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Journal articles on the topic 'CaWO4'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Li, Chunxia, Cuikun Lin, Xiaoming Liu, and Jun Lin. "Nanostructured CaWO4, CaWO4:Eu3+ and CaWO4:Tb3+ Particles: Sonochemical Synthesis and Luminescent Properties." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 1183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18169.

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Nanostructured CaWO4, CaWO4:Eu3+, and CaWO4:Tb3+ phosphor particles were synthesized via a facile sonochemical route. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, low voltage cathodoluminescence spectra, and photoluminescence lifetimes were used to characterize the as-obtained samples. The X-ray diffraction results indicate that the samples are well crystallized with the scheelite structure of CaWO4. The transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy images illustrate that the powders consist of spherical particles with sizes from 120 to 160 nm, which are the aggregates of even smaller nanoparticles ranging from 10 to 20 nm. Under UV light or electron beam excitation, the CaWO4 powder exhibited a blue emission band with a maximum at 430 nm originating from the WO2−4 groups, while the CaWO4:Eu3+ powder showed red emission dominated by 613 nm ascribed to the 5D0 → 7F2 of Eu3+, and the CaWO4:Tb3+ powders showed emission at 544 nm, ascribed to the 5D4 → 7F5 transition of Tb3+. The PL excitation and emission spectra suggest that the energy is transferred from WO2−4 to Eu3+CaWO4:Eu3+ and to Tb3+ in CaWO4:Tb3+. Moreover, the energy transfer from WO2−4 to Tb3+ in CaWO4:Tb3+ is more efficient than that from WO2−4 to Eu3+ in CaWO4:Eu3+. This novel and efficient pathway could open new opportunities for further investigating the novel properties of tungstate materials.
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2

Li, Chunxia, Cuikun Lin, Xiaoming Liu, and Jun Lin. "Nanostructured CaWO4, CaWO4:Eu3+ and CaWO4:Tb3+ Particles: Sonochemical Synthesis and Luminescent Properties." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 1183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.349.

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3

Wang, Zhenling, Guangzhi Li, Zewei Quan, Deyan Kong, Xiaoming Liu, Min Yu, and Jun Lin. "Nanostructured CaWO4, CaWO4 : Pb2+ and CaWO4 : Tb3+ Particles: Polyol-Mediated Synthesis and Luminescent Properties." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.101.

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Nano-submicrostructured CaWO4, CaWO4 : Pb2+ and CaWO4 : Pb3+ particles were prepared by polyol method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), photoluminescence (PL), cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra and PL lifetimes. The results of XRD indicate that the as-prepared samples are well crystallized with the scheelite structure of CaWO4. The FE-SEM images illustrate that CaWO4 and CaWO4 : Pb2+ and CaWO4 : Tb3+ powders are composed of spherical particles with sizes around 260, 290, and 190 nm respectively, which are the aggregates of smaller nanoparticles around 10–20 nm. Under the UV light or electron beam excitation, the CaWO4 powders exhibits a blue emission band with a maximum at about 440 nm. When the CaWO4 particles are doped with Pb2+, the intensity of luminescence is enhanced to some extent and the luminescence band maximum is red shifted to 460 nm. Tb3+-doped CaWO4 particles show the characteristic emission of Tb3+ 5D4–7FJ (J = 6 – 3) transitions due to an energy transfer from WO42− groups to Pb3+.
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4

Wang, Zhenling, Guangzhi Li, Zewei Quan, Deyan Kong, Xiaoming Liu, Min Yu, and Jun Lin. "Nanostructured CaWO4, CaWO4 : Pb2+ and CaWO4 : Tb3+ Particles: Polyol-Mediated Synthesis and Luminescent Properties." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18049.

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Nano-submicrostructured CaWO4, CaWO4 : Pb2+ and CaWO4 : Pb3+ particles were prepared by polyol method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), photoluminescence (PL), cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra and PL lifetimes. The results of XRD indicate that the as-prepared samples are well crystallized with the scheelite structure of CaWO4. The FE-SEM images illustrate that CaWO4 and CaWO4 : Pb2+ and CaWO4 : Tb3+ powders are composed of spherical particles with sizes around 260, 290, and 190 nm respectively, which are the aggregates of smaller nanoparticles around 10–20 nm. Under the UV light or electron beam excitation, the CaWO4 powders exhibits a blue emission band with a maximum at about 440 nm. When the CaWO4 particles are doped with Pb2+, the intensity of luminescence is enhanced to some extent and the luminescence band maximum is red shifted to 460 nm. Tb3+-doped CaWO4 particles show the characteristic emission of Tb3+ 5D4–7FJ (J = 6 – 3) transitions due to an energy transfer from WO42− groups to Pb3+.
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5

Mai, M., and C. Feldmann. "Microemulsion-based synthesis and luminescence of nanoparticulate CaWO4, ZnWO4, CaWO4:Tb, and CaWO4:Eu." Journal of Materials Science 47, no. 3 (September 28, 2011): 1427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5923-8.

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6

YANG, YUGUO, XUPING WANG, and BING LIU. "SYNTHESIS OF CaWO4 AND CaWO4:Eu MICROSPHERES BY PRECIPITATION." Nano 09, no. 01 (January 2014): 1450008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292014500088.

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Nearly monodisperse CaWO 4 and CaWO 4: Eu 3+ microspheres have been synthesized in large scale by a surfactant-assisted solution route, in which cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) is used. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL) were used to characterize the resulting samples. The results of XRD indicate that the CaWO 4 and CaWO 4: Eu 3+ samples have the scheelite structures. The growth process of these nearly monodisperse spheres with an average diameter around 3.2 μm has been examined. The results of FTIR indicate that CTAB plays an important role in the formation of microspheres. The CaWO 4 microspheres exhibit a blue emission band with a maximum at 423 nm. But the CaWO 4: Eu 3+ microspheres exhibit a red emission band with a maximum at 623 nm.
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7

Patil, Prasad Narayan, Uma Subramanian, and M. Jeyakanthan. "Enhanced blue emission of CaWO4 in BaWO4/CaWO4 nanocomposite." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 31, no. 9 (March 31, 2020): 7260–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03298-7.

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8

Liu, Chunxia, Lixia Yang, Dan Yue, Mengnan Wang, Lin Jin, Boshi Tian, Chunyang Li, and Zhenling Wang. "Synthesis, Morphology Control and Luminescent Properties of Rare Earth Ion-Doped CaWO4 Microstructures." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 4029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.11895.

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Rare earth ions (Tb3+, Eu3+) doped CaWO4 microstructures were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route without using any templates and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. The results indicate that the asprepared samples are well crystallized with scheelite structure of CaWO4, and the average diameter of the microstructures is 2∼4 μm. The morphology of CaWO4:Eu3+ microstructures can be controllably changed from microspheres to microflowers through altering the doping concentration of Eu3+ from 3% to 35%, and the microflowers are constructed by a number of CaWO4:Eu3+ nanoflakes. Under the excitation of UV light, the emission spectrum of CaWO4:Eu3+ is composed of the characteristics emission of Eu3+ 5D0-7FJ (J = 1, 2, 3, 4) transitions, and that of CaWO4:Tb3+ is composed of Tb3+ 5D4-7FJ (J = 6, 5, 4, 3) transitions. Both of the optimal doping concentrations of Tb3+ and Eu3+ in CaWO4 microstructures are about 5%.
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9

Liu, Bi Tao, and Lin Lin Peng. "Photoluminescent Properties of Na+, Bi3+ Co-Doped CaWO4: Eu3+ Phosphor for PDPs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.229.

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The photoluminescent properties of Na, Bi co-doped CaWO4:Eu3+ phosphor under vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region excited was investigated. A red emission of CaWO4:Eu3+ can be observed under 147 nm excitation. It was also found that the photoluminescence intensity of Na doped CaWO4:Eu3+ would be enhanced than the un-doped phosphors due to Na+ ions would act as a charge compensator and it can restrict the generation of defects in CaWO4:Eu3+. Additionally, the photoluminescence enhancement of Na+, Bi3+ co-doped CaWO4:Eu3+ should due to the energy transfer between WO42-, Bi3+ and Eu3+, and Bi3+ ions would act as a medium for the energy transfer, via WO42-Bi3+Eu3+. These are expected to be applying in plasma display panels.
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10

Zhao, Jian Ling, Yong Liao, Li Ye Zhao, Xiao Jing Yang, Wei Yu, and Xi Xin Wang. "Influences of Reaction Conditions on the Morphology and Properties of CaWO4 Films Prepared by Anodization." Materials Science Forum 809-810 (December 2014): 654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.809-810.654.

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CaWO4 films were prepared in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution through constant-voltage anodization method. Influences of reaction time, voltage and temperature on the morphology, crystal structure and photoluminescence properties were studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and photoluminescence measurements (PL). Results show that the as-prepared CaWO4 film is of tetragonal phase, the reaction conditions affect the morphology, grain size and photoluminescence properties greatly. The CaWO4 film anodized at 20V, 45°C for 40 min is flat, uniform and dense with stronger photoluminescence intensity. The formation process of CaWO4 films has also been discussed.
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11

Carcia, P. F., M. Reilly, C. C. Torardi, M. K. Crawford, C. R. Miao, and B. D. Jones. "Vapor-deposited CaWO4 phosphor." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 5 (May 1997): 1385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0188.

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In this paper we describe the preparation, microstructure, and x-ray excited luminescence of vapor-deposited CaWO4 films up to about 50 μm thick, comparing them to particulate CaWO4 phosphor screens, used in medical diagnostic imaging. Films that we e-beam evaporated on substrates heated at or above 500 °C were polycrystalline with the scheelite structure, while on unheated substrates, films were initially amorphous but became crystalline after annealing them in air above about 750 °C. Crystalline CaWO4 films irradiated with x-rays produced light emission peaked at 430 nm. The emission intensity depended on film thickness and grain size and was comparable to particulate CaWO4 phosphor screens. Because the vapor-deposited films also exhibited superior resolution, they are promising for diagnostic x-ray imaging.
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12

Мыцык, Б. Г., Я. П. Кость, Н. М. Демьянишин, А. С. Андрущак, and И. М. Сольский. "Пьезооптические коэффициенты кристаллов CaWO4." Кристаллография 60, no. 1 (2015): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0023476114050130.

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13

Hayasaka, K., R. Higashi, J. Suda, Y. Tanaka, S. Tamura, M. Giltrow, and J. K. Wigmore. "Phonon images in CaWO4." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 92 (December 1, 2007): 012099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/92/1/012099.

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14

Wang, Ke, Xu Feng, Wenlin Feng, Shasha Shi, Yao Li, and Chao Zhang. "Effect of Trace Fe3+ on Luminescent Properties of CaWO4: Pr3+ Phosphors." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2015-0360.

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AbstractFe3+ undoped and doped CaWO4: Pr3+ phosphors have been successfully synthesised by using the solid-state reaction method. The products were characterised by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) and fluorescence lifetime testing techniques, respectively. The mean crystallite size (50.7 nm) of CaWO4: Pr3+ is obtained from powder XRD data. PL spectra of both Fe3+ undoped and doped CaWO4: Pr3+ phosphors exhibit excitation peaks at 214, 449, 474, and 487 nm under monitor wavelength at 651 nm, and emission peaks at 532, 558, 605, 621, 651, 691, 712, and 736 nm under blue light (λem=487 nm) excitation. The effect of trace Fe3+ on luminescence properties of CaWO4: Pr3+ phosphor is studied by controlling the doping concentration of Fe3+. The results show that radioactive energy transfers from luminescence centre Pr3+ to quenching centre Fe3+ occurred in Fe3+ doped CaWO4: Pr3+ phosphors. With the increasing concentration of Fe3+, the energy transfer from Pr3+ to Fe3+ is enhanced, and the emission intensity of CaWO4: Pr3+ will be lower. The decay times (5.22 and 4.99 μs) are obtained for typical samples Ca0.995WO4: Pr3+0.005 and Ca0.99275WO4: Pr3+0.005, Fe3+0.00225, respectively. This work shows that nonferrous phosphors can improve the luminescent intensity of the phosphors.
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15

Zhang, Ying, Aman Abraha, Rong Zhang, Tigran Shahbazyan, Mehri Fadavi, Ezat Heydari, and Qilin Dai. "Luminescence properties of CaWO4 and CaWO4:Eu3+ nanostructures prepared at low temperature." Optical Materials 84 (October 2018): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2018.06.062.

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16

Wang, Wenxin, Piaoping Yang, Ziyong Cheng, Zhiyao Hou, Chunxia Li, and Jun Lin. "Patterning of Red, Green, and Blue Luminescent Films Based on CaWO4:Eu3+, CaWO4:Tb3+, and CaWO4 Phosphors via Microcontact Printing Route." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 3, no. 10 (October 3, 2011): 3921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am2008008.

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17

Chai, Ruitao, Yuteng Liu, Guo Zhang, Jianjun Feng, and Qianwen Kang. "In situ preparation and luminescence properties of CaWO4 and CaWO4:Ln (Ln=Eu3+, Tb3+) nanoparticles and transparent CaWO4:Ln/PMMA nanocomposites." Journal of Luminescence 202 (October 2018): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.05.043.

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18

Chen, Lian Ping, and Yuan Hong Gao. "Synthesis of CaWO4:(Eu3+,Tb3+) Thin Films by a Two-Step Method at Room Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 710 (June 2013): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.710.170.

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It is hardly possible to obtain rare earth doped CaWO4thin films directly through electrochemical techniques. A two-step method has been proposed to synthesize CaWO4:(Eu3+,Tb3+) thin films at room temperature. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, spectrophotometer were used to characterize their phase, composition and luminescent properties. Results reveal that (Eu3+,Tb3+)-doped CaWO4films have a tetragonal phase. When the ratio of n (Eu)/n (Tb) in the solution is up to 3:1, CaWO4:(Eu3+,Tb3+) thin film will be enriched with Tb element; on the contrary, when the ratio in the solution is lower than 1:4, CaWO4:(Eu3+,Tb3+) thin film will be enriched with Eu element. Under the excitation of 242 nm, sharp emission peaks at 612, 543, 489 and 589 nm have been observed for CaWO4:(Eu3+,Tb3+) thin films.
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19

Han, Yuanyuan, Dan Wang, Danyang Liang, Shiqi Wang, Guoxin Lu, Xiaoyu Wang, and Nana Pei. "Scheelite (CaWO4)-type microphosphors: Facile synthesis, structural characterization and photoluminescence properties." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 32n33 (November 30, 2016): 1650400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916504005.

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Scheelite (CaWO4)-type microphosphors were synthesized by the precipitation method assisted with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). All compounds crystallized in the tetragonal structure with space group [Formula: see text] (No. 88). FE-SEM micrographs illustrate the spherical-like morphologies and rough surface. PL spectra indicate the broad emission peak maximum at 613 nm under UV excitation. Luminescence decay curves monitored by [Formula: see text] transition ([Formula: see text] nm) of Eu[Formula: see text] in doped CaWO4 are presented, the curves exhibit a single-exponential feature and the lifetime for doped CaWO4 is 0.61 ms.
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20

Mahlik, S., E. Cavalli, M. Bettinelli, and M. Grinberg. "Luminescence of CaWO4:Pr3+ and CaWO4:Tb3+ at ambient and high hydrostatic pressures." Radiation Measurements 56 (September 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.03.019.

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21

Chen, Lian Ping, Yuan Hong Gao, Jian Xiong Yuan, Qing Hua Zhang, Yan Hong Yin, and Chun Xiang Wang. "Fabrication of CaWO4:Eu3+ Thin Films via Electrochemical Methods Assisted by a Novel Post Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 2458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.2458.

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It is hardly possible to obtain rare earth doped CaWO4 thin films directly through electrochemical techniques. A novel post processing has been proposed to synthesize CaWO4:Eu3+ thin films at room temperature. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, spectrophotometer were used to characterize their phase, composition and luminescent properties. Results reveal that Eu3+-doped CaWO4 films have a tetragonal phase; the content of Eu in the near surface region is much higher than that of the bulk; under the excitation of 310 nm, a sharp emission peak at 616 nm has been observed for Ca0.9WO4:Eu0.13+ thin films.
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22

Cho, Shin-Ho, and Seon-Woog Cho. "Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of CaWO4:Eu3+Phosphors." Korean Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 5 (May 27, 2012): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2012.22.5.215.

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23

Schmidt, Pit, Torsten Soldner, Wolfgang Tröger, Xinbo Ni, Tilman Butz, and Peter Blaha. "Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction at 187W(β-)187Re in Tungsten Compounds." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 53, no. 6-7 (July 1, 1998): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1998-6-712.

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.6(The nuclear quadrupole interaction at 187W(β-)187 Re was determined by time differential perturbed angular correlation in WC, WS2, WSe2, WSi2, and CaWO4 to be (at 300 K): vQ = 335.9(2), 1094.9(1), 10311), 1131,5( 1), and 1085.9( 1) MHz, respectively. The asymmetry parameter ƞwas zero in all cases. For WSe2 and CaWO4 the temperature dependence of the nculear quadrupole interaction was determined between 300 K and about 900 K. Ab initio calculations of electric field gradients, using the WIEN95-code, were carried out for WC, WS2, WSe2, and WSi2 at W-sites and Re-impurities, and for CaWO4 at W-sites. Good agreement with experimental data was found.
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24

Manjón, F. J., D. Errandonea, J. López-Solano, P. Rodríguez-Hernández, and A. Muñoz. "Negative pressures in CaWO4 nanocrystals." Journal of Applied Physics 105, no. 9 (May 2009): 094321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3116727.

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25

Shmilevich, A., D. Weiss, R. Chen, and N. Kristianpoller. "Phototransferred Thermoluminescence of CaWO4 Crystals." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 84, no. 1 (August 1, 1999): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032702.

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26

Hou, Zhiyao, Chunxia Li, Jun Yang, Hongzhou Lian, Piaoping Yang, Ruitao Chai, Ziyong Cheng, and Jun Lin. "One-dimensional CaWO4 and CaWO4:Tb3+ nanowires and nanotubes: electrospinning preparation and luminescent properties." Journal of Materials Chemistry 19, no. 18 (2009): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b818810f.

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27

Zheng, Yuhua, Yeju Huang, Mei Yang, Ning Guo, Hui Qiao, Yongchao Jia, and Hongpeng You. "Synthesis and tunable luminescence properties of monodispersed sphere-like CaWO4 and CaWO4:Mo/Eu, Tb." Journal of Luminescence 132, no. 2 (February 2012): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.09.010.

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28

Marinakis, K. I., and G. H. Kelsall. "The surface chemical properties of scheelite (CaWO4) I. The scheelite/water interface and CaWO4 solubility." Colloids and Surfaces 25, no. 2-4 (August 1987): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(87)80315-3.

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29

Ryu, Jong-Hang, So-Jin Yoon, and Il Yu. "Luminescent Characteristics and Synthesis of Sm3+-Doped CaWO4Phosphors." Korean Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 7 (July 27, 2014): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2014.24.7.339.

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30

Wang, Rong Xue, and Xiao Bing Luo. "Luminescent Properties and Thermometry of CaWO4:Nd3+ in Near Infrared Region." Materials Science Forum 893 (March 2017): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.893.156.

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CaWO4: xNd3+ (x = 0.005, 0.008, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025 0.03) powders have been synthesized by high-temperature solid state reaction. The results of the XRD indicate that Nd3+ ions have entered into the crystal lattice in all compounds successfully. The reflectance spectra show that the matrix has strong absorption. The emission spectra, excitation spectra and different lifetimes between CaWO4 and CaWO4: 0.5% Nd3+ indicate that efficient energy transfer occurs from WO42- cluster to Nd3+ ions. On the basis of the above work, the dependence of fluorescent spectra on temperature was studied. It turned out that, not only the excitation spectra appeared red shift with increasing temperature, but also the dependence of the near infrared fluorescent intensity on temperature is fitting with a linear function. It might be served as a promising phosphor for temperature sensor device.
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31

Chen, Ye-Qing, Guo-Tao Yang, Jian-Yi Luo, Ying-Shu Yang, Qing-Guang Zeng, and Jung Hyun Jeong. "Surfactant Effect on Formation of CaWO4:Eu3+ Crystals with Distinguished Morphologies in Hydrothermal Ambient." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 3930–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.11894.

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Metal tungstates, expressed by the general formula of MWO4, have important properties and applications in photoluminescence, microwave applications, optical fibers, scintillator materials, humidity sensors, magnetic properties, and catalysts. In this paper, we report a successful synthesis of CaWO4:Eu3+ crystals with various morphologies in mild hydrothermal conditions with surfacntant including sodium citrate, CTAB, PEG and citrate acid (CA). The formation of the crystals are strongly dependent on the employment of surfactant. The surfactant concentration has been found significant influence in the resulting morphologies due to different properties of each one. Extensive characterization have been performed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) in search of the formation mechanism of multi-morphological CaWO4:Eu3+ crystals. The growth mechanism of monodispersed CaWO4:Eu3+ crystal are proposed. And the photoluminescence properties were investigated.
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32

Katelnikovas, A. "Sol-gel preparation of nanocrystalline CaWO4." Lithuanian Journal of Physics 47, no. 1 (2007): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3952/lithjphys.47110.

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33

Pode, R. B., and S. J. Dhoble. "Photoluminescence in CaWO4:Bi3+, Eu3+ Material." physica status solidi (b) 203, no. 2 (October 1997): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3951(199710)203:2<571::aid-pssb571>3.0.co;2-s.

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34

Mytsyk, B. G., Ya P. Kost’, N. M. Demyanyshyn, A. S. Andrushchak, and I. M. Solskii. "Piezo-optic coefficients of CaWO4 crystals." Crystallography Reports 60, no. 1 (January 2015): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063774514050125.

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35

Welham, N. J. "Room temperature reduction of scheelite (CaWO4)." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 2 (February 1999): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0088.

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A mixture of scheelite and magnesium has been mechanically milled together for 100 h, either with graphite or in a nitrogen atmosphere, with the intention of forming tungsten carbide or nitride. The resultant powders were examined by thermal analysis, isothermal annealing, and x-ray diffraction to determine the effect of milling on the reduction of scheelite. With graphite, nanocrystallite W2C was the exclusive tungsten product; WC was not detected even after annealing at 1000 °C. No nitride formed in the system milled with nitrogen; however, 10 nm crystallites of elemental tungsten were formed. The unwanted phases, MgO and CaO, were readily removed by leaching in acid, leaving a fine powder composed of impact welded aggregates of either carbide or 99% pure tungsten metal.
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36

Guseva, А., N. Pestereva, D. Otcheskikh, and D. Kuznetsov. "Electrical properties of CaWO4–SiO2 composites." Solid State Ionics 364 (June 2021): 115626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2021.115626.

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37

Min, Kyoung‐Wook, Sun‐il Mho, and In‐Hyeong Yeo. "Electrochemical Fabrication of Luminescent CaWO4 and CaWO4 : Pb Films on W Substrates with Anodic Potential Pulses." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 146, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 3128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1392443.

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38

Otsuka, Takahito, Martin Brehl, Maria Rita Cicconi, Dominique de Ligny, and Tomokatsu Hayakawa. "Thermal Evolutions to Glass-Ceramics Bearing Calcium Tungstate Crystals in Borate Glasses Doped with Photoluminescent Eu3+ Ions." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040952.

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Thermal evolutions of calcium-tungstate-borate glasses were investigated for the development of luminescent glass-ceramics by using Eu3+ dopant in a borate glass matrix with calcium tungstate, which was expected to have a combined character of glass and ceramics. This study revealed that single-phase precipitation of CaWO4 crystals in borate glass matrix was possible by heat-treatment at a temperature higher than glass transition temperature Tg for (100−x) (33CaO-67B2O3)−xCa3WO6 (x = 8−15 mol%). Additionally, the crystallization of CaWO4 was found by Raman spectroscopy due to the formation of W=O double bondings of WO4 tetrahedra in the pristine glass despite starting with the higher calcium content of Ca3WO6. Eu3+ ions were excluded from the CaWO4 crystals and positioned in the borate glass phase as a stable site for them, which provided local environments in higher symmetry around Eu3+ ions.
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39

Jia, P. Y., X. M. Liu, G. Z. Li, M. Yu, J. Fang, and J. Lin. "Sol–gel synthesis and characterization of SiO2@CaWO4,SiO2@CaWO4:Eu3+/Tb3+core–shell structured spherical particles." Nanotechnology 17, no. 3 (January 10, 2006): 734–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/3/020.

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40

Wang, Wenshou, Liang Zhen, Chengyan Xu, Baoyou Zhang, and Wenzhu Shao. "Environmentally Friendly Aqueous Solution Synthesis of Hierarchical CaWO4 Microspheres at Room Temperature." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 1288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.371.

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An environmentally friendly route for the synthesis of hierarchical CaWO4 microspheres with novel morphology at room temperature has been successfully developed. CaCl2 and Na2WO4 were used as reaction regents, and distilled water was used as an environmentally friendly solvent. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and photoluminescence spectroscopy. This green wet-chemical route provides a simple, one-step, low-cost approach for the large-scale synthesis of hierarchical CaWO4 microspheres with relatively uniform diameters of 3–6 μm. The hierarchical microspheres are built up with numerous nanorods with an average diameter of 50 nm, which are radially oriented to the microsphere center. SEM observations of different intermediates indicate the possible growth process, in which the hierarchical structure growth is from nuclei through kayak-like, rod-like, peanut-like, dumbbell-like, and peach-like structures to final microspheres, via "self-assembled preferential end growth" of kayak-like particles in aqueous solution. The hierarchical CaWO4 micro-spheres exhibit a strong, broad blue emission peak of 412 nm.
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Abozaid, Rouaida, Zorica Lazarevic, Vesna Radojevic, Maja Rabasovic, Dragutin Sevic, Mihailo Rabasovic, and Nebojsa Romcevic. "Characterization of neodymium doped calcium tungstate single crystal by Raman, IR and luminescence spectroscopy." Science of Sintering 50, no. 4 (2018): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1804445a.

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The aim of the current work was to assess obtain a single crystal of calcium tungstate doped with neodymium - (CaWO4:Nd3+), and after that, the crystal was characterized with various spectroscopic methods. The single crystal was grown from the melt using the Czochralski method in air. By optimizing growth conditions, <001>-oriented CaWO4:Nd3+ crystal? up to 10 mm in diameter were grown. Number of dislocations in obtained crystal was 102 per cm2. Micro hardness was measured with the Vickers pyramid. Anisotropy in <001> direction was not observed. Selected CaWO4:Nd3+ single crystal was cut into several tiles with the diamond saw. The plates were polished with a diamond paste. The crystal structure is confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The obtained crystal w?s studied by Raman and infrared spectroscopy. Seven Raman and six IR optical active modes predicted by group theory are observed. FTIR confirmed the occurrence of all the functional groups and bonds in this material. From the FTIR spectrum, a strong peak of 862 cm-1 has been obtained due to the stretching vibration of WO42- in scheelite structure, and a weak but sharp band at 433 cm-1 has been noticed due to the metal-oxygen (Ca-O) band. Estimated luminescence lifetime of 4F5/2 - the 4I9/2 transition is about 120 ?s; estimated luminescence lifetime of 4F3/2 - the 4I9/2 transition is about 140 ?s. All performed investigations show that the obtained CaWO4:Nd3+ single crystal has good optical quality, which was the goal of this work.
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Welham, N. J. "Formation of micronised WC from scheelite (CaWO4)." Materials Science and Engineering: A 248, no. 1-2 (June 1998): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(98)00485-7.

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43

Martini, Niki, Vaia Koukou, George Fountos, Ioannis Valais, Ioannis Kandarakis, Christos Michail, Athanasios Bakas, et al. "Imaging performance of a CaWO4/CMOS sensor." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 13, no. 50 (September 2, 2019): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.50.39.

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44

Oishi, Shuji, and Minoru Hirao. "Growth of CaWO4 whiskers from KCl flux." Journal of Materials Science Letters 8, no. 12 (December 1989): 1397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00720200.

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45

Jin, Yahong, Yihua Hu, Li Chen, Xiaojuan Wang, Guifang Ju, and Zhongfei Mu. "Persistent luminescence in Bi3+ doped CaWO4 matrix." Radiation Measurements 51-52 (April 2013): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.02.019.

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46

Shao, Zexu, Qiren Zhang, Tingyu Liu, and Jianyu Chen. "Computer study of intrinsic defects in CaWO4." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 266, no. 5 (March 2008): 797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2008.01.018.

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47

Cornacchia, Francesco, Alessandra Toncelli, Mauro Tonelli, Elena Favilla, Kirill A. Subbotin, Valerii A. Smirnov, Denis A. Lis, and Evgenii V. Zharikov. "Growth and spectroscopic characterization of Er3+:CaWO4." Journal of Applied Physics 101, no. 12 (June 15, 2007): 123113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2749403.

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48

Neiman, A. "Electrosurface transfer of WO3 into CaWO4 ceramics." Solid State Ionics 110, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1998): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(98)00094-0.

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49

Neiman, Arkady, and Elena Konisheva. "Electrosurface transfer in the CaWO4–WO3 system." Solid State Ionics 119, no. 1-4 (April 1999): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(98)00485-8.

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50

Gasanaliev, A. M., G. M. Minkhadzhev, B. Yu Gamataeva, and P. A. Akhmedova. "Four-component system LiF-K2WO4-CaF2-CaWO4." Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 51, no. 4 (April 2006): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036023606040218.

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