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Trivedi, Mahendra Kumar, Snehasis Jana, and Sambhu Charan Mondal. "Cannabidiol improves thyroid function via modulating vitamin D3 receptor in vitamin D3 deficiency diet-induced rat model." Journal of Food Science and Technology 59, no. 8 (2022): 3237–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05492-3.
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The study was evaluated the impact of cannabidiol (CBD) on thyroid hormones by modulation cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in rats fed with vitamin D3 deficiency diet (VDD). CB2-receptors were analyzed by RT-PCR method and others biomarkers by ELISA. The relative expression of CB2 (thyroid ~ 4 folds), VDR protein (liver, 151.72%), and (kidney, 66%) was significantly increased in CBD-60 compared to VDD. Vitamin D3 metabolites were significantly increased serum (189.42%), kidney (73.84%), and liver (58.11%) in CBD-60 than VDD. Increased thyroxine (59.9%) and calcitonin (213.59%); while decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (36.15%) and parathyroid hormone (38.64%) was observed CBD treatment in VDD rats. In conclusion, CBD treatment improves CB2 and VDR expression and the level of vitamin D3 metabolites, along with improved thyroid hormones, including calcitonin. This is the first report with an improved CB2 and VDR expression after CBD treatment in VDD induced animals. Thus, CBD can be considered to use in hypothyroidism conditions and to maintain bone health. Journal Web URL:- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13197-022-05492-3
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Mandrioli, Mara, Matilde Tura, Stefano Scotti, and Tullia Gallina Toschi. "Fast Detection of 10 Cannabinoids by RP-HPLC-UV Method in Cannabis sativa L." Molecules 24, no. 11 (2019): 2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112113.
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Cannabis has regained much attention as a result of updated legislation authorizing many different uses and can be classified on the basis of the content of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a psychotropic substance for which there are legal limitations in many countries. For this purpose, accurate qualitative and quantitative determination is essential. The relationship between THC and cannabidiol (CBD) is also significant as the latter substance is endowed with many specific and non-psychoactive proprieties. For these reasons, it becomes increasingly important and urgent to utilize fast, easy, validated, and harmonized procedures for determination of cannabinoids. The procedure described herein allows rapid determination of 10 cannabinoids from the inflorescences of Cannabis sativa L. by extraction with organic solvents. Separation and subsequent detection are by RP-HPLC-UV. Quantification is performed by an external standard method through the construction of calibration curves using pure standard chromatographic reference compounds. The main cannabinoids dosed (g/100 g) in actual samples were cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), CBD, and Δ9-THC (Sample L11 CBDA 0.88 ± 0.04, CBD 0.48 ± 0.02, Δ9-THC 0.06 ± 0.00; Sample L5 CBDA 0.93 ± 0.06, CBD 0.45 ± 0.03, Δ9-THC 0.06 ± 0.00). The present validated RP-HPLC-UV method allows determination of the main cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences and appropriate legal classification as hemp or drug-type.
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ElSohly, Mahmoud A., Timothy P. Murphy, Ikhlas Khan, Larry W. Walker та Waseem Gul. "Analysis of Cannabidiol, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, and Their Acids in CBD Oil/Hemp Oil Products". Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids 3, № 1 (2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000509550.
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Hemp products are readily available and are aggressively marketed for their health and medicinal benefits. Most consumers of these products are interested because of cannabidiol (CBD), which has taken the natural products industry by storm. The CBD and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) concentrations in these products are often absent, and even where labeled, the accuracy of the label amounts is often questionable. In order to gain a better understanding of the CBD content, fifty hemp products were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for CBD, Δ9-THC, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCAA), and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). Δ9-THCAA and CBDA are the natural precursors of Δ9-THC and CBD in the plant material. Decarboxylation to Δ9-THC and CBD is essential to get the total benefit of the neutral cannabinoids. Therefore, analysis for the neutral and acid cannabinoids is important to get a complete picture of the chemical profile of the products. The GC-MS method used for the analysis of these products was developed and validated. A 10-m × 0.18-mm DB-1 (0.4 μ film) column was used for the analysis. The majority of the hemp products were oils, one of the products was hemp butter, one was a concentrated hemp powder capsule, and another was a hemp extract capsule. Most of the products contained less than 0.1% CBD and less than 0.01% Δ9-THC. Three products contained 0.1–1% CBD, and 2 products contained 0.1–0.9% Δ9-THC. All of the samples appeared to be decarboxylated since the CBDA and Δ9-THCAA results were less than 0.001%. The developed method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible for the detection of Δ9-THC, Δ9-THCAA, CBD, and CBDA in CBD oil/hemp products.
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Gul, Waseem, Shahbaz W. Gul, Mohamed M. Radwan, et al. "Determination of 11 Cannabinoids in Biomass and Extracts of Different Varieties of Cannabis Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98, no. 6 (2015): 1523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.15-095.
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Abstract An HPLC single-laboratory validation was performed for the detection and quantification of the 11 major cannabinoids in most cannabis varieties, namely, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabinol (CBN), Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), Δ8- trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabichromene (CBC), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (THCAA). The analysis was carried out on the biomass and extracts of these varieties. Methanol–chloroform (9:1, v/v) was used for extraction, 4-androstene-3,17-dione was used as the internal standard, and separation was achieved in 22.2 min on a C18 column using a two- step gradient elution. The method was validated for the 11 cannabinoids. The concentration-response relationship of the method indicated a linear relationship between the concentration and peak area with r2 values of >0.99 for all 11 cannabinoids. Method accuracy was determined through a spike study, and recovery ranged from 89.7 to 105.5% with an RSD of 0.19 to 6.32% for CBDA, CBD, THCV, CBN, Δ9-THC, CBL, CBC, and THCAA; recovery was 84.7, 84.2, and 67.7% for the minor constituents, CBGA, CBG, and Δ8-THC, respectively, with an RSD of 2.58 to 4.96%. The validated method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible and is therefore suitable for the detection and quantification of these cannabinoids in different types of cannabis plant materials.
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Majimbi, Maimuna, Emily Brook, Peter Galettis, et al. "Sodium alginate microencapsulation improves the short-term oral bioavailability of cannabidiol when administered with deoxycholic acid." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (2021): e0243858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243858.
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Background Cannabidiol (CBD) confers therapeutic effects in some neurological disorders via modulation of inflammatory, oxidative and cell-signalling pathways. However, CBD is lipophilic and highly photooxidative with low oral bioavailability in plasma and brain. In this study, we aimed to design and test a CBD microencapsulation method as a drug delivery strategy to improve the absorption of CBD. Additionally, we evaluated the brain uptake of CBD capsules when administered alongside capsules containing a permeation-modifying bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA). Methods Microcapsules containing either CBD or DCA were formed using the ionic gelation method with 1.5% sodium alginate formulations and 100 mM calcium chloride. C57BL/6J wild type mice randomly assigned to three treatment groups (3–4 mice per group) were administered CBD in the following preparations: 1) CBD capsules, 2) CBD capsules + DCA capsules and 3) naked CBD oil (control). To assess the short-term bioavailability of CBD, plasma and brain samples were collected at 0.3, 1 and 3 hours post administration and CBD levels were analysed with liquid chromatography mass spectrometer. Results We produced spherical capsules at 400 ± 50 μm in size. The CBD capsules were calculated to have a drug loading of 2% and an encapsulation efficiency of 23%. Mice that received CBD capsules + DCA capsules showed a 40% and 47% increase in CBD plasma concentration compared to mice on CBD capsules and naked CBD oil, respectively. Furthermore, the CBD capsules + DCA capsules group showed a 48% and 25% increase in CBD brain concentration compared to mice on CBD capsules and naked CBD oil, respectively. In mice treated with CBD capsules + DCA capsules, the brain CBD concentration peaked at 0.3 hours with a 300% increased availability compared to CBD capsules and naked CBD oil groups, which peaked at 1 hour after administration. Conclusions The microencapsulation method combined with a permeation enhancer, DCA increased the short-term bioavailability of CBD in plasma and brain.
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Barthlott, Ines, Andreas Scharinger, Patricia Golombek, Thomas Kuballa, and Dirk W. Lachenmeier. "A Quantitative 1H NMR Method for Screening Cannabinoids in CBD Oils." Toxics 9, no. 6 (2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9060136.
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Toxicologically relevant levels of the psychoactive ∆9-tetrahydocannabinol (∆9-THC) as well as high levels of non-psychoactive cannabinoids potentially occur in CBD (cannabidiol) oils. For consumer protection in the fast-growing CBD oil market, facile and rapid quantitative methods to determine the cannabinoid content are crucial. However, the current standard method, i.e., liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), requires a time-consuming multistep sample preparation. In this study, a quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR) method for screening cannabinoids in CBD oils was developed. Contrary to the HPLC-MS/MS method, this qNMR features a simple sample preparation, i.e., only diluting the CBD oil in deuterochloroform. Pulse length-based concentration determination (PULCON) enables a direct quantification using an external standard. The signal intensities of the cannabinoids were enhanced during the NMR spectra acquisition by means of multiple suppression of the triglycerides which are a major component of the CBD oil matrix. The validation confirmed linearity for CBD, cannabinol (CBN), ∆9-THC and ∆8-THC in hemp seed oil with sufficient recoveries and precision for screening. Comparing the qNMR results to HPLC-MS/MS data for 46 commercial CBD oils verified the qNMR accuracy for ∆9-THC and CBD, but with higher limits of detection. The developed qNMR method paves the way for increasing the sample throughput as a complementary screening before HPLC-MS/MS.
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Abdulrahman, Ahmed Fattah, Sabah Mohammed Ahmed, Azeez Abdullah Barzinjy, Samir Mustafa Hamad, Naser Mahmoud Ahmed, and Munirah Abullah Almessiere. "Fabrication and Characterization of High-Quality UV Photodetectors Based ZnO Nanorods Using Traditional and Modified Chemical Bath Deposition Methods." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (2021): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030677.
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Ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors (PDs) based on high-quality well-aligned ZnO nanorods (NRs) were fabricated using both modified and conventional chemical bath deposition (CBD) methods. The modified chemical bath deposition (M-CBD) method was made by adding air bubbles to the growth solution during the CBD process. The viability and effectiveness of M-CBD were examined by developing UV PDs based on ZnO NRs. The ZnO nano-seed layer was coated on a glass substrate utilizing radiofrequency (RF) sputtering. The impact of the different growth-times on morphology, growth rate, crystal structure, and optical and chemical properties were investigated systematically using different characterization techniques, such as field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, UV–VIS double beam spectrometer, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), respectively. The Al/ZnO UV PDs based on ZnO nanorods were fabricated with optimum growth conditions through the two methods of preparation. This study showed that the synthesized ZnO NRs using the M-CBD method for different growth times possess better properties than the conventional method under similar deposition conditions. Despite having the highest aspect ratio and growth rate of ZnO NRs, which were found at 4 h growth duration for both methods, the aspect ratio of ZnO NRs using the M-CBD technique was comparatively higher than the conventional CBD method. Besides, the UV PDs fabricated by the M-CBD method at 5 V bias voltage showed high sensitivity, short response time, quick recovery time, high gain, low dark current, and high photocurrent compared with the UV PD device fabricated by the conventional CBD method.
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Martinenghi, Laura Daniela, Rie Jønsson, Torben Lund, and Håvard Jenssen. "Isolation, Purification, and Antimicrobial Characterization of Cannabidiolic Acid and Cannabidiol from Cannabis sativa L." Biomolecules 10, no. 6 (2020): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10060900.
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The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes a major threat to public health due to its limited therapeutic options. There is an urgent need for the development of new effective antimicrobial agents and alternative strategies that are effective against resistant bacteria. The parallel legalization of cannabis and its products has fueled research into its many therapeutic avenues in many countries around the world. This study aimed at the development of a reliable method for the extraction, purification, characterization, and quantification of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and its decarboxylated form cannabidiol (CBD) present in the fiber type Cannabis sativa L. The two compounds were extracted by ethanol, purified on a C18 sep-pack column, and the extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet (UV)–vis and ESI-MS (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) detection. The antimicrobial effect of CBDA and CBD was also evaluated. CBD displayed a substantial inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 1 to 2 µg/mL. Time kill analysis and minimal bactericidal concentration revealed potential bactericidal activity of CBDA and CBD. While cannabinoids showed a significant antimicrobial effect on the Gram-positive S. aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, no activity was noticed on Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CBDA presented a two-fold lower antimicrobial activity than its decarboxylated form, suggesting that the antimicrobial pharmacophore of the analyzed cannabinoids falls in the ability for permeabilizing the bacterial cell membrane and acting as a detergent-like agent. A synergy test performed on MRSA with CBD and a range of antibiotics did not indicate a synergetic effect, but noteworthy no antagonist influence either. CBD and CBDA manifested low hemolytic activity on human red blood cells. Likewise, the safety of CBD toward human keratinocyte cells presents no toxicity at a concentration of up to seven-fold higher than the antibacterial minimal inhibitory concentration. Similarly, both CBD and CBDA are well tolerated by mammals, including humans, and conserve a safe value limits for blood-contacting drug development. Overall, CBD exhibited a strong antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive strains and could serve as an alternative drug for tackling MRSA.
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Hajrulai-Musliu, Zehra, Elizabeta Dimitreska Stojkovikj, Dimitar Gusheski, Dea Musliu, and Daniel Velkovski. "High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with DAD Detection for the Determination of Cannabinoids in Commercial Veterinary CBD Oil." Pharmacy 12, no. 6 (2024): 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12060181.
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The study highlights the need for quality control in evaluating medicinal plant products, especially CBD oils, before market release. Due to varying regulatory requirements, product labeling can sometimes be misleading, especially regarding cannabinoid concentrations such as CBD and THC. This research focused on developing a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for accurately identifying and quantifying key cannabinoids in Commercial Veterinary CBD Oil. The main compounds identified included Cannabidivarin (CBDV), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBD-A), Cannabigerolic Acid (CBG-A), Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabidiol (CBD), Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Cannabinol (CBN), ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (d9-THC) ∆8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (d8-THC), Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabichromene (CBC), and Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid (THCA), determined in line with the International Conference on Harmonization’s (ICH) guidelines. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). It was determined to be linear, with a correlation coefficient (R²) > 0.999. The LOD and LOQ values calculated from the calibration curve ranged from 0.05 to 0.13 and 0.50 to 0.61 µg/mL, respectively. The method also exhibited acceptable precision, with relative standard deviation values lower than or equal to 2%. The method’s accuracy was assessed through recovery percentages and fell within an acceptable range of 98–102 if the RSD was 2%. This study’s rigorous methodology and comprehensive findings significantly contribute to cannabinoid analysis. This validated protocol was used to analyze cannabinoids in 14 commercial veterinary CBD oil products from the Republic of North Macedonia. The performance parameters demonstrated that the method is reliable for quantitatively measuring cannabinoids in CBD oil. The analysis showed that the cannabinoid levels in the products were consistent with the manufacturers’ declared specifications, with no significant discrepancies in labeling.
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Madej, Katarzyna, Gabriela Kózka, Maciej Winiarski, and Wojciech Piekoszewski. "A Simple, Fast, and Green Oil Sample Preparation Method for Determination of Cannabidioloic Acid and Cannabidiol by HPLC-DAD." Separations 7, no. 4 (2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations7040060.
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Currently, the medical use of food supplements containing Cannabis sativa has attracted the interest of consumers, as well as the medical and scientific community. With the increasing consumption of these products, there is also a risk of their abuse or discrepancy between the actual and declared contents of active substances by the manufacturer in these products. Thus, the development and elaboration of analytical procedures for determination of appropriate phytocannabinoids seems to be important. This work focuses on the development of a simple, fast and environmentally friendly liquid-liquid extraction method combined with fat freezing from an oil sample to isolate two phytocannabinoids: cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). The extraction method was optimized considering efficacy and repeatability of extraction, as well as minimalizing use of organic reagents and sample amount. Under the optimized conditions, extraction recovery for CBD was 97.3–109% and for CBDA was 69.1–69.5% with precision (RSD, %) 5.0–8.4 and 7.1–10.6, respectively. The evaluated main analytical parameters of the developed high pressure liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method for both studied cannabinoids are satisfactory. The usability of the developed method was checked by analysis of real samples of a food supplement–hemp oil enriched with CBD.
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Wang, Mengran, Wenpeng Zhang, Xia Wu, et al. "LC-MS/MS-Based Concurrent Quantification of Cannabidiol and Melatonin in Mouse Plasma to Elucidate Complex PK Interactions." Pharmaceutics 16, no. 12 (2024): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16121511.
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Objective: This study aimed to develop a quantitative analytical method for the simultaneous determination of cannabidiol (CBD) and melatonin (MT) in mouse plasma using the protein precipitation method coupled with LC-MS/MS. Additionally, this study sought to investigate the impact of CBD on the pharmacokinetics of MT in mice using this method. Methods: Mouse plasma samples were precipitated with acetonitrile and analyzed using a Kromasil 100-5-C8 (2.1 × 50 mm) column. Following a single administration, thirty male ICR mice were randomly assigned to five groups: MT 2 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.), MT 10 mg/kg orally (p.o.), MT + CBD (10 + 10) mg/kg p.o., MT + CBD (10 + 40) mg/kg p.o., and MT 10 mg/kg p.o. followed by CBD 2 mg/kg i.v. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a non-compartmental model and analyzed to investigate the interactions of CBD with MT. Results: The calibration curves for CBD and MT were linear over the range of 2 to 1000 ng/mL. Co-administration of a high dose of CBD (40 mg/kg) orally reduced the Cmax of MT (10 mg/kg) to 57% of the control, while the area under the curve from 0.5 to 8 h (AUC(0.5–8h)) was 2.85-fold that of the MT-only group. When CBD (2 mg/kg) was administered intravenously alongside MT orally, the AUC(0.5–8h) was 1.54 times that of MT given orally alone. The AUC of CBD was positively correlated with the AUC of the distribution and elimination phases of MT, while the Cmax of CBD negatively correlated with the Cmax of MT. Conclusions: The developed LC-MS/MS method is robust and suitable for pharmacokinetic studies involving CBD and MT. The in vivo effects of CBD on MT pharmacokinetics are complex. High oral doses of CBD inhibit both the intestinal absorption and metabolic clearance of MT, resulting in a more smooth PK profile.
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Jacobs, Benjamin D. J., Michael P. Popp, Sunjin Ahn, et al. "CBD Oil Concentration and Hemp Flower Drying Preferences of U.S. Consumers." Research on World Agricultural Economy 5, no. 1 (2024): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v5i1.986.
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The method used to dry hemp flowers can impact the concentration of cannabidiol (CBD) and other quality characteristics like mold levels in CBD oil. Understanding consumer preferences is vital for hemp producers and processors because there is variation in drying time, energy use, and capital investment between potential drying methods. This research assesses willingness to pay (WTP) for CBD oil at varying CBD content (mg per 1-oz.(30 mL) bottle) and drying methods to better understand consumer preferences and how consumers make tradeoffs between CBD oil attributes. Specifically, the authors elicit preferences toward drying using: i) controlled ambient conditions (air-drying), ii) infrared radiation (IR), and iii) freeze-drying or lyophilization. Few statistically significant WTP differences between CBD oils, when marketed at average attribute levels, were found for higher or lower CBD concentration or drying method. An exception was respondents 55 years of age or older who had a higher WTP for CBD oil with greater CBD content (2,500 mg) and also preferred the freeze dried product over the baseline of a conventionally air-dried product with 1,000 mg of CBD. The lack of distinct preferences among the majority of consumers suggests that producers and processors can choose alternative drying methods based on their cost, time, and energy constraints without risking a WTP penalty. The findings indicate that consumers do not have well-formed preferences for CBD oil as it is a relatively novel product. Yet, the results suggest that consumers may interpret higher prices to reflect higher quality/product safety, thereby offering perceived quality assurance.
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Tubadji, Annie, and Frank Pelzel. "Culture based development: measuring an invisible resource using the PLS-PM method." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 12 (2015): 1050–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-01-2014-0005.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to conduct an in-depth exploratory test of the innovative culture-based development (CBD) concept and to evaluate its potential for empirical research. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use the partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM) method to look closely at the latently present factor culture and investigate its various possible relationships with the rest of the sub-components of socio-economic development. The authors estimate two alternative specifications of the CBD model, with regional data for Germany in 2006. Findings – The main finding is that according to the PLS-PM quality criteria, the CBD model is a suitable approach for measuring the cultural impact on regional level. The expected sign of the cultural effect suggested by the CBD concept is also confirmed by the results. Originality/value – The authors identify interesting potential bottlenecks in applying the CBD concept incorrectly and demonstrate the PLS-PM potential to control for them.
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Malaca, Sara, Massimo Gottardi, Federica Pigliasco, et al. "UHPLC-MS/MS Analysis of Cannabidiol and Its Metabolites in Serum of Patients with Resistant Epilepsy Treated with CBD Formulations." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 7 (2021): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14070630.
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Cannabidiol (CBD) is a promising therapeutic agent with analgesic, myorelaxant, and anti-epileptic actions. Recently, a purified form of CBD (Epidiolex®) has been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of two highly-refractory childhood-onset epilepsies (Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). Given the interindividual response and the relationship between the dose administered and CBD blood levels, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a valuable support in the clinical management of patients. We herein report for the first time a newly developed and validated method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) to evaluate CBD and its metabolites (i.e., cannabidiol-7-oic acid (7-COOH-CBD), 7-hydroxycannabidiol (7-OH-CBD), 6-α-hydroxycannabidiol (6-α–OH–CBD) and 6-β-hydroxycannabidiol (6-β–OH–CBD)) in serum samples. The method reached the sensitivity needed to detect minimal amounts of analytes under investigation with limits of quantification ranging from 0.5 to 20 ng/mL. The validation results indicated in this method were accurate (average inter/intra-day error, <15%), precise (inter/intra-day imprecision, <15%), and fast (8 min run time). The method resulted to be linear in the range of 1–10,000 ng/mL for CBD-COOH, 1–500 ng/mL for 7-OH-CBD and CBD and 1–25 ng/mL for 6-α–OH–CBD and 6-β–OH–CBD. Serum levels of CBD (88.20–396.31 and 13.19–170.63 ng/mL) as well as of 7-OH-CBD (27.11–313.63 and 14.01–77.52 ng/mL) and 7-COOH-CBD (380.32–10,112.23 and 300.57–2851.82 ng/mL) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in patients treated with GW pharma CBD compared to those of patients treated with galenic preparations. 6-α–OH–CBD and 6-β–OH–CBD were detected in the first group and were undetectable in the second group. 7-COOH-CBD was confirmed as the most abundant metabolite in serum (5–10 fold higher than CBD) followed by 7-OH-CBD. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) between the dose administrated and a higher bioavailability was confirmed in patients treated with a GW pharma CBD preparation.
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Cvetkovikj Karanfilova, Ivana, Veronika Stoilkovska Gjorgievska, Gjoshe Stefkov, et al. "DAB method transfer for potency of cannabinoids in dry cannabis flower." 68 68, no. 02 (2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2022.68.02.00.
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Cannabis is considered as heterogeneous matrix that contains complex profile of secondary metabolites, where more than 100 are classified as phytocannabinoids, present with an uneven distribution. In order to ensure its quality, application of suitable sample preparation techniques as well as time- and cost-efficient analytical methods is required. The DAB method depicts the obligatory procedure for potency testing of cannabinoids in cannabis flower in the EU. In this study we have performed method transfer in order to confirm the applicability of the method in determination of varying quantities of cannabioniods in different cannabis strains, focusing on samples with low content of CBD or THC or samples where one of these two cannabiniods is not detected. The HPLC-DAD method was validated and used for routine control of the content and consistency of medical cannabis. Limits of detection, limits of quantitation, accuracy, precision, and intermediate precision were found to be highly satisfactory. Keywords: HPLC assay, CBD, THC, CBN, CBDA, THCA, method validation, DAB, quality control
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Sobczak, Agnieszka, Piotr Zieliński, Anna Jelińska, and Aleksandra Gostyńska-Stawna. "Novel Intravenous Nanoemulsions Based on Cannabidiol-Enriched Hemp Oil—Development and Validation of an HPLC-DAD Method for Cannabidiol Determination." Molecules 30, no. 2 (2025): 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30020278.
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Background: Intravenous nanoemulsions (NEs) are gaining attention as potential delivery systems for poorly water-soluble substances like cannabidiol (CBD). This study aimed to develop novel NEs based on CBD-enriched hemp oils and evaluate their physiochemical properties. Methods: The stability of hemp oils enriched with various concentrations of CBD (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) with and without the addition of α-tocopherol was determined, and the most stable oils were subsequently incorporated into NEs. In order to determine the CBD content in the obtained CBD-enriched oils and NEs, as well as to conduct stability tests, a new HPLC method was developed and validated. Results: The HPLC method demonstrated very good linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and robustness, enabling reliable assessment of the quality of newly developed formulations. The formulated NEs were characterized by droplet size of below 200 nm and polydispersity index PDI ≤ 0.14 satisfactory for intravenous application. Conclusion: This research presents a preliminary study on the development of CBD-enriched hemp oil-based NEs that showed promising potential for further investigation. A new HPLC-DAD method was appropriate to register changes in CBD concentration in various matrices, including CBD-hemp oil and intravenous NEs during their preparation and storage. Additionally, the effect of certain emulsifiers used in NE formulations on the course of the chromatographic analysis of CBD was examined, providing valuable insights concerning the application of the provided methodology in future formulation analysis.
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Ismail, Jana, Wassim Shebaby, Shirine Azar Atallah, et al. "Combination of Cannabidiol with Cisplatin or Paclitaxel Analysis Using the Chou–Talalay Method and Chemo-Sensitization Evaluation in Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells." Biomedicines 13, no. 2 (2025): 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13020520.
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Background/Objectives: Cannabidiol (CBD) is known for its anti-cancer properties in preclinical models and is increasingly used alongside conventional chemotherapy in cancer treatment. This study aims to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of CBD from Lebanese Cannabis sativa as a monotherapy and in combination with cisplatin or paclitaxel on human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells. Methods: Cytotoxicity of CBD was tested on OVCAR-3 and SK-OV-3 cell lines using the MTS assay. The Chou–Talalay method and CompuSyn software were used to determine the combination indices (CIs) for predicting interactions between CBD and chemotherapeutic agents. CBD showed dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition at 72 h with comparable IC50 values for both cell lines. Results: The combination of CBD with cisplatin or paclitaxel showed significant antagonistic interaction in SK-OV-3 cells (CI > 1), but mild synergism (CI < 1) at high growth inhibition rates (95% and 97%) was observed in SK-OV-3 cells with CBD/cisplatin. Pure antagonism was found in OVCAR-3 cells with CBD/cisplatin. Priming SK-OV-3 cells with CBD reduced the IC50 values of both drugs significantly, with a similar effect seen when cells were primed with cisplatin or paclitaxel before CBD treatment. Conclusions: Integrating CBD with chemotherapy could improve cancer therapy and address drug resistance. Sequential administration of CBD and chemotherapeutic agents is more beneficial than simultaneous administration. Further in vivo studies are necessary to validate these findings and understand CBD’s interactions with other drugs fully.
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Dadiotis, Evangelos, Vangelis Mitsis, Eleni Melliou, and Prokopios Magiatis. "Direct Quantitation of Phytocannabinoids by One-Dimensional 1H qNMR and Two-Dimensional 1H-1H COSY qNMR in Complex Natural Mixtures." Molecules 27, no. 9 (2022): 2965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092965.
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The widespread use of phytocannabinoids or cannabis extracts as ingredients in numerous types of products, in combination with the legal restrictions on THC content, has created a need for the development of new, rapid, and universal analytical methods for their quantitation that ideally could be applied without separation and standards. Based on previously described qNMR studies, we developed an expanded 1H qNMR method and a novel 2D-COSY qNMR method for the rapid quantitation of ten major phytocannabinoids in cannabis plant extracts and cannabis-based products. The 1H qNMR method was successfully developed for the quantitation of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA), Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), cannabielsoin (CBE), and cannabidivarin (CBDV). Moreover, cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (Δ9-THCVA) can be distinguished from CBDA and Δ9-THCA respectively, while cannabigerovarin (CBGV) and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ8-THCV) present the same 1H-spectra as CBG and Δ8-THC, respectively. The COSY qNMR method was applied for the quantitation of CBD, CBDA, CBN, CBG/CBGA, and THC/THCA. The two methods were applied for the analysis of hemp plants; cannabis extracts; edible cannabis medium-chain triglycerides (MCT); and hemp seed oils and cosmetic products with cannabinoids. The 1H-NMR method does not require the use of reference compounds, and it requires only a short time for analysis. However, complex extracts in 1H-NMR may have a lot of signals, and quantitation with this method is often hampered by peak overlap, with 2D NMR providing a solution to this obstacle. The most important advantage of the COSY NMR quantitation method was the determination of the legality of cannabis plants, extracts, and edible oils based on their THC/THCA content, particularly in the cases of some samples for which the determination of THC/THCA content by 1H qNMR was not feasible.
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Koch, Nathan, Olivier Jennotte, Anna Lechanteur, et al. "An Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Study of Cannabidiol Solutions in Piglets through the Application of a Validated Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of CBD and Its Carboxylated Metabolite in Plasma." Pharmaceutics 16, no. 1 (2024): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16010140.
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Cannabidiol (CBD) has multiple therapeutic benefits that need to be maximized by optimizing its bioavailability. Numerous formulations are therefore being developed and their pharmacokinetics need to be studied, requiring analytical methods and data from intravenous administration. As CBD is susceptible to hepatic metabolism, the requirement of any method is to quantify metabolites such as 7-COOH-CBD. We demonstrated that CBD and 7-COOH-CBD could be simultaneously and correctly quantified in piglet plasma by using an UHPLC–MS/MS technique. The validated method allowed for an accurate bioanalysis of an intravenously injected solution consisting of CBD-HPβCD complexes. The experimental pharmacokinetic profile of CBD showed multi-exponential decay characterized by a fast apparent distribution half-life (0.25 h) and an elimination half-life of two hours. The profile of 7-COOH-CBD was not linked with the first-pass metabolism, since 80% of the maximum metabolite concentration was reached at the first sampling time point, without any decrease during the period of study. A two-compartment model was optimal to describe the experimental CBD profile. This model allowed us to calculate macro–micro constants and volumes of distribution (Vss = 3260.35 ± 2286.66 mL) and clearance (1514.5 ± 261.16 mL·h−1), showing that CBD is rapidly distributed to peripheral tissues once injected and slowly released into the bloodstream.
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Franzin, Martina, Rebecca Di Lenardo, Rachele Ruoso, and Riccardo Addobbati. "Incomplete Decarboxylation of Acidic Cannabinoids in GC-MS Leads to Underestimation of the Total Cannabinoid Content in Cannabis Oils Without Derivatization." Pharmaceutics 17, no. 3 (2025): 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17030334.
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Background: Cannabis oil titration consists of quantification of the acidic precursors tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and their decarboxylated products, the active neutral cannabinoids delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), and is recommended to ensure galenic preparation quality through gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS; LC-MS). Analyses by LC-MS and GC-MS involving derivatization allow for detection of acidic and neutral cannabinoids; on the contrary, GC-MS without derivatization determines only neutral cannabinoids due to high temperature-decarboxylation occurring in the injection system. However, it is not clear if decarboxylation is complete. Methods: Different GC-MS methods with (BSTFA: TMCS and pyridine; incubation at 60 °C for 25 min) or without derivatization and an LC-MS method were developed for cannabinoid quantification. The total Δ9-THC and CBD yield of recovery were compared between the methods by testing laboratory samples with known concentrations of THCA and CBDA (total Δ9-THC and CBD: 175–351–702 ng/mL) and real cannabis oil samples (n = 6). Results: The total Δ9-THC and CBD yield of recovery were determined using LC-MS and GC-MS with derivatization, but not using GC-MS without derivatization (decarboxylation conversion rate of about 50–60%). No high deviation (<10%) in the total neutral cannabinoid concentrations in real cannabis oil samples was noticed, probably due to the low content of acidic forms in the original galenic preparation. Conclusions: This study raised awareness about the potential underestimation of the total Δ9-THC and CBD content in cannabis oils when quantification is performed by GC-MS without derivatization. The advice for pharmacists is to perform complete decarboxylation to convert all acidic precursors in neutral cannabinoids.
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Khudhur, Taha Mustafa. "Effect of Preparation Method on the Physical Properties of SnO2 Thin Films." International Academic Journal of Science and Engineering 11, no. 2 (2024): 22–27. https://doi.org/10.71086/iajse/v11i2/iajse1145.
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Thin films of tin oxide SnO2 were prepared using chemical bath deposition CBD and spray pyrolysis method, the films have been examined using different techniques to investigate the optical, structural and electrical properties of them. The scanning electron microscope and x ray spectroscopy Show that the both films are amorphous and grain size within the nanoscale, where the grain size for the films prepared by CBD method was about 70nm while it was about 58nm for the films prepared by spray pyrolysis method. The energy gap also affected by the deposition method, where it was about 2.1eV and 2.3 eV for the films prepared by CBD and spray pyrolysis methods respectively.
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Vlad, Robert-Alexandru, Lenard Farczadi, Silvia Imre, et al. "New UHPLC Method for Cannabidiol Determination in Hard Capsules." Acta Medica Marisiensis 65, no. 2 (2019): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amma-2019-0007.
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AbstractObjectives: The aim of the study was to propose a new UHPLC method for the determination of cannabidiol (CBD) from supplements and drugs available on the Romanian market.Materials and methods: The HPLC assay of CBD was achieved by using a Phenomenex Gemini NX-C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of 70% acetonitrile and 30% water. Elution was performed in isocratic mode and the detection was done at 208 nm. The method was tested on hard capsules containing 150 mg of CBD.Results and discussions: The retention time of CBD was 2.8 minutes. Regression analysis showed good linearity over the 1-100 ug/ml concentration range. The lowest limit of quantification was established at 1 µg/ml. The method was developed by using reconstituted capsules. The substance proved low stability in solution at room temperature and stability at temperatures between 2-8°C. The recovery of reconstituted samples was 96.77%. The commercial capsules had a very low content of 15-20% from declared content.Conclusions: The proposed method can be used for CBD determination in different pharmaceutical formulations – hard and soft capsules with coconut oil as excipient.
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Aawsaj, Yousif Mahmood, Ibrahim K. Ibrahim, and Andrew Gilliam. "Novel Method for Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration Performed Using a Disposable Bronchoscope (Ambu® aScope TM)." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 2 (2017): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.2.26.
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Laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration can be performed following choledocotomy or via the trancystic approach. Laparoscopic CBD exploration is limited in some benign upper gastrointestinal units due to the cost of sterilization of the re-usable choledochoscope. We have recently published a case series confirming the safety and efficacy of the 5mm re-usable bronchoscope for CBD exploration. This case series evaluates a single-use bronchochoscope (Ambu aScopeTM) for laparoscopic CBD exploration. Data were collected from electronic records of the patients from January 2015 until December 2016; all the cases had confirmation of CBD stones. Twenty-one patients had CBD exploration using the disposable bronchochoscope. There were 7 male and 14 female (median age 42). 8 procedures were performed as emergencies and 13 were performed electively. All the cases were done laparoscopically apart from one planned as an open procedure due to previous extensive open surgery. Twenty cases had their CBD cleared using disposable bronchoscope and one needed subsequent special test follow up. Choledocotomy was performed in 15 and Tran’s cystic approach was performed in 6. No T-tube was used in the laparoscopic cases. 2 cases were performed as day case surgery. Median postoperative hospital stay was 2.5 days. In conclusion, the disposable bronchoscope is safe and effective for use in CBD exploration with results comparable to our previously published case series. It has guaranteed sterility and is cost effective compared to the re-usable bronchoscope especially when initial capital outlay, sterile processing and maintenance costs are considered.
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Ali, Mohamed M., Mena Zarif Helmy, and Emad Gomaa. "Choledochoduodenostomy versus T-tube drainage in patients have stones in common bile duct with risk factors of post-operative missed stones." International Surgery Journal 6, no. 12 (2019): 4343. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20195391.
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Background: Residual or missed stones of common bile duct (CBD) and ascending cholangitis after CBD exploration are major biliary surgery problems. Repeated biliary tract interventions for correction of complications are catastrophic on both patients and surgeons.Methods: This is a prospective study of 83 patients which compares two methods for surgical management of CBD stones between June 2016 to May 2018. Group I included 43 patients who were managed by CBD exploration followed by insertion of T tube, the risk factors of the incidence of missed retained stone in CBD were multiple stones in CBD and hugely dilated CBD (>15 mm).The second method was choledochoduodenal anastomosis for patients having the same previous risk factors (Group II) which included 40 patients. Postoperative follow up was for 12 to 18 months.Results: In group I, 6 patients developed residual stones in CBD, reoperation was required for 3 of them and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with sphincterotomy for another 3 patients, while in the other group (group II) 2 patients suffered from ascending cholangitis and are managed conservatively. No missed or residual CBD stones were developed and no patients need reoperation.Conclusions: With choledochoduodenostomy in patients with multiple CBD stones or markedly dilated CBD the incidence of missed or retained stones in CBD was reduced.
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Hong, Min, Jong-Hui Kim, Chang-Hyeug Kim, Soo-Ung Lee, and Tae-Hyung Kwon. "Optimization of Supercritical Extraction of Cannabidiol Using Response Surface Methodology." Processes 12, no. 11 (2024): 2498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12112498.
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Hemp, also known as Cannabis sativa L., contains over 80 cannabinoids, with cannabidiol (CBD) being the primary neuroactive component. CBD possesses various pharmacological properties and is considered a non-psychoactive compound, making it a promising component for various applications, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal conditions for extracting CBD from hemp using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the SFE conditions. The Box–Behnken design and the central composite design were utilized to refine the extraction parameters, including extraction time, temperature, and pressure. The statistical significance and reliability of the optimized conditions were confirmed by the significant influence of these independent variables on CBD yield. The extracted CBD was purified to a high level of purity and converted from cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) through heat treatment and then analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The following extraction conditions were considered optimal and led to a CBD yield of approximately 70.46 g/kg: pressure of 48.3 MPa, temperature of 60 °C, and extraction time of 109.2 min. Validation experiments confirmed the accuracy of the model, with experimental values closely matching the predicted values (69.93 ± 0.88 g/kg). This study demonstrates that SFE is an efficient method for obtaining high-purity CBD from hemp, highlighting its potential for industrial applications. The findings suggest that optimizing SFE conditions through RSM can significantly enhance the efficiency and yield of CBD extraction, providing a robust framework for industrial-scale production.
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Shokuhfar, Ali, Amir Hassanjani-Roshan, Mohammad Reza Vaezi, S. M. Kazemzadeh, A. Esmaielzadeh Kandjani, and Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi. "Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles via Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) Method." Journal of Nano Research 11 (May 2010): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.11.35.
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Nowadays, different production methods of nanoparticles have been developed. Among novel wet-chemical processes, the Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) method is used to synthesize nanoparticles more easily than the other method. In this investigation, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by the Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) method. Tetraisopropyl titanate (C12H28O4Ti), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ethanol were used as initial materials. Appropriate solvents were used for preparation of samples. CBD process was carried out at 50°C for 90 min and the obtained materials washed and then dried at room temperature for 48 hrs. For determining particle size and evaluation of morphological characteristics, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used. The TEM observation indicated that the average particles size of powder is about 10-30 nm and the shape of product is semi-spherical shape. The final results present that the CBD method is more suitable than the other process because of it showing a low processing cost and fine powders.
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Schettino, Lorenza, Marta Prieto, Juan L. Benedé, Alberto Chisvert, and Amparo Salvador. "A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Determination of Cannabidiol in Cosmetic Products by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Cosmetics 8, no. 2 (2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8020030.
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Cannabidiol is a phytocannabinoid with proven pharmacological properties that is also used in the cosmetic industry for its sebostatic and antioxidant activities, being considered a new anti-aging ally. An analytical method is proposed for the determination of CBD in cosmetic products by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, after leaching the CBD from the cosmetic matrix with ethanol. Low instrumental limits of detection (0.22 ng mL−1) and quantification (0.74 ng mL−1) allow the determination of CBD at trace levels without needing preconcentration, whereas the wide linearity of the method allows the determination of CBD in more concentrated samples without high dilution. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of six cosmetic products and a raw material. The proposed method is suitable for the quality control of cosmetic products containing CBD, being able to quickly and easily determine this compound, ensuring that its concentration in the finished product is the desired one.
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Çetinkaya, S., H. A. Çetinkara, F. Bayansal, and S. Kahraman. "Growth and Characterization of CuO Nanostructures on Si for the Fabrication of CuO/p-Si Schottky Diodes." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/126982.
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CuO interlayers in the CuO/p-Si Schottky diodes were fabricated by using CBD and sol-gel methods. Deposited CuO layers were characterized by SEM and XRD techniques. From the SEM images, it was seen that the film grown by CBD method is denser than the film grown by sol-gel method. This result is compatible with XRD results which show that the crystallization in CBD method is higher than it is in sol-gel method. For the electrical investigations, current-voltage characteristics of the diodes have been studied at room temperature. ConventionalI-Vand Norde’s methods were used in order to determine the ideality factor, barrier height, and series resistance values. It was seen that the morphological and structural analysis are compatible with the results of electrical investigations.
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Usenko, M. O., O. B. Gorbatiuk, O. V. Okunev, D. M. Irodov, M. V. Koval’chuk, and V. A. Kordium. "Obtaining of the recombinant Rhil7-Cbd fusion protein." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 26 (September 1, 2020): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v26.1280.
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Aim. The purpose was to obtain the recombinant fusion protein based on the human interleukin-7 (rhIL7) and cellulose binding domain (CBD). Methods. The DNA sequences encoding rhIL-7 and CBD were subcloned into the pET24a(+). Vector containing the 6His-tag sequence for further chromatographic purification of the target protein. The cells of E. coli strain BL21(DE3) were transformed with pET24-rhIL7-CBD plasmid vector. Protein synthesis was induced in clones by IPTG and by autoinduction. Results. An expression cassette of rhIL7-CBD protein has been designed. Producers of rhIL7-CBD protein were obtained. It was shown that the autoinduction protocol provides protein synthesis in E. coli (but IPTG induction doesn’t). Protein was obtained in the cytoplasmic fraction in form of inclusion bodies. In vitro method of purification of rhIL7-CBD from inclusion bodies has been worked out. Conclusions. The obtained rhIL7-CBD protein can be used for the microcrystalline cellulose immunosorbent construction for the purification of the specific polyclonal IL-7 antibodies and also for qualitative and quantitative analysis of IL-7 receptors.
 Keywords: IL-7, CBD, inclusion bodies, renaturation.
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Ryu, Byeong-Ryeol, Chang-Hyeug Kim, Tae-Hyung Kwon, et al. "Industrial Hemp Clone Selection Method under LED Smart Farm Condition Based on CBD Production per Cubic Meter." Agronomy 12, no. 8 (2022): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081809.
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Cannabis breeders are combining several genes to develop economically valuable fiber, seed, and medicinal hemp. This study analyzed the characteristics and selection of traits based on cannabidiol production of medicinal cannabis lines successfully grown under artificial light and nutrient solution cultivation conditions in smart farm conditions. Sixteen female plants were selected by seeding medical hemp F1 hybrid specimens obtained by randomly crossing Cherry Wine and native hemp from each country. The F1 generation was treated with 12 h light to induce flower differentiation. CBD production peaked on day 50 of the treatment, and this was selected as the harvesting day. All F1 hybrids were separated by leaf and inflorescence after collecting morphological data, and fresh and dry weights were measured. The CBD production of leaf and inflorescence per cubic meter was calculated. The CW21-5 line produced a total of 53.002 ± 0.228 g of CBD per cubic meter, the highest CBD producer. In addition, heatmap correlation analysis showed that most morphological data were not related to cannabinoid content. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Self-Organizing Map (SOM) analysis showed that CW21-5 is an arbitrary line that does not cluster with other lines, and the reason for its excellent CBD yield per cubic meter is that it has a narrow plant diameter and a high CBD content at the same time.
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Gościniak, Anna, Filip Kocaj, Anna Stasiłowicz-Krzemień, Marcin Szymański, Tomasz M. Karpiński, and Judyta Cielecka-Piontek. "3D Printed Bigel: A Novel Delivery System for Cannabidiol-Rich Hemp Extract." Gels 10, no. 12 (2024): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10120770.
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The therapeutic potential of Cannabis sativa L. extract has gained significant attention due to its diverse medical applications. Sublingual administration remains a common delivery method of cannabinoids; however, challenges often arise due to the inconvenient form of the extract and its taste. To address these issues, a novel bigel formulation was developed, combining water and oil phases to enhance stability and bioavailability. This formulation incorporates a cannabidiol-rich hemp extract, hyaluronic acid for its moisturizing properties, and a taste-masking agent to improve patient compliance and comfort. Using a standardized hemp extract rich in cannabinoids and a well-characterized terpene profile, the printability of the bigels was evaluated through 3D printing technology. A printout with known cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) content of 11.613 mg ± 0.192 of CBD and 4.732 mg ± 0.280 of CBDA in the printout was obtained. In addition, the release profile of CBD and CBDA was evaluated to determine the delivery efficiency of the active ingredient—dissolved active ingredient levels ranged from 74.84% ± 0.50 to 80.87% ± 3.20 for CBD and from 80.84 ± 1.33 to 98.31 ± 1.70 for CBDA depending on the formulation. Rheological studies were conducted to evaluate the viscosity of the bigels under varying temperature conditions, ensuring their stability and usability. Findings suggest that this 3D-printed bigel formulation could significantly enhance the delivery of cannabis extracts, offering a more convenient and effective therapeutic option for patients. This research underscores the importance of innovation in cannabinoid therapies and paves the way for further advancements in personalized medicine.
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Smith, Gregory L. "A Summary of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Evidence for Cannabinoid Hair Follicle Effects." Clinical Dermatology Open Access Journal 7, no. 4 (2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/cdoaj-16000290.
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The endocannabinoid system (ECS), discovered in the 1990s, is a system involved with maintaining cellular homoeostasis by down-regulating the damaging inflammatory responses and upregulating regenerative processes. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabidivarin (CBDV) are all phytocannabinoids that have novel therapeutic effects on hair growth through the ECS receptors on hair follicles. These cannabinoids are fat-soluble and poorly absorbed past the epidermis, but topical application easily reaches hair follicles where CBDV, THCV and CBD act as partial or full CB1 antagonists and agonists of vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1) and vanilloid receptor-4 (TRPV4). All these ECS receptors relate to hair follicle function. THC on the other hand has the opposite effects decreasing hair shaft elongation and matrix production. A summary of the pre-clinical and clinical cannabinoid research is reviewed. The studies confirm that for androgenetic alopecia (AGA) the method of action is different from and synergistic with current hair regrowth therapies. Blocking the CB1 receptor on the hair follicle has been shown to result in hair shaft elongation and matrix production via keratinocytes, in addition, the hair follicle cycle (anagen, catagen, and telogen phases) is controlled by TRPV1. The effects of CBD on hair growth are dose dependent and higher doses may result in premature entry into the catagen phase via a different receptor known as TRPV4. CBD has also been shown to increase Wnt signaling, which causes dermal progenitor cells to differentiate into new hair follicles and maintains anagen phase of the hair cycle. Two recent six-month duration clinical trials of adults with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) have revealed an average 93.5% increased hair count with CBD alone, and 164% increased hair count with hemp extract high in CBD, THCV, CBDV and menthol. A current study is underway to look at punch biopsies of the areas of hair regrowth in patients treated with a combination of CBD, THCV isolate, menthol and caffeine. Another study is underway looking at using hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) a hydrogenated version of THC to decrease facial hair growth as a cosmetic effect
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Fraguas-Sánchez, Ana Isabel, Ana Fernández-Carballido, and Ana Isabel Torres-Suárez. "Effect of Gamma Sterilization on CBD-Loaded PLGA Microparticles." Proceedings 78, no. 1 (2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecp2020-08801.
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Cannabidiol (CBD) has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent. However, its low aqueous solubility hinders the development of effective parenteral formulations. The use of polymeric microparticles as CBD carriers could resolve this challenge and allows to obtain an extended CBD release after a single administration. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), FDA approved for various medical applications, is one the most used. Ionizing radiation is as an effective sterilizing method for PLGA microparticles, which is essential for their parenteral administration. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of gamma sterilization on the characteristics of CBD-loaded microparticles. No differences in particle morphology and particle size were detected between sterile and non-sterile formulations. All microparticles exhibited a spherical shape, a smooth surface, and an average particle size around 25 µm. DSC analysis showed the absence of the CBD melting peak in sterile and non-sterile CBD-microparticles. However, a reduction on PLGA glass transition was appreciated in sterile formulations. A significant lower CBD content was also detected in sterile microparticles, indicating a CBD degradation during sterilization. Finally, a faster CBD release was appreciated in sterile microparticles compared with their counterparts, due to the faster PLGA degradation in sterilized microparticles. Due to the CBD degradation during sterilization process and the acceleration of the release of this drug from PLGA microparticles, gamma irradiation is not an adequate method to sterilize CBD-PLGA-microparticles.
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Suttithumsatid, Wiwit, Jiraporn Kara, Luelak Lomlim, and Charassri Nualsri. "Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Standardized Cannabinoids-rich Fractions." Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research 9, no. 3 (2023): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/pbr.9.3.1054.1.
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Background: Since cannabis has been legally allowed for medicinal purposes in many countries, it has become the most interesting issue, particularly in neurologic disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the mechanisms for the treatment of AD. Objectives: The present study aimed to establish a method for the preparation of cannabinoid-rich extracts and determine their AChE inhibitory activity. Methods: The cannabinoid-rich extracts were prepared through a green extraction process using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) followed by hydrophobic column separation. The contents of cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro AChE inhibitory activity was determined via the photometric method using AChE from Electrophorus electricus. Results: Three cannabinoids-rich fractions were obtained with different concentrations of CBD and THC, namely Fractions I (CBD of 8.1% w/w; THC of 52.2% w/w), II (CBD of 9.2% w/w; THC of 8.0% w/w), and III (CBD 1.3% w/w, THC 33.5% w/w). These cannabinoid-rich extracts exhibited AChE inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 52.3, 59.8, and 71.2 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: This finding suggests that CBD, but not THC, might be an active compound contributing to AChE inhibitory effect.
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Fisher, Ben J., Johan C. Faust, Oliver W. Moore, Caroline L. Peacock, and Christian März. "Technical note: Uncovering the influence of methodological variations on the extractability of iron-bound organic carbon." Biogeosciences 18, no. 11 (2021): 3409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3409-2021.
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Abstract. Association of organic carbon (OC) with reactive iron (FeR) represents an important mechanism by which OC is protected against remineralisation in soils and marine sediments. Recent studies indicate that the molecular structure of organic compounds and/or the identity of associated FeR phases exert a control on the ability of an OC–FeR complex to be extracted by the citrate–bicarbonate–dithionite (CBD) method. However, many variations of the CBD extraction are used, and these are often uncalibrated to each other, rendering comparisons of OC–FeR values extracted via the different methods impossible. Here, we created synthetic ferrihydrite samples coprecipitated with simple organic structures and subjected these to modifications of the most common CBD method. We altered some of the method parameters (reagent concentration, time of the extraction and sample preparation methods) and measured FeR recovery to determine which (if any) modifications affected the release of FeR from the synthetic sample. We provide an assessment of the reducing capacity of Na dithionite in the CBD method (the amount of Fe reduced by a fixed amount of dithionite) and find that the concentration of dithionite deployed can limit OC–FeR extractability for sediments with a high FeR content. Additionally, we show that extending the length of any CBD extraction offers no benefit in removing FeR. Moreover, we demonstrate that for synthetic OC–FeR samples dominated by ferrihydrite, freeze-drying samples can significantly reduce OC–FeR extractability; this appears to be less of an issue for natural marine sediments where natural ageing mechanisms may mimic the freeze-drying process for more stable Fe phases. While our study is not an all-inclusive method comparison and is not aimed at delivering the “perfect” extraction setup, our findings provide a collected summary of critical factors which influence the efficiency of the CBD extraction for OC–FeR. As such, we provide a platform from which OC–FeR values obtained under different methods can be interpreted and future studies of sediment carbon cycling can build upon.
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Abdelhameed, Hosam Farouk, Samir A. Abdelmageed, and Alaa A. Radwan. "Alternative laparoscopic techniques for stone extraction during laparoscopic CBD exploration: pros and cons." International Surgery Journal 6, no. 7 (2019): 2395. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20192962.
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Background: A prospective work to study various laparoscopic techniques used for stone extraction during laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) with assessment of CBD clearance by each technique with discussion of its feasibility and difficulties.Methods: Patients with chronic calcular cholecystitis with CBD stone(s) were treated randomly by laparoscopic cholecystectomy plus choledocholithotomy. Various methods were used for stone extraction either through the scope technique, direct access technique, or irrigation/suction technique. Assurance of CBD clearance of stones was done later using intra-operative choledochoscopy, cholangiogram, or post operatively using sonography or MRCP.Results: Out of sixty seven patients, laparoscopic CBD stone extraction was done through scope control in 25 patients, direct access technique in 22 patients, while irrigation/suction technique was done in 20 cases. Choledochoscope method was the most effective method for CBD clearance with success rate (96%), it was effective in distal CBD stones of average size (0.5-1.0 cm), and number (1-5), but unfortunately missed stone is a relative risk (4%). Direct access technique is as effective blindly especially if associated with irrigation/suction with success rate (81.8%) specially in non-impacted single distal stone of average size (0.5-1.0 cm) well recognized by MRCP a night before operation. Irrigation / suction technique was the least effective with success rate (50%) only with the need to convert to other technique in 50% of cases.Conclusions: Choledocoscope guided stone extraction technique was the technique of choice for CBD clearance during LCBDE.
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Hong, Min, Caihong Peng, Mi Niu, and Zhao Xu. "Research on the Construction Effect Evaluation System of Smart CBD: A Case Study in Jiangbei New District, Nanjing, China." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (February 12, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6683491.
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With the update and development of technologies such as IoT, the smart city revolution is boosting construction. Several excellent CBD construction projects designed in smart city construction models have emerged around the world. Exploring the construction model of the CBD through the establishment of an evaluation index system of construction effect is of great significance for CBD’s future development. The main objective of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the effectiveness of the construction of the CBD by using the Delphi method and AHP and to provide a systematic method to establish an index evaluation system for the construction effect of the smart CBD, which reflects the influencing factors of the construction effect in the CBD district from six perspectives: construction, management, service, innovation, strategy, and users. This paper also introduces the construction and development of CBD in the Jiangbei New District in Nanjing, China, and uses the indicator system established in this study to evaluate its construction effect. This paper establishes a four-level indicator system, from general to specific, and discusses the degree of impact of each indicator on the effectiveness of smart CBD construction. In order to obtain the initial evaluation data more accurately, this study classified the survey subjects into three categories, which are managers, commercial enterprise users, and ordinary residents. Finally, through the analysis of the evaluation results, the effectiveness of the construction of the Jiangbei New District CBD was evaluated, and the focus of the future smart CBD construction was pointed out. The evaluation index system for the construction effect of the smart CBD established is considered to supply a good foundation for the CBD-related study.
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Jie, Na, Xin Cao, Jin Chen, and Xuehong Chen. "A New Method for Identifying the Central Business Districts with Nighttime Light Radiance and Angular Effects." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (2022): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010239.
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Central business districts (CBDs) play a crucial role in urban economic activities. Thus, the location and boundaries of CBDs identified by the unified standards are essential for comparative analyses in urban geography. However, past research mainly applied specific data or sensitive methods to delimitate CBDs within local knowledge in the case study, there remains no automated standardization technique for identifying and delimitating CBDs across the globe. This paper proposed a new method for identifying CBDs based on nighttime lights (NTL) to overcome the above limitations. The main advantages of this method include (1) the use of available high-quality global Black Marble products, which are the basis of a standardized delineation of CBDs and (2) the use of more characteristics of CBD (i.e., the brightness) and NTL negative angular effects that can reflect high-rise building. The proposed method was employed in 14 cities in China and the U.S., and the results showed that China cities needed five NTL indexes and U.S. cities needed two NTL indexes to distinguish CBD and non-CBD successfully. Therefore, our approach is recommended for CBD detection and delineation over large areas.
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Ghadban, Mohamad, Mayank Sabharwal, Xiaolin Li, et al. "(Digital Presentation) Three-Dimensional Pore-Scale Modelling of NMC Cathodes Using Multi-Resolution FIB-SEM Images." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 2 (2022): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-022126mtgabs.
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Lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathodes are porous electrodes made of active material (AM) that stores lithium, a composite of carbon additives and polymeric binder (CBD) that facilitates electron transport and ensures the mechanical integrity of the electrode, and electrolyte-filled pore space that facilitates lithium-ion transport [1]. The volume fraction and morphology of the different constituents at the microscale necessarily determine transport properties and influence the measurable performance [2]. In this work, the impact of NMC electrode microstructure on the effective transport properties is studied using FIB-SEM-based three-dimensional (3D) particle-resolved microscale simulations. The effect of AM and CBD bulk electronic conductivity on the effective electronic conductivity is first studied and used to highlight that the impact of the AM bulk conductivity is negligible compared to that of the CBD. Next, the impact of CBD volume fraction, in isolation from its morphology, is studied using morphological operations by eroding and dilating the CBD phase in the FIB-SEM images and analyzing its impact on the effective conductivity using multiple 3D reconstructions. Increasing the CBD volume fraction results in a nonlinear increase in the effective electronic conductivity. To study the effect of CBD morphology, two stochastic CBD reconstruction techniques are proposed. The first method places new CBD voxels preferentially next to existing CBD voxels, and the second method deposits the CBD randomly in the pore space. The effective electronic conductivity for microstructures containing stochastic CBD morphologies is calculated and compared to that evaluated for microstructures with eroded and dilated CBD. The CBD generated stochastically results in a predicted higher effective electronic conductivity primarily due to a lower CBD tortuosity when compared to the CBD generated with morphological operations. Finally, the impact of CBD porosity on electrode tortuosity is studied by estimating the pore-phase tortuosity considering a solid and a porous CBD. The diffusivity of the porous CBD is estimated using multi-resolution FIB-SEM images. Results show that not accounting for the CBD porosity increases the electrode tortuosity by a factor of up to three at low electrode porosities. References [1] B. L. Trembacki, A. N. Mistry, D. R. Noble, M. E. Ferraro, P. P. Mukherjee, S. A. Roberts, Mesoscale analysis of conductive binder domain morphology in lithium-ion battery electrodes, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 165 (13) (2018) E725–E736 [2] Xu, Hongyi, et al. ‘Guiding the Design of Heterogeneous Electrode Microstructures for Li‐Ion Batteries: Microscopic Imaging, Predictive Modeling, and Machine Learning’. Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 11, no. 19, May 2021, p. 2003908. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202003908. Figure 1
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Sadiq, I., A. Malik, J. K. Lodhi, S. T. Bukhari, R. Maqbool, and M. Zubair. "Laparoscopic CBD Exploration (LCBDE) a better and safe option for large CBD stones." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 6 (2021): 1321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211561321.
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Background: Conventionally, common bile duct stones (CBDS) are removed with help of ERCP. However, if CBDS are larger than 10 mm, then the ERCP failure rate to retrieve CBDS becomes high. In that case, open or laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) is other alternative. In this era of minimally invasive surgery, laparoscopic CBD exploration (LCBDE) seems to be a better option than open approach, but in our set up the safety of LCBDE is questioned. Aim: To see the conversion rate as well as complications associated with LCBDE. Material & Methods: Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of data of patients who underwent Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration (LCBDE) for large CBD stones at Fatima Memorial Hospital Lahore. Results: Since 2012, 29 patients of large (≥10 mm) CBD stones were included in this study. Among them 20(69.9%) were females and 9(31.01%) were males. The mean CBD stone size was 13 mm. Stones were extracted transcystically in 4 case and Transcholedochal stone extraction was done in 25 cases. The average duration of surgery was 130 minutes, but all cases were completed successfully without converting to open approach. There was minor bile leak in 3 patients which was managed successfully without any further intervention. No other complication was observed with LCBDE and even no retained stone was reported. Conclusion: Laparoscopic CBD exploration is safe and effective method of dealing CBD stones especially of large size when the chances of ERCP failure to retrieve stones are high. Keywords: Laparoscopy, ERCP, common bile duct,
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Zhang, Shaozhong, Md Mahmud Alam, Brent D. Chandler, Jocelyn P. Lanorio, Caitlin Deskins, and Liguo Song. "Potency Analysis of Semi-Synthetic Cannabinoids in Vaping Oils Using Liquid Chromatography Diode Array Detector with Electrospray Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for Confirmation of Analyte Identity." Molecules 30, no. 12 (2025): 2597. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30122597.
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Since the 2018 Farm Bill legalized hemp, semi-synthetic cannabinoids, typically derived from hemp-extracted CBD, have been marketed as offering a “legal high”, raising concerns about consumer safety, labeling, and regulation. Consequently, the potency analysis of these compounds has become increasingly important. To address this need, an LC-DAD method was developed for the quantification of seventeen cannabinoids, selected based on the synthetic pathways of semi-synthetic cannabinoids. These included naturally occurring compounds, semi-synthetic derivatives, and byproducts (CBC, CBD, CBDV, CBG, CBN, CBN-O-acetate, CBT, 9(R)-HHC, 9(S)-HHC, 9(R)-HHC-O-acetate, 9(S)-HHC-O-acetate, Δ8-THC, Δ9-THC, Δ9,11-THC, Δ8-THC-O-acetate, Δ9-THC-O-acetate, and Δ9-THCV), using abnormal CBD as an internal standard. The method was validated according to ISO 17025 guidelines, demonstrating a linear calibration range from 0.1 to 50 µg/mL. The method was further applied to the potency analysis of one Δ8-THC, two THC-O-acetate, two HHC, and one HHC-O-acetate vaping oil sample. Using an innovative method to recover the contents of vaping cartridges, cannabinoids were extracted using methanol, diluted to a concentration of 50 µg/mL, and analyzed using the validated LC-DAD method, which provided a quantifiable range of 0.1 to 100% (w/w). Method specificity was evaluated using ESI/TOFMS and showed minimal interference, despite the presence of other isomers of the semi-synthetic cannabinoids in the samples.
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Ramnarine, Rhea S., Justin L. Poklis, and Carl E. Wolf. "Determination of Cannabinoids in Breast Milk Using QuEChERS and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43, no. 9 (2019): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz072.
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Abstract Use of marijuana and cannabinoids has been on the rise in recent years, including in childbearing women. This has resulted in cannabinoids being more frequently identified in breast milk as a result of its high lipid content and cannabinoids having a high lipophilicity, thereby exposing the breastfeeding infant to cannabinoids and other marijuana constituents. Presented is a method for the analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) in breast milk. THC, CBN, CBD and their isotopically labeled standards were extracted from breast milk using a modified QuEChERS method and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. As a result of the high lipid content of breast milk, saponification of the lipids was necessary to improve overall extraction efficiency. The process efficiency percentage for THC, CBD and CBN are 55%, 80% and 25%, respectively. The recovery percentage for THC, CBD and CBN are 95%, 118% and 85%, respectively. The matrix effect percentage for THC, CBD and CBN are 53%, 66% and 26%, respectively. Linearity was assessed from 1 to 100 ng/mL for THC, CBN and CBD and had r2 &gt; 0.996. Validation controls were prepared at 1, 3, 20, 80 and 300 ng/mL (dilution control), and the bias was determined to be less than ±20% with %CVs &lt;15% for all controls. Due to the limited access of genuine breast milk for routinely preparing matrix matched calibration and control materials, Enfamil® Premium™ Newborn Infant Formula (0–3 months) was evaluated as a breast milk substitute. No significant differences were observed for THC, CBN and CBD using either breast milk or formula as the matrix; thus, it was determined to be an acceptable breast milk matrix substitute. The modified QuEChERS method was determined to be a robust, reliable method for the determination of THC, CBN and CBD in breast milk.
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Alcantara, Khent Primo, John Wilfred T. Malabanan, Nonthaneth Nalinratana, Worathat Thitikornpong, Pornchai Rojsitthisak, and Pranee Rojsitthisak. "Cannabidiol-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Ameliorate the Inhibition of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Free Radicals in an In Vitro Inflammation-Induced Cell Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9 (2024): 4744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094744.
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Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis sativa. It has demonstrated promising effects in combating inflammation and holds potential as a treatment for the progression of chronic inflammation. However, the clinical application of CBD is limited due to its poor solubility and bioavailability. This study introduces an effective method for preparing CBD-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (CBD-SLNs) using a combination of low-energy hot homogenization and ultrasonication. We enhanced this process by employing statistical optimization with response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized CBD-SLN formulation utilizes glyceryl monostearate as the primary lipid component of the nanocarrier. The CBD-SLN formulation is screened as a potential tool for managing chronic inflammation. Stable, uniformly dispersed spherical nanoparticles with a size of 123 nm, a surface charge of –32.1 mV, an encapsulation efficiency of 95.16%, and a drug loading of 2.36% were obtained. The CBD-SLNs exhibited sustained release properties, ensuring prolonged and controlled CBD delivery, which could potentially amplify its therapeutic effects. Additionally, we observed that CBD-SLNs significantly reduced both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and proinflammatory cytokines in chondrocyte and macrophage cell lines, with these inhibitory effects being more pronounced than those of free CBD. In conclusion, CBD-SLNs demonstrated superiority over free CBD, highlighting its potential as an effective delivery system for CBD.
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K, A. Jamal Basha, Reddy Guddeti Phaneendra, and Ramakrishna Reddy Kotte Tulasi. "Effect of Deposition Time on the Properties of NiS Films Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 45 (2022): 2492–99. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v15i45.1783.
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Abstract <strong>Objectives:</strong> To study the influence of deposition time on the physical behavior of NiS films formed by chemical bath deposition (CBD). <strong>Methods:</strong> Polycrystalline NiS thin films were deposited by using CBD method on glass substrates by varying the deposition time in the range of 60–150 min with the other growth conditions kept constant. The physical properties were measured using an X-ray diffractometer, Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared spectra. Finally, the optical and electrical properties of the films were analyzed by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and linear four-probe point method respectively.<strong> Findings:</strong> The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies showed polycrystalline nature of the films with hexagonal structure, confirmed by the Rietveld refinement analysis. The calculated crystallite size varied from 6 nm to 19 nm with the increase in deposition time. The EDS analysis revealed the stoichiometry of Ni and S in the samples. The optical bandgap decreases from 2.06 eV to 1.93 eV with the increase in deposition time. The films synthesized using a deposition time of 120 min at 80 ◦C showed a high electrical conductivity of 48.3 S/cm at room temperature with activation energy of 0.16 eV. <strong>Novelty:</strong> NiS thin films were deposited by the CBD method using different deposition times varying from 60 min. to 150 min., keeping the bath temperature constant at 80 ◦C for the first time. The Rietveld refinement analysis was the first of its kind, reported on the structural evaluation of NiS layers. These films were formed using eco-friendly materials adding value to the solar cell application. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Thin films; Absorber layer; CBD method; XRD; FTIR
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Ar., Manuel V. Manzano Jr, Jerico Jordan A. Bernardo Ar., and Dr. Ratnakar D. Bala Prof. "Safety And Accessibility Enhancement Through Pedestrianization And Bike Lanes: Revitalizing The University-Cbd Corridor In Urdaneta City." Library Progress International 44, no. 3 (2024): 12647–61. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14187031.
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The central business district (CBD) of cities focusseson the economic development and often the most densely populated. In the Philippines, CBD Urdaneta city in Pangasinan is no exclusion with a conservative volume of pedestrian end user and vehicular movement. On the hand,students in different universities and college are populating the highway during entering and departing during school days. To address these issues, urban planner and policymakers are exploring ways to revitalize the CBD and make it more accessible and livable. One solution is to implement pedestrianization and bicycle lanes in the CBD, which can help to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality, and promote physical activity. These measures can also make the CBD more attractive to businesses, residents, and tourists. This study aims to explore the potential benefits of revitalizing the Urdaneta Pangasinan CBD through pedestrianization and bicycle lanes. The study will employ a qualitative method approach. Interview as qualitative method that will be use to gather information about the community's perceptions and preferences regarding pedestrianization and bicycle lanes.The findings of this study can inform policymakers, urban planners, and community members about the potential benefits of pedestrianization and bicycle lanes in the University - CBD corridor. The study can also serve as a model for other urban areas in Pangasinan and beyond that are seeking to revitalize their CBD’s and make them more accessible and livable.
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He, Xing-wei, Wei-feng Liu, Chang-fei Zhu, and Guo-shun Jiang. "CdS Thin Films Deposited by CBD Method on Glass." Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 24, no. 4 (2011): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-0068/24/04/471-476.
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Jakubauskas, Gediminas, Edita Paluckiene, Egle Usoviene, and Neringa Petrasauskiene. "Influence of Different Chemical Methods Used for the Deposition of CdSe/ZnO Layers." Coatings 15, no. 4 (2025): 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15040415.
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The present study employed the spin-coating method for the preparation of nanostructured crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on FTO glass substrates. Subsequently, cadmium selenide (CdSe) layers were deposited on the surfaces using two distinct chemical methods: successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) and chemical bath deposition (CBD). The obtained films were then characterized by a variety of analytical methods, including XRD, SEM, AFM, EDX spectroscopy, UV–vis spectrophotometry, and linear sweep voltammetry. The XRD and SEM studies demonstrated that all of the films exhibited a polycrystalline nature, with the crystallinity of the cadmium selenide thin films prepared using the SILAR method exceeding that obtained by the CBD method. The SEM and AFM images revealed the uniformity of the cadmium selenide films on the FTO substrates, with no visible cracks or pores. The EDX spectra confirmed the presence of the expected elements in the thin films. The optical band gaps (Eg) for CdSe prepared with the SILAR or CBD method were determined to be 1.85 and 1.97 eV, respectively.
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He, Yun, Fa Ping Zhang, Zhan Chun Sun, Bo Gao, and Juan Han. "A Case Retrieval Method in Case-Based Fixture Design." Advanced Materials Research 586 (November 2012): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.586.282.
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Most fixture design process are based on the reuse of the previous design knowledge and experience, in this paper, we use a case-based design (CBD) method to design fixture. Based on the analysis of various CBD methods, we found that most methods used to calculate the similarity between new part and cases are too single, so we put forward a method combining the semantic attribute similarity and the shape similarity together, use a weighted algorithm to calculate the similarity. Using this method, we designed a Fixture Design System on CATIA V5 R19, and use this system to retrieve and design fixture, the retrieved results are more close to the new part and reusable, the design process is more efficient.
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Grifoni, Lucia, Elisa Landucci, Giuseppe Pieraccini, et al. "Development and Blood–Brain Barrier Penetration of Nanovesicles Loaded with Cannabidiol." Pharmaceuticals 18, no. 2 (2025): 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18020160.
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Background: Cannabidiol (CBD) is a highly lipophilic compound with potential therapeutic applications in neurological disorders. However, its poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability, coupled with instability in physiological conditions, significantly limit its clinical use. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and characterize nanovesicles incorporating Tween 20 to enhance CBD encapsulation, stability, and the performance across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Methods: Nanovesicles were prepared via thin-film hydration followed by sonication and optimized for size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. Stability studies were conducted under physiological conditions and during storage at 4 °C. In vitro release studies employed the dialysis bag method, while permeability across the BBB was assessed using PAMPA-BBB and the hCMEC/D3-BBB cell line, characterized for brain endothelial phenotype and largely employed as a model of human blood–brain barrier (BBB) function. Cytotoxicity was evaluated via MTT and LDH assays. Results: The quantification of CBD was carried out by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS/MS. Nanovesicles with Tween 20 (VS-CBD) exhibited smaller size (65.27 ± 1.27 nm vs. 90.7 ± 0.2), lower polydispersity (0.230 ± 0.005 vs. 0.295 ± 0.003), and higher stability compared to conventional liposomes (L-CBD). VS-CBD achieved high encapsulation efficiency (96.80 ± 0.96%) and recovery (99.89 ± 0.52%). Release studies showed sustained CBD release with Higuchi model fitting (R2 = 0.9901). Both PAMPA-BBB and hCMEC/D3-BBB cell lines demonstrated an improved controlled permeability of the formulation compared to free CBD. Cytotoxicity tests confirmed the good biocompatibility of VS-CBD formulations. The addition of Tween 20 to nanovesicles enhanced CBD encapsulation, stability, and controlled release. Conclusions: These nanovesicles represent a promising strategy to improve CBD delivery to the brain, offering sustained therapeutic effects and reduced dosing frequency, potentially benefiting the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Raymond, Onyekachi, Mary Jane McCarthy, Jess Baker, and Helen Poulsen. "Medicinal Cannabis – The Green Fairy Phenomenon." Australian Journal of Chemistry 74, no. 6 (2021): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch21001.
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Frustration at the restrictions to access prescribed cannabinoids in New Zealand has resulted in a black market of home-made cannabis-based products for medicinal use. These products are being made, and marketed illegally, by individuals calling themselves ‘Green Fairies’. The products take many forms and are being used to treat a range of illnesses and symptoms including pain, insomnia, anxiety, and seizures. Analytical extraction methods were developed to determine the cannabinoid content in a variety of matrices, principally those that are soluble in methanol and those that are soluble in hexane. An LC-MS/MS method was developed that detected THC, THCA, CBD, CBDA, CBG, CBGA, CBN, THCV, and CBC with lower detection limits around 0.001mg of cannabinoid per gram (mgg−1) of product. One hundred ‘Green Fairy’ samples have been analysed to determine the cannabinoid content, including 12 fully extracted cannabis oil (FECO) samples, 12 ethanolic tinctures, 6 vape juices, 39 oily liquids with olive oil, hemp seed oil, or medium chain triglycerides (MCT) as a base, and 31 waxy solids made using coconut oil. Nine named cannabis plant cultivars purported to be used to make these products have also been analysed. The results of the analyses show that these Green Fairy products contain a wide range of cannabinoid concentrations and the claim that a product was high in CBD was often not correct. The proposed dose size was not specified for these products, but few would provide what is considered an effective dose when compared with the administration of commercially purified cannabinoid products available by prescription. For many products the manufacturer had specified which cannabis cultivar had been used but a comparison of cannabinoid ratios showed a lack of consistency within products said to be made from the same strain. Analysis of named cannabis cultivars available showed little variation in the relative amounts of THC and CBD.