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Journal articles on the topic 'Causes of the back pain'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Tomasz, Karski. "Back Pain, Causes, Symptoms and Physiotherapy." Journal of Orthopaedics & Bone Disorders 3, no. 3 (2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jobd-16000184.

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Every fourth woman and every sixth man in the world coming to the Orthopedic or Neurology Departments complain of spinal pains - information from WHO, D ecade of Bones and Joints 2000 - 2010 (Lars Lidgren). According to our observations there are six main causes of such spinal disorders: 1. Lumbar Hyperlordosis causes by flexion contracture of hips and in result anterior tilt of the pelvis. Common in persons with Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD). Pain syndromes appear after overstress in some kinds of jobs or in sport. 2. Lumbar or thoracic - lumbar left convex “C” scoliosis in 2nd/A etiopathological group (epg) or ”S” scoliosis in 2nd/B epg in Lublin classification. Pain syndromes appear after overstr ess in some kinds of jobs or in sport. 3. Stiffness of the spine as clinical sign of “I” scoliosis in 3rd epg group in Lublin classification. 4. Spondylolisth esis or spodylolisis in sacral - lumbar or lumbar spine. 5. Urgent “nucleus prolapsed” (in German “Hexen Sch uss”). 6. Extremely cooling of the back part of trunk during work or intensive walking in low temperature. In many of patients in clinical examination we see positive Laseguae test. Sometimes we see weakness of extensors of the feet or paresis of the foot. Our observations confirm that not surgery, but physiotherapy can be beneficial to the patients with spinal problems.

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2

Parfenov, V. A. "Causes of lower back pain." Russian neurological journal 24, no. 5 (January 15, 2020): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/2658-7947-2019-24-5-14-20.

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3

Devor, Marshall, and Michael Tal. "What causes low back pain?" Pain 142, no. 1 (March 2009): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2009.01.002.

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4

Carroll, Pster G. "The causes of low back pain." Medical Journal of Australia 156, no. 8 (April 1992): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb121445.x.

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5

Quintner, John. "The causes of low back pain." Medical Journal of Australia 156, no. 9 (May 1992): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb121477.x.

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6

Walsh, K., N. Varnes, C. Osmond, R. Styles, and David Coggon. "Occupational causes of low-back pain." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 15, no. 1 (February 1989): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1891.

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7

Carroll, P. G. "The causes of low back pain." Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 3 (August 1992): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137100.x.

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8

Bogduk, Nikolai. "The causes of low back pain." Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 3 (August 1992): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137101.x.

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Bogduk, Nikolai. "The causes of low back pain." Medical Journal of Australia 156, no. 3 (February 1992): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb139696.x.

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10

Lloyd, Nicola. "Back pain: causes, symptoms and treatment." British Journal of Midwifery 7, no. 6 (June 1999): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.1999.7.6.17166.

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11

Klineberg, E., D. Mazanec, D. Orr, R. Demicco, G. Bell, and R. McLain. "Masquerade: medical causes of back pain." Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 74, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.74.12.905.

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12

Olyunin, Yu A. "Spinal pain: causes and treatment policy." Modern Rheumatology Journal 12, no. 3 (September 16, 2018): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1996-7012-2018-3-53-60.

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Chronic pain in the spine is one of the most urgent medical problems. Clinical and instrumental studies fail to reveal that most patients with back pain have any structural changes that may contribute to its occurrence. It is considered that the pain may be caused by the strain of muscles and ligaments located in the lower back, by the overload of these segments, and by detraining. If the cause of the pain syndrome cannot be established, the pain in the spine is regarded as nonspecific. It is believed that behavioral, psychological, and social factors can play an important role in the development of pain. Therefore, current guidelines propose to apply a biopsychosocial approach in patients with back pain. At the same time, much attention is paid to patient self-treatment, exercise therapy, psychotherapy, and some other auxiliary methods. When nonpharmacological interventions are insufficiently effective, drug therapy is indicated. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol, opioid analgesics, and muscle relaxants are used to treat nonspecific spinal pain. Pharmacotherapy is usually initiated with the use of NSAIDs. They can effectively relieve pain sndrome, but the possibilities of their use in a large proportion of patients are significantly limited due to adverse reactions (ARs). Gastrointestinal and cardiovascular ARs most commonly occur. The likelihood of ARs can be substantially reduced by the use of aceclofenac (AirtalR) that is characterized by a favorable gastrointestinal and cardiovascular safety profile. Paracetamol, opioid analgesics, and muscle relaxants are also used in the combination treatment of these patients.

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13

Pizova, N. V. "Back pain." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 21 (January 17, 2021): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2020-21-70-77.

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Low back pain is a major cause of disability worldwide. Data on the prevalence of low back pain are presented. Information on the pathogenesis of pain is given. The temporal characteristics of pain are presented. Risk factors and triggers for episodes of low back pain are reviewed. The most common causes of specific and non-specific low back pain are described. Non-specific low back pain is more common, as no specific pathological-anatomical cause can be identified. Specific pain includes nociceptive and neuropathic pain. In order to make a correct diagnosis in a patient with low back pain, a thorough medical history must be taken, which usually provides important information in identifying the cause of the pain syndrome. The warning signs (‘red flags’) for specific causes of low back pain requiring urgent treatment and specific psychosocial factors contributing to chronic pain (‘yellow flags’) are considered separately. ‘Red flags’ include conditions such as suspected traumatic injury, tumour, infection or radiculopathy and cauda equina syndrome. «Yellow flags» include individual cognitive, emotional and behavioural factors that contribute to the development of chronic pain. The main aim of pharmacotherapy for low back pain is to enable patients to continue or resume their normal daily activities. The main recommended approaches in the treatment of acute and chronic low back pain are presented. The main non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the oral drug treatment of non-specific low back pain are described, with evidence-based doses. Special attention is given to the role of diclofenac in the treatment of pain. The authors present the results of systematic reviews that analyse the available data on the efficacy and safety of topical transdermal dosage forms that contain NSAIDs.

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14

HIRSCH, R. "Medical causes of back pain (DECEMBER 2007)." Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 75, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.75.3.167.

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15

Parfenov, V. A., and V. A. Parfenov. "LOW BACK PAIN: CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT." Neurology, neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics, no. 1 (March 11, 2009): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2009-17.

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16

Dubinina, T. V., Maksim Sergeevich Eliseev, T. V. Dubinina, and Maksim Sergeyevich Eliseyev. "Low back pain: prevalence, causes, diagnosis, treatment." Neurology, neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics, no. 1 (March 16, 2011): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2011-129.

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17

Mann, David C., James S. Keene, and Denis S. Drummond. "Unusual Causes of Back Pain in Athletes." Journal of Spinal Disorders 4, no. 3 (September 1991): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002517-199109000-00011.

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18

Cholewicki, Jacek, Pramod Pathak, N. Peter Reeves, and John M. Popovich. "Simulation of Multifactorial Causes of Low Back Pain." Spine Journal 16, no. 10 (October 2016): S277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2016.07.192.

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19

&NA;. "Attacking Misperceptions Regarding the Causes of Back Pain." Back Letter 20, no. 1 (January 2005): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130561-200501000-00005.

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20

Afshani, E., and J. P. Kuhn. "Common causes of low back pain in children." RadioGraphics 11, no. 2 (March 1991): 269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.11.2.1827529.

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21

Whitfield, Andrea R., and Julie Kanter. "Evaluating Causes of Back Pain in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 4593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.4593.4593.

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Abstract Background: Low back pain is a very common and costly problem that results in significant morbidity. When patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) present with back pain, physicians often assume that their pain is related to an acute painful crisis or to chronic pain caused by bone infarcts in the spinal column resulting in "H" shaped vertebral bodies. The occurrence of vertebral osteonecrosis in SCD patients is a well-documented cause of back pain and is noted on radiographs and often confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, as with all presentations of pain in persons with SCD, the etiology can also be non-SCD related and should be fully evaluated. This case series profiles six patients with SCD who presented with back pain and underwent further assessment. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of six patients with SCD (mean age of 30.8 years) who presented with back pain during 2014. Institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained from the Medical University of South Carolina for retrospective chart review. All of the patients were seen in the Comprehensive Lifespan Sickle Cell Clinic for regular evaluation. These patients underwent further evaluation due to presenting symptoms of increased pain, change in quality or character of pain, or associated neuropathic complaints. Results: Three of the patients who presented with neuropathic symptoms were noted to have other (non-SCD) etiologies of back pain (facet cyst, vertebral disc protrusion) as outlined in Table 2. The etiology of the other three patients who presented with increased frequency of baseline pain was secondary to complications of SCD (Table 1). Table 1. Patients with back pain secondary to SCD complications Patient #1 Patient #2 Patient #3 Age 15yo 25yo 31yo Sex Male Female Female Genotype Hgb SS Hgb SS Hgb SS Body Mass Index (BMI) 27 20 27 Presentation Chronic low back pain (increased symptom for patient on chronic transfusion therapy) Increased frequency of low back pain Increased frequency of back pain MRI findings Diffuse decreased signal intensity of the vertebral bodies, related to iron deposition. Osseous sequelae of SCD with Lincoln log morphology. No evidence of significant degenerative changes. Remodeling of the vertebral bodies consistent with patient's known history of sickle cell disease (hyperplastic marrow). Treatment Ferriprox (on study) Opiates, Cymbalta Opiates Table 2. Patients with back pain secondary to other etiologies Patient #4 Patient #5 Patient #6 Age 32yo 36yo 46yo Sex Female Female Female Genotype Hgb SS Hgb SC Hgb SB+ Body Mass Index (BMI) 30 40 Not recorded Presentation New, atypical low back pain, worse with ambulation and upright position Chronic back pain with numbness and tingling in left leg Chronic low back pain and lower extremity tingling MRI findings Mild facet arthropathy at L3-L4 and L4-S1 with small juxta-articular/facet cysts at L3-4 without neuroforaminal or canal narrowing. Right central disc protrusion at L5-S1 with moderate central canal stenosis contacting the right transiting S1 nerve root. Slight interval increase in posterior disc bulge with bilateral paracentral protrusions and mild bilateral facet hypertrophy at L5-S1 causing mild narrowing of left neural foramen. Treatment Facet block and steroid administration with relief Neuropathic pain medication, physical therapy Neuropathic pain medication, referral for steroid injections Discussion: This case series reveals the importance of full evaluation of pain in patients with SCD, especially in those individuals who present with neuropathic or neurologic causes. These cases demonstrate that other etiologies of back pain can be seen and should be treated in patients with SCD. In addition, there is substantial evidence linking obesity (increased BMI) and incidence of low back pain (as also seen in several of these patients). Thus, enhanced primary care, including attention to obesity and diet, is also imperative in this patient population. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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22

Enthoven, Wendy T. M., Judith Geuze, Jantine Scheele, Sita M. A. Bierma-Zeinstra, Herman J. Bueving, Arthur M. Bohnen, Wilco C. Peul, et al. "Prevalence and “Red Flags” Regarding Specified Causes of Back Pain in Older Adults Presenting in General Practice." Physical Therapy 96, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140525.

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Background In a small proportion of patients experiencing unspecified back pain, a specified underlying pathology is present. Objective The purposes of this study were: (1) to identify the prevalence of physician-specified causes of back pain and (2) to assess associations between “red flags” and vertebral fractures, as diagnosed by the patients' general practitioner (GP), in older adults with back pain. Methods The Back Complaints in the Elders (BACE) study is a prospective cohort study. Patients (aged >55 years) with back pain were included when consulting their GP. A questionnaire was administered and a physical examination and heel bone densitometry were performed, and the results determined back pain and patient characteristics, including red flags. Participants received a radiograph, and reports were sent to their GP. The final diagnoses established at 1 year were collected from the GP's patient registry. Results Of the 669 participants included, 6% were diagnosed with a serious underlying pathology during the 1-year follow-up. Most of these participants (n=33, 5%) were diagnosed with a vertebral fracture. Multivariable regression analysis showed that age of ≥75 years, trauma, osteoporosis, a back pain intensity score of ≥7, and thoracic pain were associated with a higher chance of getting the diagnosis of a vertebral fracture. Of these variables, trauma showed the highest positive predictive value for vertebral fracture of 0.25 (95% confidence interval=0.09, 0.41) and a positive likelihood ratio of 6.2 (95% confidence interval=2.8, 13.5). A diagnostic prediction model including the 5 red flags did not increase these values. Limitations Low prevalence of vertebral fractures could have led to findings by chance. Conclusions In these older adults with back pain presenting in general practice, 6% were diagnosed with serious pathology, mainly a vertebral fracture (5%). Four red flags were associated with the presence of vertebral fracture.

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23

Kim, Hyoung Ihl, and Dong-Gyu Shin. "Causes and Diagnostic Strategies for Chronic Low Back Pain." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 50, no. 6 (2007): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2007.50.6.482.

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24

Campbell, C., and S. J. Muncer. "The causes of low back pain: a network analysis." Social Science & Medicine 60, no. 2 (January 2005): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.05.013.

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25

SIEMIONOW, K., M. STEINMETZ, G. BELL, H. ILASLAN, and R. F. MCLAIN. "Identifying serious causes of back pain: Cancer, infection, fracture." Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 75, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.75.8.557.

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26

Ghayem Hasankhani, E., MT Peyvandi, and A. Kashefi. "Evaluating frequency of low back pain causes in children." Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2008): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jnkums.1.1.9.

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27

Brown, Jasmine, Sandesh Lakkol, Sophia Lazenby, and Mark Harris. "Common neoplastic causes of paediatric and adolescent back pain." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 81, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2020.0026.

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Neoplasm of the spinal column in children is rare, but can involve either benign or malignant tumours. Early detection of malignant tumours is key to successful clinical outcome and long-term prognosis. In such cases, back pain is a common presenting symptom, but often has a non-neoplastic cause. Therefore, it is important for GPs and trainees who encounter paediatric patients to be aware of the clinical entity to be able to thoroughly assess them in clinical practice. This article discusses the types of paediatric spinal neoplasms, anatomical-based classification, clinical red flags, imaging modalities and outlines brief management options.

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28

Smirnova, A. A., O. L. Lapochkin, M. A. Lobov, and M. N. Borisova. "Prevalence and causes of back pain syndromes in children." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics, no. 1 (May 6, 2014): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2014-1-85-88.

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29

Ross, Jeffrey S. "Non-mechanical inflammatory causes of back pain: current concepts." Skeletal Radiology 35, no. 7 (May 4, 2006): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-006-0121-5.

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30

Ingula, N. I. "Clinical management of patients with vertebral lumbosacral radiculopathy. Description clinical cases." East European Journal of Neurology, no. 3(3) (December 20, 2015): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33444/2411-5797.2015.3(3).49-53.

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Lumbosacral radiculopathy one of the most difficult choices vertebrogenic pain syndromes characterized especially intense and prolonged pain, usually accompanied by a sharp restriction of mobility, and is the most common cause of disability. Most of the destruction of roots of spinal nerves caused by vertebral reasons the presence of a herniated disc, degenerative changes in the intervertebral joints, narrow spinal canal. This article describes a clinical case of practice management of patients with chronic vertebral lumbosacral radiculopathy. The main causes of pain in the lower back, the main approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain. Special attention is paid to the differential diagnosis of chronic pain in his back and leg.

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31

Elumalai, Ganesh, Malarvani Thangamani, Sanjoy Sanyal, and Palani Kanagarajan. "DEFICIENT SACRAL HIATUS CAUSE MECHANICAL LOW BACK PAIN: A RADIOLOGICAL STUDY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 1758–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2015.326.

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32

Alaya, Zeineb. "Sacral osteoid osteoma: a rare cause of back pain in childhood." Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma Care 2, no. 1 (October 20, 2020): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/cotc/2020/011.

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Involvement of the sacrum is extremely rare, and it has also been reported that the diagnosis of osteoid osteoma in the sacrum can be delayed compared to other skeletal locations. We report the case of a six-year-old girl student who complained of chronic back pain for several months and with some relief with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Further investigations, which included bone and CT scan, revealed the presence of an osteoid osteoma at the second sacral vertebra (S2 vertebra). The patient made an excellent recovery after surgical excision.

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33

Park, Christina H., Diane K. Wagener, and Van L. Parsons. "Back Pain among U.S. Workers: Comparison of Worker Attributes According to Self-reported Causes of Back Pain." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 3, no. 1 (January 1997): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/oeh.1997.3.1.37.

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34

Peake, Christopher M. "Low back pain in adults." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 12, no. 11 (September 13, 2019): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738019869374.

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Low back pain (LBP) in the adult patient is a very common presentation in general practice. It can occasionally be a sign of serious underlying pathology. The non-specific nature of symptoms poses a diagnostic challenge for the clinician. LBP has a significant psychological and social impact on patients and is a strain on social and economic resources. Management in primary care can be a challenge for the clinician, as treatment is often non-curative and despite optimum management, LBP will often persist and recur. This article reviews the anatomy, causes and classification of LBP before considering the primary care assessment and latest management strategies for LBP in adults.

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35

Kahler, David M. "Low Back Pain in Athletes." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 2, no. 1 (February 1993): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2.1.63.

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The complaint of persistent low back pain in an athlete is usually related to an identifiable structural disorder. As with all other medical conditions, effective treatment relies on an accurate diagnosis. Certain sporting activities are associated with characteristic acquired lesions; this knowledge, when combined with a thorough history and physical examination, will often dictate when the clinician should refer an athlete for further testing. Most causes of back pain in athletes can be treated nonsurgically if they are identified early and treated appropriately. The common congenital abnormalities, acquired conditions, and overuse syndromes causing low back pain in athletes will be discussed, along with appropriate diagnostic tests and treatment regimens.

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36

Pizova, N. V. "Low back pain: what should a doctor know?" Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 8 (July 16, 2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2020-8-65-70.

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Low back pain is an important public health problem and one of the major causes of disability worldwide, as well as a symptomatic and benign condition. The article describes the main mechanical, systemic and non-specific causes of pain development. The “red flag” symptoms, which call for special attention from the practitioner, are considered in detail and if they are detected, a thorough diagnostic search for the causes of the pain syndrome is required. It is noted that a specific cause of pain can only be detected in a small percentage of patients. Emphasis is placed on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis carried out in individuals with low back pain, indicating the features of anamnestic data and the results of an objective examination. Non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging is considered the best imaging method for examining low back pain, when conservative treatment fails or when red flag symptoms indicating the underlying cause of the pain are present. Imaging is not recommended for most patients with nonspecific mechanical low back pain. The author presents the main therapy approaches in the treatment of acute and chronic low back pain. Several treatment methods can be used to treat acute or chronic low back pain, which are aimed at reducing the intensity of pain syndrome and improving the patient’s quality of life. The main groups of drugs used in these patients are described. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and nimesulide in particular are discussed in more depth.

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Solokha, O. A., L. T. Аkhmedzhanova, T. I. Kuzminova, and D. S. Lavrenenko. "Back pain: from diagnosis to treatment." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 2 (March 4, 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2020-2-34-42.

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In today ‘s world, back pain is a heavy burden and leads to a decrease in the working capacity, quality of life of people. The choice of tactics of treatment of pain in a back is defined by the pain reason: nonspecific pain, the specific pain caused by serious diseases or a compression of a root. The most frequent cause of back pain is nonspecific pain due to myofascial, muscular-tonic syndrome, facet syndrome, and sacral-iliac joint dysfunction in lower back pain. The article presents clinical symptoms of these syndrome, as well as techniques of neuroorthopedic examination, which allow to detect one or more abrasions of back pain. To prevent acute non-specific pain, it is recommended to prescribe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and muscle relaxants. Along with pharmacological treatments, treatment of patients with back pain should be more comprehensive and include cognitive-behavioral therapy and kinesiotherapy. Determination of the source of back pain in neuroorthopedic examination makes it possible to carry out local therapy in stages using blockages with local anesthetics and glucocorticoids. In case of insufficient effectiveness of blockades, it is possible to carry out radiofrequency denervation of facet joints or sacral-iliac). Clinical and neuroorthopedic examination of a patient with back pain with identification of sources of pain, analysis of the causes that led to its development, adequate treatment and recommendations to prevent repeated exacerbations can significantly reduce the risk of chronization of back pain and improve the quality of life of patients.

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38

Mendelevich, E. G. "Back pain: diagnostic and differential aspects." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 11, no. 4 (December 8, 2019): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2019-4-130-135.

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Management of patients with back pain is an interdisciplinary problem requiring a package of diagnostic and differential measures. Despite the elaboration of algorithms for the differential diagnosis and therapy of back pain, a number of questions remain difficult to interpret, which can lead to diagnostic errors. This review considers the main causes of back pain and the principles of their diagnosis and treatment. It gives data from studies of therapy for nonspecific back pain with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and muscle relaxants, aceclofenac and tolperisone in particular.

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39

Smolanka, V. I., V. M. Fedurtsya, and B. B. Pavlov. "Discogenic low back pain: interventional treatment." Pain medicine 3, no. 3 (November 22, 2018): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31636/pmjua.v3i3.2.

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Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common causes of disability in the adult population. A significant place in its genesis is occupied by a degenerative-dystrophic diseases of intervertebral discs. The article highlights the classification and mechanism of discogenic pain origin. Various types of interventions aredescribed for this pathology: indications, specificities of carrying out manipulations and therapeutic effects, efficiency and possible complications of procedures.

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40

Tabeeva, G. R. "Neck pain: a clinical analysis of causes and therapy priorities." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 11, no. 2S (June 22, 2019): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2019-2s-69-75.

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Neck pain is one of the common causes of maladjustment. Acute neck pain in most cases regresses independently in the period of a few weeks to months; however, it recurs in half of cases. Although the potential specific causes of cervicalgia are rare; nevertheless, in some cases the patient should undergo a detailed examination that is based on the identification of red flags and can optimize a search for the cause of pain syndrome. A consideration of the important principles of classifying pain in acute and chronic, neuropathic and nociceptive pain can serve as an important landmark in choosing the optimal treatment strategy for a patient. Unlike low back pain, neck pain has been investigated in an insufficient number of randomized controlled studies, which makes this analysis extremely relevant. The paper discusses the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for back pain and the efficacy and safety of celecoxib.

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41

Pizova, N. V., and A. V. Pizov. "Back pain and spinal osteoporosis in clinical practice." Medical Council, no. 18 (December 1, 2019): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2019-18-119-126.

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Back pain is a common clinical and socioeconomic problem. Back pain is a symptom, not a nosological form. Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease in which, despite normal bone mineralization, bone loss and bone (structure) integrity is observed. The article considers the main causes of primary and secondary osteoporosis. The main modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors for osteoporosis and fractures are presented. The main pathological conditions and diseases associated with the risk of osteoporosis are described. The problem of osteoporosis of the spine as one of the causes of mechanical painful episodes in the back of elderly patients is considered in depth. Clinical features of compression vertebral fractures in osteoporosis in women after menopause are presented. The methods of conservative treatment of osteoporosis are considered. The greatest attention is paid to such effective antiosteoporotic drugs as bisphosphonates. The data on the efficacy and tolerability of alendronic acid preparations as the most studied preparation from the group of bisphosphonates are analyzed. The information on the new medicinal form of alendronic acid – sparkling soluble tablets (Binosto) is presented.

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López-Medina, Clementina, and Anna Moltó. "Comorbid pain in axial spondyloarthritis, including fibromyalgia." Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease 12 (January 2020): 1759720X2096612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1759720x20966123.

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The main symptom in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is inflammatory back pain, caused principally by inflammation of the sacroiliac joints and the spine. However, not all back pain in patients with axSpA is related to active inflammation: other types of pain can occur in these patients, and may be related to structural damage (e.g. ankylosis), degenerative changes, vertebral fractures or comorbid fibromyalgia, which are not uncommon in these patients. Structural damage and ankylosis may lead to a biomechanical stress, which can lead to chronic mechanical pain; and degenerative changes of the spine may also exist in patients with axSpA also leading to mechanical pain. Osteoporosis is more prevalent in axSpA patients than in the general population, and vertebral fractures may result in acute bone pain, which can persist for several months. Fibromyalgia, which is also more prevalent in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases (including axSpA), presents with widespread pain which can mimic entheseal pain. A correct diagnosis of the origin of the pain is crucial, since treatments and management may differ considerably. Recognizing these causes of pain may be a challenge in clinical practice, especially for fibromyalgia, which can coexist with axSpA and may have a significant impact on biologic drug response. In this review, we provide an update of the most common causes of pain other than inflammatory back pain in axSpA patients, and we discuss the latest management options for such causes.

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Albert, H. B., P. Kjaer, T. S. Jensen, J. S. Sorensen, T. Bendix, and Claus Manniche. "Modic changes, possible causes and relation to low back pain." Medical Hypotheses 70, no. 2 (January 2008): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2007.05.014.

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Vyshlova, I., and S. Karpov. "Causes and results of chronic pain in the lower back." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 381 (October 2017): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.2408.

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Purcell, L. "Causes and prevention of low back pain in young athletes." Paediatrics & Child Health 14, no. 8 (October 1, 2009): 533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/14.8.533.

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Simmonds, Maureen J., Shrawan Kumar, and Eugene Lechelt. "Psychosocial factors in disabling low back pain: causes or consequences?" Disability and Rehabilitation 18, no. 4 (January 1996): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09638289609166295.

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Isaikin, A. I., I. V. Kuznetsov, A. V. Kavelina, and M. A. Ivanova. "Nonspecific low back pain: Causes, clinical picture, diagnosis, and treatment." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 7, no. 4 (January 1, 2015): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2015-4-101-109.

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Treshchynska, M. A. "Dorsopathy: back pain management." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3.2 (December 15, 2020): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-3.2-286-288.

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Background. Dorsopathy is a group of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue associated with degenerative diseases of the spine. Risk groups for the development of dorsopathies include people with a sedentary lifestyle, people working in difficult conditions, athletes, military personnel, people with obesity. Clinical classification of dorsopathies involves their division according to the affected level (cervical, thoracic, lumbosacral). Objective. To describe the management of patients with back pain. Materials and methods. Analysis of literature data on this topic. Results and discussion. Cervicocranialgias, related to dorsopathies, include vertebral artery syndrome (VAS) and extravasal artery compression (EAC). VAS is a complex of cerebral, vascular and autonomic disorders that occur due to the damage of the sympathetic plexus of vertebral artery, deformation of the wall or changes in its lumen. In turn, EAC involves the compression of blood vessels by bone abnormalities, muscles, osteophytes of the cervical vertebrae, scars, tumors, and so on. Lower back pain (LBP) is one of the most common dorsopathies. Its prevalence has doubled in the last decade. The mechanism of aseptic inflammation in dorsopathies includes such links as the release of proinflammatory mediators, activation of peripheral nociceptors, production of cyclooxygenase-2 and the formation of prostaglandins. Pain in dorsopathies is classified into nociceptive (caused by the excitation of nociceptors in damaged tissues), neuropathic (caused by damage to the central or peripheral nervous system) and psychogenic (caused by primary mental disorders). By duration, LBP is classified into acute (<6 weeks), subacute (6-12 weeks) and chronic (>3 months). According to the etiology, the following subspecies are distinguished: radicular (disc herniation, spondylosis, vertebral canal stenosis), specific (cancer, infection, fracture, equine tail syndrome) and nonspecific (myogenic disorders, facet syndrome). In the presence of so-called symptoms of red flags, it is recommended to conduct imaging examinations according to the indications. Such symptoms include pain development at the age of <20 years or >55 years, recent back injury, progressive character, deterioration or lack of dynamics after keeping horizontal position, prolonged use of glucocorticoids, history of malignant tumors, osteoporosis, intravenous drugs injection, immunodeficiency, weight loss, fever, focal neurological symptoms, pain on palpation of the spine, spinal deformity. The symptoms of yellow flags predict pain chronization. The latter include certain work-related circumstances, beliefs, behaviors, and affective symptoms. The main causes of non-specific back pain include muscular-tonic pain syndrome (MTPS), myofascial pain syndrome (MFPS), arthropathies. Microcirculatory disorders, caused primarily by the reflex muscle spasm, play a significant role in the development of pain in these conditions. MTPS develops on the background of degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine, ligaments and muscles as a result of exposure to provoking factors (significant physical exertion, injuries, sudden movements, prolonged stay in a static position, general or local hypothermia). Chronization of MTPS leads to the development of MTFS. Ischemic muscle spasm leads to the spasm of arteries and dilation of venules with impaired microcirculation and accumulation of inflammatory mediators. In turn, radicular ischemia develops with radicular pain. Venous plexus, which is compressed at the stage of stenosis without signs of direct compression of the root, is the most vulnerable structure of the intervertebral space. Treatment of LBP includes bed rest, sleep on a hard surface, the use of non-specific anti-inflammatory drugs, local administration of local anesthetics, muscle relaxants, B vitamins, therapeutic exercises and surgical treatment. Restoration of microcirculation makes it possible to influence the pathogenesis of radiculoischemia. Drugs that improve microcirculation and hemodynamics are included in the domestic clinical protocol for the treatment of dorsalgia. Reosorbilact (“Yuria-Pharm”) improves substance exchange between blood and tissues and helps to remove metabolic products. These effects are based on the opening of precapillary sphincters on the background of this solution use. For dorsalgia, it is also advisable to prescribe Latren (“Yuria-Pharm”) – a combination of pentoxifidine and Ringer’s lactate. Latren inhibits the aggregation of blood cells, increases the elasticity of erythrocytes, promotes vasodilation, normalizes the electrolyte composition of blood plasma. To eliminate endothelial dysfunction, Tivortin (“Yuria-Pharm”) is prescribed, which promotes vasodilation. The use of the listed above infusion drugs influences the pathogenesis of the process, eliminating dorsalgia. Conclusions. 1. LBP is one of the most common dorsopathies. 2. Pain in dorsopathies is classified into nociceptive, neuropathic and psychogenic. 3. Microcirculatory disorders play a significant role in the development of nonspecific LBP. 4. Combined use of Reosorbilact, Latren and Tivortin influences the pathogenesis of the process, eliminating dorsalgia.

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Mitsalina, Dinan, Tomoliyus Tomoliyus, Muhammad Imam Rahmatullah, Fitri Agung Nanda, and Masnur Ali. "Content Validation Instrument Rating Factors Contributing to Low Back Pain in Sports." ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation 10, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/active.v10i2.46782.

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The purpose of this study was to test instruments for assessing the causes of back pain in sports. This research method uses evaluation methods. The research subject is a document. The content validity test used in this study is the expert judgment with the Delphi technique. Validation test uses Content Validity Ratio (CVR) which uses three experts.. The results of the study showed that the items and instrument indicators for assessing the causes of sport injuries on the back showed a high CVR value. The conclusion of the assessment instrument that causes back pain sport injury have high fill validity.This research aims to arrange the assessment instrument to the risk factors of back pain in sports.

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Babakhanlou, Rodrick. "Upper abdominal pain." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 11, no. 8 (June 27, 2018): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738018776334.

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Abdominal pain is a frequent presentation to general practice; it comprises a wide range of different abdominal and extra-abdominal causes. Upper abdominal pain can be located in the epigastrium, the right and left upper quadrants, and renal angles. It may be associated with back or shoulder tip pain. Causes of abdominal pain can be benign or malignant, and may be life-threatening. Patients with upper abdominal pain may need urgent hospital admission, but many patients can be managed in the community. This article gives an overview of the important causes of upper abdominal pain, their assessment and management.

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