of conflict actors by studying why rebels decide to fight against UN peacekeeping operations. It shows that only relatively strong rebel groups are likely to attack blue helmets. Taken together, this dissertation furthers our understanding of the causes and consequences of multiparty civil wars. It highlights the intricate web of relations that form between actors and that influence civil war dynamics. These relations matter not only for studying civil wars, but also for preparing negotiations or planning a peacekeeping mission.
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Gustafsson, Jenny. "The Role of the United Nations in Preventing Violent Ethnic Conflicts." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21617.

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The aim of the following study was to create a limited framework, based on normative and constructive reflections, of how the UN can work to prevent violent ethnic conflicts. The study was divided into two phases. The first phase originated from Joseph S. Nye’s analytical framework and gave an overview of the theories available on the causes of ethnic conflicts. From these theories three major problems were drawn; poverty, structural inequalities and society in transition. The second phase of the study had a normative and constructive approach, using two overlapping circles of theories. The normative chapter discussed how conflict prevention ought to be in the best of worlds and which moral position the UN should have. The constructive chapter discussed which means and limitations the UN faces considering conflict prevention and how the UN can work to address the major problems outlined in the first phase. The conclusion drawn from the analysis was that the UN has the knowledge, experience and operational capacity to address these issues, but that several problems concerning the UN system and the member states of the UN makes it difficult for the organization to effectively use the potential it has to prevent violent ethnic conflicts.
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Ntiyakunze, Stanslaus Karoli. "Conflicts in Building Projets in Tanzania : Analysis of Causes and Management Approaches." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-30340.

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The prime objective of a client in a building project is to attain a successful project, a project that has been properly planned, designed and constructed in accordance with plans and specifications, and completed within time and cost originally anticipated. However the success of a building project depends on a number of variables one of them is the way the building team approach conflicts facing the project. This study examines the causes and management approaches of conflicts in building projects in Tanzania. The main objective of the study is to identify issues/areas on which conflicts occur, factors causing them and how conflicts are managed in building projects in Tanzania. As a means to achieve the above objective, the study was structured into two main parts; the first part aimed at mapping up the nature of conflicts in building projects in Tanzania by establishing critical symptoms of conflicts, factors causing them and the approaches used in resolving the conflicts. This was done through literature review, interviews and questionnaire survey. The second part aimed at in-depth study of conflicts from their root cause, how they develop/progress and how they are managed in a real building project setting. Four case studies of building projects were studied for this part. The study found that factors causing conflicts are in several forms. There are those related to the nature of contracts, where the contracts are unclear and ambiguous they give room for contracting parties to develop opportunistic behaviour when post adjustments are needed. There are those factors which are related to role functions when the parties fail to perform as expected. As such the study confirmed that contractual incompleteness and consequent post contract adjustments and opportunistic behaviour of some project participants are root causes of conflicts in building projects in Tanzania. However, the study established that there are sufficient mechanisms to deal with conflicts in the standard forms of building contracts used and when the provisions are against the interests of the parties, the parties resort to amicable resolution approaches. Notwithstanding the availability of mechanisms in the standard forms of contracts to deal with conflicts, the study proposes the framework as a strategy that could reduce effectively the occurrences of conflicts in building projects.
QC 20110223
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Fox, Pamela. "Causes of Han-Hui conflicts in the 1840's in Yongchang, Western Yunnan." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28224.

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Muslim unrest and rebellion plagued nineteenth century China. Conflicts between Han Chinese and Hui (Muslims) in Yunnan flared up continuously throughout the first half of the nineteenth century culminating in the eighteen year Panthay Rebellion (1855-1873). The purpose of this study is to ascertain the causes of Han-Hui conflicts in one prefecture, Yongchang, in western Yunnan in the 1840's. Examination of the events in Yongchang during this period does provide as well, some Insight Into the causes of Han-Hui conflicts in Yunnan In general. Documents written by Qing officials, at the central, provincial and local levels, as well as local histories and a few documents written by Muslims, are examined in order to determine the causative factors of Han-Hui conflicts In Yongchang. The findings of this thesis suggest that deteriorating socioeconomic conditions in Yunnan and China, combined with the frontier environment and the mentality that it created exacerbated existing ethnic tensions between Han and Hui to the point of open conflict. Yongchang during the 1840's was a hotbed of ethnic strife. Ethnic tensions between Han and Hui existed In Yongchang, and Yunnan, long before the nineteenth century. Religious and social customs set the Muslim population apart from the Han. There were distinct differences between Han and Hui and both groups wished to maintain strong ethnic boundaries. Under relatively prosperous economic conditions Han and Hui appear to have been able to co-exist with only minor hostilities. During the nineteenth century, however, the economy of Yunnan was in a state of decline and the population, due to immigration from China proper, had almost tripled. The resources of Yunnan were overtaxed. Competition for jobs and arable land became intense. Secret societies, banditry and anti-Muslim militia flourished in Yongchang. These conditions, coupled with a weak and inefficient local government, exacerbated already tense relations between Han and Hui. Open conflict was the result.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
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Said, Samy. "Kiru Valley Complexity : A case study over consequences of and causes to conflicts over irrigation water in Tanzania." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1850.

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Inequalities among different power groups are getting obvious in Kiru Valley, Tanzania mainly due to water scarcity. This paper aims to examine, by a case study, the increasing competition over irrigation water among Kiru Valley farmers in relation to socio-economic stratification. It is possible to divide the examined parts of Kiru Valley farmers into three dif-ferent power groups corresponding to their access to irrigation water. First, large-scale sugar cane farmers owned by Tanzanians with Indian origin located on strategic positions near the main rivers. Second, upstream small-scale rice cultivators receiving water from the IFAD (International Found for Agricultural Development) irrigation system and, third, downstream small-scale farmers cultivating rice in the Mapea wetland. To achieve the objectives in this study, Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques have been used and especially wealth rank-ings to measure the socio-economic stratification.

The wealth rankings demonstrate differences among Kiru Valley farmers. Those farmers connected to the IFAD irrigation system and the large-scale farmers have in higher amount a steady access to irrigation water than farmers cultivating the Mapea wetland. Consequently Mapea farmers are forced to rely on left over water from upstream IFAD farmers and sur-rounding large-scale farmers, leading to unfair distribution patterns and tensions among Kiru Valley farmers.  Finally, it has further been found that access to irrigation water is reflected in household economy. Mapea farmers have less capital goods and households properties com-pared to both IFAD-irrigators and large-scale farmers.

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Alasow, Omar Abdulle. "Violations of the rules applicable in non-international armed conflicts and their possible causes : the case of Somalia." Thesis, University of Essex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416711.

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Fayez, Ninwa, and Dikizeko Abel André. "Konflikthantering på fritidshem : En kvalitativ studie om konflikter, konflikthantering och förebyggande arbete kring konflikter på fritidshemmet." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38149.

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The purpose of this study is to gain an insight into what the most common conflicts are between pupils in the leisure-time center according to leisure-time teachers, how the leisuretime teachers handle these and how the leisure-time teachers prevent conflicts. The previous research done in our study is based on previous thesis and research on conflicts and conflict management. The theoretical perspectives of the study are based on Johan Galtung's ABC model, Cohen's conflict pyramid and Arne Maltén's conflict strategies. The empirical evidence was collected through a qualitative method with interviews of four leisure time educators and an assistant principal. In addition, two observations were made on two different occasions in a school located in the Stockholm area. We analyzed our empirical evidence with help of Andrzej Szklarski's four categories for various reasons for the emergence of conflicts, Johan Galtung's ABC model, Cohen's conflict pyramid and Arne Maltén's conflict strategies. In our study we have found that the reason why conflicts arise between pupils can, for example, be due to a lack of occupation among pupils, envy in friends' relationships but also in disagreement on game and play rules. Another reason may be verbal comments where students disturb the play of other students but also conflicts that occur through social media where the students take the conflicts from home when they come to school. Based on interviews and observation we have seen that the leisure-time teachers usually handle conflicts by letting the ones involved in the conflict tell their experience of the conflict situation without being interrupted to then resolve the conflict together. It also emerged in our empirical evidence report that in conflict situations where the parties do not find a solution to a conflict it is possible that the leisure-time teachers may make a decision, especially if the conflicts have been going on for a long time between the parties. Good leadership and competent, present and educated staff are of great importance in order to prevent conflicts in the leisure-time center.
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Saunders, Paul. "Evolution d'un déterminisme du sexe atypique chez un mammifère : causes et conséquences." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS280.

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Le système de déterminisme du sexe des mammifères thériens (XX/XY) est ancien et conservé : toute déviation mène généralement à la stérilité. Cependant, quelques espèces dérogent à la règle. C’est le cas de la souris naine africaine Mus minutoides, qui possède un système de déterminisme polygénique où les mâles sont XY, et les femelles XX, XX* ou X*Y (l’astérisque désigne une mutation sur le X, féminisant les embryons X*Y, et apparue il y a presque 1 million d’années). L’évolution d’un tel système est un paradoxe : les femelles X*Y sont censées faire face à des coûts reproductifs importants (perte d’embryons YY, problèmes de méiose…), qui devraient empêcher le maintien de la mutation. Afin de mieux comprendre l’évolution de ce système, nous avons dans un premier temps cherché à identifier les mécanismes évolutifs impliqués dans l’émergence et le maintien du X*. La combinaison d’une approche empirique et d’une étude théorique basée sur des modèles de génétique des populations a permis de mettre en évidence que deux facteurs participent au maintien du X*: un meilleur succès reproducteur des femelles X*Y et la présence de distorteurs de transmission des chromosomes sexuels mâles (leur Y est transmis majoritairement dans les croisements avec des femelles XX et XX* et leur X avec des femelles X*Y). Ce second facteur est certainement à l’origine de l’émergence de ce système. Nous avons ensuite analysé les conséquences de l’évolution de ce système atypique avec trois chromosomes sexuels d’abord sur le phénotype : alors que les trois types de femelles sont indistinguables morphologiquement, les femelles X*Y présentent un comportement masculinisé (elles sont plus agressives et moins anxieuses), puis sur l’évolution de la séquence et de la structure du X et du X* (basé sur des données de séquençage NGS), mettant en évidence que ces chromosomes ont commencé à diverger. Dans l’ensemble, cette étude permet de mieux comprendre les contraintes agissant sur les systèmes de déterminisme du sexe anciens, et les conditions exceptionnelles pouvant réduire ces contraintes permettant ainsi l’évolution d’un nouveau système de déterminisme du sexe. Elle améliore aussi la compréhension de l’impact du complément en chromosomes sexuels sur le phénotype et renseigne sur les forces évolutives agissant sur les chromosomes sexuels dans ce type de système de déterminisme polygénique
Therian mammals have an extremely conserved XX/XY sex determination system. Their highly differentiated and specialised sex chromosomes are thought to prevent any modification; however, a dozen species harbour unconventional systems. In the African pygmy mouse Mus minutoides, all males are XY, and there are three types of females: the usual XX but also XX* and X*Y ones (the asterisk designates a sex reversal mutation on the X chromosome, which evolved almost 1 million years ago). The evolution of such a system is a paradox, as X*Y females are expected to face high reproductive costs (loss of YY embryos, meiotic problems…), which should prevent the maintenance of the mutation. To better understand the evolution of this curious system, we first tried to identify the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the emergence and maintenance of the X*. The combination of empirical data and a theoretical approach based on population genetics models showed that two mechanisms participate in the maintenance of the system: the greater breeding success of X*Y females and the presence of sex chromosome transmission distorters (males transmit their Y more often in crosses with XX or XX* females and their X in crosses with X*Y females), the second mechanism likely being the trigger for the initial spread of the feminising chromosome. We then investigated the consequences of the evolution of this unusual system with three sex chromosomes. First on the phenotype, revealing that despite X*Y females have typical female anatomy and morphology, they resemble males on certain aspects of behaviour: they are more aggressive and less anxious than XX and XX* females. Then on the sequence and structural evolution of the X and X* (based on NGS data), showing that the two chromosomes have started diverging. Altogether, these results shed light on the constraints acting on sex determination systems with highly heteromorphic sex chromosomes and show that rare conditions can loosen these constraints. They also provide valuable insight into the impact of sex chromosome complement on phenotype, and inform on the evolutionary forces acting on sex chromosomes in that kind of polygenic sex determination system
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Sekhu, Madimetja Solomon. "An Investigation of the Early Involvement of Facilities-Management Specialists into the Traditional Design-Development Process: the Causes of Conflicts." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79655.

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The traditional procurement and contracting method within the architectural, engineering and construction industry is often criticised for its fragmented approach and its isolation of designers from contractor and Facilities Management(FM). However, adversarial relationships often occur among the project-team members due to disagreements relating to poor communication, processes, specifications, compliance, cost overruns and the extension of times. Therefore, the integration of FM’s specialists into early design development process comes with challenges, such as conflict between the design team and FM’s specialists over the specifications, local statutory compliance, commissioning method statements and the hand-over process. Furthermore, conflicts have critical effects on cost and schedule in complex projects and creates breakdown of relationships among project participants and results in project delays, claims and disputes. The Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to “to explore effective involvement of FM specialists in the early design-development process of complex building projects in South Africa is perceived to be causing conflicts between the multi-disciplinary professional design team members.” Design/methodology: Mixed methods was adopted for this study including extensive related literature review and pilot study. Purposive (8 interviews) and snowballing (102 participants) sampling techniques were used in data collection. Findings: According to descriptive analysis, participants slightly greed that FM specialists should be involved in the early stage of the design development process with mean score ranging from 3.21 (Inception stage) and 3.71 (Concept and Viability stage). Participants agreed that that FM specialists should be involved during design development stage with a mean score of 4.19 and project close out stage with a mean score of 4.29. Furthermore, from 41 causes of conflicts, 10 received mean scores ranging from 2.66 and 2.97 meaning that there is a low possibilities of causing conflicts while 31 variables received mean scores ranging from 3.00 to 3.97 meaning that there is a moderate possibilities of causing conflicts among FM specialists and design team during design development process. Research limitation/Implications: Potential participants are architects, engineers, project managers, property-development managers and facilities managers. Furthermore, the focus of the study is on medium and large complex projects with buildings systems. In addition, this Originality/Value: The high costs of maintenance during operation and non-compliance with the local statutory requirements of the building systems will affect the results and the application thereof. The integration of the design team and FM’s specialists will provide the client with the final product that is functional and safe to occupy and use for its intent. Furthermore, FM’s specialists’ involvement early in the design-development process would reduce operational and maintenance costs during the operational stage of the building; and they would further ensure that the facility complies with the local statutory requirements.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Construction Economics
MSc
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Books on the topic "Causes of conflicts"

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Floride, Tuyisabe, and Rwanda. National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, eds. Community conflicts in Rwanda: Major causes and ways to solutions. Kigali: Republic of Rwanda, National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, 2007.

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African conflicts: Their causes and their political and social environment. Addis Ababa: Development Policy Management Forum, 2002.

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War law: Understanding international law and armed conflicts. New York: Grove Press, 2006.

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Gaffar, Karim Abdul, Zulminarni Nani, Topatimasang Roem, Pusat Pengembangan Sumberdaya Wanita (Jakarta, Indonesia), and Asian-South Pacific Bureau of Adult Education., eds. Trying to disable the explosive: Experiences in dealing with the causes, effects, and impacts of social conflicts in Indonesia. Jakarta: PPSW, 2003.

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Weisiger, Alex. Logics of war: Explanations for limited and unlimited conflicts. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013.

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Alasow, Omar Abdulle. Violations of the rules applicable in non-international armed conflicts and their possible causes: The case of Somalia. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010.

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Violations of the rules applicable in non-international armed conflicts and their possible causes: The case of Somalia. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010.

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Saʼad, Marwan. Arab regional system and inter-Arab conflicts: The Iraqi-Kuwaiti crises of 1961 and 1990. [Yamato-machi, Minami-Uonuma-gun, Niigata-ken, Japan]: IMES, International University of Japan, 1992.

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1969-, Christensen Christian Dons, ed. Nationalism in Eastern Europe: Causes and consequences of the national revivals and conflicts in late-twentieth-century Eastern Europe. New York, N.Y: St. Martin's Press, 1997.

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Tadesse, Medhane. The Eritrean-Ethiopian war: Retrospect and prospects : reflections on the making of conflicts in the Horn of Africa, 1991-1998. [Addis Ababa: s.n.], 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Causes of conflicts"

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Whitfield, Jeff. "Causes of Conflict: Interests." In Conflicts in Construction, 18–30. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13360-4_3.

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Eran, Pichersky. "Natural Resources as Causes of Violent Conflicts." In Plants and Human Conflict, 1–14. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429463204-1.

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Kokole, Omari H. "Ethnie Conflicts Versus Development in Africa: Causes and Remedies." In Between Development and Destruction, 126–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24794-3_7.

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Oi, Cintia Akemi, Tom Wenseleers, and Ricardo Caliari Oliveira. "Causes and Consequences of Reproductive Conflicts in Wasp Societies." In Neotropical Social Wasps, 147–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53510-0_8.

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Wong, Pui-Hang. "Economic Deprivation: Approaches, Causes, and Consequences for Violent Conflicts." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71066-2_70-1.

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Kamilov, Abdulaziz. "Internal Conflicts in Soviet Central Asia: Causes and Consequences." In Ethnicity and Conflict in a Post-Communist World, 141–50. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22213-1_9.

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Wong, Pui-Hang. "Economic Deprivation: Approaches, Causes, and Consequences for Violent Conflicts." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 187–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95960-3_70.

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Haluani, Makram. "The Regional Dimensions of the Causes of Conflicts: Latin America." In Between Development and Destruction, 321–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24794-3_15.

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Liwenga, Emma T., and Florian Silangwa. "Natural resource use conflicts in a changing climate: The case of the wetlands of Kilombero and Kilosa districts in Tanzania." In Climate change impacts and sustainability: ecosystems of Tanzania, 153–68. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242966.0153.

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Abstract In Tanzania studies on conflicts between subsistence farmers and agropastoralists/pastoralists as well communities versus conservationists have been frequently reported. These include studies on water use conflicts in the Pangan River Basin. Agropastoralists have also been evicted as a result of these conflicts. The overriding tendency has thus been centered on discussion about what keeps pastoralists and crop cultivators apart rather than what keeps them together. Although conflicts occur mainly as a result of resource competition, some conflicts constitute only one aspect of a much more complex interaction between the two groups. Little has been documented in examining the relative contribution of climatic and non-climatic factors in aggravating these conflicts and how this triggers various dimensions of conflicts among livelihood groups. This study examined the relative contribution of climatic and non-climatic factors as causes of natural resource conflict, based on a study conducted in Kilosa and Kilombero districts in south-central Tanzania. The study further examined conflict resolution mechanisms in terms of adaptive capacity to address these issues in a changing climate and in particular explored the roles of institutions in conflict resolution, and the associated challenges and opportunities involved. The study was conducted through a household survey, focus group discussions and expert interviews with Kilosa and Kilombero district land planning officers. The aim was to understand the challenges of land use planning and how those transformed into conflicts between users. The results of the interviews in the two districts revealed that there were land conflicts related to boundary disputes between and among villages, investors against villages or communities, and government agencies versus villages or investors. Unlike Kilosa, Kilombero District had more land conflicts involving villages and government institutions. There is a complicated land conflict in 25 villages against the Ramsar site area.
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Sari, Djilali. "Increasing Urbanisation and Pollution in the MENA Region: Causes of Conflicts?" In Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, 843–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55854-2_52.

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Conference papers on the topic "Causes of conflicts"

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Menezes, José William, Bruno Trindade, João Felipe Pimentel, Tayane Moura, Alexandre Plastino, Leonardo Murta, and Catarina Costa. "What causes merge conflicts?" In SBES '20: 34th Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3422392.3422440.

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Mahmood, Wardah, Moses Chagama, Thorsten Berger, and Regina Hebig. "Causes of merge conflicts." In VaMoS '20: 14th International Working Conference on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3377024.3377047.

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Mitkus, Tomas. "Identifying causes of disputes in creative industries: lithuanian architecture segment case study." In Business and Management 2016. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.06.

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Today creative industries are economically efficient, innovative and constantly growing economic segment. On the other hand, creative industry and its unique creative work process, brings increased stress and conflicts possibility to work environment. Causes of conflicts and conflict management have been analyzed in detail by a number of scholars, although conflicts evolving into disputes have been analyzed considerably less often. The causes of disputes in Lithuanian architectural segment were identified and analyzed in this article. These causes were grouped into two main categories – communication and non-communication causes. Case study results show that in 49% of 107 analyzed cases litigation could have been avoided if communication process between disputes parties would have been conducted professionally throughout all stages of production.
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Jiang, Tianhong, and Gale E. Nevill. "Pattern-Based Approach in Conflict Cause Identification in Distributed Design Environment." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/cie-21237.

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Abstract In this paper, a well-organized structure of conflict classes and causes is presented. Based on our study of nature of the conflicts and the associated value patterns in design, a pattern-based computational model is proposed for conflict cause identification and successfully tested in Plane World distributed design simulation.
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Afrizal, Afrizal, Siska Adhariani, and Ovy Irawan. "Gender and Conflicts: Patterns and Causes of Masculinization of Land Conflicts in Indonesia." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Gender, Culture and Society, ICGCS 2021, 30-31 August 2021, Padang, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-8-2021.2316259.

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Constantinides, Marios, and Stelios Orphanos. "CONFLICTS AMONG TEACHERS. SOURCES, CAUSES AND PRINCIPAL’S ROLE." In 12th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2020.1989.

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Arhagov, A. A., and A. S. Tyutyunnikov. "Causes of conflicts and methods for resolving them in a sports team." In Scientific dialogue: Economics and Management. ЦНК МОАН, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sciencepublic-08-07-2019-08.

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Abdullah, Abdullah. "The Causes of Sunni and Shiite Conflicts in Bangil Year 2007 – 2016." In Proceedings of the First Brawijaya International Conference on Social and Political Sciences, BSPACE, 26-28 November, 2019, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.26-11-2019.2295173.

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Zaigraeva, Nadezhda V. "The reasons for conflict relations in the dyad "teenager-parent" in schoolchildren with different levels of intellectual development." In Особый ребенок: Обучение, воспитание, развитие. Yaroslavl state pedagogical university named after К. D. Ushinsky, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/978-5-00089-474-3-2021-83-92.

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The content of the article presents the results of identifying the causes of conflicts between mentally retarded adolescents and their parents compared to normally developing peers. The subject of the study depends on the level of intellectual development of a school student, on the age of the teenager (junior, middle, senior), on the family structure (full, incomplete), on the gender, on the strategies and forms of behavior in the conflict between the teenager and the parent.
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Wu, Zijian, and Virginia Trigo. "Views on Current Situation, Causes and Responses of Doctor-Patient Conflicts in New Situations." In 2020 4th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200826.184.

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Reports on the topic "Causes of conflicts"

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Овчаров, Артем Валерьевич. Криминологические аспекты современных расовых конфликтов в США. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/2074-1944-2021-0367.

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The article is devoted to the criminological aspect of the problem of racial conflicts in the United States of America. The author examines the concept of racial conflict and characterizes the causes of these conflicts. The article provides a brief criminological description of crime motivated by racial, national or religious hatred and enmity and analyzes the statistical data of both racial crime in the United States and crimes committed by representatives of different races
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Ovcharov, A. V. On criminal law approaches to the assessment of «friendly fire». DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/2074-1944-2021-0165.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of the phenomenon of «friendly fire» in modern military conflicts and the development of general criminal-legal approaches to its assessment. The article analyzes the causes of «friendly fire», discusses its types and provides the most famous cases of «fire on their own» in military history. Еhe article contains recommendations for determining the guilt of persons who committed cases of «friendly fire» and compares the phenomenon under consideration with the criminal-legal category of extreme necessity
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Carter, Becky. Gender Inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.062.

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This rapid review examines evidence on the structural causes and drivers of gender inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood region and how these gender inequalities contribute to instability in the region. While the Eastern Neighbourhood region performs relatively well on gender equality compared with the rest of the world, women and girls continue to face systemic political and economic marginalisation and are vulnerable to gender-based violence. Research on Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Moldova identifies the key underlying cause to be a set of traditional patriarchal gender norms, intersecting with conservative religious identities and harmful customary practices. These norms do not operate in isolation: the literature highlights that gender inequalities are caused by the interplay of multiple factors (with women’s unequal economic resources having a critical effect), while overlapping disadvantages affect lived experiences of inequalities. Other key factors are the region’s protracted conflicts; legal reform gaps and implementation challenges; socio-economic factors (including the impact of COVID-19); and governance trends (systemic corruption, growing conservatism, and negative narratives influenced by regional geopolitics). Together these limit women and girls’ empowerment; men and boys are also affected negatively in different ways, while LGBT+ people have become a particular target for societal discrimination in the region. Global evidence – showing that more gender unequal societies correlate with increased instability – provides a frame of reference for the region’s persistent gender inequalities.
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Liaga, Emmaculate Asige. Towards Local Approaches and Inclusive Peacebuilding in South Sudan. RESOLVE Network, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.24.lpbi.

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The post-liberation peacebuilding in South Sudan, which largely drew from liberal peace theory, was employed between 2005 (after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) and before the referendum, secession, and independence in 2011) and December 2013 (when it imploded into a civil conflict) and proved insufficient to sustain the fragile peace that briefly existed after the country’s secession from Sudan. After a protracted conflict lasting almost half a decade and the presence of multiple peace actors, the lack of a comprehensive and coordinated peacebuilding strategy proved detrimental. This failure is partly due to poor coordination between stakeholders and lack of local/domestic legitimacy, leading to insufficient peacebuilding and an aggravation of the 2013 conflict. Over the years, liberal peacebuilding strategies, which emphasize formal institution-building and statebuilding in fragile and conflict-affected environments, continue to produce mixed to poor results and fragile peace. This decline has resulted in the shifting of discourses and operations within peacebuilding, a paradigm shift that pays greater attention to localization and the local context in the conceptualization of peacebuilding objectives and strategies. This transformation promotes local ownership and inclusivity in peace processes and their dividends. The dialogue on inclusive peace has thus gained momentum, bearing a need to fully engage both states and societies in this process. The “local” in peacebuilding forms an important resource when solving root causes of conflicts, as in South Sudan, by improving awareness of the cultural and historical diversity in a given context.
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Glaser, Sarah, Colleen Devlin, Joshua Lambert, Ciera Villegas, and Natasia Poinsatte. Fish Wars: The Causes and Consequences of Fisheries Conflict in Tanzania. One Earth Future, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18289/oef.2018.033.

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Devlin, Colleen, Sarah M. Glaser, Ciera Villegas, and Natasia Poinsatte. Rough Seas: The Causes and Consequences of Fisheries Conflict in Somali Waters. One Earth Future, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18289/oef.2020.042.

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Wallace, Michael J. East-West 'Giants' on Collision Course: Underlying Causes for Future US-China Conflict. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada397844.

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Kofodimos, Joan. Beyond work-family programs: Confronting and resolving the underlying causes of work-personal life conflict. Center for Creative Leadership, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.35613/ccl.1995.2005.

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Kelly, Luke. Threats to Civilian Aviation Since 1975. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.019.

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This literature review finds that the main malicious threats to civilian aviation since 1975 are attacks by terrorist groups, deliberate or accidental damage arising from conflicts, and incidents caused by people who work for airlines or airports. While the sector has responded to hijackings and bombings with increasing security since the 1970s, actors seeking to attack aircraft have modified their tactics, and new threats such as liquid explosives and cyber attacks have emerged. Civilian aviation has seen relatively fewer accidents and deaths over the years, but threats remain. The review focuses on malicious threats to civilian aviation. It, therefore, excludes weather events or accidents. The first section lists major malicious threats to civilian aviation since 1975. It includes both actual and planned events (e.g. hijackings that were prevented) that are recorded in open-source documents. Each threat is listed alongside information on its cause (e.g. terrorism, state actions, crime), the context in which it occurred (broader factors shaping the risk including geography, regime type, technology), and its impact (on passengers, policy, security, economic). The second section discusses some of the trends in threats to aviation. Motives for malicious threats include terrorism, crime, asylum-seeking, and insider attacks by aggrieved or mentally ill airline staff. Hijacking has been the most common form of threat, although bombing or suicide attacks have killed more people. Threats may also take the form of accidental attacks on civilian planes misidentified as threats in conflict zones. Experts suggest that growing threats are cyberattacks and the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, although neither has yet caused a major incident.
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Bali, Chetan. Military Transformation for the Changing Cause, Character and Conduct of Conflict in the 21st Century. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada441612.

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