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Journal articles on the topic 'Caves – South Africa – Sterkfontein'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Emsley, Robin. "Focus on psychiatry in South Africa." British Journal of Psychiatry 178, no. 4 (2001): 382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.4.382.

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South Africa is a country of great fascination to those interested in the origins, development and behaviour of humankind. For example, recent fossil discoveries appear to confirm Darwin's hunch that Africa – and perhaps southern Africa – was the cradle of humankind. Caves in the Sterkfontein Valley near Johannesburg have produced abundant scientific information on the evolution of modern man over the past 3.5 million years. This is of interest not only from a historical point of view but also in terms of modern science. With the significant advances in medical genetics in general, and psychiatric genetics in particular, there has been a growing interest in homogeneous populations with novel gene pools. South Africa is a rich source of homogeneous populations with an apparently common ancestry.

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2

Pickering, Travis Rayne, Jason L. Heaton, Ron J. Clarke, and Dominic Stratford. "Hominin hand bone fossils from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa (1998–2003 excavations)." Journal of Human Evolution 118 (May 2018): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.02.014.

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3

Georgiou, Leoni, Christopher J. Dunmore, Ameline Bardo, et al. "Evidence for habitual climbing in a Pleistocene hominin in South Africa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 15 (2020): 8416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914481117.

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Bipedalism is a defining trait of the hominin lineage, associated with a transition from a more arboreal to a more terrestrial environment. While there is debate about when modern human-like bipedalism first appeared in hominins, all known South African hominins show morphological adaptations to bipedalism, suggesting that this was their predominant mode of locomotion. Here we present evidence that hominins preserved in the Sterkfontein Caves practiced two different locomotor repertoires. The trabecular structure of a proximal femur (StW 522) attributed to Australopithecus africanus exhibits a modern human-like bipedal locomotor pattern, while that of a geologically younger specimen (StW 311) attributed to either Homo sp. or Paranthropus robustus exhibits a pattern more similar to nonhuman apes, potentially suggesting regular bouts of both climbing and terrestrial bipedalism. Our results demonstrate distinct morphological differences, linked to behavioral differences between Australopithecus and later hominins in South Africa and contribute to the increasing evidence of locomotor diversity within the hominin clade.

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4

Pickering, Travis Rayne, Jason L. Heaton, R. J. Clarke, and Dominic Stratford. "Hominin vertebrae and upper limb bone fossils from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa (1998-2003 excavations)." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 168, no. 3 (2018): 459–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23758.

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5

Stratford, Dominic, and Robin Crompton. "Introduction to special issue: A 3.67 Ma Australopithecus prometheus skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 158 (September 2021): 103008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103008.

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6

Clarke, Ronald J. "Excavation, reconstruction and taphonomy of the StW 573 Australopithecus prometheus skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 127 (February 2019): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.11.010.

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7

Clarke, Ronald J., and Kathleen Kuman. "The skull of StW 573, a 3.67 Ma Australopithecus prometheus skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 134 (September 2019): 102634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.005.

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8

Stratford, Dominic Justin, and Matthew V. Caruana. "The Long-Term Conservation of the Australopithecus-bearing Member 4 Excavation Walls at the Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa." Studies in Conservation 63, no. 4 (2017): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2017.1307635.

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9

Bruxelles, Laurent, Dominic J. Stratford, Richard Maire, et al. "A multiscale stratigraphic investigation of the context of StW 573 ‘Little Foot’ and Member 2, Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 133 (August 2019): 78–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.05.008.

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10

Stratford, Dominic, Stefania Merlo, and Stephen Brown. "The development of a new geospatial framework for the palaeoanthropological site of the Sterkfontein Caves, Cradle of Humankind, Gauteng, South Africa." Journal of Field Archaeology 41, no. 2 (2016): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2016.1157679.

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11

Stratford, Dominic, Jason L. Heaton, Travis Rayne Pickering, Matthew V. Caruana, and Kelita Shadrach. "First hominin fossils from Milner Hall, Sterkfontein, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 91 (February 2016): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.12.005.

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12

Berger, Lee R., Rodrigo Lacruz, and Darryl J. De Ruiter. "Revised age estimates ofAustralopithecus-bearing deposits at Sterkfontein, South Africa." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119, no. 2 (2002): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10156.

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13

Pickering, R., J. D. Kramers, T. C. Partridge, and T. M. Venneman. "U–Pb dating of speleothems from Sterkfontein Cave, South Africa." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, no. 18 (2006): A492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.1447.

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14

Hobbs, P., and N. de Meillon. "Hydrogeology of the Sterkfontein Cave System, Cradle of Humankind, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 3 (2017): 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.3.403.

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Abstract A water level rise of almost 3 m in the space of two years in the Sterkfontein Cave system since late-2009 necessitated the re-routing of the tourist path through the cave to successively higher elevations on three occasions. It also raised concern for a possible association with copious acidic and sulphate-rich mine water drainage from the West Rand Goldfield (a.k.a. Western Basin) starting in early-2010, and the related threat to the UNESCO-inscribed fossil site. Although these circumstances have had little impact on the tourist value of the site, a prognosis of the impact on cave water level and quality is indicated by virtue of its karst setting and palaeontological significance. Historical and recent potentiometric data, together with ancillary hydrogeological and hydrochemical information acquired in the course of a water resources monitoring programme for the broader Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site, provides new insight into the hydrogeology of the cave system. An improved understanding of the hydrophysical and hydrochemical response of the cave water system sheds light on the location of this system within the water resources environment. It is proposed that the present-day maximum cave water level is constrained to an elevation of ~1440 m above mean sea level. The recent electrical conductivity of 78 mS/m for cave water is 32% greater than the 59 mS/m recorded in mid-2010 and earlier. Similarly, the recent sulphate concentration of 161 mg/L is 178% greater than the 58 mg/L recorded before 2010. Compared to coeval values for ambient karst groundwater represented by the normative Zwartkrans Spring water, the magnitude of the increases in the springwater are similar, viz. 48% (from 84 to 124 mS/m) in salinity and 166% (from 154 to 409 mg/L) in sulphate. Although a distinct mine water impact is evident in both instances, the values indicate a muted impact on the cave water chemistry compared to the springwater. These and other documented observations better inform the threat from various poorer quality water sources to the fossil site in particular, and to the broader karst water resource in general. This contextualises concern for the hydroenvironmental future of Sterkfontein Cave and other nearby fossil sites such as Swartkrans, Rising Star and Bolt’s Farm. The dynamic response of the water resources environment to a variety of hydrological and hydrogeological drivers reinforces the need for monitoring vigilance across a range of disciplines.

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15

Martini, J., P. Wipplinger, H. Moen, and A. Keyser. "Contribution to the speleology of Sterkfontein Cave, Gauteng Province, South Africa." International Journal of Speleology 32, no. 1/4 (2003): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.32.1.4.

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16

D'Anastasio, Ruggero, Bernhard Zipfel, Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi, Roscoe Stanyon, and Luigi Capasso. "Possible Brucellosis in an Early Hominin Skeleton from Sterkfontein, South Africa." PLoS ONE 4, no. 7 (2009): e6439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006439.

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17

Schwarcz, Henry P., Rainer Grün, and Phillip V. Tobias. "ESR dating studies of the australopithecine site of Sterkfontein, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 26, no. 3 (1994): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1994.1010.

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18

Conroy, G. C. "Endocranial Capacity in an Early Hominid Cranium from Sterkfontein, South Africa." Science 280, no. 5370 (1998): 1730–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5370.1730.

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19

Pickering, Travis Rayne, Tim D. White, and Nicholas Toth. "Brief communication: Cutmarks on a Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Sterkfontein, South Africa." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 111, no. 4 (2000): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(200004)111:4<579::aid-ajpa12>3.0.co;2-y.

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20

Partridge, Timothy C., John Shaw, David Heslop, and Ronald J. Clarke. "The new hominid skeleton from Sterkfontein, South Africa: age and preliminary assessment." Journal of Quaternary Science 14, no. 4 (1999): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1417(199907)14:4<293::aid-jqs471>3.0.co;2-x.

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21

Smith, Heather F., and Frederick E. Grine. "Cladistic analysis of early Homo crania from Swartkrans and Sterkfontein, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 54, no. 5 (2008): 684–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.10.012.

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22

DeSilva, Jeremy M., Daniel J. Proctor, and Bernhard Zipfel. "A complete second metatarsal (StW 89) from Sterkfontein Member 4, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 63, no. 3 (2012): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.05.010.

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23

Avery, Diana M., Dominic J. Stratford, and Frank Sénégas. "Micromammals and the formation of the Name Chamber at Sterkfontein, South Africa." Geobios 43, no. 4 (2010): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2010.01.002.

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24

Martini, Jacques E. J. "Caves of South Africa / Les cavités d'Afrique du Sud." Karstologia : revue de karstologie et de spéléologie physique 5, no. 1 (1985): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/karst.1985.2087.

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25

van der Merwe, Nikolaas J., J. Francis Thackeray, Julia A. Lee-Thorp, and Julie Luyt. "The carbon isotope ecology and diet of Australopithecus africanus at Sterkfontein, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 44, no. 5 (2003): 581–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2484(03)00050-2.

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26

Walker, J., R. A. Cliff, and A. G. Latham. "U-Pb Isotopic Age of the StW 573 Hominid from Sterkfontein, South Africa." Science 314, no. 5805 (2006): 1592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1132916.

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27

WILLIAMS, F. L., and E. GEISSLER. "RECONSTRUCTING THE DIET AND PALEOECOLOGY OF PLIO-PLEISTOCENE CERCOPITHECOIDES WILLIAMSI FROM STERKFONTEIN, SOUTH AFRICA." PALAIOS 29, no. 9 (2014): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2014.046.

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28

Hanon, R., S. Péan, and S. Prat. "Reassessment of Anthropic Modifications on the Early Pleistocene Hominin Specimen Stw53 (Sterkfontein, South Africa)." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 30, no. 1-2 (2018): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/bmsap-2018-0013.

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Linear marks were observed on the maxillary zygomatic process of the early Pleistocene hominin fossil Stw53 from the Sterkfontein cave site. The taxonomic allocation of this specimen is still under debate, as it has been attributed either to the genus Homo or Australopithecus. Two alternative hypotheses have been proposed regarding the taphonomic agent responsible for the linear marks observed on this specimen. These modifications were initially assigned to anthropic cutmarks inflicted by stone tools, thus representing the earliest cutmarks discovered on hominin remains. Conversely, these linear marks were interpreted by others as non-anthropic modifications. In order to better understand the origin of the linear marks, a new taphonomic appraisal of these modifications was conducted using a multivariate statistical approach complemented by butchery and trampling experiments on extant mammal bones. This new study of Stw53 linear marks does not provide evidence for anthropic activities but, rather, supports the unintentional origin hypothesis.

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29

Lockwood, Charles A., and Phillip V. Tobias. "A large male hominin cranium from Sterkfontein, South Africa, and the status ofAustralopithecus africanus." Journal of Human Evolution 36, no. 6 (1999): 637–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1999.0299.

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30

Moggi-Cecchi, Jacopo, and Mark Collard. "A fossil stapes from Sterkfontein, South Africa, and the hearing capabilities of early hominids." Journal of Human Evolution 42, no. 3 (2002): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2001.0524.

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31

Avery, D. M. "The Plio-Pleistocene vegetation and climate of Sterkfontein and Swartkrans, South Africa, based on micromammals." Journal of Human Evolution 41, no. 2 (2001): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2001.0483.

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32

McNabb, John, and Kathy Kuman. "Experimental stone tool replication at the Early Stone Age site of Sterkfontein, Gauteng, South Africa." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 4 (December 2015): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.08.043.

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33

Badenhorst, Shaw, and Christine M. Steininger. "The Equidae from Cooper’s D, an early Pleistocene fossil locality in Gauteng, South Africa." PeerJ 7 (May 15, 2019): e6909. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6909.

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Cooper’s D is a fossil locality in the Bloubank Valley close to other important sites such as Sterkfontein and Kromdraai in Gauteng, South Africa. The fossil deposits of Cooper’s D date to 1.38 ± 0.11 Ma. Hominins like Paranthropus robustus and early Homo have been recovered from Cooper’s Cave. We report here on the Equidae remains. Our sample contains specimens from the extinct Equus capensis, and a specimen which represents an extinct hipparion Eurygnathohippus cf. cornelianus. This particular specimen was previously identified as plains zebra (Equus quagga). The contribution of Equidae to the total fossil assemblage of Cooper’s D is relatively low, and these remains were likely accumulated by various predators such as spotted and brown hyenas and leopards. The Equidae, as well as the other fauna from Cooper’s D supports the existence of grassland, wooded and water components in the vicinity of the site.

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34

Fisk, G. R., and G. A. Macho. "Evidence of a healed compression fracture in a Plio-Pleistocene hominid talus from Sterkfontein, South Africa." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2, no. 4 (1992): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.1390020408.

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35

Moggi-Cecchi, Jacopo, P. V. Tobias, and A. D. Beynon. "The mixed dentition and associated skull fragments of a juvenile fossil hominid from Sterkfontein, South Africa." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 106, no. 4 (1998): 425–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199808)106:4<425::aid-ajpa2>3.0.co;2-i.

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36

Kidd, R., and C. Oxnard. "Little Foot and big thoughts—a re-evaluation of the Stw573 foot from Sterkfontein, South Africa." HOMO 55, no. 3 (2005): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchb.2004.07.003.

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37

Häusler, Martin, and Lee Berger. "Stw 441/465: a new fragmentary ilium of a small-bodied Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 40, no. 5 (2001): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2001.0465.

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38

Oestmo, Simen, Benjamin J. Schoville, Jayne Wilkins, and Curtis W. Marean. "A Middle Stone Age Paleoscape near the Pinnacle Point caves, Vleesbaai, South Africa." Quaternary International 350 (November 2014): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.07.043.

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39

Dirks, Paul H. G. M., and Lee R. Berger. "Hominin-bearing caves and landscape dynamics in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 78 (February 2013): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2012.09.012.

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40

Hendey, Q. B., and T. P. Volman. "Last Interglacial Sea Levels and Coastal Caves in the Cape Province, South Africa." Quaternary Research 25, no. 2 (1986): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(86)90056-6.

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The dating of the 6 to 8-m shoreline in southern Africa as early Pleistocene prompted a reassessment of evidence from archaeological cave sites on the south coast of the Cape Province which had suggested that this shoreline is of last interglacial age. The successions in the caves at Klasies River Mouth and Die Kelders have been misinterpreted. In fact, they confirm a pre-last interglacial age for this feature. These sites, together with Herolds Bay Cave, indicate that in southern Africa the only last interglacial shoreline above present sea level is at about 4 m, and that it dates from isotope substage 5e.

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41

Reynolds, S. C., R. J. Clarke, and K. A. Kuman. "The view from the Lincoln Cave: mid- to late Pleistocene fossil deposits from Sterkfontein hominid site, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 53, no. 3 (2007): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.02.004.

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42

O'Regan, H. J., and S. C. Reynolds. "An ecological reassessment of the southern African carnivore guild: a case study from Member 4, Sterkfontein, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 57, no. 3 (2009): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.04.002.

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43

Caruana, Matthew V. "Lithic Production Strategies in the Oldowan Assemblages from Sterkfontein Member 5 and Swartkrans Member 1, Gauteng Province, South Africa." Journal of African Archaeology 15, no. 1 (2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-12340001.

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Abstract Sterkfontein Member 5 East (Oldowan Infill) and Swartkrans Member 1 (Lower Bank) represent the largest concentrations of Oldowan artefacts in southern Africa, and yet they vary significantly in terms of raw material use and typological frequencies. While previous research has described these differences in detail, questions remain as to the cause and implications of this variability. To increase resolution on this matter, this study implements quantitative methods to investigate lithic production strategies at these sites. Results expand upon previous findings concerning differences in raw material use and knapping methods and how these patterns relate to core reduction and flake production. Explanations for these patterns focus on a dichotomy between efficiency and expediency in lithic production, which differ from previous interpretations. As such, variability between these assemblages may relate more to mobility patterns in early hominins within this region and immediate needs for tool use.

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44

Talma, A. S., and John C. Vogel. "Late Quaternary Paleotemperatures Derived from a Speleothem from Cango Caves, Cape Province, South Africa." Quaternary Research 37, no. 2 (1992): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90082-t.

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AbstractAn oxygen isotope temperature record over a large part of the past 30,000 yr has been obtained for the southern Cape Province of South Africa by combining data on the isotopic composition of a stalagmite from a deep cave with that of a confined groundwater aquifer in the same region. Results show that temperatures during the last glacial maximum were on average about 6°C lower than those today, with peaks up to 7°C lower. A detailed analysis of the past 5000 yr suggests multiple fluctuations, with generally lower temperatures (1–2°C) around 4500 and 3000 yr B.P. The carbon isotopic composition of the stalagmite indicates significant vegetation changes between the late Pleistocene and today, and also during the second half of the Holocene.

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45

Berger, Lee R., and Phillip V. Tobias. "A chimpanzee-like tibia from Sterkfontein, South Africa and its implications for the interpretation of bipedalism in Australopithecus africanus." Journal of Human Evolution 30, no. 4 (1996): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1996.0027.

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46

Lockwood, Charles A., and Phillip V. Tobias. "Morphology and affinities of new hominin cranial remains from Member 4 of the Sterkfontein Formation, Gauteng Province, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 42, no. 4 (2002): 389–450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2001.0532.

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47

Pickering, Robyn, and Jan D. Kramers. "Re-appraisal of the stratigraphy and determination of new U-Pb dates for the Sterkfontein hominin site, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 59, no. 1 (2010): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.014.

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48

Ferguson, Walter W. "Reappraisal of the taxonomic status of the cranium Stw 53 from the Plio/Pleistocene of Sterkfontein, in South Africa." Primates 30, no. 1 (1989): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02381216.

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49

Makhubela, T. V., J. D. Kramers, G. A. Belyanin, P. H. G. M. Dirks, and E. M. Roberts. "Proterozoic 40Ar/39Ar ages from cave deposits of the Malapa, Sterkfontein and Dinaledi fossil sites, Cradle of Humankind, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 1 (2017): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.1.21.

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50

Tobias, Phillip V., John C. Vogel, H. Dieter Oschadleus, Timothy C. Partridge, and Jeffrey K. McKee. "New Isotopic and Sedimentological Measurements of the Thabaseek Deposits (South Africa) and the Dating of the Taung Hominid." Quaternary Research 40, no. 3 (1993): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1089.

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AbstractEarlier attempts to date the Taung hominid type specimen of Australopithecus africanus Dart yielded conflicting results. Recent faunal studies pointed to an age of 2.3 myr. Radioisotopic results suggested 1.0 myr. New uranium studies reveal that the Thabaseek (the oldest Taung tufa) was not a closed system and that younger uranium entered the tufa after initial deposition, producing an apparent isotopic age younger than the age of deposition. The Thabaseek isotopic dates provide only a terminus ad quem and this technique is therefore not applicable to the older Taung tufas. Delson's dating (2.3 myr) of cercopithecoids from Hrdlicka's pinnacle ca. 50 m from the hominid site provides the best available approximation to the age of the hominid. In our new Taung excavation, stratigraphic analysis indicates that the hominid may somewhat predate most identified fauna. Sedimentologically the hominid matrix proves to be of fluvial deposition, and hence closely resembles one Hrdlicka deposit, both samples differing appreciably from all other Taung samples which bespeak eolian deposition. Thus, the conditions under which the hominid-bearing stratum was deposited were virtually identical to those pertaining to one of the Hrdlicka deposits. The newest results show that Taung was not the youngest South African australopithecine site and eliminate the discrepancy between the relative ages of the Taung A. africanus africanus and the Sterkfontein A. africanus transvaalensis.

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