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Journal articles on the topic 'CBDP'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Salbini, Maria, Alessandra Quarta, Fabiana Russo, Anna Maria Giudetti, Cinzia Citti, Giuseppe Cannazza, Giuseppe Gigli, Daniele Vergara, and Antonio Gaballo. "Oxidative Stress and Multi-Organel Damage Induced by Two Novel Phytocannabinoids, CBDB and CBDP, in Breast Cancer Cells." Molecules 26, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185576.

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Over the last few years, much attention has been paid to phytocannabinoids derived from Cannabis for their therapeutic potential. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most abundant compounds of the Cannabis sativa L. plant. Recently, novel phytocannabinoids, such as cannabidibutol (CBDB) and cannabidiphorol (CBDP), have been discovered. These new molecules exhibit the same terpenophenolic core of CBD and differ only for the length of the alkyl side chain. Roles of CBD homologs in physiological and pathological processes are emerging but the exact molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the biological effects of the newly discovered CBDB or CBDP, compared to the well-known natural and synthetic CBD (nat CBD and syn CBD) in human breast carcinoma cells that express CB receptors. In detail, our data demonstrated that the treatment of cells with the novel phytocannabinoids affects cell viability, increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activates cellular pathways related to ROS signaling, as already demonstrated for natural CBD. Moreover, we observed that the biological activity is significantly increased upon combining CBD homologs with drugs that inhibit the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of endocannabinoids, such as the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor, or with drugs that induces the activation of cellular stress pathways, such as the phorbol ester 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA).

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2

Breukels, Vincent, Wouter G. Touw, and Geerten W. Vuister. "Structural and dynamic aspects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding of the regulatory domains of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger." Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 2 (March 21, 2012): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20110742.

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Intracellular Ca2+ regulates the activity of the NCX (Na+/Ca2+ exchanger) through binding to the cytosolic CBD (Ca2+-binding domain) 1 and CBD2. In vitro studies of the structure and dynamics of CBD1 and CBD2, as well as studies of their kinetics and thermodynamics of Ca2+ binding, greatly enhanced our understanding of NCX regulation. We describe the fold of the CBDs in relation to other known structures and review Ca2+ binding of the different CBD variants from a structural perspective. We also report on new findings concerning Mg2+ binding to the CBDs and finally we discuss recent results on CBD1–CBD2 interdomain interactions.

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3

Tanaka, Takeshi, Shinsuke Fujiwara, Shingo Nishikori, Toshiaki Fukui, Masahiro Takagi, and Tadayuki Imanaka. "A Unique Chitinase with Dual Active Sites and Triple Substrate Binding Sites from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus kodakaraensis KOD1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 5338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.12.5338-5344.1999.

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ABSTRACT We have found that the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus kodakaraensis KOD1 produces an extracellular chitinase. The gene encoding the chitinase (chiA) was cloned and sequenced. ThechiA gene was found to be composed of 3,645 nucleotides, encoding a protein (1,215 amino acids) with a molecular mass of 134,259 Da, which is the largest among known chitinases. Sequence analysis indicates that ChiA is divided into two distinct regions with respective active sites. The N-terminal and C-terminal regions show sequence similarity with chitinase A1 from Bacillus circulans WL-12 and chitinase from Streptomyces erythraeus (ATCC 11635), respectively. Furthermore, ChiA possesses unique chitin binding domains (CBDs) (CBD1, CBD2, and CBD3) which show sequence similarity with cellulose binding domains of various cellulases. CBD1 was classified into the group of family V type cellulose binding domains. In contrast, CBD2 and CBD3 were classified into that of the family II type. chiA was expressed inEscherichia coli cells, and the recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity. The optimal temperature and pH for chitinase activity were found to be 85°C and 5.0, respectively. Results of thin-layer chromatography analysis and activity measurements with fluorescent substrates suggest that the enzyme is an endo-type enzyme which produces a chitobiose as a major end product. Various deletion mutants were constructed, and analyses of their enzyme characteristics revealed that both the N-terminal and C-terminal halves are independently functional as chitinases and that CBDs play an important role in insoluble chitin binding and hydrolysis. Deletion mutants which contain the C-terminal half showed higher thermostability than did N-terminal-half mutants and wild-type ChiA.

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4

Prokofieva, D. S., V. I. Shmurak, E. A. Bodryakova, and N. G. Voitenko. "GENDER SPECIFIC CHANGES IN MOUSE BLOOD ESTRERASE PROFILE AT THE ACUTE INTOXICATION BY 2-(О-CRESYL)-4Н-1,3,2-BENZODIOXAPHOSPHORIN-2-OXIDE." Toxicological Review, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2017-1-47-51.

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A comparative investigation of the esterase profiles of blood of mice of both genders exposed to various doses of 2-(o-crezyl)-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide (CBDP) was made an hour after its percutaneous injection to animals. A lesser amount of esterase in males blood made them more susceptible to CBDP action as compared to females. It was shown that CBDP equally inhibits the activity of carboxyl esterase and butyryl choline esterase in blood serum of both male and female mice. Statistically significant differences in inhibition degree of enzymes between males and females were found out and therefore it is not recommended to use mixed groups of animals when performing testing of serine esterase inhibitors.

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5

Aslan-Parviz, Mahmood, Mansoor Omidi, Varahram Rashidi, Alireza Etminan, and Alireza Ahmadzadeh. "Evaluation of genetic diversity of durum wheat (Triticum durum desf.) genotypes using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and caat box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) markers." Genetika 52, no. 3 (2020): 895–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2003895a.

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Evaluation of genetic diversity is the key principal for plant breeding, providing an opportunity to discover novel characters and alleles for breeders. In the present study, 69 durum wheat genotypes were investigated for genetic diversity using several CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Twelve CBDP and sixteen ISSR primers amplified a total of 115 and 160 polymorphic fragments with a mean of 9.58 and 10 fragments per primer, respectively. CBDP primers showed the higher mean values for informativeness parameters such as polymorphic information content (PIC), resolving power (Rp) and marker index (MI) in comparison with ISSR primers. The results of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the highest proportion of genetic variance referred within populations. Furthermore, CBDP primers indicated high values for all genetic parameters. Besides, the highest values of genetic parameters including number of observed (Na) and effective alleles (Ne), Shannon?s information index (I) and Nei?s gene diversity (He) were estimated for Iranian durum wheat landraces. Cluster analysis based on each molecular technique classified all durum wheat genotypes into three main groups, so that the results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) supported the grouping patterns. As a result, the grouping pattern observed by ISSR primers was clearer than CBDP primers and grouped all samples based on their origins. However, Mantel?s coefficient correlation test illustrated the higher positive correlation (0.54) between both marker techniques. Hence, the use of these markers in combination with each other to evaluate the genetic diversity is recommended.

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6

Tomar, Priya, and C. P. Malik. "CDDP and CBDP as Novel Markers." LS: International Journal of Life Sciences 4, no. 2 (2015): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2319-1198.2015.00012.3.

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7

Palikov, Viktor A., Yuliya A. Palikova, and Igor A. Dyachenko. "Study of protective properties of butyrylcholinesterase in acute anticholinesterase poisoning on BChE-KO and BALB/c mice." Research Results in Pharmacology 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.50941.

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Introduction: The article presents the results of studying the protective properties of recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase (rhBChE) in a model of acute anticholinesterase poisoning in mice knocked out for the BChE gene. Balb/c inbred mice were also used to demonstrate the important role of BChE. Materials and methods: In the study, BChE-ko and Balb/c mice were used. An organophosphorus compound (OPC) paraoxon was used as a toxic agent causing acute anticholinesterase poisoning. rhBChE was used as an antidote for OPC poisoning. To obtain rhBChE, an expression system based on CHO cell lines was chosen. In order to suppress BChE in Balb/c mice, a carboxyl esterase blocker cresylbenzodioxaphosphorin oxide (CBDP) was used. Two parameters were used to study the recovery after toxicity modeling: the end time of the animal tremor and the distance covered in open-field for 3 minutes. Results and discussion: The acute poisoning model using the CBDP blocker showed that the sensitivity of Balb/c mice increased significantly. The use of rhBChE against the background of CBDP allowed achieving 100% survival of animals with the minimum lethal dose of paraoxon. Knockout mice are expected to be more sensitive to the toxin, and the use of a biological trap in the form of rhBChE made it possible for 70% of the animals to survive with the minimum lethal dose of paraoxon. Besides, the use of rhBChE facilitated reducing the recovery time after OPC poisoning. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the use of rhBChE as a protective agent in acute OPC poisoning significantly increased the survival of the animals and reduced the clinical manifestations of poisoning.

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8

Golliher, Alexandra E., Antonio J. Tenorio, Nina O. Dimauro, Nicolas R. Mairata, F. Omar Holguin, and William Maio. "Using (+)-carvone to access novel derivatives of (+)-ent-cannabidiol: The first asymmetric syntheses of (+)-ent-CBDP and (+)-ent-CBDV." Tetrahedron Letters 67 (March 2021): 152891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152891.

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9

Giladi, Moshe, Su Youn Lee, Reuben Hiller, Ka Young Chung, and Daniel Khananshvili. "Structure-dynamic determinants governing a mode of regulatory response and propagation of allosteric signal in splice variants of Na+/Ca2+ exchange (NCX) proteins." Biochemical Journal 465, no. 3 (January 22, 2015): 489–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20141036.

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Ca2+ binding to CBD1 (calcium-binding domain 1) and CBD2 regulates Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCX). In the present study, we demonstrate that Ca2+ binding rigidifies the main chain of CBD2, but not of CBD1, in a splice variant-dependent manner. The dynamic differences account for variant-dependent responses to Ca2+.

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10

Garrett, Teresa L., Christine M. Rapp, Robert D. Grubbs, John J. Schlager, and James B. Lucot. "A murine model for sarin exposure using the carboxylesterase inhibitor CBDP." NeuroToxicology 31, no. 5 (September 2010): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2010.05.007.

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Little, James S., Donald M. Maxwell, Mary K. Fox-Talbot, Karen Brecht, and David E. Lenz. "Hepatic subcellular localization of cresylbenzodioxaphosphorin oxide (CBDP)-sensitive soman binding sites." Biochemical Pharmacology 40, no. 8 (October 1990): 1733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(90)90349-p.

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12

Singh, Amit Kumar, M. K. Rana, Sonika Singh, Sundeep Kumar, Rajesh Kumar, and Rakesh Singh. "CAAT box- derived polymorphism (CBDP): a novel promoter -targeted molecular marker for plants." Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 23, no. 2 (March 19, 2013): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13562-013-0199-5.

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13

KOZIUK, Viktor. "CONFIDENCE TO DIGITAL CURRENCIES OF CENTRAL BANKS: INSTITUTIONAL PARADOX OR AGE MATTERS." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 2(63) (2020): 08–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2020.02.008.

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Introduction. Technological innovations potentially can change monetary systems. The paper raises important problem of confidence in central bank digital currency (CBDC). Because the level of such confidence is variable across countries, it is assumed, that in the core of confidence in CBDC are non-fundamental factors. The purpose is to share the institutional analysis of money on digital currencies and empirical testing of the hypothesis, that confidence in CBDC is not determined by theoretically-driven factors, yet specific factors like age structure of the population. Results. Basing on institutional approach on money it is found that problem of trust into digital currencies is differ that problem of trust into the money during they genesis. It is because of competition between different money forms, different level of issue centralization, different barriers of perception of innovations in area of digitalized money. It is pointed, that confidence in CBDC is not in relations with neither inflation experience of the country, nor spread of fintech in the country. Central banks transparency and rule of law as a criteria of current monetary order efficiency are not in line with the confidence in CBDS. In the same time fraction of younger generation is positively and relatively strongly correlated with confidence in CBDS. Basing on that, some theoretical generalizations are done about fragmentation of such phenomena as “common knowledge” and “money is memory”. Such fragmentation is driven by innovation perception barriers. Nevertheless, it is not deny that confidence in CBDS can expand due to network externalities. Conclusions: The hypothesis, that confidence in CBDS age-driven, is confirmed. This brings new understanding into institutional analysis of money. “Common knowledge” as driver of trust in money could be fragmented, that shouldn’t deny importance of network externalities for further expansion of digitalized money

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14

Straiker, Alex, Sierra Wilson, Wesley Corey, Michaela Dvorakova, Taryn Bosquez, Joye Tracey, Caroline Wilkowski, Kathleen Ho, Jim Wager-Miller, and Ken Mackie. "An Evaluation of Understudied Phytocannabinoids and Their Effects in Two Neuronal Models." Molecules 26, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 5352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175352.

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Cannabis contains more than 100 phytocannabinoids. Most of these remain poorly characterized, particularly in neurons. We tested a panel of five phytocannabinoids—cannabichromene (CBC), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) in two neuronal models, autaptic hippocampal neurons and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Autaptic neurons expressed a form of CB1-dependent retrograde plasticity while DRGs expressed a variety of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. CBC, CBDA, and CBDVA had little or no effect on neuronal cannabinoid signaling. CBDV and THCV differentially inhibited cannabinoid signaling. THCV inhibited CB1 receptors presynaptically while CBDV acted post-synaptically, perhaps by inhibiting 2-AG production. None of the compounds elicited a consistent DRG response. In summary, we find that two of five ‘minor’ phytocannabinoids tested antagonized CB1-based signaling in a neuronal model, but with very different mechanisms. Our findings highlight the diversity of potential actions of phytocannabinoids and the importance of fully evaluating these compounds in neuronal models.

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Shapira, S., T. Kadar, G. Cohen, S. Chapman, and L. Raveh. "Effects of CBDP and MEPQ on the toxicity and distribution of [3H]-soman in mice." Archives of Toxicology 64, no. 8 (November 1990): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01974695.

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Sharma, Udit, Manoj K. Rai, N. S. Shekhawat, and Vinod Kataria. "Genetic homogeneity revealed in micropropagated Bauhinia racemosa Lam. using gene targeted markers CBDP and SCoT." Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 25, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12298-018-00639-z.

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17

Heidari, Peivand, Alireza Etminan, Reza Azizinezhad, and Mahmood Khosroshahli. "Genomic variation studies in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) using CBDP, SCoT and ISSR markers." Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The) 77, no. 3 (2017): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0975-6906.2017.00051.7.

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Etminan, A., A. Pour-Aboughadareh, R. Mohammadi, A. Noori, and A. Ahmadi-Rad. "Applicability of CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) markers for analysis of genetic diversity in durum wheat." Cereal Research Communications 46, no. 1 (March 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/0806.45.2017.054.

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Due, Anne H., Henk C. Trap, Herma J. Van Der Wiel, and Hendrik P. Benschop. "Effect of pretreatment with CBDP on the toxicokinetics of soman stereoisomers in rats and guinea pigs." Archives of Toxicology 67, no. 10 (December 1993): 706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01973695.

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20

GILL, Jaitinder, Jane E. RIXON, David N. BOLAM, Simon MCQUEEN-MASON, Peter J. SIMPSON, Michael P. WILLIAMSON, Geoffrey P. HAZLEWOOD, and Harry J. GILBERT. "The type II and X cellulose-binding domains of Pseudomonas xylanase A potentiate catalytic activity against complex substrates by a common mechanism." Biochemical Journal 342, no. 2 (August 24, 1999): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3420473.

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Xylanase A (Pf Xyn10A), in common with several other Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa polysaccharidases, consists of a Type II cellulose-binding domain (CBD), a catalytic domain (Pf Xyn10ACD) and an internal domain that exhibits homology to Type X CBDs. The Type X CBD of Pf Xyn10A, expressed as a discrete entity (CBDX) or fused to the catalytic domain (Pf Xyn10A′), bound to amorphous and bacterial microcrystalline cellulose with a Ka of 2.5×105 M-1. CBDX exhibited no affinity for soluble forms of cellulose or cello-oligosaccharides, suggesting that the domain interacts with multiple cellulose chains in the insoluble forms of the polysaccharide. Pf Xyn10A′ was 2-3 times more active against cellulose-hemicellulose complexes than Pf Xyn10ACD; however, Pf Xyn10A′ and Pf Xyn10ACD exhibited the same activity against soluble substrates. CBDX did not disrupt the structure of plant-cell-wall material or bacterial microcrystalline cellulose, and did not potentiate Pf Xyn10ACD when not covalently linked to the enzyme. There was no substantial difference in the affinity of full-length Pf Xyn10A and the enzyme's Type II CBD for cellulose. The activity of Pf Xyn10A against cellulose-hemicellulose complexes was similar to that of Pf Xyn10A′, and a derivative of Pf Xyn10A in which the Type II CBD is linked to the Pf Xyn10ACD via a serine-rich linker sequence [Bolam, Cireula, McQueen-Mason, Simpson, Williamson, Rixon, Boraston, Hazlewood and Gilbert (1998) Biochem J. 331, 775-781]. These data indicate that CBDX is functional in Pf Xyn10A and that no synergy, either in ligand binding or in the potentiation of catalysis, is evident between the Type II and X CBDs of the xylanase.

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Sarvmeili, J., A. Saidi, N. Farrokhi, M. Pouresmael, and R. Talebi. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Landrace and Wild Relatives of Lentil Germplasm Using CBDP Marker." Cytology and Genetics 54, no. 6 (November 2020): 566–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0095452720060092.

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22

Cann, Isaac K. O., Svetlana Kocherginskaya, Michael R. King, Bryan A. White, and Roderick I. Mackie. "Molecular Cloning, Sequencing, and Expression of a Novel Multidomain Mannanase Gene from Thermoanaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 1643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.5.1643-1651.1999.

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ABSTRACT The manA gene of Thermoanaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum was cloned in Escherichia coli. The open reading frame of manA is composed of 3,291 bases and codes for a preprotein of 1,097 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 119,627 Da. The start codon is preceded by a strong putative ribosome binding site (TAAGGCGGTG) and a putative −35 (TTCGC) and −10 (TAAAAT) promoter sequence. The ManA of T. polysaccharolyticum is a modular protein. Sequence comparison and biochemical analyses demonstrate the presence of an N-terminal leader peptide, and three other domains in the following order: a putative mannanase-cellulase catalytic domain, cellulose binding domains 1 (CBD1) and CBD2, and a surface-layer-like protein region (SLH-1, SLH-2, and SLH-3). The CBD domains show no sequence homology to any cellulose binding domain yet reported, hence suggesting a novel CBD. The duplicated CBDs, which lack a disulfide bridge, exhibit 69% identity, and their deletion resulted in both failure to bind to cellulose and an apparent loss of carboxymethyl cellulase and mannanase activities. At the C-terminal region of the gene are three repeats of 59, 67, and 56 amino acids which are homologous to conserved sequences found in the S-layer-associated regions within the xylanases and cellulases of thermophilic members of theBacillus-Clostridium cluster. The ManA of T. polysaccharolyticum, besides being an extremely active enzyme, is the only mannanase gene cloned which shows this domain structure.

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23

Carletti, Eugénie, Jacques-Philippe Colletier, Lawrence M. Schopfer, Gianluca Santoni, Patrick Masson, Oksana Lockridge, Florian Nachon, and Martin Weik. "Inhibition Pathways of the Potent Organophosphate CBDP with Cholinesterases Revealed by X-ray Crystallographic Snapshots and Mass Spectrometry." Chemical Research in Toxicology 26, no. 2 (February 5, 2013): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx3004505.

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24

Bayati, Eshaghali, Masoud Gomarian, Hossein Mirzaie-Nodousha, Mehdi Changizi, and Shahab Khaghani. "Producing a superior genotype from agria potato cultivar using somaclonal variation." Nexo Revista Científica 34, no. 02 (June 7, 2021): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v34i02.11551.

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This study was performed to produce a superior genotype from Agria potato cultivar using somaclonal variation. Two leaf and meristem explants in combination with four doses of 2,4-D (0, 2, 3 and 4 mg / l) were used for callus induction in a factorial model based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Results showed that the meristem explant, along with 3 mg 2,4-D produced the most suitable calluses. In the mentioned regeneration media, the best calluses were regenerated and one of the regenerated genotypes, which was very different from the parent cultivar was selected. The regenerated genotype, was compared with the maternal genotype (Agria) and a control cultivar (Sante), in a field experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The results showed that in terms of most of the studied traits such as tuber weight per plant, stolon length, percentage of dry matter and percentage of starch, the new genotype was superior, compared to the parent cultivar and in terms of peel percentage and maturity date, the parental cultivar was superior. The results of the molecular comparison also showed that based on CBDP marker, both in terms of band number and band size, there were differences between the new genotype and the parental cultivar. In general, results showed that somaclonal variation can be an effective method to generate new genotypes with superior characteristics.

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Chiurchiù, Elena, Susanna Sampaolesi, Pietro Allegrini, Daniele Ciceri, Roberto Ballini, and Alessandro Palmieri. "A Novel and Practical Continuous Flow Chemical Synthesis of Cannabidiol (CBD) and its CBDV and CBDB Analogues." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2021, no. 8 (February 2021): 1286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.202001633.

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26

Hausherr, Vanessa, Nicole Schöbel, Julia Liebing, and Christoph van Thriel. "Assessment of neurotoxic effects of tri-cresyl phosphates (TCPs) and cresyl saligenin phosphate (CBDP) using a combination of in vitro techniques." NeuroToxicology 59 (March 2017): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2016.06.005.

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Shekhawat, Jatan K., Manoj K. Rai, N. S. Shekhawat, and Vinod Kataria. "Exploring genetic variability in Prosopis cineraria using two gene targeted CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) and start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism markers." Molecular Biology Reports 45, no. 6 (September 25, 2018): 2359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-018-4400-8.

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Yadav, Chitrangda, and C. P. Malik. "Genetic Variation among Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Varieties on the basis of Essential Oil Composition and Molecular Markers (ISSR, SCoT, CDDP and CBDP)." JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE RESEARCH 34, no. 1 (June 25, 2018): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/jpsr.2018.34.01.6.

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Yadav, Chitrangda, and C. P. Malik. "Genetic Diversity Analysis among Fennel Genotypes Employing Gene Targeted Molecular Markers, CAAT-Box Derived Polymorphism (CBDP) and Conserved DNA Derived Polymorphism (CDDP) Markers." LS: International Journal of Life Sciences 6, no. 2 (2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2319-1198.2017.00011.2.

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Yadav, Chitrangda, and C. P. Malik. "Genetic Variation among Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Varieties on the Basis of Essential Oil Composition and Molecular Markers (ISSR, SCoT, CDDP and CBDP)." LS: International Journal of Life Sciences 7, no. 3 (2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2319-1198.2018.00017.9.

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Clement, John G., and Nancy Erhardt. "Serum carboxylesterase activity in various strains of rats: sensitivity to inhibition by CBDP (2-/o-cresyl/4H∶1∶3∶2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide)." Archives of Toxicology 64, no. 5 (July 1990): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01973466.

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Atia, Mohamed Atia Mohamed, Diaa Abd El-Moneim, Taghreed Khaled Abdelmoneim, Eman Hussein Reda, Zienab Talaat Abdel Shakour, Ali Mohamed El-Halawany, El-Sayeda Ahmed El-Kashoury, Khaled Ahmed Shams, Nahla Sayed Abdel-Azim, and Mohamed-Elamir Fathy Hegazy. "Evaluation of genetic variability and relatedness among eight Centaurea species through CAAT-box derived polymorphism (CBDP) and start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) markers." Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2021.1960891.

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Gholamian, Fataneh, Alireza Etminan, Mahdi Changizi, Shahab Khaghani, and Masoud Gomarian. "Assessment of genetic diversity in Triticum urartu Thumanjan ex Gandilyan accessions using start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) and CAAT-box derived polymorphism (CBDP) markers." Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 1653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2019.1691466.

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Raj, E. A., and K. Sekar. "(A296) Psychosocial Disaster Preparedness Program Form School Children." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11002809.

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The impact of natural disasters on individuals is substantial. Among the affected population in any disaster, children are identified as the most vulnerable group along with women, aged and disabled people. An estimated 77 million children under 15, on average, had their lives severely disrupted by a natural disaster or an armed conflict, each year, between 1991 and 2000 (Plan UK, 2003). Children are most affected since they loose the familiar environment, loss of parents, witness death of their loved ones, fear of reoccurrence of the disaster event. The impact of disaster on children of different age group is multiple times greater than that of the adults. This leads to various psychological problems in children (Dave et al., 2003). Disaster preparedness, through care givers, is one among the ways to reduce the distress of individuals followed by any disaster because it reduces the vulnerability factor that minimizes the impact of any disaster on the individual. A disaster preparedness program with special reference to psychosocial aspects was developed and implemented among the school children through teachers in Kanniyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India, one of the severely affected areas in Tsunami. The current attempt was to standardize a disaster preparedness module focusing on preparing children to deal with their psychosocial issues before and after disaster in an effective manner. The outcome of disaster preparedness input through teachers and its reach out to the students was determined through an experimental research. The results reveal that the teachers and students from the experimental group gained significantly more knowledge on psychosocial disaster preparedness after implementation of the program in comparison to control group where the program was not implemented. The implications of the study points out the need to integrate psychosocial component of disaster preparedness in to the broader Community Based Disaster Preparedness (CBDP) programs.

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Heikrujam, Monika, Jatin Kumar, and Veena Agrawal. "Genetic diversity analysis among male and female Jojoba genotypes employing gene targeted molecular markers, start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism and CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) markers." Meta Gene 5 (September 2015): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mgene.2015.06.001.

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Tiwari, Gunjan, Rakesh Singh, Nivedita Singh, Debjani Roy Choudhury, Ritu Paliwal, Ashok Kumar, and Veena Gupta. "Study of arbitrarily amplified (RAPD and ISSR) and gene targeted (SCoT and CBDP) markers for genetic diversity and population structure in Kalmegh [Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees]." Industrial Crops and Products 86 (August 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.031.

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Clement, John G., Hendrik P. Benschop, Leo P. A. De Jong, and Otto L. Wolthuis. "Stereoisomers of soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate): Inhibition of serum carboxylic ester hydrolase and potentiation of their toxicity by CBDP (2-(2-methylphenoxy)-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide) in mice." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 89, no. 1 (June 1987): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-008x(87)90184-0.

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Ueda, Tatsuki, Masataka Kikuyama, Yuzo Kodama, and Takafumi Kurokami. "Short-Term Biliary Stent Placement Contributing Common Bile Duct Stone Disappearance with Preservation of Duodenal Papilla Function." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6153893.

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Aims. To investigate the effect of biliary stent placement without endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) on common bile duct stones (CBDS) disappearance and the contribution of preserving the duodenal papilla function to reduce recurrence of CBDS.Methods. Sixty-six patients admitted for acute obstructive cholangitis due to CBDS who underwent biliary stent placement without EST for 2 years from March 2011 were evaluated retrospectively. The second endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed for treatment of CBDS 3 to 4 months after the first ERCP. We estimated the rate of stone disappearance at the time of second ERCP.Results. CBDS disappearance was observed in 32 (48.5%) of 66 patients. The diameter of the bile ducts and the diameter of CBDS in patients with CBDS disappearance were significantly smaller than in those with CBDS requiring extraction (p=0.007andp<0.001, resp.). Stone disappearance was evident when the diameter of bile ducts and that of CBDS were <10 and 7 mm, respectively (p=0.002).Conclusions. Short-term stent placement without EST eliminates CBDS while preserving duodenal papilla function and may be suitable for treating CBDS in patients with nondilated bile ducts and small CBDS.

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Saito, Hirokazu, Tatsuyuki Kakuma, Yoshihiro Kadono, Atsushi Urata, Kentaro Kamikawa, Haruo Imamura, and Shuji Tada. "Increased risk and severity of ERCP-related complications associated with asymptomatic common bile duct stones." Endoscopy International Open 05, no. 09 (September 2017): E809—E817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-107615.

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Abstract Background and study aims Endoscopic removal of asymptomatic common bile duct stones (CBDS) is generally recommended. Although many reports have described the risk of complications in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), no studies have addressed this problem in the context of asymptomatic CBDS. This study examines the risk of complications arising in ERCP for asymptomatic CBDS. Patients and methods This retrospective study included 425 patients with naive papilla who underwent therapeutic ERCP for choledocholithiasis at 2 institutions in Japan for 2 years. The risk of complications was examined in patients who were divided into the asymptomatic and symptomatic CBDS groups. We used propensity score analysis to adjust for confounding effects. Results Complications were observed in 32 (7.5 %) of the 425 patients. Of the 358 patients with symptomatic CBDS, 14 patients (3.9 %) had complications. In contrast, of the 67 patients with asymptomatic CBDS, 18 patients (26.9 %) had complications. Propensity score analysis revealed that asymptomatic CBDS was a significant risk factor, with a significantly higher incidence of complications compared with symptomatic CBDS (odds ratio, 5.3). Moderate to severe complications were observed in 15 of 18 patients (83.3 %) in the asymptomatic CBDS group, with significantly more moderate to severe complications than those in the symptomatic CBDS (odds ratio, 6.7). Conclusions Asymptomatic CBDS carried a high risk of ERCP-related complications, and these were often more severe. In asymptomatic CBDS, endoscopic treatment should be carefully performed after considering the patient’s background, and detailed explanation of its possible complications should be given to patients in advance.

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Sanchez-Roger, Marc, and Esther Puyol-Antón. "Digital Bank Runs: A Deep Neural Network Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031513.

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The introduction of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) could represent a deep structural change to the financial sector, and in particular to the banking sector. This paper proposes a Deep Neural Network (DNN) design to model the introduction of CBDC and its potential impact on commercial banks’ deposits. The model proposed forecasts the likelihood of the occurrence of bank runs as a function of the system characteristics and of the intrinsic features of CBDC. The success rate of CBDC and the impact on the banking sector is highly dependent on its design. Whether CBDC should carry any form of interest, if the amount of CBDC should be capped by account or if convertibility from banks’ deposits should be guaranteed by commercial banks are important features to consider. Further, the design of CBDC needs to contribute to enhancing the sustainability of the financial system, hence a CBDC design that promotes financial inclusion is paramount. The model is initially calibrated with Euro area system data. Results show that an increase in the financial system risk perception would trigger a significant transfer of wealth from bank deposits to CBDC, while the wealth transfer to CBDC is to a lesser extent also sensitive to its interest rate.

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Purnawan, Muhammad Edhie, and Retno Riyanti. "Significant Effect of the Central Bank Digital Currency on the Design of Monetary Policy." Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia 8, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52813/jei.v8i1.15.

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Entering the millennial era, technology has taken a big role in most sectors of life, including the currency as a product that can only be issued by the central bank. This paper examines the significant effect of central bank digital currency (CBDC) on the design of central bank monetary policy. The paper then sets out some benchmark central bank digital currency (CBDC) in several countries. Many central banks are actively exploring the initiation of sovereign digital currencies. Primary results this study is CBDC providing new monetary instruments, CBDC can improve financial inclusion, and CBDC is potential improvements in monetary policy transmission.

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Ye, Cheng, Wence Zhou, Hui Zhang, Long Miao, Gen Lv, and Abdelwahab Omri. "Alterations of the Bile Microbiome in Recurrent Common Bile Duct Stone." BioMed Research International 2020 (September 29, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4637560.

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Objective. Common bile duct stone (CBDS) recurrence is associated with bile microbial structure. This study explored the structure of bile microbiome in patients with recurrent CBDS, and its relationship with the recurrence of CBDS. Methods. Patients with recurrent CBDS (recurrence group) and controls without CBDS (control group) requiring endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were prospectively included. The control group was noncholelithiasis patients, mainly including benign and malignant biliary stenosis. Bile samples were collected, and bile microbiome structure was analyzed by the 16S rRNA encoding gene (V3–V4). Results. A total of 27 patients in the recurrence group and 19 patients in the control group were included. The diversity of bile microbiome in the recurrence group was significantly lower than that in the control group (Shannon index: 2.285 vs. 5.612, P = 0.001 ). In terms of bile microbial distribution, patients with recurrent CBDS had significantly higher Proteobacteria (86.72% vs. 64.92%, P = 0.037 ), while Bacteroidetes (3.16% vs. 8.53%, P = 0.001 ) and Actinobacteria (0.29% vs. 6.74%, P = 0.001 ) are significantly lower compared with the control group at the phylum level. At the genus level, the recurrence group was mainly the Escherichia, and there was a variety of more evenly distributed microbiome in the control group, with significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion. The diversity of bile microbiome in patients with recurrent CBDS is lower. Patients with recurrent CBDS may have bile microbial imbalance, which may be related to the repeated formation of CBDS.

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Rodriguez-Martinez, M., L. L. Sawin, and G. F. DiBona. "Arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of renal nerve activity in cirrhosis." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 268, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): R117—R129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.1.r117.

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Cirrhotic rats (common bile duct ligation; CBDL) have increased efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity (ERSNA), which contributes significantly to the observed renal sodium and water retention and edema formation. Basal ERSNA is increased and fails to suppress normally during intravenous isotonic saline volume expansion. Arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of ERSNA in CBDL and control (CTR) rats was examined. CBDL rats exhibited hyperdynamic circulation with increased cardiac index and decreased total peripheral resistance index and arterial pressure compared with CTR rats. Increases in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) produced by volume expansion increased cardiac index normally in CBDL rats. The maximal gain of aortic baroreflex control of ERSNA was similar in CBDL and CTR rats. In CBDL rats, during decreased arterial pressure, there was a decreased range of the central component, which accounted for the decreased range of the overall aortic baroreflex, with the range of the afferent component being normal. For cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of ERSNA, the LVEDP threshold was increased and the gain was decreased in CBDL compared with CTR rats; this was due to an increased LVEDP threshold and a diminished gain of the afferent component while the central portion of the reflex was normal. These abnormalities in the cardiopulmonary baroreflex account for the attenuated decrease in ERSNA in CBDL compared with CTR rats during volume expansion. In CBDL rats, attenuation of cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of ERSNA contributes to both the increased basal ERSNA and its failure to normally suppress during volume expansion.

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Chen, Yuxuan, Kejie Zhou, and Wenhao Yang. "The Research on the Money Supply of Central Bank Digital Currency." Journal of Finance Research 2, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/jfr.v2i2.790.

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Currently, the only central bank digital currencies (CBDC) in the world is Venezuela’s currency—Petro. Nowadays, the IMF, BIS, and major countries have conducted a lot of research on CBDC. It’s an urgent issue for the central bank to issue CBDC, determine and formulate the circulation of CBDC and the issuance speed, and supervise it. Therefore, establishing ARMA and VARs by sorting out literature, the paper uses the characteristics of CBDC--cash, and similarities with third-party payment in terms of payment to determine the circulation of CDBC by third-party payment users and currency in circulation. The model calculates and predicts the speed of circulation of digital currency. The issuance of CBDC will accelerate the circulation of money. In this regard, we will explore the impact of money supply on monetary policy and make relevant recommendations.

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Shapoval, Yuliia. "Central bank digital currencies: experience of pilot projects and conclusions for the NBU." Economy and forecasting 2020, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2020.04.097.

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An overview of the definitions of central bank digital currency (CBDC), formulated by researchers of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the Bank of England, is presented, and the essence of the CBDC is revealed. It is stated that the existing electronic money is a digital form of obligations of financial intermediaries, and CBDC is a form of emission and obligations of central banks. The types and forms of CBDC are generalized, namely: retail or wholesale, account-based or token-based ones. The structure and functionality of the register, payment authentication, access to infrastructure, and governance are defined as factors taken into account during CBDC designing. Similar models of launching national CBDC by the Bank of England (economy-wide access or financial institutions access, and financial institutions plus CBDC backed narrow bank access) and BIS (direct, indirect, hybrid) are under consideration. The synthetic CBDCs are marked as a theoretical concept of CBDC. The overview of projects of the People's Bank of China – "e-renminbi", the Central Bank of the Uruguay – "e-peso", the Central Bank of the Bahamas – "sand dollar" and the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank affirm the interest of developing countries in launching national retail CBDCs. It was found that apart from the Riksbank with the successful "e-krona" project, most of the monetary authorities of developed countries (BIS, Bank of Japan, Bank of Canada, Deutsche Bank, FRS) are just planning or starting to experiment with the issuance of digital securities, which demonstrates their concern about the restructuring of the banking system and the changes of global role of traditional currencies. Among the positive consequences of the introduction of CBDC for the domestic banking system are the emergence of an alternative payment instrument, the implementation of effective monetary policy through increased influence on interest rates, and regulation of the legal regime of crypto currencies. At the same time, the introduction of CBDC involves certain changes in financial intermediation (replacement of the deposits of commercial banks with the CBDC, the performance of functions inherent to commercial banks by the central bank or fintech companies), and will require powerful technical capabilities, including those related to protection from cyber risks. The results of the study point to the need for a cautious approach to the implementation of the Ukrainian CBDC only after the NBU assesses the public demand for new forms of money and the impact of the launch of CBDC models on price and financial stability, and compares available payment technologies that can achieve the same goals as the CBDC.

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Shapoval, Yuliia. "Central bank digital currencies: experience of pilot projects and conclusions for the NBU." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2020, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2020.04.103.

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An overview of the definitions of central bank digital currency (CBDC), formulated by researchers of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the Bank of England, is presented, and the essence of the CBDC is revealed. It is stated that the existing electronic money is a digital form of obligations of financial intermediaries, and CBDC is a form of emission and obligations of central banks. The types and forms of CBDC are generalized, namely: retail or wholesale, account-based or token-based ones. The structure and functionality of the register, payment authentication, access to infrastructure, and governance are defined as factors taken into account during CBDC designing. Similar models of launching national CBDC by the Bank of England (economy-wide access or financial institutions access, and financial institutions plus CBDC backed narrow bank access) and BIS (direct, indirect, hybrid) are under consideration. The synthetic CBDCs are marked as a theoretical concept of CBDC. The overview of projects of the People's Bank of China – "e-renminbi", the Central Bank of the Uruguay – "e-peso", the Central Bank of the Bahamas – "sand dollar" and the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank affirm the interest of developing countries in launching national retail CBDCs. It was found that apart from the Riksbank with the successful "e-krona" project, most of the monetary authorities of developed countries (BIS, Bank of Japan, Bank of Canada, Deutsche Bank, FRS) are just planning or starting to experiment with the issuance of digital securities, which demonstrates their concern about the restructuring of the banking system and the changes of global role of traditional currencies. Among the positive consequences of the introduction of CBDC for the domestic banking system are the emergence of an alternative payment instrument, the implementation of effective monetary policy through increased influence on interest rates, and regulation of the legal regime of crypto currencies. At the same time, the introduction of CBDC involves certain changes in financial intermediation (replacement of the deposits of commercial banks with the CBDC, the performance of functions inherent to commercial banks by the central bank or fintech companies), and will require powerful technical capabilities, including those related to protection from cyber risks. The results of the study point to the need for a cautious approach to the implementation of the Ukrainian CBDC only after the NBU assesses the public demand for new forms of money and the impact of the launch of CBDC models on price and financial stability, and compares available payment technologies that can achieve the same goals as the CBDC.

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Estevis, Eduardo, Kyle R. Noll, Mariana E. Bradshaw, and Jeffrey S. Wefel. "Driver safety in patients with primary brain tumors." Neuro-Oncology Practice 6, no. 6 (April 11, 2019): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nop/npz014.

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Abstract Background Operating a motor vehicle involves multiple cognitive and sensorimotor faculties. Neurological conditions pose driving risk, but this has not been examined in patients with primary brain tumors. Methods Sixty-four patients with primary brain tumors (32 left hemisphere; 69% glioblastoma) completed the Cognitive Behavioral Driver’s Inventory (CBDI). A subset also completed broader cognitive testing. Patient characteristics, CBDI measures, and broader neuropsychological test scores were compared between Passing and Nonpassing groups. Follow-up logistic regression analyses identified patient characteristics and CBDI measures predictive of Pass/Nonpass outcome. Point-biserial correlations determined associations between neuropsychological tests and CBDI outcome. Results Sixty-nine percent of patients were classified as passing the CBDI. Nonpassing patients were older and more likely to have WHO grade IV and temporal lobe tumors. Age was the most salient predictor of CBDI performance. CBDI measures of speeded visual search and set-shifting, speeded response inhibition, vigilance and freedom from distractibility, and basic visual scanning speed were predictive of Pass/Nonpass outcome. Neuropsychological tests of memory in particular, but also speeded visual scanning and discrimination, executive function, basic visual attention, visuoconstruction, and manual dexterity (dominant hand), were associated with CBDI outcome. Conclusions A sizeable proportion of patients with primary brain tumors appear at risk of driving difficulty, particularly those with higher-grade tumors and of older age. Memory, visual attention, and executive difficulties appear to contribute most to driving safety risk as determined by the CBDI. These results highlight the importance of driving safety screening in this population.

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Fallon, M. B., G. A. Abrams, J. W. McGrath, Z. Hou, and B. Luo. "Common bile duct ligation in the rat: a model of intrapulmonary vasodilatation and hepatopulmonary syndrome." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 272, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): G779—G784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.272.4.g779.

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Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) causes impaired oxygenation due to intrapulmonary vasodilatation in patients with cirrhosis. Chronic common bile duct ligation (CBDL) in the rat results in gas-exchange abnormalities similar to HPS, but intrapulmonary vasodilatation has not been evaluated. We assess intrapulmonary vasodilatation, measured in vivo, after CBDL. Sham, 2- and 5-wk CBDL, and 3-wk partial portal vein ligated (PVL) rats had hepatic and lung injury, portal pressure, and arterial blood gases assessed. The pulmonary microcirculation was evaluated by injecting microspheres (size range 5.5-10 microm) intravenously and measuring the size and number of microspheres bypassing the lungs in arterial blood. CBDL animals developed progressive hepatic injury and portal hypertension accompanied by gas-exchange abnormalities and intrapulmonary vasodilatation. PVL animals, with a similar degree of portal hypertension, did not develop intrapulmonary vasodilatation or abnormal gas exchange. No lung injury was observed. CBDL, but not PVL, causes progressive intrapulmonary vasodilatation, which accompanies worsening arterial gas exchange. These findings validate CBDL as a model to study HPS.

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Ma, Ming-Chieh, Ho-Shiang Huang, Chiang-Ting Chien, Ming-Shiou Wu, and Chau-Fong Chen. "Temporal decrease in renal sensory responses in rats after chronic ligation of the bile duct." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 283, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): F164—F172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00231.2001.

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Renal responses to renal sensory receptor activation were examined in rats after 1 and 4 wk of common bile duct ligation (CBDL). Compared with sham-operated rats (Sham), urine and sodium excretion after acute saline loading was significantly reduced at both times after CBDL. The blunted excretory responses in CBDL rats, accompanied by less activation of afferent renal nerve activity (ARNA), were already apparent at 1 wk and became severe at 4 wk. The defect in ARNA activation in CBDL rats was further studied using specific stimuli to activate renal sensory receptors. Graded increases in intrapelvic pressure or renal pelvic perfusion of substance P (SP) elicited an increase in ARNA in Sham rats, these responses being temporally attenuated in CBDL rats. Despite no significant change in renal pelvic SP release, no renorenal reflex was demonstrable in 4-wk CBDL rats. Immunoblotting showed that expression of renal pelvic neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptors was 32 and 47% lower in 1- and 4-wk CBDL rats, respectively, than in Sham rats, this decrease correlating well with plasma SP levels. The quantitative real-time RT-PCR showed similar levels of NK-1 receptor mRNA in the renal pelvis in the Sham and 4-wk CBDL groups. We conclude that impairment of renal excretory and sensory responses increases with the duration of cirrhosis. An impaired renorenal reflex in cirrhotic rats is involved in the defective activation of the renal sensory receptors could be due, in part, to the low expression of NK-1 receptors, which is dependent on the duration of CBDL. The decrease in NK-1 receptor protein levels is not due to a decrease in mRNA levels.

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Kochergin, D. "Central Banks Digital Currencies: World Experience." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 5 (2021): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-5-68-77.

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Received 28.07.2020. The article examines issues related to the introduction of central bank digital currencies (CBDC) for retail payments and wholesale settlements. The study defines and classifies central bank digital currencies, researches the main models of CBDC systems. The article also analyzes the features of various national projects for issuing Central bank digital currencies. The paper uses methods of economic-statistical and functional-structural analysis. The study concludes that CBDC are a new form of central bank money. Digital currencies can be issued in various issuing systems for the purpose of retail payments or wholesale settlements. Among the models of CBDC systems for retail payments (R-CBDC) the direct system model is the most attractive for its simplicity. This model eliminates the dependence of the Central bank on any financial and payment intermediaries. Models of synthetic and hybrid R-CBDC systems are characterized by reliability and speed in processing multiple transactions which makes them the most promising for implementation. Among the models of CBDC systems for wholesale payments (W-CBDC) the model of the system with a universal digital currency (U-W-CBDC) may be the most suitable for eliminating the main disadvantages of modern cross-border payment systems. However, a large number of technological and financial changes as well as the high operating costs of the U-W-CBDC can make such systems difficult to implement for non-developed financial market infrastructure countries. National financial regulators have different motivations for issuing digital currencies. The main advantages of digital currencies for retail payments may consist in providing users with highly liquid, low-risk, universally available means of payment. The main advantages of wholesale digital currencies are that they offer faster, safer, cheaper cross-border payments. The most advanced projects for issuing R-CBDC can be considered DCEP (People’s Bank of China) E-krona (Central Bank of Sweden). The most successful pilot projects for issuing W-CBDC are the projects Jasper (Central Bank of Canada) and Ubin (Monetary Authority of Singapore), which were able to achieve interoperability in conducting cross-border payments. Currently most CBDC are retail based on the use of distributed ledger technology and implemented in the form of DLT-tokens. Countries that develop digital currency systems can be divided into three groups. The first group is countries where the introduction of CBDC can be designed to support the national demand for central bank money (Sweden, Norway, Singapore, etc.). The second group – countries for which the adoption of digital currencies can afford to keep the place of national currencies in international settlements (USA and EU) or expanding the use of national currencies at the international level (China). The third group represents countries for which the introduction of digital currencies may be associated with the control of national monetary circulation and de-dollarization of the financial system (Uruguay, South Africa, Cambodia, etc.).

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