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Suaka, Yaro David. "An investigation into the causes and ramifications of political conflict in Ivory Coast." Thesis, Walter Sisulu University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11260/d1007276.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes and the ramifications of the political conflict in Ivory Coast from 2002 to 2009. A purposive sampling was used to select fourteen respondents. Qualitative methodology was used for the study. The data collection instruments were semi-structured interview questions, open-ended Semi-structured questionnaire and documentary analysis. The analysed data revealed that the causes of the conflict were: competition for scarce resources, bad governance, media incitement, xenophobia, incessant political power struggle and the proliferation of small fire arms entering the country. The effects experienced during the conflict were human rights violation, destruction of property including UN premises and displaced people both internally and externally. Some recommendations made include: Efforts should be made by the Government to strengthen good relationship among different ethnic groups and help them adapt to new challenges that confront democratic developments in the country. The Government should organise the South African style of Truth and Reconciliation Commission to revisit the horrors of the past in order to heal wounds and prevent future occurance of the conflict. Employment opportunities and other income generationg ventures for Ivorian should be created by the Government by attracting local and foreign investors. The numerous rebels should be given special skills training in other for them to be able to live among the communities in Ivory Coast. Government of national unity should be encouraged in situation like this. ECOWAS as well as AU should make sure that when disarmament instituted, it should be done properly. They should always monitor it and not to allow the arms to get into the country again. It is the hope of the researcher that this study makes a contribution towards the prevention of similar conflicts in Africa in the future.
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Salverda, Nynke. "Complex Conflicts : Causes and Consequences of Multiparty Civil Wars." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328463.
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Civil wars are inherently complex and often feature a myriad of actors, whose interactions influence the intensity, duration and outcome of the conflict. The larger the number of actors involved in a conflict, the more complex it gets. While civil wars are often portrayed as a dyadic interaction between the government and a single rebel group, this is far from the reality. Between 1946 and 2015, more than half of those countries that experienced civil wars saw two or more active rebel groups. Understanding multiparty conflicts better is important, as they are deadlier, more difficult to solve and more dangerous for civilians. This dissertation studies the causes and consequences of multiparty civil wars. It suggests that all actors in a conflict system with several actors influence each other, which impacts conflict dynamics. Four essays shed light on different aspects of these civil wars. Essay I studies the differences in formation rates of rebel groups across the states of Northeast India. It finds that potential rebel groups will only form when rebellion is perceived as a legitimate way to address grievances and when competition from already existing groups is not too high. Essay II looks at rebel group splintering: It focusses on relationships within rebel groups and finds that both vertical and horizontal relations affect the likelihood of splintering. Essay III studies violent interactions between rebel groups and investigates how different conflict dynamics influence interrebel fighting. It demonstrates that interrebel fighting is more likely when one of the rebel groups is more successful against the government and when negotiations are ongoing. Finally, Essay IV widens the scope of conflict actors by studying why rebels decide to fight against UN peacekeeping operations. It shows that only relatively strong rebel groups are likely to attack blue helmets. Taken together, this dissertation furthers our understanding of the causes and consequences of multiparty civil wars. It highlights the intricate web of relations that form between actors and that influence civil war dynamics. These relations matter not only for studying civil wars, but also for preparing negotiations or planning a peacekeeping mission.
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Gustafsson, Jenny. "The Role of the United Nations in Preventing Violent Ethnic Conflicts." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21617.
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The aim of the following study was to create a limited framework, based on normative and constructive reflections, of how the UN can work to prevent violent ethnic conflicts. The study was divided into two phases. The first phase originated from Joseph S. Nye’s analytical framework and gave an overview of the theories available on the causes of ethnic conflicts. From these theories three major problems were drawn; poverty, structural inequalities and society in transition. The second phase of the study had a normative and constructive approach, using two overlapping circles of theories. The normative chapter discussed how conflict prevention ought to be in the best of worlds and which moral position the UN should have. The constructive chapter discussed which means and limitations the UN faces considering conflict prevention and how the UN can work to address the major problems outlined in the first phase. The conclusion drawn from the analysis was that the UN has the knowledge, experience and operational capacity to address these issues, but that several problems concerning the UN system and the member states of the UN makes it difficult for the organization to effectively use the potential it has to prevent violent ethnic conflicts.
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Ntiyakunze, Stanslaus Karoli. "Conflicts in Building Projets in Tanzania : Analysis of Causes and Management Approaches." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-30340.
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The prime objective of a client in a building project is to attain a successful project, a project that has been properly planned, designed and constructed in accordance with plans and specifications, and completed within time and cost originally anticipated. However the success of a building project depends on a number of variables one of them is the way the building team approach conflicts facing the project. This study examines the causes and management approaches of conflicts in building projects in Tanzania. The main objective of the study is to identify issues/areas on which conflicts occur, factors causing them and how conflicts are managed in building projects in Tanzania. As a means to achieve the above objective, the study was structured into two main parts; the first part aimed at mapping up the nature of conflicts in building projects in Tanzania by establishing critical symptoms of conflicts, factors causing them and the approaches used in resolving the conflicts. This was done through literature review, interviews and questionnaire survey. The second part aimed at in-depth study of conflicts from their root cause, how they develop/progress and how they are managed in a real building project setting. Four case studies of building projects were studied for this part. The study found that factors causing conflicts are in several forms. There are those related to the nature of contracts, where the contracts are unclear and ambiguous they give room for contracting parties to develop opportunistic behaviour when post adjustments are needed. There are those factors which are related to role functions when the parties fail to perform as expected. As such the study confirmed that contractual incompleteness and consequent post contract adjustments and opportunistic behaviour of some project participants are root causes of conflicts in building projects in Tanzania. However, the study established that there are sufficient mechanisms to deal with conflicts in the standard forms of building contracts used and when the provisions are against the interests of the parties, the parties resort to amicable resolution approaches. Notwithstanding the availability of mechanisms in the standard forms of contracts to deal with conflicts, the study proposes the framework as a strategy that could reduce effectively the occurrences of conflicts in building projects.QC 20110223
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Fox, Pamela. "Causes of Han-Hui conflicts in the 1840's in Yongchang, Western Yunnan." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28224.
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Muslim unrest and rebellion plagued nineteenth century China. Conflicts between Han Chinese and Hui (Muslims) in Yunnan flared up continuously throughout the first half of the nineteenth century culminating in the eighteen year Panthay Rebellion (1855-1873). The purpose of this study is to ascertain the causes of Han-Hui conflicts in one prefecture, Yongchang, in western Yunnan in the 1840's. Examination of the events in Yongchang during this period does provide as well, some Insight Into the causes of Han-Hui conflicts in Yunnan In general. Documents written by Qing officials, at the central, provincial and local levels, as well as local histories and a few documents written by Muslims, are examined in order to determine the causative factors of Han-Hui conflicts In Yongchang. The findings of this thesis suggest that deteriorating socioeconomic conditions in Yunnan and China, combined with the frontier environment and the mentality that it created exacerbated existing ethnic tensions between Han and Hui to the point of open conflict.
Yongchang during the 1840's was a hotbed of ethnic strife. Ethnic tensions between Han and Hui existed In Yongchang, and Yunnan, long before the nineteenth century. Religious and social customs set the Muslim population apart from the Han. There were distinct differences between Han and Hui and both groups wished to maintain strong ethnic boundaries. Under relatively prosperous economic conditions Han and Hui appear to have been able to co-exist with only minor hostilities. During the nineteenth century, however, the economy of Yunnan was in a state of decline and the population, due to immigration from China proper, had almost tripled. The resources of Yunnan were overtaxed. Competition for jobs and arable land became intense. Secret societies, banditry and anti-Muslim militia flourished in Yongchang. These conditions, coupled with a weak and inefficient local government, exacerbated already tense relations between Han and Hui. Open conflict was the result.Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
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Said, Samy. "Kiru Valley Complexity : A case study over consequences of and causes to conflicts over irrigation water in Tanzania." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1850.
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Inequalities among different power groups are getting obvious in Kiru Valley, Tanzania mainly due to water scarcity. This paper aims to examine, by a case study, the increasing competition over irrigation water among Kiru Valley farmers in relation to socio-economic stratification. It is possible to divide the examined parts of Kiru Valley farmers into three dif-ferent power groups corresponding to their access to irrigation water. First, large-scale sugar cane farmers owned by Tanzanians with Indian origin located on strategic positions near the main rivers. Second, upstream small-scale rice cultivators receiving water from the IFAD (International Found for Agricultural Development) irrigation system and, third, downstream small-scale farmers cultivating rice in the Mapea wetland. To achieve the objectives in this study, Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques have been used and especially wealth rank-ings to measure the socio-economic stratification.
The wealth rankings demonstrate differences among Kiru Valley farmers. Those farmers connected to the IFAD irrigation system and the large-scale farmers have in higher amount a steady access to irrigation water than farmers cultivating the Mapea wetland. Consequently Mapea farmers are forced to rely on left over water from upstream IFAD farmers and sur-rounding large-scale farmers, leading to unfair distribution patterns and tensions among Kiru Valley farmers. Finally, it has further been found that access to irrigation water is reflected in household economy. Mapea farmers have less capital goods and households properties com-pared to both IFAD-irrigators and large-scale farmers.
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Alasow, Omar Abdulle. "Violations of the rules applicable in non-international armed conflicts and their possible causes : the case of Somalia." Thesis, University of Essex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416711.
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Fayez, Ninwa, and Dikizeko Abel André. "Konflikthantering på fritidshem : En kvalitativ studie om konflikter, konflikthantering och förebyggande arbete kring konflikter på fritidshemmet." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38149.
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The purpose of this study is to gain an insight into what the most common conflicts are between pupils in the leisure-time center according to leisure-time teachers, how the leisuretime teachers handle these and how the leisure-time teachers prevent conflicts. The previous research done in our study is based on previous thesis and research on conflicts and conflict management. The theoretical perspectives of the study are based on Johan Galtung's ABC model, Cohen's conflict pyramid and Arne Maltén's conflict strategies. The empirical evidence was collected through a qualitative method with interviews of four leisure time educators and an assistant principal. In addition, two observations were made on two different occasions in a school located in the Stockholm area. We analyzed our empirical evidence with help of Andrzej Szklarski's four categories for various reasons for the emergence of conflicts, Johan Galtung's ABC model, Cohen's conflict pyramid and Arne Maltén's conflict strategies. In our study we have found that the reason why conflicts arise between pupils can, for example, be due to a lack of occupation among pupils, envy in friends' relationships but also in disagreement on game and play rules. Another reason may be verbal comments where students disturb the play of other students but also conflicts that occur through social media where the students take the conflicts from home when they come to school. Based on interviews and observation we have seen that the leisure-time teachers usually handle conflicts by letting the ones involved in the conflict tell their experience of the conflict situation without being interrupted to then resolve the conflict together. It also emerged in our empirical evidence report that in conflict situations where the parties do not find a solution to a conflict it is possible that the leisure-time teachers may make a decision, especially if the conflicts have been going on for a long time between the parties. Good leadership and competent, present and educated staff are of great importance in order to prevent conflicts in the leisure-time center.
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Saunders, Paul. "Evolution d'un déterminisme du sexe atypique chez un mammifère : causes et conséquences." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS280.
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Le système de déterminisme du sexe des mammifères thériens (XX/XY) est ancien et conservé : toute déviation mène généralement à la stérilité. Cependant, quelques espèces dérogent à la règle. C’est le cas de la souris naine africaine Mus minutoides, qui possède un système de déterminisme polygénique où les mâles sont XY, et les femelles XX, XX* ou X*Y (l’astérisque désigne une mutation sur le X, féminisant les embryons X*Y, et apparue il y a presque 1 million d’années). L’évolution d’un tel système est un paradoxe : les femelles X*Y sont censées faire face à des coûts reproductifs importants (perte d’embryons YY, problèmes de méiose…), qui devraient empêcher le maintien de la mutation. Afin de mieux comprendre l’évolution de ce système, nous avons dans un premier temps cherché à identifier les mécanismes évolutifs impliqués dans l’émergence et le maintien du X*. La combinaison d’une approche empirique et d’une étude théorique basée sur des modèles de génétique des populations a permis de mettre en évidence que deux facteurs participent au maintien du X*: un meilleur succès reproducteur des femelles X*Y et la présence de distorteurs de transmission des chromosomes sexuels mâles (leur Y est transmis majoritairement dans les croisements avec des femelles XX et XX* et leur X avec des femelles X*Y). Ce second facteur est certainement à l’origine de l’émergence de ce système. Nous avons ensuite analysé les conséquences de l’évolution de ce système atypique avec trois chromosomes sexuels d’abord sur le phénotype : alors que les trois types de femelles sont indistinguables morphologiquement, les femelles X*Y présentent un comportement masculinisé (elles sont plus agressives et moins anxieuses), puis sur l’évolution de la séquence et de la structure du X et du X* (basé sur des données de séquençage NGS), mettant en évidence que ces chromosomes ont commencé à diverger. Dans l’ensemble, cette étude permet de mieux comprendre les contraintes agissant sur les systèmes de déterminisme du sexe anciens, et les conditions exceptionnelles pouvant réduire ces contraintes permettant ainsi l’évolution d’un nouveau système de déterminisme du sexe. Elle améliore aussi la compréhension de l’impact du complément en chromosomes sexuels sur le phénotype et renseigne sur les forces évolutives agissant sur les chromosomes sexuels dans ce type de système de déterminisme polygéniqueTherian mammals have an extremely conserved XX/XY sex determination system. Their highly differentiated and specialised sex chromosomes are thought to prevent any modification; however, a dozen species harbour unconventional systems. In the African pygmy mouse Mus minutoides, all males are XY, and there are three types of females: the usual XX but also XX* and X*Y ones (the asterisk designates a sex reversal mutation on the X chromosome, which evolved almost 1 million years ago). The evolution of such a system is a paradox, as X*Y females are expected to face high reproductive costs (loss of YY embryos, meiotic problems…), which should prevent the maintenance of the mutation. To better understand the evolution of this curious system, we first tried to identify the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the emergence and maintenance of the X*. The combination of empirical data and a theoretical approach based on population genetics models showed that two mechanisms participate in the maintenance of the system: the greater breeding success of X*Y females and the presence of sex chromosome transmission distorters (males transmit their Y more often in crosses with XX or XX* females and their X in crosses with X*Y females), the second mechanism likely being the trigger for the initial spread of the feminising chromosome. We then investigated the consequences of the evolution of this unusual system with three sex chromosomes. First on the phenotype, revealing that despite X*Y females have typical female anatomy and morphology, they resemble males on certain aspects of behaviour: they are more aggressive and less anxious than XX and XX* females. Then on the sequence and structural evolution of the X and X* (based on NGS data), showing that the two chromosomes have started diverging. Altogether, these results shed light on the constraints acting on sex determination systems with highly heteromorphic sex chromosomes and show that rare conditions can loosen these constraints. They also provide valuable insight into the impact of sex chromosome complement on phenotype, and inform on the evolutionary forces acting on sex chromosomes in that kind of polygenic sex determination system
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Sekhu, Madimetja Solomon. "An Investigation of the Early Involvement of Facilities-Management Specialists into the Traditional Design-Development Process: the Causes of Conflicts." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79655.
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The traditional procurement and contracting method within the architectural, engineering and construction industry is often criticised for its fragmented approach and its isolation of designers from contractor and Facilities Management(FM). However, adversarial relationships often occur among the project-team members due to disagreements relating to poor communication, processes, specifications, compliance, cost overruns and the extension of times. Therefore, the integration of FM’s specialists into early design development process comes with challenges, such as conflict between the design team and FM’s specialists over the specifications, local statutory compliance, commissioning method statements and the hand-over process. Furthermore, conflicts have critical effects on cost and schedule in complex projects and creates breakdown of relationships among project participants and results in project delays, claims and disputes.
The Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to “to explore effective involvement of FM specialists in the early design-development process of complex building projects in South Africa is perceived to be causing conflicts between the multi-disciplinary professional design team members.”
Design/methodology: Mixed methods was adopted for this study including extensive related literature review and pilot study. Purposive (8 interviews) and snowballing (102 participants) sampling techniques were used in data collection.
Findings: According to descriptive analysis, participants slightly greed that FM specialists should be involved in the early stage of the design development process with mean score ranging from 3.21 (Inception stage) and 3.71 (Concept and Viability stage). Participants agreed that that FM specialists should be involved during design development stage with a mean score of 4.19 and project close out stage with a mean score of 4.29. Furthermore, from 41 causes of conflicts, 10 received mean scores ranging from 2.66 and 2.97 meaning that there is a low possibilities of causing conflicts while 31 variables received mean scores ranging from 3.00 to 3.97 meaning that there is a moderate possibilities of causing conflicts among FM specialists and design team during design development process.
Research limitation/Implications: Potential participants are architects, engineers, project managers, property-development managers and facilities managers. Furthermore, the focus of the study is on medium and large complex projects with buildings systems. In addition, this
Originality/Value: The high costs of maintenance during operation and non-compliance with the local statutory requirements of the building systems will affect the results and the application thereof. The integration of the design team and FM’s specialists will provide the client with the final product that is functional and safe to occupy and use for its intent. Furthermore, FM’s specialists’ involvement early in the design-development process would reduce operational and maintenance costs during the operational stage of the building; and they would further ensure that the facility complies with the local statutory requirements.Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Construction Economics
MSc
Unrestricted
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Brosché, Johan. "Masters of War : The Role of Elites in Sudan’s Communal Conflicts." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-212374.
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Why do communal conflicts turn violent in some regions but not in others? Communal conflicts pose a severe threat to human security and kill thousands of people each year, but our understanding of this phenomenon is still limited. In particular, we lack knowledge about why some of these conflicts become violent while others are resolved peacefully. This study addresses this knowledge gap and has a novel approach by addressing subnational variations that are unexplained by previous research. The theoretical framework combines insights from three different perspectives focusing on the role of the state, elite interactions, and conditions for cooperation over common resources. Empirically, the research question is investigated by combining within- and between-region analyses of three Sudanese regions: Darfur, Eastern Sudan, and Greater Upper Nile. Despite sharing several similar characteristics, communal conflicts have killed thousands in Darfur and Greater Upper Nile but only a few dozen in Eastern Sudan. The empirical analysis builds on extensive material collected during fieldwork. This study generates several conclusions about the importance of government conduct and how state behavior contributes to the prevalence of violent communal conflicts. It finds that when governments act in a biased manner – favoring certain communities over others – interactions between central and local elites as well as among local elites are disrupted. Unconstructive elite interactions, in turn, have negative effects on three mechanisms that are crucial for communal cooperation. First, when the regime is biased, communal affiliation, rather than the severity and context of a violation, determines the sanctions that are imposed on the perpetrators. Second, government bias leads to unclear boundaries, which contribute to violent communal conflicts by creating disarray and by shifting power balances between the communities. Third, regime partiality distances rules from local conditions and restricts the influence of local actors who have an understanding of local circumstances. The study also reveals why a regime acts with partiality in some areas but not in others. The answer to this question is found in the complex interplay between the threats and opportunities that a region presents to the regime. Taken together, the findings have important implications for the prevention and management of communal conflict.
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Silva, Lívia Maria Ferreira da 1976. "Conflitos entre alunos de 8 e 9 anos : causas, estratégias e finalizações." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254148.
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Orientador: Telma Pileggi VinhaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T09:21:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_LiviaMariaFerreirada_D.pdf: 4102044 bytes, checksum: 8442c3c5e7cacf8c1dcffbe8cb7ea0d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Fundamentado na teoria piagetiana, este trabalho se constitui de um estudo qualitativo e quantitativo, que tem como objetivos identificar as causas, as estratégias empregadas e as finalizações dos conflitos interpessoais entre os alunos de oito e nove anos, bem como investigar diferenças nas formas como essas crianças resolvem os conflitos vividos e como julgam solucioná-los. Objetiva, ainda, comparar essas mesmas variáveis entre os alunos de três e quatro, e cinco e seis anos, participantes de um estudo anterior, análogo. A amostra foi constituída por 30 alunos do terceiro ano do Ensino Fundamental I de uma escola municipal do interior paulista, escolhidas por conveniência. Os dados foram coletados por meio de sessões de observação da rotina escolar no decorrer de um semestre letivo, totalizando 92 horas, sendo encerrado por saturação. Para avaliar como os alunos julgavam resolver conflitos, foram apresentadas, por meio de entrevistas clínicas, histórias em que se apresentavam conflitos hipotéticos, elaboradas com base na identificação das principais causas das desavenças entre as crianças. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P<0.001) entre os grupos etários pesquisados, sendo a disputa física a principal causa de conflito entre as crianças de três e quatro anos e de cinco e seis anos, porém, ela declina, significativamente, aos oito e nove anos, cedendo lugar à provocação e à reação ao comportamento perturbador. As estratégias físicas e impulsivas predominam nos grupos de três e quatro anos e no de cinco e seis anos, diminuindo, significativamente (P<0.001), aos oito e nove anos. Os participantes de oito e nove anos empregaram mais estratégias unilaterais do que os participantes dos outros dois grupos etários (P<0.001). Tais resultados indicam que as estratégias apresentam uma evolução no que se refere à tomada e coordenação de perspectiva, bem como maior autorregulação dos impulsos. Nas três faixas etárias estudadas, os conflitos foram principalmente abandonados, indicando a limitação das estratégias empregadas. Quanto à comparação entre o juízo e a ação, os alunos de três e quatro anos e de cinco e seis anos apresentaram estratégias mais sofisticadas na vivência dos conflitos reais, quando comparadas com as respostas emitidas nas entrevistas. Contudo, no grupo de crianças de oito e nove anos, as estratégias de resolução de conflitos mais evoluídas, em termos de competências psicossociais, foram apresentadas com maior frequência na resolução de conflitos hipotéticos do que nos conflitos reais vivenciados. Tais achados são coerentes com a teoria piagetiana a respeito da precocidade da ação em relação ao juízo nas crianças pré-operatórias e, paulatinamente, pelo processo de tomada de consciência, o juízo antecipa-se em relação à ação. A contribuição do estudo caracteriza-se, portanto, no detalhamento das evoluções da compreensão e da vivência dos conflitos interpessoais, oferecendo subsídios para o planejamento de intervenções mais afinadas com as necessidades próprias de cada faixa etária, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de estratégias de resolução de conflitos mais cooperativas
Abstract: Based on Piaget¿s theory aims at identifying the causes, this research is a qualitative and quantitative study, wich aim is to identify the causes, the strategies employed and the outcomes of interpersonal conflicts of students of 8th and 9th grades as well as investigating the differences in the ways these children solve them and how they understand their resolution. It also aims at comparing these variables among 3, 4, 5 and 6 year old students who were part of a similar previous study. The sample group was made of 30 students of the 3rd grade of Elementary School of a municipal school in the state of São Paulo, chosen by convenience. Data were collected in 92 hours of observation sessions of the school routine throughout a semester and were concluded by saturation. Evaluations were carried through clinical interviews, during which stories containing hypothetical conflicts were told based on identification of the main cause of conflict among children. Significant differences (P<0.001) were found among the age groups researched: among 3 and 4, and 5 and 6 year-olds, physical dispute is the main cause of conflict; there is a significant (P<0.001) decline in this data in 8 and 9 year-olds, being replaced by teasing and reaction to disturbing behavior. Physical and impulsive strategies were prevalent in the groups of 3 and 4 and 5 and 6 year olds decreasing significantly (P<0.001) in 8 and 9 year old participants. This group used more unilateral strategies than the participants of the two other age groups. These results indicate there is a development in the strategies concerning taking and coordination of perspective, as well as better self regulation of impulses. In the three age groups studied, conflicts were mainly abandoned, which indicates the limitation of strategies used. As to the comparison between judgment and action, 3 and 4, and 5 and 6 year old students showed more sophisticated strategies in the actual living of conflicts when compared to the answers given during interviews. However, in the 8 and 9 year-old group, solution strategies for conflicts were more developed in terms of psychosocial capacity in the resolution of hypothetical conflicts than in real ones. Such findings are coherent to Piaget¿s theory about action taking previous to judgment in pre-operational children who, gradually, as they develop self-awareness, let judgment precede action. Therefore, the contribution of the study was to detail the development of the understanding and living of interpersonal conflicts, which may help the planning of interventions that are more accurate for each age group, aiding the development of strategies for more cooperative conflict resolution
Doutorado
Psicologia Educacional
Doutora em Educação
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Zanchet, Marília. "A proteção dos vulneráveis no direito internacional privado brasileiro." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/7506.
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As relações de consumo, da mesma forma como relações privadas em geral, têm assumido caráter internacional. O crescente fenômeno acarreta, contudo, o incremento de vulnerabilidade do consumidor, a qual, em nível nacional, já exige que o direito restabeleça o desequilíbrio intrínseco à relação de consumo. Em nível internacional, assim, esses desafios aumentam, especialmente porque as normas conflituais clássicas foram construídas a partir da sociedade liberal moderna, que buscava basicamente a manutenção da igualdade formal entre os indivíduos, sem preocupações de cunho material. No Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro essa situação se repete. Busca o presente trabalho, portanto, construir propostas para o Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro de defesa do consumidor. Na primeira parte do trabalho, então, são analisadas as causas da vulnerabilidade na relação internacional de consumo, constatando-se estar no liberalismo jurídico e suas conseqüências na disciplina, bem como o duplo papel do princípio da autonomia da vontade. Por um lado, a autonomia permite o reconhecimento do indivíduo no plano internacional, mas por outro demonstra a insuficiência do modelo conflitual clássico. Diante da crise do modelo liberal moderno, discutem-se, na segunda parte do trabalho, os remédios para superar a vulnerabilidade na relação internacional de consumo. Analisa-se a informação enquanto forma de mitigar a vulnerabilidade do consumidor. Abordam-se, ainda, as formas de se encontrar a lei mais favorável ao consumidor. Nas conclusões, enfim, constrói-se uma sugestão de redação para a lei brasileira de proteção internacional do consumidor.Consumers’ relations are becoming international, as private relations in general. This change brings, however, more difficulties to consumers’ protection, which is already hard in every kind of consumer’s relations. In international terms the difficulties increase, specially because the Classic Conflicts of Law Theory were built on the modern liberal society, whose basic aim was to maintain the formal equality between individuals, without any material concerns. In Brazilian Private International Law this situation is confirmed. Therefore, this present paper intend to find solutions to overcome the problems, based on the analysis of the vulnerability causes of the international consumer’s relations, providing proposals to the Brazilian Private International Law. At the first part, the causes of the international consumer’s relations vulnerability will be study, analyzing the legal liberalism and its consequences to the field. To reach this aim the solutions provided by the Classic Conflicts of Law Theory to the international consumer’s protection will be discussed, based on conflict rules and public order exception. In addiction, the double function of party autonomy is study, analyzing its positive and negative aspects in the international consumer’s relation. In the second part, the solutions to overcome the vulnerability are concerned, also analyzing the information´ rule, considering the language problem in the international relations. The paper attempt to find the best ways to find criteria that benefit the consumers, through alternative connections and imperative rules. As conclusion, a suggestion to a Brazilian rule of law to protect consumers internationally is built.
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Rauckienė, Asta. "Konfliktai ir jų poveikis prekybos įmonių konkurencingumui." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050531_115050-91100.
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Term paper of master degree contains 123 pages, 21 pictures, 12 tables, 58 references, 4 appendixes, in Lithuanian language.
KEY WORDS: conflicts, management, organization, manager, employee, causes of conflicts, competitiveness, factors of competitiveness, solution of conflicts, reduction of conflicts, management style, organizational culture, managerial culture.
Purpose of the work – to explore the essence of conflicts, causes and outcomes of their emergence, and to prepare a framework of conflicts reduction measures that improves competitiveness of the company.
Research object – trading companies.
Research subject – conflicts in trading companies and their effect on companies’ competitiveness.
Research tasks:
1. To analyze concept and essence of conflicts and their emergence causes and outcomes after evaluation of attitudes of different authors with this respect;
2. To analyze theoretical aspects of competitiveness and its factors;
3. To prepare methodology for investigation of conflicts and competitiveness interaction;
4. To explore causes and outcomes of conflicts emergence in investigated companies;
5. To analyze interaction of conflict causes and competitiveness and to provide framework of conflicts reduction measures.
Hypothesis – reduction of conflicts has a positive effect on company’s framework of conflicts reduction measures.
Research methods – logical comparative analysis and synthesis of scientific literature sources, questionnaire interview of employees... [to full text]
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Araujo, Rodrigo Ulhoa Cintra de. "Sobre causas do desmembramento da Federação Iugoslava." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-17042002-233019/.
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A guerra que desmembrou a ex-Federação das Repúblicas da Iugoslávia ainda apresenta conseqüências tanto na vida dos iugoslavos quanto no sistema internacional. Este estudo busca repensar algumas das teses básicas apontadas pela mídia e por alguns analistas como sendo as causas da guerra. Partindo do questionamento da principal destas teses de que o conflito tem uma origem estritamente étnica fazemos breves anotações sobre as teorias de etnicidade/nacionalismo, passamos para um estudo histórico do conflito, buscando agregar um maior número de dimensões, e finalmente concluímos analisando a participação dos atores do sistema internacional no desenvolvimento do conflito.The war that dismembered the former-Federation of the Republics of Yugoslavia still, through its consequences, presents in the life of the Yugoslavians as in the international system. This study directed to the rethinking of some of the pointed basic theses that may have caused the war; the most important ones are those pointed by the media and by some analysts. Starting from what may be the most important of these theses that the conflict has an strictly ethnic origin we make brief annotations on etnicity and nationalism theories', then we passed for a historical study of the conflict, in an effort to join a larger number of dimensions, and finally we concluded analyzing the participation of some actors of the international system in the development of the conflict.
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Nikkar-Esfahani, Hamidreza. "The Nagorno Karabakh conflict: Causes of the conflict and obstacles to conflict resolution." Doctoral thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4899.
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Nikkar-Esfahani, Hamidreza. "The Nagorno Karabakh Conflict : causes of the conflict and obstacles to conflict resolution." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5650.
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Since 1988, the states of Armenia and Azerbaijan have been engaged in conflict over the enclave of Nagorno Karabakh. The conflict has developed into one of the most intractable and complicated disputes in the international arena, with the main parties being the two rivalling sovereign states plus the 'unrecognised state' of Nagorno Karabakh. Despite the optimistic statements and claims by the OSCE and after many years of negotiations and talks, the peace process remains in stalemate. The research argues the virtues of Track Two diplomacy and highlights the successful instances where it has made important contributions to the 'official' or Track One diplomatic process. It also explores the potential of a 'no war no peace' situation by discerning the factors influencing the progress of the conflict. The research shows that a deeper understanding of the obstacles to peace is achieved by appreciating the significance of historical events as well as recognising the motives and interests of the different parties. The study reviews all major factors which have led to the failure of resolution efforts, particular the negative role played by Russia. It concludes that the scholars in the field of conflict resolution can bring about a lasting peace to this region, provided there is a fundamental change in the structure of the co-chairs of the OSCE.
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Cho, Young M. (Dave), Brady R. Clark, and Mark M. Lee. "Effective SOF employment: mitigating causes of conflict." Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34644.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedFollowing two long wars conducted in Iraq and Afghanistan, the American appetite for large-scale and prolonged stability operations may be diminishing. Consequently, employment of United States Special Operations Forces (SOF) may prove an increasingly attractive alternative for the Department of Defense (DOD) in unstable regions because of its unique capability to operate indirectly and with a minimal footprint, particularly in responding to cases of State failure, which is closely tied to outbreaks of conflict between governments and armed insurgents. Hence, the appropriate employment of SOF will be of critical importance to the achievement of U.S.-led efforts goals-one of which is building partner nation capacity to mitigate causes of conflict or to prevent conflicts from escalating to cause complete state failure.
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Siddiq, Irfan. "Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia : causes and recommended measures /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Dec%5FSiddiq.pdf.
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Yousef, Sahar Farid. "Three Essays on the Economic Causes of Conflict." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1606771186493627.
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Mphatsoe, M. F., and M. J. Motseke. "CAUSES OF TEACHER CONFLICT IN THE TOWNSHIP SECONDARY SCHOOLS - A DOCTORAL REPORT." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 13, Issue 1: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/281.
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Published ArticleThe purpose of this article is to report the findings of the study that investigated the causes of conflict in the township secondary schools – as viewed by the deputy principals. A questionnaire was developed and six deputy principals from six secondary schools of the Lejweleputswa district completed it. Data analysis was mainly qualitative, with numbers and tables used to enhance the qualitative understanding. It was found that the shortage of resources, poor communication and taking care of learners of absent teachers were the major causes of conflict in the schools surveyed. The conclusion was that conflict existed in the township secondary schools, and that the shortage of resources and teacher absenteeism played a major role in teacher conflict. It was recommended that the use of available resources be properly monitored, and that stress and conflict management sessions be introduced for teachers.
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Fisher, Anne-Claire. "Exceptionality and Parent-Professional Conflict: Causes, Prevention and Resolution." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195793.
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A large number of due process hearings regarding the delivery of special education services to children with disabilities occur nationally and the number is increasing. Differences of opinion between professionals and parents concerning whether or not a child is disabled, the diagnosis of a disability, and the special services recommended or provided has resulted in parent-professional conflict accompanied by substantial financial and emotional costs to parents, professionals and educational agencies. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the origins and dynamics of parent-professional conflict about special education services and identify promising approaches and strategies for preventing and resolving conflict between professionals and parents of children with disabilities.A comprehensive literature review revealed the major origins of conflict about special education services in the schools. These include (a) legislative mandates; (b) attrition of special education personnel; (c) ineffective leadership in the schools; (d) lack of collaboration between general and special educators and parents; and (e) hidden constraints in educational agencies such as time, money, and resources. The combination of "systemic cracks" in the nation's educational system and the failure of professionals and parents to use effective "communication and collaboration skills" were found to be the major sources of conflict between professionals and parents.Five promising approaches and strategies were identified for preventing or resolving conflicts about special education. First, identify systemic problems, initiate school-wide dialogues, and implement a change process to reform problems through legislation, policies, organizational structures, and operating procedures. Second, follow ten basic principles of dialogue and collaboration while communicating with each other. Third, engage in positive dialogue where each party reflects and takes responsibility for reaching a mutually shared alternative solution by understanding the other person's point of view and conversing as equals. Fourth, train professionals to adopt an interest-based approach to dispute resolution by engaging all stakeholders in a school-wide dialogue, addressing underlying interests or needs rather than reacting to demands. Fifth, use third party intermediaries such as parent-to-parent assistance, dispute resolution case managers, individualized education program facilitators and intervene at the onset of the conflict.
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Unfried, Kerstin [Verfasser]. "The causes and consequences of violent conflict / Kerstin Unfried." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1232492841/34.
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Rahmawati, Arifah. "Papuan enthno-political conflict : causes, contexts, and policy implication /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Mar%5FRahmawati.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Security Building in Post-Conflict Environment))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2004.Thesis advisor(s): Douglas Porch. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-77). Also available online.
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Egere, Hudson Dafe. "Causes of conflict between Niger Delta communities (2003-2014)." Thesis, Coventry University, 2017. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/66d6958c-60fc-4654-915b-b92ab9740fc5/1.
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The thesis evaluates the causality of inter-community conflict in the Niger Delta, notably in the core states of Bayelsa, Delta and Rivers. In contrast to previous studies, this research uses its own detailed definition and delineation of Niger Delta Communities (NDCs), and the nature of inter-community conflict, to determine the social, economic and political factors that cause conflict between communities in the ND. A further key distinction between this study and previous research on the causality of conflict in the Niger Delta is the use of evidence and data gathered from leaders and residents involved first-hand in the conflict in the region. The study defines NDCs as inherently autonomous entities, since they were politically autonomous prior to colonisation. Non-native means of administration first introduced by European colonisers constrained these community’s autonomy, most recently under the system of Local Government Areas (LGAs). Corruption and mismanagement in local administration has alienated NDCs who mostly no longer trust the LGAs and have fallen back on traditional means of interacting with their neighbours which can involve the use of violent conflict to settle disputes. Hence, at the heart of inter-community conflict in the Niger Delta is the tension between the ‘traditional’ represented by the NDCs’ inherent autonomy and ancient practices and the ‘modern’ represented by the LGAs’ constitutional authority. The current constitutional administrative system in the Niger Delta blurs community autonomy and forces communities to interact in the geographical, political and legal space created by the LGA. The inability of LGA’s to provide adequate social, economic and political ‘goods’ for their citizens creates an environment where interaction between NDCs often involves competition for access to these goods leading to disputes which are often settled using traditional violent means.
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Rahmawati, Arifah. "Papuan ethno-political conflict: causes, contexts, and policy implication." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1634.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThis thesis examines causes and contexts of conflict in the Papua province of Indonesia. The Papua conflict is categorized as an ethno-political conflict as groups of Papuan ethnics raise some incompatible issues about the government of Indonesia. They are expressing their political ideas with various actions from rebellion to non-violent political campaigns. The Indonesian government, at the same time, has chosen various policies from counter-insurgency to accommodation. The counter-insurgency policies, however, have escalated the conflict and regenerated more grievances to the Papuans that increase international concerns. Thus, this thesis argues for a peaceful resolution over the Papua conflict through negotiation and accommodation. The thesis also expects the active engagement of the civil society at the local, national, and international levels.
Civilian, Ministry of Education of Indonesia
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Hatungimana, Juvenal. "The cause of conflict in Burundi." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Statsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-5613.
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Marques, Carolina de Aragão Escher 1979. "Conflitos entre alunos de 11 e 12 anos : causas, estratégias e finalizações." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254136.
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Orientador: Telma Pileggi VinhaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T15:30:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marques_CarolinadeAragaoEscher_D.pdf: 2464371 bytes, checksum: 7ac182e0bfe0f7db221db7eb4f7bbcdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: Fundamentado na teoria piagetiana, este trabalho se constitui de um estudo qualitativo e quantitativo que tem como objetivos identificar as causas, as estratégias empregadas e as finalizações dos conflitos vividos entre os alunos de 11 e 12 anos, bem como investigar diferenças nas formas como esses adolescentes resolvem os conflitos vividos e como julgam solucioná-los. Tem, também, por objetivo comparar essas mesmas variáveis com os alunos de 8 e 9 anos, participantes de um estudo anterior análogo. A amostra foi constituída por 62 alunos do sexto ano do Ensino Fundamental II de duas escolas públicas do interior paulista, escolhidas por conveniência. Os dados foram coletados por meio de sessões de observação da rotina escolar no decorrer de um semestre letivo num total de 100 horas, sendo encerradas por saturação. Para avaliar como os alunos julgavam resolver conflitos, foram apresentadas, por meio de entrevistas clínicas, histórias contendo conflitos hipotéticos, elaboradas com base na identificação das principais causas das desavenças entre os alunos. Os resultados das observações indicaram que as principais causas que geraram conflitos nos alunos de 11 e 12 anos foram a provocação e a reação ao comportamento perturbador. As estratégias de resolução mais frequentemente utilizadas foram as unilaterais e o abandono foi a finalização mais comum para as desavenças observadas. Os alunos de 8 e 9 anos apresentaram as mesmas categorias com relação às causas, estratégias e finalizações mais presentes em seus conflitos. Quanto à comparação entre o juízo e a ação, os alunos de 11 e 12 anos apresentaram, assim como os de 8 e 9 anos, estratégias de resolução de conflitos mais evoluídas em termos de coordenação e tomada de perspectiva ao verbalizarem acerca dos conflitos hipotéticos, do que ao agirem nos conflitos reais vivenciados. Apesar dos ganhos em maturidade cognitiva, em compreensão interpessoal e no repertório de comportamentos, expressos especialmente nos relatos frente aos conflitos hipotéticos, os níveis reais de estratégias mais cooperativas não apresentaram uma evolução significativa quando comparados aos alunos de 8 e 9 anos (p=0.041), reiterando, assim, a importância de se disponibilizar mais oportunidades de reorganizações reflexivas que almejem o desenvolvimento de competências sociais. A contribuição do estudo foi, portanto, o detalhamento das evoluções da compreensão e da vivência dos conflitos interpessoais, oferecendo subsídios para o planejamento de intervenções mais afinadas com as necessidades próprias de cada faixa etária
Abstract: Characterized as a qualitative and quantitative study and grounded in Piaget's theory, this study aimed to identify the causes, the strategies employed, the outcomes of conflicts experienced between 11 and 12 year old students, as well as to compare if there are differences in the ways they solve experienced conflicts and how they judge to fix them. This study also has as objective to compare these same variables among students of 8 and 9 years old, participants from a previous analogue study. The set consisted of 62 sixth grade students from two elementary public schools in São Paulo State/Brazil, chosen at convenience. Data were collected during 25 days of observation, accruing for a total of 100 hours, under various situations of school routine. To assess how the students think resolve conflicts using the piagetian clinical method, stories were submitted, containing hypothetical conflicts drawn from situations observed. The results of observations indicated that the main reasons that led to conflicts among 11 and 12 year old students were teasing and reaction to annoying behavior. Resolution strategies more frequently used were unilateral and abandonment was the most common outcome for the observed disagreements. Students of 8 and 9 years old had the same categories for causes, strategies and outcomes in their conflicts. In comparison between judgment and action, 11 and 12 year old students presented, as well as the 8 and 9 year old, more advanced solving strategies of conflicts in terms of coordination and decision perspective to verbalize on hypothetical conflicts than to pursue the experienced real conflicts. Despite the gains in cognitive maturity, interpersonal understanding and behavioral repertoire, especially expressed in the reports from hypothetical conflicts, the actual levels of more cooperative strategies showed no significant change when compared to students of 8 and 9 years old (p=0.041). This reiterates the importance of providing more opportunities to help promote reflective reorganizations that aim to develop social skills. The contribution of the study was, therefore, to detail the development in the understanding and in the experience of interpersonal conflicts, providing support for the planning of interventions more in line with the needs of each age group
Doutorado
Psicologia Educacional
Doutora em Educação
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Rigterink, Anouk. "Essays on violent conflict in developing countries : causes and consequences." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1000/.
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This thesis consists of three essays, on the causes and consequences of violent conflict. It focuses on two factors that are thought to play a role in violent conflict, natural resource abundance and the media. The thesis exploits quasi-experimental variation to investigate whether natural resources and violent conflict are related, and if so, through which mechanism. It finds that evidence from cross-country studies indicating that natural resources (as a single category) cause violent conflict is not as robust as popularly believed. Proxies for natural resource abundance used are potentially endogenous to conflict, and addressing this issue changes the results obtained radically. Agricultural resources are found to be negatively related to civil war onset. In the case of diamonds specifically, evidence is found that primary diamonds, but not secondary diamonds, are related to violence. Both results provide support for income (or opportunity cost) as mechanism connecting natural resources and violent conflict. Policy documents assert that media can play a state-building role in conflict situations. However, media could also induce anxiety, and there has been increasing interest in the role of anxiety in the formation of political attitudes. This thesis investigates the impact of intensity of exposure to radio broadcasts on fear of victimization and the impact of fear on political attitudes, in South Sudan. It concludes that individuals living in areas with better radio reception display a higher level of fear, and that anxious individuals are more likely to support a local militia and less likely to support the government army. The latter could be considered the opposite of state-building.
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Oliveira, Mariana Tavares Almeida 1985. "Conflitos entre alunos de 13 e 14 anos : causas, estratégias e finalizações." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/322081.
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Orientador: Telma Pileggi VinhaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T02:39:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_MarianaTavaresAlmeida_M.pdf: 3188232 bytes, checksum: 62b64446609d90d4732d3e1509537252 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: Fundamentado na teoria piagetiana, este trabalho se constitui de um estudo qualitativo e quantitativo que tem como objetivos identificar as causas, as estratégias empregadas e as finalizações dos conflitos vividos entre alunos de 13 e 14 anos. A amostra foi constituída por 63 alunos do oitavo ano de duas escolas públicas estaduais do Ensino Fundamental II de uma cidade do interior paulista, escolhidas por conveniência. Os dados foram coletados por meio de 27 sessões de observação das interações sociais dos adolescentes, em diferentes momentos da rotina escolar, contabilizando um total de 108 horas, sendo encerradas por saturação. Os resultados das observações indicaram que as principais causas que geraram conflitos nos alunos de 13 e 14 anos foram a provocação e a reação ao comportamento perturbador. As estratégias de resolução mais frequentemente utilizadas foram as unilaterais e o abandono foi a finalização mais comum para as desavenças observadas. A contribuição do estudo foi, portanto, o detalhamento das evoluções da compreensão e da vivência dos conflitos interpessoais, oferecendo subsídios para o planejamento de intervenções mais afinadas com as necessidades próprias de cada faixa etária, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de estratégias de resolução de conflitos mais cooperativas
Abstract: Characterized as a qualitative and quantitative study and grounded in Piaget's theory, this study aimed to identify the causes, the strategies employed and the outcomes of conflicts experienced between 13 and 14 year old students. The set consisted of 63 eighth grade students from two elementary public schools in São Paulo State/Brazil, chosen at convenience. Data were collected through 27 sessions of observation of social interactions of adolescents, at various situations of school routine, accounting for a total of 108 hours, being closed by saturation. The results of observations indicated that the main causes that led to conflicts among 13 and 14 year old students were teasing and reaction to annoying behavior. Resolution strategies more frequently used were unilateral and abandonment was the most common outcome for the observed disagreements. The contribution of the study was, therefore, to detail the developments in the understanding and in the experience of interpersonal conflicts, providing support for the planning of interventions more in line with the needs of each age group, favoring the development of conflict resolution strategies more cooperative
Mestrado
Psicologia Educacional
Mestra em Educação
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Mbillah, Johnson Apenad. "The causes of present day Muslim unrest in Ghana." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365099.
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Freitas, Tiago. "Conflito no Afeganistão – Causas e Consequências –." Master's thesis, Academia Militar. Direção de Ensino, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/6954.
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Durante toda a sua existência o Afeganistão experienciou sistematicamente um conjunto de guerras e conflitos que condicionaram a sua situação actual. O conflito vivido actualmente surge associado aos atentados terroristas do dia 11 de Setembro de 2001 nos Estados Unidos da América.
Os Estados Unidos da América desempenharam inicialmente um papel fundamental na resolução do conflito, no entanto, alterações na sua política externa levou-os a remeter para segundo plano a problemática afegã.
O actual processo de pacificação do Afeganistão conta com a actuação da
comunidade internacional. A nova administração americana percepciona a situação vivida no território afegão num prisma diferente da administração anterior. Aliado a este facto surgiram mudanças na actuação dos Estados Unidos da América naquele país que afectaram e afectam a comunidade internacional.Abstract During all it existence, Afghanistan has experienced wars and conflicts that influenced his current situation. The current conflict appear associated to the terrorist attempts on 11 of September of 2001 in United States of America. The United States of America performed initially a fundamental role in the resolution of the conflict, however, changes on it external politics toke them to put on a second plan the problems of Afghanistan. The current process of pacification of Afghanistan counts with the support of the international community. The new American administration sees the situation lived on afghan territory in a different angle than the administration before. Allied to this fact, changes have emerged on the actuation of United States of America in that country that are affecting and affect the international community.
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Mevel, Ellie. "Porter la cause et être soi : le devoir identitaire de la diaspora palestinienne en France." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR159/document.
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À partir d’un travail de terrain mené auprès de la diaspora palestinienne en France et de l’analyse de la base de données MAROB (Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior) de l’Université de Maryland, cette thèse s’intéresse à la pluralité des engagements des Palestiniens en France vis-à-vis de leur pays d’origine. Leur devoir identitaire semble absolu et l’ombre de la trahison guette leur moindre écart. Les résultats indiquent que le rapport à l’engagement – et plus généralement à l’identité – des Palestiniens en France ne résulte pas uniquement d’un processus de socialisation ou d’une appartenance historique et contemporaine. En effet, les engagements à distance sont aussi façonnés par les représentations et les attentes normatives émanant de la société d’accueil. Par ailleurs, l’engagement à distance s’émancipe bien souvent de toutes enclaves institutionnelles pour se réaliser et prendre forme à un niveau plus maîtrisé par les individus. La coexistence d’une diversité d’engagements traduit la capacité des membres de la diaspora à trouver des voies d’expression et d’action qui permettent aux exilés de conjuguer leur engagement avec la poursuite de leurs projets personnels. Loin d’être vecteur de conflits, la diversité des engagements vis-à-vis du pays d’origine se réalise au sein d’une pluralité pacifiqueThe thesis is based on fieldwork conducted with the Palestinian diaspora in France and on the analysis of the “Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior” (MAROB) database compiled at the University of Maryland. We focus on the plurality of Palestinians’ commitments towards their home country. Their absolute duty to keep their identity is overseen by their constant concern not to betray the Palestinian cause. Our results indicate that both the commitment of the Palestinians living in France and their identity more broadly, do not solely originate in a direct socialization process or in historical and cultural belonging. Their commitment from afar is also shaped by the normative representations and expectations deriving from the host society. Furthermore, commitment from afar often emancipates itself from institutional boundaries and materializes at a more individualistic level. A diverse spectrum of engagement with the Palestinian cause shows that diaspora members find ways of expression and action allowing them to combine their commitments with the pursuit of their personal aspirations. That diversity, far from leading to conflict, gives way to peaceful plurality
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Letsie, Tlohang Willie. "What causes election-related conflict within democracies :a case study of Lesotho." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5685_1297834576.
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This research sought to understand the nature of election-related conflict and what needs to be done to arrest the eruption of such conflict in Lesotho. It sought the opinions of selectively respondents who have been involved in the conflicts in different ways. The interviews and documented literature revealed that what constitutes a background to election-related conflict involves issues that are many and varied. Among others such issues include the following: weak political institutions, use of vulgar language by political leadership, and the weak economy that intensifies neo-patrimonial tendencies. The research concluded that all the factors associated with the eruption of illegitimate conflicts during and after general elections in Lesotho are a result of the politicians&rsquo
desire to retain or capture national resources to satisfy their selfish interests and those of their cronies. The conflicts could be minimised if the country&rsquo
s economy could be transformed to provide the politicians with alternatives of economic survival outside the structures of government. Furthermore, to minimise the conflict, the country should consider establishing electoral courts. These have the potential of speeding up the resolution of electoral grievances, in the process preventing them from graduating into serious conflicts.
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Pettersson, Heidi Elisabeth. "Intractability of conflict : causes, drivers and dynamics of the war in Somalia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6568.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Somalia has experienced constant instability and conflict for nearly two decades. With a collapsed state, widespread violence and criminal activity, as well as continued disagreement between warring factions, the prospect of peace seems bleak. The purpose and rationale of this research has been to critically examine root causes and perpetuating factors of the protracted war in Somalia in order to arrive at a comprehensive analysis of the reasons for the intractability of this conflict. This study aims to fill a gap in the literature by pointing to some elements which have previously been overlooked in existing research on the topic, especially the impact of the war economy on the fuelling of the conflict. While the thesis first and foremost set out to identify factors which contribute to the intractability of conflict in Somalia, a thorough conceptualisation of relevant theory and a historical overview of the case study were provided as a point of departure. An analysis then followed which tied theory to empirical data. According to my analysis, the most significant internal factors contributing to intractability of conflict in Somalia were the long absence of a central governing authority, the low level of economic development, the role of Islam, as well as particular choices made by the parties to the conflict. Relational factors which are crucial are the similar military strength of the opposing sides, their lack of cooperation, and their different views regarding the country’s law and governance. Finally, external factors were deemed to have had a particularly strong effect on the long war. Ethiopia’s constant meddling; Eritrea’s support of al-Shabaab; the UN’s and the AU’s various missions; as well as the presence of a plethora of humanitarian aid agencies have shaped the conflict throughout its course. The conclusion was drawn that the war economy had the greatest impact on conflict in the first rounds of the civil war, but with the transformation, re-escalation and re-intensification of the conflict that has occurred over the last couple of years, the opportunities for benefiting from war and instability may again have increased. Piracy stands out as a new, prominent pillar of the contemporary war economy. The war economy of today continues to have an influence on the Somali conflict; it adds to its intractability, makes it increasingly difficult to establish a legitimate and stable non-corrupt government, and generally sustains violence in the country. I suggest that further research be undertaken on the topic of state collapse in Somalia, as it is clear that the long absence of a central government is a factor which has had a significant impact on the prolongation of conflict. In addition, as accurate data on the current war economy is rare, I recommend that field research should be conducted in Somalia to gain a more precise understanding of shadowy economic activities and their linkages to conflict.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Somalië beleef vir byna twee dekades konstante onstabiliteit en konflik. Met wydverspreide geweld, kriminele aktiwiteite, voortgesette verskille tussen strydende faksies en die verbrokkeling van die Somaliese staat, lyk die vooruitsig vir vrede in die land onwaarskynlik. Die doel en rasionaal van hierdie navorsing is om krities te ondersoek wat die grondoorsake en verewigings faktore is, van die uitgerekte oorlog in Somalië. Die navoring meen dus, om 'n omvattende ontleding te gee van die redes vir die hardnekkigheid van konflik in die land. Die studie poog ook om 'n gaping in die literatuur te vul deur te wysig op kritiese elemente wat nalatig was in bestaande navorsing en meer fokus te gee aan die impak van die oorlogsekonomie wat konflik in Somalië aanspoor. Alhoewel die proefskrif hoofsaaklik poog om die faktore wat bydra tot die hardnekkigheid van konflik in Somalië te bestudeer, word 'n deeglike begrip van die toepaslike teorie en 'n historiese oorsig van die studie voorsien as die vertrekpunt van die navorsing. Dit word dan opgevolg deur ‘n analise, wat die teorie bind aan empiriese data. Volgens my analise is die belangrikste interne faktore wat bydra tot die hardnekkigheid van konflik in Somalië; die lang afwesigheid van 'n sentrale beherende gesag, die lae vlak van ekonomiese ontwikkeling, die invloed van Islam, sowel as unieke keuse van partye tot die konflik. Relevante faktore wat noodsaaklik is, is die soortgelyke militêre krag van die opponerende kante, die gebrek aan samewerking, en hul teenstrydige standpunte oor die land se wet en bestuur. Laastens is daar gevind dat eksterne faktore 'n besonder sterk invloed gehad het op die langdurigheid van die oorlog. Ethiopië se konstante inmenging, Eritrea se ondersteuning van al-Shabaab, die VN en AU se verskeie misies, asook die teenwoordigheid van 'n oorvloed van humanitêre hulpagentskappe het deel gehad in die formulering van konflik oor tyd. Die gevolgtrekking was dat die oorlogsekonomie die grootste impak gehad het op die konflik in die eerste rondtes van die burgeroorlog, maar met die transformasie-, her-eskalasie en reintensivering van die konflik oor die afgelope paar jaar, is daar weereens ‘n styging in die geleenthede vir individue om te baat uit die onstabiliteit en oorlog. Seerowery staan uit as 'n nuwe, prominente pilaar van die huidige oorlogsekonomie. Die huidige oorlogsekonomie het nog steeds 'n invloed op die Somaliese konflik, dit dra by tot sy hardnekkigheid, maak dit toenemend moeilik om ‘n wettige en stabiele onkorrupte regering te stig en dit fasiliteer die voortduur van geweld in die land. Ek stel voor dat verdere navorsing onderneem word oor die onderwerp van die ineenstorting van die staat in Somalië. Dit is duidelik dat die lang afwesigheid van 'n sentrale regering 'n beduidende faktor is, wat ‘n impak op die verlenging van konflik het. Verder, omdat akkurate data oor die huidige oorlogsekonomie so skaars is, beveel ek aan dat verdere navorsing gedoen moet word om ‘n meer akkurate begrip van donker ekonomiese aktiwiteite in Somalië te kry en hul impak op konflik.
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Pålsson, Emil. "Colombia’s Socio-Economic Stratification System : An urbanisation policy that causes intergroup conflict?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91278.
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Rapid urbanisation is a global phenomenon on the rise. If managed poorly by the cities affected, it may lead to, e.g. segregation, air pollution and civil unrest. In order to avoid these problems and to achieve Sustainable Development Goals, 10, reduce inequality within and among countries and 11, make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, urbanisation policies must be functional, robust and socially sustainable so that the organic growth or poorly executed policies does not lead to problems like segregation, tensions between the inhabitants and civil unrest. This study takes a closer look at a one mega city’s attempt to cope with their rapid urbanisation, the Socio-Economic Stratification (SES) system of Bogotá, Colombia to see if it is a sustainable and efficient urbanisation policy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in two areas of Bogotá where neighbourhoods are characterised by a significant difference in SES levels. Social Identity Theory and the Social Identity Model of System Attitudes were adopted to analyse the results, focusing on the formation of group identities in the neighbourhoods, intergroup conflictual behaviour, relationships and contact to see whether there exist peaceful coexistence or intergroup conflictual behaviours between the members of the SES systems different levels. The study shows a passively supported but not actively endorsed system, a tendency to place strong classification and stigmas on individuals based on their SES level, the lack of relationships and contact between neighbourhoods, and social identities with intergroup conflictual behaviour in three out of four areas investigated. A less conflictual behaviour is found in individuals that have lived in other SES levels or has had much contact with people from there. The results suggest that urbanisation policies, not only in Bogotá but worldwide, should be implemented where inhabitants are encouraged to interact and diminish segregation. As the segregation stemming from the SES system is causing tensions between the members of the different SES levels and may lead to civil unrest. This study contributes to the deficit in empirical data that exists on the SES system and will work to spark a debate on its implications and highlight people’s experiences from it. The results will also work as material for future research on the SES system and other urbanisation policies worldwide.
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Idoko, Victoria. "The Christian-Muslim conflict of Jos, Nigeria: causes and impact on development." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010745.
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The aim of this study is to examine conflict and how it impinges on development. Conflict is an inevitable element of human existence since creation and has always affected human activities and endeavors in several ways. Understanding the dimensions of human conflict therefore provides blueprints on how to manage and resolve conflicts. This makes this study timely. In this research, some relevant related to conflict management approaches were examined. The research adopted a case study approach using the Jos Plateau conflict in the Plateau State of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Data was collected and analyzed using a mixed research methods approach. The findings show several causes of this conflict among which are differences in religious beliefs among the people of the area, socio-economic causes, political tensions and land disputes. The consequences of the conflict identified are: it retards development in the area, creates fear and feelings of insecurity, destruction of property and loss of human lives. This study also examined how the conflict impinges on people-cantered development. In terms of how the conflict can be mitigated, respondents think education, creation of employment opportunities, the administration of justice and the practice of tolerance values is going to promote a spirit of coexistence and eventually result in a more peaceful and stable environment.
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Svensson, Jenny. "Foreign Aid as a Cause of War." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-403376.
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Karaman, Kamil Kivanc. "Intra-state conflict as a cause for undertaxation and underdevelopment /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Mamarbachi, Alexandre. "Emergence, construction et transformations d’une « cause » : sociologie historique des dévouements en faveur de la « cause » des Palestiniens 1960 – 2010 : recherche historique et enquête ethnographique." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100010.
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Cette thèse est une contribution à la sociologie des problèmes publics, de l’action collective et des groupes d’intérêt. Elle interroge les conditions d’émergence d’une « cause » au début des années 1960 et ses transformations successives. Comment la défense d’un intérêt particulier, celui des populations palestiniennes, a-t-elle conduit à l’affirmation d’une identité politique par les groupes revendiquant une nation palestinienne ? On montre que la construction de cette cause s’est inscrite dans une conjoncture marquée par l’indépendance de l’Algérie et la décolonisation : elle a été indexée à la cause algérienne et au Tiers-Monde. Le ralliement de soutiens extérieurs a contribué à renforcer et légitimer cette revendication. A la fin des années 1970, le problème est reformulé dans le cadre de la protection des droits de l’homme : des associations de juristes se mobilisent en invoquant le droit international humanitaire (DIH) pour plaider en faveur de ces populations. Une défense juridique et morale est mise en œuvre pour promouvoir cette cause : le soutien international s’insère dans l’espace des mobilisations humanitaires et l’aide au développement ; de nouveaux acteurs, les ONG et les collectivités territoriales, mènent des coopérations en faveur du développement avec les collectivités palestiniennes. Les ressources mobilisées sont l’expertise, le droit, le plaidoyer international, caractéristiques du répertoire transnational-solidariste. L’enquête de terrain montre précisément de quelle façon une municipalité en France a conduit une coopération avec un camp de réfugiés en Cisjordanie. Les élus municipaux et les acteurs associatifs se sont investis dans un « jumelage » en soutenant un micro-projet porté par des femmes. Cette action publique vise à promouvoir la « culture de la paix » et les « coopérations solidaires » : l’action humanitaire permet de justifier l’engagement municipal et de mobiliser les habitantsThis research aims to contribute to the sociology of public policies and social movements. It questions the conditions of emergence of a “cause” at the very beginning of the 1960’s and its successive transformations. Claiming for Palestinian interests has raised the affirmation of a political identity. The edification of this “cause” during the political context of the 1960’s points out that this issue has been referred to the Algerian national liberation movement. It’s a “Third-World” problem. But at the end of the 1970’s, this cause has been framed by the International Law and Humanitarian Topics. New actors reconfigured the problem: Associations of Jurists claimed assistance for the civil populations. Advocacy networks promoted Human rights and conducted an international moral protest. NGO’s and local civil authorities supported the development of Palestinian Territories by providing humanitarian aid. This cooperation belongs to a new Repertory of collective actions: Transnational-Solidarity. We have investigated the local level of a cooperation conducted by a French municipality with a Palestinian city in the West Bank (a refugee camp). Our enquiry points out how the actors provide support for empowerment of Female inhabitants. Humanitarian Aid for civil population is a way to legitimate political engagements
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Genet, Terry Nathar. "Resolution or Recess? An Empirical Analysis of the Causes of Recurring Civil War." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Political Science and Communication, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/990.
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One of the most concerning trends associated with the ongoing problem of civil wars is that conflicts often flare-up a short period after they appeared to have ended. While significant progress has been made in the study of post-civil war peace building and the causes of civil wars, the tendency for civil wars to recur is one factor which has been largely overlooked. This thesis addresses this shortcoming by analysing the causes of recurring civil war using statistical methods. Relevant civil war research was consulted and hypotheses pertaining to the variables which might influence civil war recurrence were formulated. These factors are organised in a contingency framework which suggests that conflict recurrence is dependent on both pre- and post-conflict environments as well as factors associated with how the original conflict was fought. The Uppsala Conflict Data Program/Centre for the Study of Civil War Armed Conflict Dataset was used to produce a dataset of 238 civil wars which were fought between 1946 and 2004. Additional data pertaining to specific hypotheses was collected from a range of other sources. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine the strength and direction of relationships between different variables and civil war recurrence. Several factors were found to have a significant relationship with civil war recurrence: ethnic diversity, conflicts which were fought over territorial issues and conflicts which were not ended by military victory, particularly those which ended as a result of low or no fatalities. These findings are discussed with reference to improving civil war management and policy recommendations are presented.
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Havenga, Werner. "Comparative analysis of conflict dynamics within private and public sector organizations / Werner Havenga." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/508.
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In South Africa, private and public sector organizations have been experiencing
conflict at an increasing rate during the past few decades and especially the last
ten years. The prominence and high level with which conflict is regarded in this
new democracy has made the study of this phenomenon more relevant.
Especially within business organizations, between individuals, groups, and at
management level, the influence of transformation and affirmative action has
steadily affected interpersonal and intergroup relations. This situation makes it
more difficult to handle or to manage. The lack of knowledge experienced in
many business organizations causes mismanagement of conflict which
eventually (directly or indirectly) affects the productivity of the employee corps
and subsequently, the effectivity or profitability of the organization.
The objective of this study was to establish by means of a comparative
theoretical and empirical analysis, the nature, causes and handling/
management styles of conflict within a public and a private sector organization.
Being respectively non-profit and profit driven organizations and having
introduced affirmative action and transformation at different degrees, it was
possible to evaluate the effect with regard to conflict.
The research method followed in this study was both qualitative and
quantitative. In the first five chapters a theoretical, qualitative approach was
applied. Different theories of conflict, from the classical, neo-classical to modern
systems, were analysed in order to establish sources of conflict. From this
discussion, an analysis of conflict which was viewed by the theories of both Karl
Marx and Ralph Dahrendorf to be a social interactive process characterized by
force, strife and animosity, was accepted to form the basis of the study
regarding the sources of conflict.
Departing from this basis the various concepts of conflict as developed in the
literature were studied in a comparative way. This was followed by a
comparative analysis of conflict handling processes for which an adapted
conflict process model was presented. The elements of this model form the
core research of this study. Analysis of three key conflict handling style models
(Thomas-Killman, ROC-II and CMS) were consequently compared to decide
which one would be the most suitable for the empirical survey.
The second part of this study consisted of a quantitative comparison of causes,
handling styles and manifestation of conflict on an interpersonal basis within a
local authority and an agricultural company. This was done by means of
questionnaires containing designed variables obtained from the qualitative
section of the study and a standardized section borrowed from Rahim's ROC-II
model questionnaire.
The descriptive statistical analysis was done with the SPSS-program in
consultation with the STATCON Bureau of the Rand Afrikaans University. The
empirical survey validated the viewpoints brought forward in the qualitative part
of the study. By way of the results obtained from the analysis, the four
hypotheses which were linked to the set objectives of the study were validated.
The four hypothesis are:
- A significant difference exists with regard to the causes of conflict
between a local authority and agricultural organization.
- A significant difference exists between employees of the local authority
and the agricultural organization's perception of what effect conflict has
on them.
- A significant difference exists in the frequency with which different
conflict-handling styles are used when compared to different background
variables in both organizations.
- A significant difference exists in the frequency with which different
conflict-handling styles are used amongst employees of the agricultural
organization and local authority
Explicit findings with regard to the literature (qualitative) and empirical
(quantitative) study were brought forward, and practical recommendations for
management as well as recommendations for further research were made.Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Sociology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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Alshehri, Abdullah Mohammed. "Conflict in architectural projects : diagnosis and avoidance : a study based on Saudi Arabian construction industry." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/conflict-in-architectural-projects--diagnosis-and-avoidancea-study-based-on-saudi-arabian-construction-industry(795de607-2709-4c24-9373-7762ce303c0a).html.
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The main purpose of this research project was to bridge the existing knowledge gap inthe empirical identification and understanding of how conflict occurs between keyproject parties within Saudi Arabia’s public sector building projects. Such conflict hasbecome an increasingly endemic feature within the last 20 years, and this researchproject provides a contribution in knowledge terms which will help to overcome theobstacles and challenges impeding growth and development in the field. This wasachieved by conducting an investigation to provide the theoretical background aboutthe antecedents of conflict, and presenting a number of project management suggestions to avoid or minimise.Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were utilised in this study. Thequalitative research data was obtained from 30 in-depth semi-structured interviewswith four types of key project party, namely, project owners, consultants, contractors,and sub-contractors. This was followed by two separate questionnaire surveys. The firstwas a means of validating conflict data obtained from the interviews, and the secondwas used to test Project Management - PM data, . In this part of the study, 672questionnaires were sent to various people engaged in the Saudi Arabian constructionindustry. The response rate was 46.1% (n = 310 ).In terms of the interview data, a total of 349 data items were derived and from these data items, 30 general themes emerged concerning various causes of conflict and the latent conditions of conflict, providing descriptions of what and how conflicts arise within Saudi Arabian public building projects. From these general themes, 31 recommendations for strategic project management processes are made, with the intention of preventing or at least minimising conflict. The quantitative survey conducted to test these project management strategies (recommendations) revealed that all of them were supported. The study subsequently produced a cyclical framework of conflict avoidance, derived from the research methodology used in the study, and this is outlined to enable project building participants, whether individuals, groups, or organisations, to improve their project management strategy from project to project.The research recommends that: generally, certain project management strategiesshould be implemented in the earlier phases of a project in order to promote conflictavoidance behaviours or at least to effect a reduction in these. Furthermore, strategicactions are required to deal with the latent condition-related issues in respect of building projects in the Saudi Arabian context. In this case, reforms to current practices are required to improve the performance within the building industry. It is also recommended that further research be undertaken to explore other latent conditions of conflict and conflicts themselves in order to develop additional project management strategies aimed at managing the causes of conflict.
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Mosby, Jonathan S. "Framing responsibility for the Second Gulf Conflict : an attributional analysis of the New York times." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1327296.
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Media framing research has examined how news stories are fashioned, and how audiences are affected by the shaping of news stories. Measuring for media frames, though, has varied in its definitions and measurement instruments.The present study applied attribution theory to the study of media framing in order to establish a reliable way to measure for frames of responsibility in The New York Times' coverage of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. A content analysis was conducted to determine what type of attributions the newspaper's sources used in the coverage.The findings suggest that The New York Times' coverage overwhelmingly blamed Iraq for the war and maintained a dominant frame of responsibility. Furthermore, support was found for the assertion that attribution theory applied to media framing research would create a meta-theory approach, thereby creating a consistent way to measure and identify frames of responsibility.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306Department of Journalism
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Taher, Nadhem Asaad bin Asaad. "Understanding and preventing construction conflict, claims and disputes : a critical in-depth study into their causes and recommendations to control in the United Arab Emirates." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2009. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/understanding-and-preventing-construction-conflict-claims-and-disputes(14c774d0-63b5-4890-a567-ef8132b9c1c2).html.
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Construction claims are considered by many project participants as one of the most disruptive and unpleasant events of a project (Ho & Liu, 2004). Researchers like Kumaraswamy (1996) argue that claims managers should focus not merely on the significant claims categories but also on the avoidable ones, to minimize the damaging effects on a given project. It becomes apparent that the causes underlying different claims categories have to be identified so that controllability and avoidability may be established. This research examines the issues by looking at the construction industry in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the second largest single industry after oil and gas sector, where claims and disputes are a major problem in the country. 51 leading construction participants including clients, consultants and contractors alike in the UAE were sampled for the study. The analytical results of the survey were further examined, compared and validated via the analysis of the data collected from 45 construction projects. The main findings of the first phase of study lead to the establishment of an index system called Claim Focus Index (CFI) that further establishes the finding of the 16 most significant types of claims and disputes in the UAE. The study continues to examine the underlying causes of the most significant types of claims and disputes and has identified unique sets of the root causes specific to each significant type of claims and disputes. These shall establish the basis to formulate strategies to focus on avoidability and minimization of claims and disputes.
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Mokoena, Benjamin P. O. "Conflict and peace in Burundi : exploring the cause(s) and nature of the conflict and prospects for peace." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2394.
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Thesis (MMil (Security and Africa Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.The purpose of this study is to investigate the cause(s), the nature, and characteristics of the conflict in Burundi, and 10 explore the conditions for sustainable peace and prospects for peace. The study is intended as a descriptive analysis of conflict and peace in a case study of Burundi. Since independence in 1962, intermittent conflict has characterised the state of Burundi. There are various accounts of the conflict, of which a popular, but superficial, relates an 'ethnic' conflict between Hutus and Tutsis. Equally disparate, is the prescription of solutions, the most dominant of which is power sharing based on ethnic quotas. The conflict is played out in the context of a failing state with sharp structural weaknesses. In addition, Burundi is mired in the wider instabilities of the Great Lakes region and the communicable effects thereof. The study breaks away from the tendency to analyse only the current (since 1993) bout of conflict. It is proposed that the various incidences of conflict mark different phases in the life cycle of a single conflict. The study also breaks away from the tendency to view the conflict as only opposing Hutus and Tutsis. These two tendencies in analysis generate serious distortions and omissions and may account for the wrong conclusions regarding the conflict in Burundi. Another contribution of the study resides with the proposal of the necessary and sufficient conditions for peace in Burundi. The contention brought forward by this study is that exclusion would appear to be the strongest theoretical approach to understand and describe the conflict in Burundi. In this regard, one particular contentious issue has remained constant throughout all the incidences of conflict involving different groups. The central issue has been about the political economy of Burundi that has systematically denied social mobility for the 'other'. The Burundian state is a repository of political, economic and social security where the 'other', defined in ethnic, intra-ethnic, clanic, regional, elitist (and historically dynastic) terms, is excluded and subordinated. Exclusion (and the consequent inequalities and injustices) is a source of acute grievance and motivation for collective violence. The resultant conflict has manifested in a struggle for the control of the state. Inter alia, the conflict has been pemicious, genocidal, protracted and intractable. The notion of institutionalised power sharing, based on ethnic quotas, has been put forward by the actors in the peace process as the fundamental principle guiding the search for a solution to the conflict in Burundi. The study concludes that power sharing may be necessary, as a confidence building measure, however, power Sharing in itself is not a sufficient condition for sustainable peace, and may well in fulure prove to be Ihe weakest link in the peace process. Inter alia, the conditions in Burundi are not amenable to institutionalised power sharing as such, e.g. the presence of an overwhelming majority, and deep socio-economic inequality along ethnic lines. Further, the current power sharing structure in Burundi tilts the democratic framework in favour of Tutsi participation and security, awards the Tutsi with a de facto veto power, fixes the ethnic balance of power, and thus perpetuates conflict generating Tutsi domination of the political economy of Burundi. This study proposes the reconstruction of the state (state building) as a necessary precondition for peace. II is concluded that political representation, economic opportunity and social mobility, must transcend social categories in Burundi. The continuing instabilities in the Great Lakes region are also a point of concem. Thus, peace in Burundi is also contingent upon greater efforts to curb the communicable conflicts in this region.
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Cordeiro, Renata dos Reis. "VELHOS CONFLITOS EM NOVAS CAUSAS: um estudo sobre processos de ambientalização nos discursos do Movimento Interestadual das Quebradeiras de Coco Babaçu, no Maranhão." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2008. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/588.
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Previous issue date: 2008-08-29The research purpose, taking as initial cut the space formed by the action of the Movement of Interstate Quebradeiras de Coco Babaçu - MIQCB, understand the limitations of its emergency and describe continuities and stays constituents of the processes that shaped the construction of MIQCB agency as a collective representation of (BOLTANSKI, 1982) and his speech specialist in environmental issues. It is relevant in this study issues such as conditions for the emergence of the identity of quebradeira coconut, the creation of MIQCB itself as a body of representation, access to these directories discourse to the right, the economy and environmentalism and the process of change in political structures . As the call for "democratization" and "popular participation", which became mandatory on coexistence with repertoires competitors. In most states it is studying the conditions for the emergence of the laws "babassu free," the agencies involved in work to give the name of positive quebradeira of coconut, of raising issues and arguments increasingly specialized (and technology) in a network Extended of relations, as resources to understanding the conversions and reconversions operated by women that are organized in unions, clubs, mothers, work of the Catholic Church's pastoral areas, today ranked as "traditional" political organisation, said the themes that a site-specific talk of environmentalism, who earns evidence between the years 1980 and 1990 as discursive repertoire of political struggles, and production tool for academic work of nongovernmental organizations in Maranhao. How to use the methodological use of the concept of process environmentalisation helps to have the different arguments and counter that make the discussion of environmental arenas where quebradeiras coconut producing its representations, and helps in understanding of how "old" conflict are transmuted into " new "language environment.
O objetivo da pesquisa é, tomando como recorte inicial o espaço constituído pela atuação do Movimento Interestadual das Quebradeiras de Coco Babaçu MIQCB, perceber os condicionantes de sua emergência e descrever continuidades e permanências constituintes dos processos que moldaram a construção do MIQCB como uma agência de representação coletiva e seu discurso especializado na temática ambiental . São relevantes neste estudo questões como as condições de emergência da identidade de quebradeira de coco, a criação do MIQCB como uma instância própria de representação, o acesso a repertórios discursivos referidos ao direito, à economia e ao ambientalismo e os processos de mudança nas estruturas políticas, como os apelo à democratização e participação popular , que tornaram obrigatórias a convivência com repertórios concorrentes. De forma mais especifica estuda-se as condições de surgimento das leis do babaçu livre , dos agentes envolvidos no trabalho de dotar de positividade a designação quebradeira de coco, da mobilização de temas e argumentos cada vez mais especializados (e tecnificados) numa rede ampliada de relações, como recursos para a compreensão das conversões e reconversões operadas pelas mulheres que se organizavam em sindicatos, clubes de mães, trabalhos de pastorais da Igreja Católica, espaços hoje classificados como tradicionais de organização política, às temáticas que referidas a um local de fala específico do ambientalismo, que ganha evidência entre os anos de 1980 e 1990 como repertório discursivo das lutas políticas, produções acadêmicas e ferramenta de trabalho de organizações não-governamentais no Maranhão. Como recurso metodológico o uso da noção de processo de ambientalização ajuda a dispor as argumentações diferentes e contrárias que conformam as arenas da discussão ambiental onde as quebradeiras de coco produzem suas representações, bem como auxilia na compreensão de como velhos conflitos são transmutados na nova linguagem ambiental.
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Babalola, Andrew Abidemi Olugbenga. "Rights Abuse as Root Causes of Political Violence in Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2519.
Full textAbstract:
Ethnic division fuelled by inadequate governance and uneven economic development has led some ethnic based groups to regard violence as a legitimate means to achieve political and social ends. The political disruption caused by ethnic militia related violence in Nigeria prevented the first 3 attempts at republican democracy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the role played by human rights abuse in Nigeria in the formation of the Oodua People's Congress (OPC) in 1994, and to also analyze the OPC turning to violence in 1999. The theoretical construct of the study is the constructivist philosophy, which purports that people develop meanings based on personal feelings, tastes, and opinions from their experiences. The conceptual framework of human rights theory is used to analyze whether human rights abuses and material deprivation created conditions that encouraged violence. The central research question addressed whether the militarization of politics in Nigeria so abused the citizens' political and personal rights that the human rights threshold was met, influencing the OPC to turn to violence as means to achieve political end. Interview data was collected from 15 founding members of the OPC to form themes and descriptions for the study. Results indicated that the incessant abuse of citizens' political and personal rights led to a violent reaction after the July, 1998 death of Chief MKO Abiola, who died in military detention. This research contributed to social change by documenting that human rights abuse in Nigeria created a condition that led violence by those abused. Further, research recommendations, if implemented, can facilitate social change through increased stability in governance, reduced human carnage from terror activities, and improved personal economy of Nigerians.
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Hristoulas, Athanasios. "Domestic instability, government popularity and the causes of international conflict : a new look at diversion theory." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40141.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most perplexing issues for students of politics is the proper role of externalization in accounting for interstate conflict. This process, which connects events at the domestic and international levels, also has been referred to as conflict linkage, conflict and cohesion, diversion and projection. The diverse terminology is fitting, because the pursuit by national elites of internal cohesion through external conflict is anything but a matter of consensus among scholars.The present investigation will seek a more precise delineation of causes and effects. Following a review of the research program on conflict linkage, a reformulated model of externalization will be presented. Propositions will be derived from the model. Data pertaining to the experiences of the United States, the United Kingdom, and France at the domestic level and in international crises during the post-World War II era will be used to evaluate the propositions. These results will be in turn compared to the more traditional explanation on the causes of international conflict; namely, theories derived from the Realist perspective. The study then concludes with some recommendations for further research on the linkage of domestic and foreign conflict.
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Lemos, Francilaine dos Santos. "Os assistentes sociais e o CRAS : carreiras, conflitos e atuação profissional em Aracaju." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2016. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6341.
Full textAbstract:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESThis thesis aims to analyze the careers, conflict and professional practice of social workers who work in Social Assistance Reference Centers - CRAS Aracaju. With regard specifically to social workers who participate in professional actions for vulnerable groups, which will later be classified as individuals at risk and social vulnerability, which are attended these social service centers. To realize this goal, we need to understand the social and historical conditions that made possible the emergence of this profession in Brazil, as well as analyze the inclusion of these professionals in the construction of public affairs and public policy, which shows a concern with the social condition of these individuals who are in a situation of risk and social vulnerability. You need to identify too, as these professionals organized around this issue, and later in these policies. As they have been entered in these social service centers, which their social and professional purpose, what is the position of these professionals facing the development of public policies for actors who have in its history a large number of social deficits, as is the exemplary case of children and adolescents classified at risk or social vulnerability, as there are elderly, disabled, and other groups that may need support care for face even occasionally, some kind of social risk. Therefore, I will analyze social workers who present themselves as professionals who fight for social causes, as I will analyze the social representations that these professionals have of themselves and the social world of which they are part, and trying to understand how to establish and how to maintain the relationship between professional and public policy. What are the dilemmas and conflicts faced by these professionals in their respective workplaces, which are public policy operators, but are also a kind of government tax, tax those that carry as a professional and social cause the guarantee of social welfare, promotion of social rights and the inviolability of social rights, guaranteed by the State and monitored by the social worker.
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar as carreiras, os conflitos e a atuação profissional de assistentes sociais que atuam em Centros de Referência de Assistência Social – CRAS de Aracaju. Tratando-se especificamente de assistentes sociais que participam de ações profissionais voltadas para grupos vulneráveis, que posteriormente serão classificados como indivíduos em situação de risco e vulnerabilidade social, que são atendidos nestes centros de assistência social. Para dar conta de tal objetivo, é preciso compreender as condições sociais e históricas que possibilitaram o surgimento desta profissão no Brasil, assim como, analisar a inserção destes profissionais no âmbito da construção das causas públicas e das políticas públicas, que demonstra uma preocupação com a condição social destes indivíduos que se encontram em situação de risco e vulnerabilidade social. É preciso identificar também, como estes profissionais se organizaram em torno dessa problemática, e posteriormente nestas políticas. Como eles foram inseridos nestes centros de assistência social, qual a sua finalidade social e profissional, qual a posição destes profissionais frente à elaboração de políticas públicas voltadas para atores que possuem em sua trajetória um grande número de déficits sociais, assim como é o caso exemplificativo de crianças e adolescentes classificadas em situação de risco ou vulnerabilidade social, assim como, existem idosos, deficientes físicos, e outros grupos que podem necessitar de suporte assistencial por enfrentarem mesmo que pontualmente, algum tipo de situação de risco social. Portanto, irei analisar assistentes sociais que se apresentam como profissionais que lutam por causas sociais, assim como, irei analisar as representações sociais que estes profissionais têm de si mesmo e do mundo social do qual eles fazem parte, além de tentar compreender como se estabelece e como se mantêm a relação entre profissional e política pública. Quais os dilemas e conflitos enfrentados por estes profissionais em seus respectivos locais de trabalho, que são operadores de políticas públicas, mas que também são uma espécie de fiscais do governo, fiscais estes que carregam como causa profissional e social a garantia do bem estar social, promoção dos direitos sociais e a inviolabilidade dos direitos sociais, garantido pelo Estado e vigiado pelo assistente social.