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Journal articles on the topic 'Cavalry drills and tactics'
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1
Joo, Jung Youl. "A Study of Napoleon’s Cavalry Tactics." military history ll, no. 89 (December 2013): 267–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29212/mh.2013..89.267.
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Wojnowski, Michał. "Periodic Revival or Continuation of the Ancient Military Tradition? Another Look at the Question of the KATÁFRAKTOI in the Byzantine Army." Studia Ceranea 2 (December 30, 2012): 195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.02.16.
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This article discusses the question of origin and identity of katáfraktoi – heavy-armoured cavalry in Byzantium. In the specialist literature on the subject, there is a widespread opinion that the heavily-armoured elitist cavalry, defined as catafracti and clibanarii had existed from the Hellenistic period until the end of Late Antiquity. Whereas a comparison of the construction, material and use of the individual elements of weapons and armour used by the Byzantine heavy cavalry from the sixth century and the first half of the seventh century with those of the ancient catafracti and clibanarii, allows us to draw the conclusion that the Byzantine heavily armed cavalry was its continuation, not necessarily in respect of the identity of the formations and their tactics, but more so in respect of the used arms and other elements of equipment. The term catafracti was not used at that time. Classifying the Byzantine cavalry from this period as catafracti, despite the fact that it is not usually defined in this way is based on the opinion of emperor Leo VI, expressed in Tactica, in accordance with which the chief element which distinguished catafracti and clibanarii units from other types of cavalry, was the complete armour of both the horse and rider. In spite of the fact, that the Romans, in response to the Sasanid heavy horsemen created their own mailed cavalry described by names catafracti or clibanarii, the influence of the Steppe people (principally the Huns and Avars) was more pronounced in the next centuries. Their weapons and tactics completely transformed the Byzantine way of war. In particular, this development concerned the cavalry – the main striking force of Byzantine army at this time. As we have seen, a disappearance of the ancient terms catafracti and clibanarii and their tactics (fighting in wedge-column order) was linked with this process of change. In the 10th century, in contemporary military treatises the term katáfraktoi appeared once again, a fact that can be connected with a usage typical for the “Macedonian renaissance”. At this time, the elitist formations of this type constituted a force marginal as compared to other cavalry units making up the Byzantine forces. However, the appearance of the 10th century katáfraktoi were a practical effect of the revival of ancient traditions in the Byzantine culture: they were not a formation which was only modeled on its ancient predecessor, but its constituted a continuation of the ancient patterns. The horsemen were equipped with similar protective armour as their ancient forerunners. They also applied the same tactics, for instance by fighting in the wedge-column order, which is ascribed to the ancient cavalry of this type. Sources mentioned above indicates, that this kind of battle array was reintroduced at this time. Moreover, the katáfraktoi were also present as a main striking cavalry force in the Comnenian army, which indicates, that heavy-armoured cavalry was still necessary. There is no reason to accept the opinion that there was no continuous tradition of heavy-armoured cavalry in the Byzantine Empire.
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István, Fábián. "“Bellator Equus”. Roman Republican Cavalry Tactics in the 3rd-2nd Centuries Bc." Acta Marisiensis. Seria Historia 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsh-2020-0008.
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Abstract One of the most interesting periods in the history of the Roman cavalry were the Punic wars. Many historians believe that during these conflicts the ill fame of the Roman cavalry was founded but, as it can be observed it was not the determination that lacked. The main issue is the presence of the political factor who decided in the main battles of this conflict. The present paper has as aim to outline a few aspects of how the Roman mid-republican cavalry met these odds and how they tried to incline the balance in their favor.
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Gassmann, Jack. "Thoughts on the Role of Cavalry in Medieval Warfare." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 2, no. 1 (February 13, 2021): 149–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/apd-2014-005.
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This article explores the role of cavalry in medieval warfare starting with it’s origins in the Carolingian age, examining how cavalry was used as a strategic asset within the context of the period on at an operational level, as well as the tactics they were likely to have employed. Due to my interest in both medieval warhorses and mounted combat research into the context and use of medieval cavalry was a natural by-product. Using primary resources such as first-hand accounts and period artwork as well as secondary literature, the article summarizes the findings of my research. Most historians, despite the recognition that field-battles were not the heart and soul of medieval warfare, still judge medieval cavalry by their performance within them. My findings show a much greater concentration on small unit actions, both in armament and organization, with cavalry centred on chevauchées on raiding and subduing castles in swift commando type take and hold missions. The diversity of mounted forces are also examined in the context of the lance and the integration of mounted crossbowmen and bowmen for combined arms tactics.
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Speidel, Michael P. "Mauri equites. The tactics on light cavalry in Mauretania." Antiquités africaines 29, no. 1 (1993): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/antaf.1993.1214.
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Kazanski, Michel. "BARBARIAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT AND ITS EVOLUTION IN THE LATE ROMAN AND GREAT MIGRATION PERIODS (3RD–5TH C. A.D.)." Late Antique Archaeology 8, no. 2 (January 25, 2013): 493–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000016a.
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Military equipment and, as a consequence, types of combat underwent significant changes between the 3rd and 6th c. A.D. The Germanic peoples’ and their neighbours’ weapons became more appropriate to rapid and close tactical manoeuvres in dispersed ranks. The spread of Germanic weapons within Roman territory and in the Pontic region indicates that the same tactics were employed by the Roman army’s barbarian troops and federates. A similar evolution occurred within the armies of the steppe peoples, including those fighting for the empire. The Early Roman armoured cavalry was first replaced by a lighter Alanic cavalry, and then by Hunnic mounted archers. Finally, the light Slavic infantry, with its ‘irregular’ guerrilla tactics, defeated the East Roman armies and conquered the Balkan Peninsula.
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Gassmann, Jürg. "East meets West: Mounted Encounters in Early and High Mediaeval Europe." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 75–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/apd-2017-0003.
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Abstract By the Late Middle Ages, mounted troops - cavalry in the form of knights - are established as the dominant battlefield arm in North-Western Europe. This paper considers the development of cavalry after the Germanic Barbarian Successor Kingdoms such as the Visigoths in Spain or the Carolingian Franks emerged from Roman Late Antiquity and their encounters with Islam, as with the Moors in Iberia or the Saracens (Arabs and Turks) during the Crusades, since an important part of literature ascribes advances in European horse breeding and horsemanship to Arab influence. Special attention is paid to information about horse types or breeds, conformation, tactics - fighting with lance and bow - and training. Genetic studies and the archaeological record are incorporated to test the literary tradition.
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Gilliver, Catherine M. "Mons Graupius and the Role of Auxiliaries in Battle." Greece and Rome 43, no. 1 (April 1996): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gr/43.1.54.
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Much recent work on the auxiliary units of the Roman army has concentrated on the cavalry, including their role and effectiveness in battle. Experimental archaeology has additionally illustrated how effective the cavalry could be with the Celtic style saddle, in spite of the lack of stirrups. As a result, the Roman cavalry is now seen by some modern commentators as something of an elite wing of the army. The auxiliary infantryman, on the other hand, is generally regarded as nothing better than foreign expendable ‘cannon-fodder’. This view, it seems, has its origin partly in Tacitus' famous commentary on the tactics of his father-in-law Agricola at Mons Graupius. There is, in fact, little other evidence to support this view, and Agricola probably had other reasons for his dispositions at the battle which his biographer does not mention. Rather than merely a piece of ‘cannon-fodder’, the auxiliary infantryman of the Principate should instead be seen as a competent fighting soldier who fulfilled an invaluable role in the Roman army.
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Rance, Philip. "Drungus, drouggos, and drouggisti: A Gallicism and Continuity in late Roman Cavalry Tactics." Phoenix 58, no. 1/2 (2004): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4135199.
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Šmidtas, Eligijus. "What Type of Cavalry Did Lithuanians Use to Counter the Crusaders in the 13th Century?" Lietuvos istorijos studijos 44 (December 20, 2019): 8–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2019.44.1.
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This article is dedicated to investigating the problems regarding the existence of Lithuanian cavalry in the 13th century as well as the identification of its type and its ability to counter the heavy cavalry of the West. Firstly, we analyze the validity of different opinions about the date when Lithuanians began to fight on horseback that are revealed in our historiography – that this had happened on the junction of the 13th and 14th centuries, on the second half of the 13th century, or long before the beginning of the Baltic crusade. We come to a conclusion that there is enough evidence to support the third opinion, oriented at pre-crusader times. Furthermore, we agree with the idea, soundly based in the description of the source, that these forces were light cavalry. In the second part of our article, we address attention to the peculiarity of the tactics employed by the previously mention cavalry forces: even being able to fight on horseback, these units would get out of their saddles and because of that were often mistaken for infantry. Even more, they would intentionally seek out areas unfavorable for cavalry forces (forests, for example), fighting on foot in these environments, because in those places the enemy was not capable of using anything to their advantage: big war horses, better armor, a close battle order, or lances. The article suggests that this battle method lets us determine, with more precision, the type of Lithuanian light cavalry, equating it to the better-known Irish hobelars who had served in England’s army. In the Teutonic Order’s state in Prussia, the equivalent of hobelars were the native “free” Prussians. Both these types of units rode small horses, fought equally well on horseback as well as on foot, and used javelins. In the last part, we argue on the possibilities of such light cavalry overcoming its heavier counterparts. According to the author of this paper, such possibilities would arise only occasionally – when knights were trapped in swamps in the forests or did some sort of tactical mistake. Eliminating this backwardness, the Lithuanian state had begun using heavy cavalry forces by the early 15th century.
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Tuśnio, Norbert. "Analysis of an Event Related to the Uncontrolled Release of Ammonia from a Rail Tanker." Problemy Kolejnictwa - Railway Reports 64, no. 187 (June 2020): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36137/1876e.
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Numerical engineering tools are being more and more frequently applied in supporting decisions responsible for rescue operations in terms of tactics and strategy. This elaboration presents one of the applications of such software in the event of uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances. The adoption of numerical modelling as an element which supports leader-ship results in the reduction of operating costs and affects its performance. The example used will show the potential of these solutions to people unrelated directly to chemical and ecological rescue. It may become a basis for developing drills, including evacuation drills, for people responsible for their planning and organization in the railway structures. Keywords: chemical rescue, dispersion modelling, ALOHA
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Etxeberria Gallastegi, Ekaitz. "Dead horse, man-at-arms lost: cavalry and battle tactics in 15th century Castile." Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 12, no. 1 (June 21, 2019): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17546559.2019.1629611.
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Gassmann, Jürg. "Combat Training for Horse and Rider in the Early Middle Ages." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 63–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/apd-2018-0003.
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Abstract The cavalry horse, tactics and training in Western Europe – the Euro-pean provinces of the Roman Empire of the West and the Frankish Empire – du-ring the Early Middle Ages (c. 500-1000) are still subject to many myths in both popular media and academic literature. Source material is admittedly thin, yet it is specific enough to allow us to correct many of these misconceptions and outright errors. The article initially summarises the current state of knowledge on the war horse of the period, by reference to the archaeological record. It then reviews the cavalry’s battlefield tactics, derives the skill level required to execute the manoeuvres described in the sources, and analyses where and how this training could have been provided. The information gleaned provides an insight into the skills and expertise neces-sary to achieve the requisite sophisticated level of horsemanship. We shall argue that these imply a considerable investment in organisational infrastructure, per-sonnel and institutional memory, which has so far not received much academic attention, and has wider implications for our view of the era.
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Bołdyrew, Aleksander, and Karol Łopatecki. "Polish Way: The Light Cossack Cavalry in the Era of Military Revolution." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 65, no. 3 (2020): 683–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2020.301.
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The aim of the article is to show the way of adaptation of the military potential of the Crown to the Tatar threat, which first emerged in 1468. In connection with the particular geopolitical situation we present the dissimilarity of military reforms from those in Western Europe. In order to prevent Tatar raids, a standing frontier army (obrona potoczna or Permanent Defense) was formed. In the 1520s, an innovative strategy was developed which involved creating two defense lines with a very deep reconnaissance, 500 kilometers east of Lviv, already on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The consequence of applying the new model of defense was a new type of armed forces developed approximately two decades later, the cossack cavalry. The article presents a phenomenon of the creation a unified, in terms of weaponry, light cavalry, the process of which took place in the 1540s and 50s. Earlier the troops had consisted of soldiers differently equipped and armored and using various horses. Out of this chaos there emerged more unified units, which was the result of experiences of south-east borderline defense. The article emphasizes it was neither commanders-in-chief nor political and governmental factors that played a key role in the tactical innovation was mid-level commanders (starosts, rotmistrzes). It was their experiments with different types of arms that brought about a revolution in the rearmament and uniformity of the cavalry. The paper indicates that the main originator of the transformations was the starost of Bar and Trembowla Bernard Pretwicz. A clear influence of political decisions and strategic concepts on the final transformations in the warfare tactics should be noted.
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Reimer, P. D., A. Lamarche, and E. H. Owens. "AUTOMATED SHORELINE OILING DATA GENERATION FOR SPILL DRILLS AND SCENARIOS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 905–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-905.
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ABSTRACT Realism during drills and exercises is sometimes difficult to achieve. A new technique to quickly and easily create data on “oiled shorelines” also generates displays that can be viewed on Google Earth™. Shoreline surveys are a fundamental aspect of any spill response and the data generated by these field surveys forms the basis for decisions by the spill management team regarding operational strategies, treatment tactics, and treatment end points. During an actual spill event these data are collected by field teams that survey the affected area and generate reports that are entered into a data management system. Oil spill drills and scenario exercises are a practical method to evaluate response functionality, train personnel and maintain readiness for both private sector organizations and regulatory agencies. Teams can be assembled, oil trajectories simulated, and all of the response decisions practiced. The one factor typically that is missing is actual oiled shoreline data to drive the decision process. Generation of this shoreline oiling data can be time consuming and require a level of effort that may not be considered warranted in terms of time and cost. A simple and rapid technique has been developed to create detailed and realistic oiling conditions on shorelines to address this deficiency. The data that is generated includes length, width, distribution, and thickness of oil within a selected tidal zone or zones; all of the typical SCAT data. This data can be easily transferred to GIS and database systems to generate the reports required by the management team and to track simulated cleanup activities. A similar application is to generate data for scenarios that commonly are included in oil spill response or contingency plans. This technique was used successfully during a major spill drill in Prince William Sound Alaska in May, 2007.
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Kleymeonov, Alexander. "The influence of Xenophon’s didactic writings on the military leadership practice of Alexander the Great." Hypothekai 5 (September 2021): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32880/2587-7127-2021-5-5-113-140.
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The article examines the influence of Xenophon’s didactic works on the military activities of Alexander the Great. It is re-vealed that messages from ancient sources containing direct in-dications of the fact that Alexander was familiar with Xeno-phon’s works are either fundamentally unreliable or subject to different interpretations. Nevertheless, a comparison of the rec-ommendations proposed in “Kyropedia” and other Athenian au-thor’s writings the with Alexander’s practical activities reveals obvious similarities in their views on training military personnel, organizing competitions in military skill, providing soldiers with richly decorated weapons, and caring for the sick and wounded. A set of coincidences is associated with the political and admin-istrative activities of Alexander, who, like Cyrus the Elder in Xenophon’s writings, demonstratively showed mercy towards the vanquished, attracted representatives of the local elite to the ser-vice, wore clothes traditional for a conquered country. A large number of similarities, good education of Alexander and the popularity of Xenophon’s writings in the second half of the 4th century BCE allow us to conclude that the Macedonian king was familiar with the works of the Athenian author. However, the components of Xenophon's didactic legacy associated with the methods of warfare do not correlate well with Alexander's mili-tary leadership practice. The fundamental differences are re-vealed in the armament of the cavalry and their tactics, the depth of the infantry formation, the role of army branches on the battle-field. They were caused by a significant breakthrough in the art of war that took place in Macedonia during the time of Philip II. This breakthrough also led to the emergence of new tactics that provided for crushing the enemy not with a frontal attack of heavy infantry, but through the combined use of various types of troops. Alexander as a military leader was raised under the con-ditions of a new, more developed military art. Thus, the over-whelming majority of Xenophon's recommendations, which de-scribed the cavalry as a purely auxiliary branch of the army and considered the classical hoplite phalanx a decisive force in battle, were clearly irrelevant for him and therefore ignored.
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West, Michael. "Spenser's Art of War: Chivalric Allegory, Military Technology, and the Elizabethan Mock-Heroic Sensibility." Renaissance Quarterly 41, no. 4 (1988): 654–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2861885.
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In the medieval romances single combat was the knightly norm. The Italian chivalric epics sought to adapt this convention to the ideals of the Renaissance courtier. In Il Cortegiano, Frederico Fregoso explains “that where the Courtyer is at skirmishe, or assault, or battaile upon the land, or in such other places of enterprise, he ought to worke the matter wisely in seperating himself from the multitude, and undertake his notable and bould feates which he hath to doe, with as little company as he can.“’ But such displays of panache had little place in the massed infantry tactics that dominated the actual battlefields of the sixteenth century. It was disciplined self-restraint that made the Swiss and Spanish pike phalanxes so formidable, relegating cavalry to secondary importance. The Italian courtierknights had been rudely humbled, after all, when Charles XII invaded Italy in 1494 and deployed his excellent artillery.
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MAGIER, Mariusz, Adrian Nowak, Tomasz ,. MERDA, and Paweł Żochowski. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH BOWS USED IN BATTLE OF CRÉCY." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA, no. 2 (October 9, 2017): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5152.
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The paper presents simulation of flight path of an arrow shot with a longbow and its penetration process through a steel plate imitating an armor of a medieval heavy cavalry knights used during the Battle of Crécy on 26 August, 1346. The battle was a turning moment which had settled the specific role of the English bow in tactics and methods of its deployment on battle fields for almost 200 years until the firearms such as arquebuses or muskets started to be commonly used. The basic technical parameters necessary for the simulation process are based on historical information. On the basis of numerical calculations, the parameters of the flight path of the arrow with the "anti-armor" head were determined up to the maximum range. Thanks to use of the finite element method (AUTODYN) the penetration capacity of the arrow shot from longbow against horseman’s armor of XIV century was estimated.
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Hammond, N. G. L. "The Battle between Philip and Bardylis." Antichthon 23 (1989): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066477400003658.
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The defeat of Bardylis ‘the king of the Illyrians‘ was one of the decisive battles of ancient history. It ended forty years of military ascendancy by the Illyrians, during which huge losses had been inflicted on the Molossians, Amyntas III had twice been driven out of Macedonia, and Perdiccas III and 4,000 Macedonians had been killed ‘in a great battle’ of359B.C.(Diod. 16.2.5). One reason for that ascendancy was that the Illyrians adopted Greek hoplite equipment and tactics earlier than their opponents. The victory of Philip marked the beginning of Macedonia’s progress to a military supremacy, of which the marks were the infantry fighting with the pike (sarissa) and the cavalry exploiting a break in an enemy line. Evidence about the battle is provided only by Diodorus and Frontinus, and there are uncertainties about the background to the affair. I think that progress can be made if we ask the appropriate questions.
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Baggetta, Peter. "Developing Games Using a Principles-Based Approach." Journal of Coaching Education 4, no. 2 (August 2011): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.4.2.88.
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The Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) model was first developed by Bunker and Thorpe in 1982 as a model for coaches to help players become more skillful players. Since then other versions of the model have been developed such as the tactical decision-learning model (Grehaigne, Godbout, & Bouthier, 2001) in France and the game–sense approach (Australian Sports Commission, 1991) in Australia and New Zealand. The key aspect of all the models is the design of well-structured conditioned and modified games that require players to make decisions to develop their game understanding and tactical awareness. However, both novice and experienced coaches often struggle with connecting theory to practice especially in the area of creating and developing contextualized games that actually transfer learning from training to performance in games. In order to effectively create and use games that transfer learning, coaches can use a Principles-Based approach to develop games. The Principles-Based approach removes the dichotomy of traditional drills versus games and instead combines the drills approach with a games-context approach that links principles to skills that allow for increased individual and team expertise development. This presentation will first describe a model for developing and connecting principles, policies, tactics and skills for team play. Following this the presentation will then describe how to use the principles to create contextualized games that connect practices with performance and progresses novice players toward becoming more competent performers.
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Roh Young-Koo. "The 18th Century Yang Wan(梁)'s Combined Tactics ofMilitary Carts, Cavalry and Infantry in Late - Focusing on Akkidoseol(握奇圖說)." military history ll, no. 64 (August 2007): 225–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29212/mh.2007..64.225.
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Urazbakhtin, Ruslan. "Shashka in late XIX – XX c." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 6, no. 2 (October 20, 2020): 125–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/apd-2018-010.
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In the late XIX c., when most Western European armies in the discussion about cut and thrust strikes finally gave priority to a thrust, Russian Imperial Army adopted Eastern weapon – shashka, with Caucasian and Asian origins. Despite its late adoption and not Russian origins, shashka quickly became a national weapon. It transformed a lot under the influence of Western European saber. It dislodged all other long-bladed weapons in Russian army and even in the national memory so that nowadays average Russian calls all curved blades “shashka”. This weapon became a symbol of Russian Cossacks and all late Russian cavalry, almost the last long-bladed weapon used at war. This article is aimed to study techniques of fencing on shashkas of Russian Cossacks and soldiers in XIX – XX c., well-preserved in fencing and cutting manuals, as well asarmy statutes of this period. The author makes an attempt to verify the popular idea that shashka was not used for fencing at all, that it was designed only for cutting and smashing, without any parades, thrusts, feints, tactics. At the beginning of the article a weaponological review of shashka is done. Its distinctive features, origins, types, characteristics are considered.
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Hockey, John. "The Experience of Zulu (Military) Time: An Examination of the Temporal Practices and Perceptions of UK Infantry." Sociological Research Online 22, no. 3 (September 2017): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780417724074.
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Organizational time remains an under-examined research area. This is particularly so in terms of analysis which combines workers temporal embodiment, temporal inter-embodiment, and collective temporal perceptions. These three social processes are portrayed using the case of the military organization and focus upon the temporal world of UK infantry via ethnographic data obtained from participant observation. Initially, the narrative examines the need for Zulu (military) time at the level of organizational structure. This is followed by a portrayal of how, within that structure, temporal embodiment and inter-embodiment are learnt and habituated, via practices such as parade ground and weapon training drills. Next, those same temporal processes are focused upon in the context of operational (combat) patrolling, and their manifestation within the practices of formations and tactics are examined. The narrative then moves on to examine collective temporal perceptions troops construct, which are focused upon issues of danger, safety, and identity. The account concludes with a call for organizational time both civilian and military to be given much more attention by sociological researchers particularly at the level of embodied practices.
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Ochirov, Utash B. "Конница тюрко-монгольских народов Великой степи в российской армии XVIII – начала XIX в. Часть 1." Бюллетень Калмыцкого научного центра Российской академии наук 15, no. 3 (November 25, 2020): 64–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2587-6503-2020-3-15-64-97.
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The article examines activities of Turko-Mongols to have inhabited the Great Steppe and adjacent territories in the military service of Russia throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. The period witnessed the employment of ethnic military units of irregular cavalries Russian army recruited from the Mongolian-speaking Kalmyks and Buryats, Turkic-speaking Bashkirs, Teptyars, Mishar and Tatars. The work focuses on the largest ethnic military forces ― those of the Kalmyks and Bashkirs. Despite Russian forces were reorganized to from a regular army in the early 18th century, the latter still contained significant irregular components, including ones recruited from Turko-Mongols. Initially, the ethnic groups had served as independent military contingents with traditional structures, tactics, and weapons, but by the late 18th century all ethnic forces were clustered into Don Cossack-type regiments. In the first part of the article, published in the previous issue, the features of military service of the Kalmyks and Bashkirs in their usual habitat ― in the Great Steppe were considered. The second part of the article analyzes the actions of the Turkic-Mongol cavalry in the three largest wars of Russia in the XVIII-early XX century. XIX centuries. (The Northern, Seven-Year War, the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Foreign Campaign of 1813–1814). Rational approaches and command of the ethnic units would yield good results ― both in Eurasian plains and European battlefields. The use of ethnic forces within the Russian army not only saved essential financial and physical resources for the defense of large territories and dramatically long frontiers but also facilitated further integration of their elites into the Empire’s community.
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Ochirov, Utash B. "Конница тюрко-монгольских народов Великой степи в российской армии XVIII – начала XIX в. Часть 2." Бюллетень Калмыцкого научного центра Российской академии наук 16, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 10–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2587-6503-2020-4-16-10-39.
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The article examines activities of Turko-Mongols to have inhabited the Great Steppe and adjacent territories in the military service of Russia throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. The period witnessed the employment of ethnic military units of irregular cavalries Russian army recruited from the Mongolian-speaking Kalmyks and Buryats, Turkic-speaking Bashkirs, Teptyars, Mishar and Tatars. The work focuses on the largest ethnic military forces ― those of the Kalmyks and Bashkirs. Despite Russian forces were reorganized to from a regular army in the early 18th century, the latter still contained significant irregular components, including ones recruited from Turko-Mongols. Initially, the ethnic groups had served as independent military contingents with traditional structures, tactics, and weapons, but by the late 18th century all ethnic forces were clustered into Don Cossack-type regiments. The first part of the article deals with the features of military service of the Kalmyks and Bashkirs in their usual habitat ― in the Great Steppe. The second part of the article, which will be published in the next issue, analyzes the actions of the Turkic-Mongol cavalry in the three largest wars of Russia in the XVIII – early XIX centuries. (The Northern, Seven-Year War, the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Foreign Campaign of 1813–1814). Rational approaches and command of the ethnic units would yield good results ― both in Eurasian plains and European battlefields. The use of ethnic forces within the Russian army not only saved essential financial and physical resources for the defense of large territories and dramatically long frontiers but also facilitated further integration of their elites into the Empire’s community.
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Majors, Lee, and Tracey Huhndorf. "RESPONDER QUALIFICATIONS - KEEPING IT SIMPLE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-229.
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ABSTRACT Many spill response organizations have encountered problems when requesting personnel resources during a spill event. Besides a HAZWOPER certification, how do you determine the proper training level and communicate this to the outside resource providers. Alaska Clean Seas developed a simplified catagorization for spill response personnel. The catagories are: General Laborer Skilled Technician Team Leader Vessel Operator- Nearshore Vessel Operator- Offshore Each of these catagories have minimum training requirements. The regulatory agencies in Alaska approved the catagories for use in describing responder needs in member company contingency plans. The State of Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation adopted the catagories in the development of their Spill Tactics for Alaska Responders (STAR) manual. This manual was developed with input from the OSRO'S in Alaska and the catagories were approved by all of them. With these spill responder catagories, ACS is able to train the North Slope volunteer spill response teams, the Village Response Teams, and the Auxilliary (contract) Response Teams to these levels to meet member company contingency plan requirements. ACS is also able to request personnel during drills and events in a quick and efficient manner. Of course, these levels do not meet all the proficiencies needed during an event. ACS has also developed proficiency checks (PC'S) for each piece of equipment. These check lists provide the method for someone to demonstrate they now how to start and operate a piece of equipment such as skimmers, pumps, boom, etc. Some of the equipment is more complicated and requires a higher level of competency such as bobcats, front end loaders, airboats, etc. The PC'S for these types of equipment have 3 levels: Level 1 familiarization; Level 2 competent operator; Level 3 instructor qualifed. Other qualifications are regulatory driven such as Bird Hazing, Bear Hazing, and Wildlife Capture and Stabilization. With all of these catagorizations and tracking, ACS is able to easily identify response personnel for the tasks required.
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Gassmann, Jürg. "East meets West." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 5, no. 1 (April 26, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/apd-2017-003.
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By the Late Middle Ages, mounted troops - cavalry in the form of knights - are established as the dominant battlefield arm in North-Western Europe. This paper considers the development of cavalry after the Germanic Barbarian Successor Kingdoms such as the Visigoths in Spain or the Carolingian Franks emerged from Roman Late Antiquity and their encounters with Islam, as with the Moors in Iberia or the Saracens (Arabs and Turks) during the Crusades, since an important part of literature ascribes advances in European horse breeding and horsemanship to Arab influence. Special attention is paid to information about horse types or breeds, conformation, tactics - fighting with lance and bow - and training. Genetic studies and the archaeological record are incorporated to test the literary tradition.
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Hillesund, Solveig. "To fight or demonstrate? Micro foundations of inequality and conflict." Conflict Management and Peace Science, June 8, 2021, 073889422110178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07388942211017881.
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Do people from disadvantaged ethnic groups favor political violence over non-violent tactics? Studies of horizontal (between-group) inequality often concentrate on civil war. This article drills below the macro level and looks beyond civil war, to investigate individual participation in various types of conflict. Different types and combinations of ethnic disadvantage favor participation in different kinds of conflict, because of different opportunity structures. Political exclusion motivates leadership, which facilitates organized movements. Economic disadvantages restrict economic leverage, making non-violent tactics less likely to succeed. The article maps these components of groups’ opportunity structure onto different constellations of inequality. It uses Afrobarometer survey data ( N = 29,727) to show that economic disadvantages increase participation in political violence short of civil war. When they coincide with political exclusion, they also make people steer actively away from demonstrations. The evidence is less conclusive for political disadvantages alone, but points toward increased participation in demonstrations.