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1
Mariničevaitė, Tamara, and Jovita Ražauskaitė. "The Relevance of Cboe Volatility Index to Stock Markets in Emerging Economies." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 6, no. 1 (May 29, 2015): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2015.6.1.14229.
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We examine the capability of CBOE S&P500 Volatility index (VIX) to determine returns of emerging stock market indices as compared to local stock markets volatility indicators. Our study considers CBOE S&P500 VIX, local BRIC stock market volatility indices and BRIC stock market MSCI indices daily returns in the period from January 1, 2009 to September 30, 2014. Research is conducted in two steps. First, we perform Spearman correlation analysis between daily changes in CBOE S&P500 VIX, local BRIC stock market VIX and MSCI BRIC stock market indices returns. Second, we perform multiple regression analysis with ARCH effects to estimate the relevance of CBOE S&P500 VIX and local VIX in determining BRIC stock market returns. Research reports weak correlation between CBOE S&P500 VIX and local VIX (except for Brazil). Furthermore, results challenge the assumption of CBOE S&P500 VIX being an indicator of global risk aversion. We conclude that commonly documented trends of rising globalization and stock markets co-integration are not yet present in emerging economies, therefore the usage of CBOE S&P500 VIX alone in determining BRIC stock market returns should be considered cautiously, and local volatility indices should be accounted for in analysis. Furthermore, the data confirms the presence of safe haven properties in Chinese stock market index.
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Cao, Jiling, Xinfeng Ruan, and Wenjun Zhang. "Inferring information from the S&P 500, CBOE VIX, and CBOE SKEW indices." Journal of Futures Markets 40, no. 6 (January 30, 2020): 945–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fut.22093.
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Yoo, Eun Gyu, and Sun-Joong Yoon. "CBOE VIX and Jump-GARCH option pricing models." International Review of Economics & Finance 69 (September 2020): 839–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2020.06.026.
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Tsuji, Chikashi. "Does the CBOE Volatility Index Predict Downside Risk at the Tokyo Stock Exchange?" International Business Research 10, no. 3 (January 10, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n3p1.
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This study investigates the predictability of the preceding day’s US volatility index (VIX) from the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) for sharp price drops of the Tokyo Stock Price Index (TOPIX) by employing several versions of probit models. All our results indicate that the preceding day’s US S&P 500 VIX movement has predictive power for sharp price declines of the TOPIX in Japan. As we repeatedly examined several left tail risks in TOPIX price changes and we also tested by applying some different versions of probit models, our evidence of the forecast power of the S&P 500 VIX for downside risk of the TOPIX shall be very robust.
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Lin, Yueh-Neng. "VIX option pricing and CBOE VIX Term Structure: A new methodology for volatility derivatives valuation." Journal of Banking & Finance 37, no. 11 (November 2013): 4432–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.03.006.
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Guo, Zi-Yi. "A Model of Plausible, Severe and Useful Stress Scenarios for VIX Shocks." Applied Economics and Finance 4, no. 3 (April 18, 2017): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v4i3.2309.
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The implied volatility is a key component in determining option prices, and consequently a model of VIX shocks in stress testing plays a crucial role in quantifying market risk of derivative portfolios. Based on hypothetical moves of SPX spot price, we first apply the “sticky strike” rule to the existing SPX volatility surface and shock the implied volatility level by an additional relative amount, which would be determined by the analysis of historical VIX fluctuations. Then, we calculate the after-shock VIX index level according to the CBOE VIX White paper, and finally determine the daily VIX shocks. Our backtesting results show that the model could generate realistic VIX shocks in mimicking historical financial crises. A simple application of our model generates stress testing scenarios of VIX shocks comparable with the scenarios from a leading financial institution in the United States. Our model has practical implications for the Basel stress testing.
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Hao, J., and J. E. Zhang. "GARCH Option Pricing Models, the CBOE VIX, and Variance Risk Premium." Journal of Financial Econometrics 11, no. 3 (January 20, 2013): 556–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jjfinec/nbs026.
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Wang, Tianyi, Yiwen Shen, Yueting Jiang, and Zhuo Huang. "Pricing the CBOE VIX Futures with the Heston-Nandi GARCH Model." Journal of Futures Markets 37, no. 7 (November 9, 2016): 641–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fut.21820.
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Cary, Dayne, Gary van Vuuren, and David McMillan. "Replicating the CBOE VIX using a synthetic volatility index trading algorithm." Cogent Economics & Finance 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 1641063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2019.1641063.
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MADAN, DILIP B., and KING WANG. "OPTION IMPLIED VIX, SKEW AND KURTOSIS TERM STRUCTURES." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 24, no. 05 (August 2021): 2150030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024921500308.
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Comparisons are made of the Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) skew index with those derived from parametric skews of bilateral gamma models and from the differentiation of option implied characteristic exponents. Discrepancies can be due to strike discretization in evaluating prices of powered returns. The remedy suggested employs a finer and wider set of strikes obtaining additional option prices by interpolation and extrapolation of implied volatilities. Procedures of replicating powered return claims are applied to the fourth power and the derivation of kurtosis term structures. Regressions of log skewness and log excess kurtosis on log maturity confirm the positivity of decay in these higher moments. The decay rates are below those required by processes of independent and identically distributed increments.
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OROSI, GREG. "A NOVEL METHOD FOR ARBITRAGE-FREE OPTION SURFACE CONSTRUCTION." Annals of Financial Economics 14, no. 04 (December 2019): 1950021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010495219500210.
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In this paper, we provide an alternative framework for constructing an arbitrage-free European-style option surface. The main motivation for our work is that such a construction has rarely been achieved in the literature so far. The novelty of our approach is that we perform the calibration and interpolation in the put option space. To demonstrate the applicability of our technique, we extract the model-free implied volatility from S&P 500 index options. Subsequently, we compare its information content to that of the CBOE VIX index. Our empirical tests indicate that information content of the option-implied volatility values based on our method are superior to the VIX index.
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Grima, Simon, Letife Özdemir, Ercan Özen, and Inna Romānova. "The Interactions between COVID-19 Cases in the USA, the VIX Index and Major Stock Markets." International Journal of Financial Studies 9, no. 2 (May 20, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9020026.
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With this study, we aimed to determine (1) the effect of the daily new cases and deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States on the CBOE volatility index (VIX index) and (2) the effect of the VIX index on the major stock markets during the early stage of the pandemic period. To do this, we collected and analysed the daily new cases and death numbers during the COVID-19 pandemic period in the United States and the country indexes of the USA (DJI), Germany (DAX), France (CAC40), England (FTSE100), Italy (MIB), China (SSEC) and Japan (Nikkei225) to determine the impact of the VIX index on the major stock markets. We then subjected this data to the Johansen co-integration test and the fully modified least-squares (FMOLS) method. The results indicated that there was co-integration between the VIX and the COVID-19 pandemic and that there was co-integration between the VIX index and major indexes, except for the CAC 40 and MIB. Moreover, the results showed that the new COVID-19 cases in the USA had a higher impact on the VIX than cases of deaths during the same period.
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MADAN, DILIP B. "MULTIVARIATE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR FINANCIAL RETURNS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 23, no. 06 (September 2020): 2050041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024920500417.
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Multivariate return distributions consistent with bilateral gamma marginals are formulated and termed multivariate bilateral gamma (MBG). Tail probability distances and Wasserstein distances between return data, model simulations and their squares evaluate the model performance. A full Gaussian copula [Formula: see text] is taken as an alternate test model and the MBG delivers a comparatively better performance for equity pairs. The MBG is however inadequate for the S&P 500 index return when paired with the VIX returns. Applying MBG to the S&P 500 the index and regression residuals of VIX on the S&P 500 index return is successful. This model is termed MBGR. The residual taken as an independent bilateral gamma, delivers the model MBGIR. Characteristic function estimations are employed to develop asset-specific VIX levels and their joint returns with the asset return are studied. The CBOE SKEW index is generalized to be asset-specific and triples of returns for the asset, its VIX and its SKEW are studied using all four models and performance statistics. The model MBGR continues to deliver a good performance.
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Senarathne, Chamil W. "Gambling Behaviour in the Cryptocurrency Market." International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics 8, no. 4 (October 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.2019100101.
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This article examines whether the investment strategies of cryptocurrency market involve high-risk gambling. Results show that the cryptocurrency risk premiums co-move closely with the return on CBOE Volatility Index (VIX). As such, the strategies of cryptocurrency trading closely resemble that of high-risk gambling. In other words, traders' expectations co-move closely (significantly) with the expected future payoffs from gambling. The co-movement is more pronounced when the gambling offers gains rather than losses and the payoffs are above average. VIX index returns significantly Granger-cause CSAD of returns (with and without Bitcoin) indicates that the cryptocurrency trading constitutes a form of gambling where the motivation for gambling comes from the amount of variation (i.e. riskiness) in the gambling payoffs. These findings warrant policymakers of countries to revisit the existing regulatory framework governing the conduct of electronic finance in the financial services industry.
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Zhang, Wenjun, and Jin E. Zhang. "GARCH Option Pricing Models and the Variance Risk Premium." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13030051.
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In this paper, we modify Duan’s (1995) local risk-neutral valuation relationship (mLRNVR) for the GARCH option-pricing models. In our mLRNVR, the conditional variances under two measures are designed to be different and the variance process is more persistent in the risk-neutral measure than in the physical one, so that one is able to capture the variance risk premium. Empirical estimation exercises show that the GARCH option-pricing models under our mLRNVR are able to price the SPX one-month variance swap rate, i.e., the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) accurately. Our research suggests that one should use our mLRNVR when pricing options with GARCH models.
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Będowska-Sójka, Barbara, and Krzysztof Echaust. "Commonality in Liquidity Indices: The Emerging European Stock Markets." Systems 7, no. 2 (April 28, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems7020024.
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The aim of the paper is to examine commonality in liquidity indices across emerging European stock markets. Five markets are included in the study: Hungarian, Czech, Polish, Russian and Turkish, in the period from 2008 to 2017. We propose liquidity indices that are based on low-frequency liquidity proxies and capture both the dynamics coming from volume and price changes. We find strong commonality of the liquidity indices across all examined markets which is robust to the choice of liquidity proxy. The dependence between indices enhances in times of crisis and large market declines, and weakens when markets become stable. We also examine the interdependency between liquidity and volatility estimates and find that liquidity on the European emerging markets is related to CBOE Volatility Index (VIX). Liquidity in the whole region decreases when VIX increases, and vice versa. The liquidity indices based on the extreme market movements show that there are no differences in commonality in time of extreme negative and positive returns.
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Kokholm, Thomas, and Martin Stisen. "Joint pricing of VIX and SPX options with stochastic volatility and jump models." Journal of Risk Finance 16, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-06-2014-0090.
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Purpose – This paper studies the performance of commonly employed stochastic volatility and jump models in the consistent pricing of The CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) and The S&P 500 Index (SPX) options. With the existence of active markets for volatility derivatives and options on the underlying instrument, the need for models that are able to price these markets consistently has increased. Although pricing formulas for VIX and vanilla options are now available for commonly used models exhibiting stochastic volatility and/or jumps, it remains to be shown whether these are able to price both markets consistently. This paper fills this vacuum. Design/methodology/approach – In particular, the Heston model, the Heston model with jumps in returns and the Heston model with simultaneous jumps in returns and variance (SVJJ) are jointly calibrated to market quotes on SPX and VIX options together with VIX futures. Findings – The full flexibility of having jumps in both returns and volatility added to a stochastic volatility model is essential. Moreover, we find that the SVJJ model with the Feller condition imposed and calibrated jointly to SPX and VIX options fits both markets poorly. Relaxing the Feller condition in the calibration improves the performance considerably. Still, the fit is not satisfactory, and we conclude that one needs more flexibility in the model to jointly fit both option markets. Originality/value – Compared to existing literature, we derive numerically simpler VIX option and futures pricing formulas in the case of the SVJ model. Moreover, the paper is the first to study the pricing performance of three widely used models to SPX options and VIX derivatives.
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Dr. Avijit Sikdar. "Study of Association between Volatility Index and Nifty using VECM." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 11, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.1.27.
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Volatility in capital markets is the measure degree of variability of stock return from their expected return. The volatility in the capital market is the basis for price discovery in the financial asset. The volatility index (VIX) is the measurement index of the volatility of the capital market. It is the fear index of the capital market. The concept is first coined in 1993 in Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE). In India, such an index was introduced in 2008 by NSE. India VIX calculates the expected market volatility over the coming thirty days on Nifty Options. It Market index is the performance metric of the Indian capital market. This index is designed to reflect the overall market sentiments. An index is an important parameter to measure the performance of the economy as a whole. While the market index measures the direction of the market and is calculated by the price movements of the underlying stocks, the Volatility Index measures the volatility of the market and is calculated using the order book of the underlying index's options. In this study, we examine the association between India VIX and Nifty Index returns by using Johanson's co-integration, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), and Granger causality Tools. The data for this study covers closing data of VIX value and Nifty closing value from January 2014 to December 2019 and has a total of 1474 daily observations. The result confirms that there are co-integrating relationships (long-run association) between VIX and Nifty. The Granger causality indicates Nifty does Granger Cause VIX but VIX does not granger Cause Nifty.
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Weiss, Mauricio Andrade, and Daniela Magalhães Prates. "Análise teórica e empírica dos determinantes dos fluxos de capitais financeiros para os países em desenvolvimento no contexto da globalização financeira." Nova Economia 27, no. 2 (August 2017): 85–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6351/2730.
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Resumo: Este artigo pretende dar uma contribuição à literatura empírica sobre os determinantes dos fluxos de capitais de natureza financeira direcionados aos países em desenvolvimento por meio de um modelo econométrico de dados em painel com a utilização do Método dos Momentos Generalizados-Sistema (MMG-S). Os resultados obtidos corroboram os estudos anteriores que apontam para um predomínio dos fatores externos sobre os internos na determinação desses fluxos. Merece destaque o indicador de volatilidade VIX CBOE, o qual pode ser interpretado, a partir de uma perspectiva pós-keynesiana, como um indicador de preferência por liquidez. Nos testes que relacionaram a dummy para os anos de crise com as variáveis internas, as variáveis reservas sobre o endividamento externo e sobre o déficit em transações correntes sobre o PIB se mostraram estatisticamente significativas, sendo que a primeira atenuou, enquanto a segunda acentuou o impacto das crises.
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FUKASAWA, M., I. ISHIDA, N. MAGHREBI, K. OYA, M. UBUKATA, and K. YAMAZAKI. "MODEL-FREE IMPLIED VOLATILITY: FROM SURFACE TO INDEX." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 14, no. 04 (June 2011): 433–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024911006681.
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We propose a new method for approximating the expected quadratic variation of an asset based on its option prices. The quadratic variation of an asset price is often regarded as a measure of its volatility, and its expected value under pricing measure can be understood as the market's expectation of future volatility. We utilize the relation between the asset variance and the Black-Scholes implied volatility surface, and discuss the merits of this new model-free approach compared to the CBOE procedure underlying the VIX index. The interpolation scheme for the volatility surface we introduce is designed to be consistent with arbitrage bounds. We show numerically under the Heston stochastic volatility model that this approach significantly reduces the approximation errors, and we further provide empirical evidence from the Nikkei 225 options that the new implied volatility index is more accurate in predicting future volatility.
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de Boyrie, Maria E., and Ivelina Pavlova. "Equities and Commodities Comovements: Evidence from Emerging Markets." Global Economy Journal 18, no. 3 (April 26, 2018): 20170075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2017-0075.
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The financialization of commodities and their inclusion in financial portfolios as part of an investment strategy may result in higher correlations and volatility spillovers between commodity and equity markets. In this paper, we estimate the correlation between equity markets and commodities using the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) model, while emphasizing the differences between emerging and developed markets co-movements with commodities. The results reveal that certain emerging markets, especially those in Asia, show a much lower level of co-movement with commodities than developed markets do, while Latin American equities exhibit a higher level of integration with commodities. Furthermore, it is found that both agricultural and precious metals commodities offer better diversification possibilities in the less developed markets. We also find that increases in the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) are related to higher agriculture commodities-equities correlations, while commodity net index investment has limited explanatory power in our study.
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Kjærland, Frode, Aras Khazal, Erlend Krogstad, Frans Nordstrøm, and Are Oust. "An Analysis of Bitcoin’s Price Dynamics." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 11, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm11040063.
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This paper aims to enhance the understanding of which factors affect the price development of Bitcoin in order for investors to make sound investment decisions. Previous literature has covered only a small extent of the highly volatile period during the last months of 2017 and the beginning of 2018. To examine the potential price drivers, we use the Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity approach. Our study identifies the technological factor Hashrate as irrelevant for modeling Bitcoin price dynamics. This irrelevance is due to the underlying code that makes the supply of Bitcoins deterministic, and it stands in contrast to previous literature that has included Hashrate as a crucial independent variable. Moreover, the empirical findings indicate that the price of Bitcoin is affected by returns on the S&P 500 and Google searches, showing consistency with results from previous literature. In contrast to previous literature, we find the CBOE volatility index (VIX), oil, gold, and Bitcoin transaction volume to be insignificant.
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Ishfaq, Muhammad, Zhang Bi Qiong, and Ghulam Abbas. "Global Volatility Spillover, Transaction Cost and CNY Exchange Rate Parities." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0036.
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AbstractThe present study examines the intertemporal association between CBOE market volatility indices (VIX), foreign exchange rates and respective bid-ask spread for four CNY exchange rate parities. For this purpose, the study utilizes the stylized EGARCH (1, 1) model for the period of 2011 to 2016. Results report that negative slopes of EUVIX, BPVIX, and JYVIX imply a higher level of volatility, hence improves the underlying exchange rate through appreciation, while positive slopes of VXFXI deteriorates exchange rates during the sample period. Similarly, high volatility widens bid-ask spread which, in turn, deteriorates respective exchange rate and vice versa. The market-oriented policies of China increased the forecasting capability of options volatility indexes to anticipate exchange rate dynamics from 2% to 5%. This indicates that flexible exchange rate regimes lead to increase the predicting power of micro structural components. Assessments of Post-reforms in CNY exchange rate evidence the rise in volatility in financial markets of China, which may discourage investor confidence and seeks for ‘flight to safety’ effect. While, low volatility reduces bid-ask spread which improves underlying exchange rate. The level and variance estimates of exchange rates and spreads reveal that there exists a significant relationship with VIX indices which implies that GARCH forecasts outperform in anticipating future volatility. The volatility estimates of variances show the persistence of volatility and absence of leverage effect. Overall, this article suggests that VIX index can act as ‘fear gauge’ indicator and its potential direction may guide investors in anticipating the movements of CNY exchange rate parities. Moreover, outcomes provide imperative implications to monetary and financial institutions for policy framing.
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Özdurak, Caner. "Nexus between crude oil prices, clean energy investments, technology companies and energy democracy." Green Finance 3, no. 3 (2021): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/gf.2021017.
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<abstract> <p>In this study, we examine the nexus between crude oil prices, clean energy investments, technology companies, and energy democracy. Our dataset incorporates four variables which are S & P Global Clean Energy Index (SPClean), Brent crude oil futures (Brent), CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), and NASDAQ 100 Technology Sector (DXNT) daily prices between 2009 and 2021. The novelty of our study is that we included technology development and market fear as important factors and assess their impact on clean energy investments. DCC-GARCH models are utilized to analyze the spillover impact of market fear, oil prices, and technology company stock returns to clean energy investments. According to our findings when oil prices decrease, the volatility index usually responds by increasing which means that the market is afraid of oil price surges. Renewable investments also tend to decrease in that period following the oil price trend. Moreover, a positive relationship between technology stocks and renewable energy stock returns also exists.</p> </abstract>
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Zhang, Wenting, and Shigeyuki Hamori. "Do Machine Learning Techniques and Dynamic Methods Help Forecast US Natural Gas Crises?" Energies 13, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 2371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092371.
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Our study combines machine learning techniques and dynamic moving window and expanding window methods to predict crises in the US natural gas market. Specifically, as machine learning models, we employ extreme gradient boosting (XGboost), support vector machines (SVMs), a logistic regression (LogR), random forests (RFs), and neural networks (NNs). The data set used to develop the model covers the period 1994 to 2019 and contains 121 explanatory variables, including those related to crude oil, stock markets, US bond and gold futures, the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) index, and agriculture futures. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to combine machine learning techniques with dynamic approaches to predict US natural gas crises. To improve the model’s prediction accuracy, we applied a suite of parameter-tuning methods (e.g., grid-search) to select the best-performing hyperparameters for each model. Our empirical results demonstrated very good prediction accuracy for US natural gas crises when combining the XGboost model with the dynamic moving window method. We believe our findings will be useful to investors wanting to diversify their portfolios, as well as to policymakers wanting to take preemptive action to reduce losses.
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Naifar, Nader. "What Explains the Sovereign Credit Default Swap Spreads Changes in the GCC Region?" Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13100245.
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This paper aimed to investigate the drivers of sovereign credit risk spreads changes in the case of four Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, namely Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, and Bahrain. Specifically, we explained the changes in sovereign credit default swap (hereafter SCDS) spreads at different locations of the spread distributions by three categories of explanatory variables: global uncertainty factors, local financial variables, and global financial market variables. Using weekly data from 5 April 2013, to 17 January 2020, and the quantile regression model, empirical results indicate that the global factors outperform the local factors. The most significant variables for all SCDS spreads are the global financial uncertainty embedded in the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) volatility index (VIX) and the global conventional bond market uncertainty embedded in the Merrill Lynch Option Volatility Estimate (MOVE) index. Moreover, the MOVE index affects the various SCDS spreads only when the CDS markets are bullish. Interestingly, the SCDS spreads are not affected by the global economic policy and the gold market uncertainties. Additionally, a weak dependence is observed between oil prices and SCDS spreads. For the country-specific factors, stock market returns are the most significant variable and impact the SCDS spreads at different market circumstances.
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Lau, Susanna K. P., Patrick C. Y. Woo, Hazel C. Yeung, Jade L. L. Teng, Ying Wu, Ru Bai, Rachel Y. Y. Fan, Kwok-Hung Chan, and Kwok-Yung Yuen. "Identification and characterization of bocaviruses in cats and dogs reveals a novel feline bocavirus and a novel genetic group of canine bocavirus." Journal of General Virology 93, no. 7 (July 1, 2012): 1573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.042531-0.
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We report the identification and genome characterization of a novel bocavirus, feline bocavirus (FBoV), and novel bocaviruses closely related to canine bocavirus (CBoV) strain Con-161 in stray cats and dogs in Hong Kong, respectively. FBoV was detected by PCR in 7.2, 0.3, 1.6, 2.0 and 0.8 % of faecal, nasal, urine, kidney and blood samples, respectively, from 364 cats, while CBoV was detected in 4.6, 5.1, 6.3 and 0.3 % of faecal, nasal, urine and blood samples, respectively, from 351 dogs. Three FBoV genomes sequenced revealed the presence of three ORFs characteristic of bocaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that FBoVs were related only distantly to other bocaviruses, forming a distinct cluster within the genus, with ≤59.7 % nucleotide identities to the genome of minute virus of canines. The four CBoV genomes sequenced shared 87.4–89.2 % nucleotide identities with that of CBoV strain Con-161. In addition to the three bocavirus ORFs, they encoded an additional ORF, ORF4, immediately downstream of the ORF for non-structural protein 1 (NS1), which was not found in other bocaviruses including CBoV strain Con-161. They also possessed a putative second exon encoding the C-terminal region of NS1 and conserved RNA-splicing signals, previously described in human bocaviruses. Partial VP1/VP2 sequence analysis of 23 FBoV and 25 CBoV strains demonstrated inter-host genetic diversity, with two potential genetic groups of FBoV and a novel CBoV group, CBoV-HK, distinct from the three groups, CBoV-A to -C, found in the USA. Although the pathogenicity of FBoV and CBoV remains to be determined, their presence in different host tissues suggested wide tissue tropism.
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Draper, Catherine E., Takana M. Silubonde, Gudani Mukoma, and Esther M. F. van Sluijs. "Evaluation of the Dissemination of the South African 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Birth to 5 Years." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 3071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063071.
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South Africa (SA) launched their 24-h movement guidelines for birth to five years in December 2018. The guideline dissemination plan adopted a “train-the-trainer” strategy through dissemination workshops with community-based organisations (CBOs) working in early childhood development. The aim of this paper is to: (1) document this dissemination process; and (2) report on the feasibility of implementing the dissemination workshops, the acceptability of the workshops (and guidelines) for different end-user groups, and the extent to which CBO representatives disseminated the guidelines to end-users. Fifteen workshops were held in seven of SA’s nine provinces with a total of 323 attendees. Quantitative and qualitative findings (n = 281) indicate that these workshops were feasible for community-based dissemination of the guidelines and that this method of dissemination was acceptable to CBOs and end-users. Findings from follow-up focus groups (6 groups, n = 28 participants) indicate that the guidelines were shared with end-users of CBOs who participated in the focus groups. An additional musical storytelling resource, the “Woza, Mntwana” song, was well-received by participants; sharing via WhatsApp was believed to be the most effective way to disseminate this song. These findings confirm the feasibility and acceptability of culturally appropriate and context-specific community-based dissemination of behavioural guidelines in low-income settings.
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Kapoor, Amit, Natasha Mehta, Edward J. Dubovi, Peter Simmonds, Lakshmanan Govindasamy, Jan L. Medina, Craig Street, Shelly Shields, and W. Ian Lipkin. "Characterization of novel canine bocaviruses and their association with respiratory disease." Journal of General Virology 93, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.036624-0.
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We report the first identification, genetic characterization and disease association studies of several novel species of canine bocaviruses (CBoV). Evolutionary analysis confirmed that CBoV are genetically distinct from the only other known canine bocavirus, minute virus of canines, with which they share less than 63, 62 and 64 % protein identity in NS, NP and VP genes, respectively. Comparative genetic analysis of 37 VP gene variants found in diseased and healthy animals showed that these novel viruses are genetically highly diverse and are common in canine respiratory infections that have remained undetected until now. Interestingly, we observed that a CBoV genotype with a unique deletion in the VP2 gene was significantly more prevalent in animals with respiratory diseases compared with healthy animals.
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Rodríguez-López, María Eugenia, Salvador del Barrio-García, and Juan Miguel Alcántara-Pilar. "Formation of customer-based brand equity via authenticity." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 32, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 815–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-05-2019-0473.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the extent to which customers’ perceptions of restaurant authenticity facilitate the establishment’s customer-based brand equity (CBBE) – both directly and indirectly – via customer satisfaction. The study also analyzes whether restaurant type moderates the antecedent relationships of CBBE formation. Design/methodology/approach Two restaurants of different types were selected for the study: a mid-scale and a moderate/casual restaurant. Based on a final total sample of 402 customers of both restaurant types, a moderated mediation regression model was used. Findings It was found that the level of authenticity perceived by the restaurant visitor during the gastronomic experience is an antecedent of restaurant brand equity formation, both directly and indirectly, via customer satisfaction. Furthermore, these antecedent relationships were found to be partially moderated by restaurant type. Research limitations/implications Only two restaurants were used for the study. This study could be replicated by comparing other types of restaurants with differentiated characteristics to test whether the results obtained for these two types can be extrapolated to the rest. Originality/value There is no empirical evidence in the literature regarding the possible moderating effect of restaurant type on brand equity formation, so the particular note is the simultaneous application of CBBE measurement to the analysis of two different types of restaurant and the differences in their brand equity formation. On the other hand, there are few studies that use moderated mediation regression analysis as a methodological technique in the field of restaurants, so this is an interesting methodological contribution.
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Hwang, Jin-Taek, Eunji Choi, Hyo-Kyoung Choi, Jae-Ho Park, and Min-Yu Chung. "The Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Capsella Bursa-Pastoris Is Mediated via SREBP2 and HNF-1α-Regulated PCSK9 Inhibition in Obese Mice and HepG2 Cells." Foods 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020408.
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The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanism by which capsella bursa-pastoris ethanol extract (CBE), containing 17.5 milligrams of icaritin per kilogram of the extract, and icaritin, mediate hypocholesterolemic activity via the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in obese mice and HepG2 cells. CBE significantly attenuated serum total and LDL cholesterol levels in obese mice, which was associated with significantly decreased PCSK9 gene expression. HepG2 cells were cultured using delipidated serum (DLPS), and CBE significantly reduced PCSK9 and maintained the LDLR level. CBE co-treatment with rosuvastatin attenuated statin-mediated PCSK9 expression, and further increased LDLR. The icaritin contained in CBE decreased intracellular PCSK9 and LDLR levels by suppressing transcription factors SREBP2 and HNF-1α. Icaritin also significantly suppressed the extracellular PCSK9 level, which likely contributed to post-translational stabilization of LDLR in the HepG2 cells. PCSK9 inhibition by CBE is actively attributed to icaritin, and the use of CBE and icaritin could be an alternative therapeutic approach in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
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Hall, A. K., J. Rich, J. Dagnone, K. Weersink, J. Caudle, J. Sherbino, J. R. Frank, G. Bandiera, and E. Van Melle. "P061: Implementing CBME in emergency medicine: lessons learned from the first 6 months of transition at Queens University." CJEM 20, S1 (May 2018): S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.259.
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Introduction: The specialist Emergency Medicine (EM) postgraduate training program at Queens University implemented a new Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) model on July 1 2017. This occurred one year ahead of the national EM cohort, in the model of Competence By Design (CBD) as outlined by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC). This presents an opportunity to identify critical steps, successes, and challenges in the implementation process to inform ongoing national CBME implementation efforts. Methods: A case-study methodology with Rapid Cycle Evaluation was used to explore the lived experience of implementing CBME in EM at Queens, and capture evidence of behavioural change. Data was collected at 3- and 6- months post-implementation via multiple sources and methods, including: field observations, document analysis, and interviews with key stakeholders: residents, faculty, program director, CBME lead, academic advisors, and competence committee members. Qualitative findings have been triangulated with available quantitative electronic assessment data. Results: The critical processes of implementation have been outlined in 3 domain categories: administrative transition, resident transition, and faculty transition. Multiple themes emerged from stakeholder interviews including: need for holistic assessment beyond Entrustable Professional Activity (EPA) assessments, concerns about the utility of milestones in workplace based assessment by front-line faculty, trepidation that CBME is adding to, rather than replacing, old processes, and a need for effective data visualisation and filtering for assessment decisions by competency committees. We identified a need for administrative direction and faculty development related to: new roles and responsibilities, shared mental models of EPAs and entrustment scoring. Quantitative data indicates that the targeted number of assessments per EPA and stage of training may be too high. Conclusion: Exploring the lived experience of implementing CBME from the perspectives of all stakeholders has provided early insights regarding the successes and challenges of operationalizing CBME on the ground. Our findings will inform ongoing local implementation and higher-level national planning by the Canadian EM Specialty Committee and other programs who will be implementing CBME in the near future.
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Cai, Fang, Ting Zhang, Qiong Liu, Pengran Guo, Yongqian Lei, Yi Wang, and Fuxian Wang. "One Step Synthesis of Tetragonal-CuBi2O4/Amorphous-BiFeO3 Heterojunction with Improved Charge Separation and Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081514.
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Tetragonal CuBi2O4/amorphous BiFeO3 (T-CBO/A-BFO) composites are prepared via a one-step solvothermal method at mild conditions. The T-CBO/A-BFO composites show expanded visible light absorption, suppressed charge recombination, and consequently improved photocatalytic activity than T-CBO or A-BFO alone. The T-CBO/A-BFO with an optimal T-CBO to A-BFO ratio of 1:1 demonstrates the lowest photoluminescence signal and highest photocatalytic activity. It shows a removal rate of 78.3% for the photodegradation of methylene orange under visible light irradiation for 1 h. XPS test after the cycle test revealed the reduction of Bi3+ during the photocatalytic reaction. Moreover, the as prepared T-CBO/A-BFO show fundamentally higher photocatalytic activity than their calcinated counterparts. The one-step synthesis is completed within 30 min and does not require post annealing process, which may be easily applied for the fast and cost-effective preparation of photoactive metal oxide heterojunctions.
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Thomas, Terrence, Befikadu Legesse, and Cihat Gunden. "Community-based Organizations and Issues in Community Development in an Era Constant Change." Journal of Business and Economics 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2019): 585–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/07.10.2019/001.
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The failure of top-down categorical approaches for generating solutions to many local problems has led to the adoption of alternate approaches. Many scholars believe that a confluence of local and global forces have generated complex problems, which call for new approaches to problem solving. Previously, the top-down approach relied entirely on the knowledgeable elite. Communities were seen as passive study subjects and information flow was one way only- from knowledgeable elites to the less knowledgeable community agents or community-based organization acting on behalf of communities. The objectives of this study are to provide a review of governance as a means of organizing community action to address community problems in the Black Belt Region (BBR) of the Southeastern United States, and an assessment of community problems in the BBR from the perspectives of community-based organizations (CBOs). Data was collected from CBOs via a telephone survey in eleven Southeastern states and via listening sessions conducted with CBOs in 9 Southeastern states. The study provides valuable insight regarding the challenges faced by these organizations and strategies they employ in adapting to serve their communities.
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Choo, S. L., D. Kamaruddin, S. S. Sabu, C. Lim, N. I. b., K. Y. Low, H. S. Mohd Hashim, and M. Munisamy. "Losing Themselves From Following Up: Barriers to Accessing Further Clinical Investigations for Women With Abnormal Clinical Breast Examination (CBE) Findings in Klang Valley, Malaysia." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 31s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.42000.
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Background: Clinical breast examination (CBE) is one of the most accessible screening methods for breast cancer and widely used in the Malaysian public health system due to the wide availability of trained healthcare personnel and low costs; especially in government hospitals. However, discovery of an abnormal finding from the CBE does not necessarily translate into action for further clinical investigations. An understanding of the patients' motivations in decision making, which causes them to ignore the need for further clinical investigations despite abnormal findings in CBEs may be an important element to improve holistic cancer prevention efforts; of which early detection is a key strategy. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the barriers for women to receive follow-up care upon obtaining abnormal results for CBE. Methods: The National Cancer Society of Malaysia has an active ongoing public outreach program in which trained healthcare personnel conduct CBEs at various screening campaigns throughout the Klang Valley with a total of 1017 women screened in 2017. Women who were screened and found to have an abnormal finding from the CBE were referred for further investigations at a center of their choice. Women found to have an abnormal CBE finding were reached via a phone call to determine whether they had proceeded to i) get an appointment for further clinical examination; or ii) had already undergone a further clinical examination. Those who had done neither were interviewed via phone to determine their reasons for not proceeding with further clinical investigations despite an abnormal CBE finding. Results: Out of the 1017 women screened, 38 were found to have an abnormal CBE finding. Of them, 16 women had not sought further investigations. Qualitative interviews revealed that there strong issues that posed barriers to these women pursuing further investigations. These barriers included a lack of knowledge and understanding about breast cancer or rationale of undergoing a CBE; a lack of urgency pertaining to CBE results and feeling of embarrassment engaging with family members on facilitating attendance to the investigation. Conclusion: Significant barriers remain which deter women who have abnormal CBE findings from pursuing further clinical investigations which ultimately reduces the effectiveness of current breast cancer screening strategies. These findings may prove to be important for designing effective methods to encourage confirmatory clinical examination among those already found to have abnormal findings from tests such as the CBE.
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Palumbo, J. E., L. C. Brown, C. V. Maltby, and L. Eppstein. "Effluent carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) characterization for modern pulp and paper facilities." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 7 (October 1, 2010): 1595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.942.
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As receiving water quality models are being used to address dissolved oxygen issues requiring an increased degree of resolution, a more refined characterization of effluent CBOD can become an important aspect of the analysis. The selection and use of kinetic models to identify effluent specific parameters can have a significant impact on this characterization. This study modeled effluents from six pulp and paper facilities in order to reassess the kinetic models, the data, and experimental design used for a typical effluent characterization. The dual first order model fit these effluents with significantly less error than the traditional first order model suggesting a significant fraction of the CBOD is slowly degradable. Because the dual first order model produces a more refined characterization of CBOD kinetics than the first order model, it places an increased demand upon the data used to inform the parameter estimates. Therefore, analysis of the precision of the parameter estimates and methods for improving estimation precision via experimental design are also discussed.
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Jung, Yeong-A., Ji-Yoon Lee, Pomjoo Lee, Han-Seung Shin, and Jong-Eun Kim. "Inhibition of Solar UV-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 Expression by Non-Enzymatic Softening Cherry Blossom (Prunus yedoensis) Extract." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10051016.
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Cherry blossom (Prunus yedoensis) petals are used as ingredients in many cosmetics. However, despite their use in numerous products, the exact function of cherry blossom petals in cosmetics is unclear. Therefore, we need evidence-based studies to support the labeling claims that are made in cherry blossom products in the cosmetics industry. We investigated the skin anti-aging potential of non-enzymatic softening cherry blossom extract (NES-CBE) in this study. The extract desalinated, to improve its quality such that it can be used as a functional material for the skin. The anti-wrinkle effect of NES-CBE was investigated on human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) under solar UV (sUV) light exposure. We found that NES-CBE reduced the sUV-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression and modulated the transactivation of the activator protein (AP)-1. Furthermore, NES-CBE suppressed the phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK proteins, indicating its regulation of sUV-induced MAPK signaling. Additionally, we observed NES-CBE reduced MMP-1 protein expression in a human skin equivalent model. Taken together, these results suggest that NES-CBE reduces sUV-induced MMP-1 protein expression through reducing AP-1 transactivation via regulation of the MEK1/2-ERK pathway.
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Dwivedi, Abhishek, Lester W. Johnson, Dean Charles Wilkie, and Luciana De Araujo-Gil. "Consumer emotional brand attachment with social media brands and social media brand equity." European Journal of Marketing 53, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): 1176–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-09-2016-0511.
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PurposeThe ever-growing popularity of social media platforms is evidence of consumers engaging emotionally with these brands. Given the prominence of social media in society, the purpose of this paper is to understand social media platforms from a “brand” perspective through examining the effect of consumers’ emotional attachment on social media consumer-based brand equity (CBBE).Design/methodology/approachThis paper develops a model that outlines how emotional brand attachment with social media explains social media CBBE via shaping consumer perceptions of brand credibility and consumer satisfaction. An online survey of 340 Australian social media consumers provided data for empirical testing. The inclusion of multiple context-relevant covariates and use of a method-variance-adjusted data matrix, as well as an examination of an alternative model, adds robustness to the results.FindingsThe findings of this paper support the conceptual model, and the authors identify strong relationships between the focal variables. A phantom model analysis explicates specific indirect effects of emotional brand attachment on CBBE. The authors also find support for a fully mediated effect of emotional brand attachment on social media brand equity. Further, they broaden the nomological network of emotional brand attachment, outlining key outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper offers a conceptual mechanism (a chain-of-effects) of how consumer emotional brand attachment with social media brands translates into social media CBBE. It also finds that a brand’s credibility as well as its ability to perform against consumer expectations (i.e. satisfaction) are equally effective in translating emotional brand attachment into social media CBBE.Practical implicationsSocial media brands are constantly challenged by rapid change and ongoing criticism over such issues as data privacy. The implications from this paper suggest that managers should make investments in creating (reinforcing) emotional connections with social media consumers, as this will favorably impact CBBE by way of a relational mechanism, that is, via enhancing credibility and consumer satisfaction.Social implicationsLately, social media in general has suffered from a crisis of trust in society. The enhanced credibility of social media brands resulting from consumers’ emotional attachments will potentially serve to enhance its acceptance as a credible form of media in society.Originality/valueSocial media platforms are often examined as brand-building platforms. This paper adopts a different perspective, examining social media platforms as brands per se and the effects of emotional attachments that consumers develop towards these. This paper offers valuable insights into how consumers’ emotional attachments drive vital brand judgments such as credibility and satisfaction, ultimately culminating into social media CBBE.
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Chen, Wannhsin, Yung-Luen Yu, Shern-Fwu Lee, Yun-Jung Chiang, Jyh-Rong Chao, Jin-Hwa Huang, Jiao-How Chiong, et al. "CREB Is One Component of the Binding Complex of the Ces-2/E2A-HLF Binding Element and Is an Integral Part of the Interleukin-3 Survival Signal." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 14 (July 15, 2001): 4636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.14.4636-4646.2001.
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ABSTRACT The Ces-2/E2A-HLF binding element (CBE) is recognized byCaenorhabditis elegans death specification gene product Ces-2 and human acute lymphocytic leukemia oncoprotein E2A-HLF. In an attempt to identify a cellular CBE-binding protein(s) that may be involved in apoptosis regulation in mammals, multiple nuclear binding complexes of CBE were identified in various mammalian cell lines and tissues by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-responsive element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) was present in one major CBE complex of Ba/F3 and TF-1 cells, and both in vitro-translated and Escherichia coli-synthesized CREB bound to CBE. Activation of CREB by cAMP-elevating chemicals or the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKAc) resulted in induction of the CBE-driven reporter gene. Stimulation of Ba/F3 cells with interleukin-3 (IL-3) promptly induced phosphorylation of CREB at serine133 partially via a PKA-dependent pathway. Consistently, Ba/F3 cell survival in the absence of IL-3 was prolonged by activation of PKA. Conversely, treatment of cells with a PKA inhibitor or expression of the dominant negative forms of the regulatory subunit type I of PKA and CREB overrode the survival activity of IL-3. Last, the bcl-2 gene was demonstrated to be one candidate cellular target of the CREB-containing CBE complex, as mutations in the CRE and CBE sites significantly reduced the IL-3 inducibility of the bcl-2 promoter. Together, our results suggest that CREB is one cellular counterpart of Ces-2/E2A-HLF and is part of IL-3 dependent apoptosis regulation in hematopoietic cells.
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Yazdanparast, Atefeh, Mathew Joseph, and Fernanda Muniz. "Consumer based brand equity in the 21st century: an examination of the role of social media marketing." Young Consumers 17, no. 3 (August 15, 2016): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/yc-03-2016-00590.
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Purpose The present research investigates the influence of brand-based social media marketing (SMM) activities on metrics of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE). Specifically, the study examines the role of consumer-brand social media experiences on attitude toward SMM activities of brands and its consequent impact on brand perceptions. Design/methodology/approach Paper-and-pencil surveys were administered to undergraduate students in a Southwestern university in exchange for extra credit. Survey questions were adapted from previously validated scales, and measurement adaptations were minimal and only related to the context of questions to assure their relevance with the context of this study. Bi-variate correlation, bootstrapping technique, Sobel test, ANOVA and linear regression were used to test the hypotheses. Findings The results indicate that brand-based SMM is essential in impacting consumers’ attitudes toward brands and consequently, CBBE reflected via perceived value for the cost, perceived uniqueness and the willingness to pay a price premium for a brand. Additionally, the main reason for individuals to use social media impacts their attitudes toward and receptiveness of SMM activities of brands. Research limitations/implications This study used a sample of college students to address the research questions. Considering the higher adoption rate and interest in social media among younger consumer groups, the results may not be representative of the entire population. Much of the existing research on social media, however, has focused on undergraduate college students and is primarily based on studies utilizing the similar research population. Originality/value The present research is one of the few studies that empirically examine the impact of consumer-brand interactions/experiences on consumers’ attitudes toward SMM activities of brands, as well as brand-related knowledge and perceptions as reflected by CBBE. The results indicate that the CBBE model of the twenty-first century should incorporate the role of brand-based SMM activities as facilitators of brand knowledge (i.e. brand awareness and brand image) by reinforcing or even shaping important brand-based associations.
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Acharya, Keshav K. "Determinants of Community Governance for Effective Basic Service Delivery in Nepal." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 10 (October 4, 2016): 166–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v10i0.15885.
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Community governance is an approach of shift from governmentality to governance. This is more flexible approach extends beyond government, and the place of its agencies, to a greater sharing of power between the state, the market and civil society via new network and partnership structures. This paper analyses the determinants of community governance at the grassroots level in Nepal for the efficient delivery of basic services based on primary data sources. 110 locally constituted community based organisations were selected for an organisational survey. Additionally, three focus group discussions and 40 in-depth interviews were employed for information collection. A multiple linear regression model was used for data analysis, which revealed 12 variables such as Inclusive participation (X1), Empowerment of the people (X2), Transparency and accountability (X3) Enabling environment (X4), Practice of local democracy (X5), Service effectiveness (X6), Service integrity (X7), Social capital development (X8), Institution building (X9), Community mobilisation (X10) Planning, implementation, and monitoring (X11), Coordination, linkage, and partnership (X12) are significantly influencing governance practice. Results indicated a 14 percent variance between dependent and independent variables. This shows the overall practice of governance at the community level was malfunctioned, which can be attributed to a number of factors. First, many community-based organisations (CBOs) do not adopt governance mechanisms in their approach to development. Second, despite a crisis in governance, some CBOs have participated in the service delivery process. Third, this crisis has been a foremost obstacle in the working culture of CBOs. This analysis further explores the problem from the perspective of socio-economic structure, power politics and interests, institutional issues, and capacity and resource constraints.
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Ha, Kyoo-Man. "The Role of Community-Based Organization in Emergency Management in Rural Korea." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 10, no. 2 (April 26, 2012): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/10.2.187-202.
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The purpose of this paper is to suggest strengthening of the current role of community-based organization (CBO) in rural Korea, such as its all-events approach, by adopting the guerilla approach for the ultimate goal of effective local emergency management. In so doing, the paper first analyzes the real picture of CBO’s all-events approach and the alternatives available to CBO’s guerilla approach via four components: (1) local government, (2) local schools, (3) neighboring industry, and (4) local residents. The major tenet of this paper is that CBO should focus more, like a guerilla or an irregular soldier, on managing local emergency, besides all other events in rural Korea, with the support of the four components.
Keywords: community-based organization • voluntary organization • emergency management • local Korea
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Lajmanovich, Rafael C., Paola M. Peltzer, Andrés M. Attademo, Carlina L. Colussi, and Candela S. Martinuzzi. "Blood biomarkers of common toad Rhinella arenarum following chlorpyrifos dermal exposure." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 11, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2018-0011.
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Abstract Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a broad spectrum pesticide commonly used for insect control, has great affinity for lipids and is thus a potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of CPF using the common toad Rhinella arenarum via dermal uptake in plastic bucket to simulate their natural exposition in ponds. R. arenarum toads were exposed individually to solutions containing a nominal concentration of a commercial formulation of CPF insecticide (5 and 10 mg/L). Different enzyme biomarkers (BChE: butyrylcholinesterase, CbE: carboxylesterase, and CAT: catalase) were measured in blood tissue after exposition. The capacity of pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) to reverse OP-inhibited plasma BChE and the ratio of heterophils and lymphocytes (H/L) as hematological indicators of stress were also determined. The normal values of plasma B-sterases (BChE and CbE) were highly inhibited (until ≈ 70%) in toads 48 h after exposure to CPF. The results indicate that 2-PAM produced BChE reactivation as well. The activity of CAT was also inducted for dermal exposure at more than double of that in the control toads (CPF; 5 mg/L). H/L ratios did not reveal a significantly increased stress. The study suggests that CPF via dermal uptake induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in the common toad R. areanum. Thus, some blood biomarkers employed in our study (i.e. BChE, CbE, 2-PAM, and CAT) might be used as predictors in health and ecological risk assessment of amphibian populations exposed to CPF.
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Morris, David C. "Mainframe Administered Drill and Practice Quizzes for Gerontology Classes." Journal of Educational Technology Systems 18, no. 1 (September 1989): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/8ejq-mywa-3h21-tjmk.
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The main focus of this article is the development of a CBE program for the administration of drill and practice quizzes in an introductory gerontology course. The programs are written in DEC's C.A.S. source language and are administered on the VAX 11/785 mainframe central processing unit. The program and its operations are described in detail. Those wishing to obtain copies of the program may directly contact the author.
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Cohen, Shari, Melody Kwok, and Joel Huang. "Humane Euthanasia of Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) with a Penetrating Spring-Loaded Captive Bolt." Animals 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081356.
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Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) have been used in research since the 19th century to collect data due to their physiological similarities to humans. Today, animals perform a vital role in experiments and concerns for laboratory animal welfare are enshrined in the 3R framework of reduction, refinement and replacement. This case study explores a refinement in humane euthanasia of guinea pigs via the use of an irreversible penetrating spring-loaded captive bolt (CB). Penetrating spring-loaded CB stunning for euthanasia (CBE) was performed on 12 guinea pigs with the parameters for humane slaughter of production animals in order to assess the suitability of this method of euthanasia in contrast to blunt force trauma (BFT). All 12 of the guinea pigs were rendered immediately unconscious with excellent experimental tissue quality collection, high repeatability of results and operator (n = 8) preference over BFT. Overall, CBE in guinea pigs appears to be a feasible refinement for animal welfare, human preference and improved tissue quality for experimental collection in settings where uncontaminated tissues are required.
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Salman, Muhammad, Sana Malik, and Fariha Tariq. "CBO Based Microfinancing in Pakistan: Comparative Analysis of Akhuwat Foundation and Kashf Foundation." Global Social Sciences Review VI, no. III (September 30, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(vi-iii).02.
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Poverty is a risk to harmony, which results in the dismissal of human rights. Microfinance is a tool that is famous across the world as a solution to alleviate poverty. Through this tool, lowincome households can have permanent access to a range of high-quality and affordable financial services that are offered by a range of retail providers. Community-based organizations, commonly known as "CBO", play a vital role in providing microfinance to the needy group of people, which determined the relationship between microfinance and poverty alleviation. This research presents a comparative study between Akhuwat Foundation and Kashf Foundation microfinance models for providing housing finance to low-income groups. A qualitative approach has been applied to determine the relationship between microfinance and poverty alleviation. In-depth interviews are conducted with working staff and borrowers of Akhuwat Foundation and Kashf Foundation (microfinance organizations). The research concludes that both organizations strive to alleviate poverty and to enhance the living standard of low-income people through mutual support in the system. The study also suggests that these organizations should need to emphasize more on the diversified needs of the poor people and must aim to serve the most extremely poor strata of the population.
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Karsai, Istvan, Jeff Knisley, Debra Knisley, Lev Yampolsky, and Anant Godbole. "Mentoring Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Students via a Team Effort." CBE—Life Sciences Education 10, no. 3 (September 2011): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.10-03-0027.
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We describe how a team approach that we developed as a mentoring strategy can be used to recruit, advance, and guide students to be more interested in the interdisciplinary field of mathematical biology, and lead to success in undergraduate research in this field. Students are introduced to research in their first semester via lab rotations. Their participation in the research of four faculty members—two from biology and two from mathematics—gives them a first-hand overview of research in quantitative biology and also some initial experience in research itself. However, one of the primary goals of the lab rotation experience is that of developing teams of students and faculty that combine mathematics and statistics with biology and the life sciences, teams that subsequently mentor undergraduate research in genuine interdisciplinary environments. Thus, the team concept serves not only as a means of establishing interdisciplinary research, but also as a means of incorporating new students into existing research efforts that will then track those students into meaningful research of their own. We report how the team concept is used to support undergraduate research in mathematical biology and what types of team-building strategies have worked for us.
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Fields, Jennifer, Mary Brown, Chanell Grismore, Yadira Badwan, Susan Claster, and Diane J. Nugent. "Critical Telehealth and Healthcare Utilization during COVID-19 in Sickle Cell Disease: CBO Reach in Understanding the Patient Experience." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-138477.
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Introduction: The purpose of this survey is to understand the extent of telehealth utilization for persons with sickle cell disease (SCD), while also determining possible barriers patients may have in accessing care and providers using this tool. . Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) in five states (California, Colorado, Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona) obtained feedback directly from patients with SCD on managing their care via telehealth during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Phone calls were made by CBOs in five states, to their specific patient database between May 11 - 29, 2020. A series of 17 questions were asked to obtain information from patients with SCD, parents of children with SCD, or caregivers of a person with SCD. All data was de-identified. CBOs that participated in data collection included the Sickle Cell Disease Foundation (California), Colorado Sickle Cell Association, Sickle Cell Anemia Foundation of Oregon, Sickled Not Broken Foundation of Nevada, and Sickle Cell Foundation of Arizona. Results: A total of 199 patients or caregivers of patients living with sickle cell disease were surveyed. Of these individuals, 121 (61%) were female and 78 (39%) were male. The most prevalent SCD hemoglobinopathy reported among patients was Hgb SS (68%) followed by Hgb SC disease at (20%). Hgb SB or other variants were surveyed at (9%), while (3%) were unknown. Participants with Hgb SS disease at (46%) were female while (22%) were male. Overall, the majority of patients fell within the age range of 18-35 (50%). Female patients were 18-35 yrs (30%), 0-17 yrs (18%) or > 36 yrs (13%). Male patients ranged from 18-35 years (20%), 0-17 yrs (12%), and 36 or older (7%). When surveying patients about their primary languages, the majority of participants spoke English (92%), while others spoke Spanish (5%), French (1%), Somali (1%), and Creole (1%). Individuals, who were not fluent in English, desired translated material to assist them in better understanding their disease and managing their care. To understand patient access to care via telehealth platforms during a global pandemic, we asked questions with the following themes: familiarity with telehealth services, the willingness or ability to access services and healthcare utilization patterns during COVID-19. Of those surveyed, 55% indicated that they have heard of or have participated in telehealth services. Importantly, 85% reported familiarity or the ability to download Zoom, and 80% reported interest in connecting with a provider via telehealth services. When asked about access to WiFi and to tools used to navigate online systems, the majority of patients indicated they had access to WiFi (95%) and would access telehealth services through any of the following devices: mobile phones (71%), computers (59%) or tablets (17%). Survey respondents also indicated they had assistance at home with accessing telehealth sessions (64%) while the remaining (46%) indicated that they would be interested in having a Community Health Worker provide them with support in getting started with telehealth services. When asking patients about health care utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic only 35% of patients indicated they went to an emergency room for care while the remaining 65% did not. Of note, 53% of those surveyed reported managing their SCD crisis at home, with 52% of all patients reporting that they reached out to SCD providers (hematologists with expertise in treating patients with sickle cell disease) for advice and care recommendations rather than risking exposure to COVID in the ER. In addition, patients indicated that they had difficulty getting prescriptions refilled or were unable to afford their medications (16%). Lastly, almost all patients indicated an interest in having access to a 24-hour hotline for SCD care (94%). Conclusion: The utilization of CBOs to provide ancillary support services is necessary to continue to understand patient needs, not only during a global crisis but after for routine health care. Our survey demonstrated that most patients have access to the technology needed to connect to their healthcare teams. However, access to a knowledgeable provider should be strengthened to ensure patient competence and comfort with self-management while utilizing telehealth resources. Finally, clinical care teams are recommended to enhance access to telehealth services and provide additional community resources to improve access to care. Figure Disclosures Fields: Imara Inc.: Consultancy. Brown:Novartis: Consultancy; Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
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Cordeiro Rodrigues, Diogo Luiz, and José Mauricio Conti. "A INSTITUIÇÃO FISCAL INDEPENDENTE DO BRASIL EM PERSPECTIVA COMPARADA: EM BUSCA DE VIRTUDES E FRAGILIDADES." Revista de Direito Brasileira 27, no. 10 (April 7, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/indexlawjournals/2358-1352/2020.v27i10.6316.
Full textAbstract:
O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar as virtudes e as fragilidades da Instituição Fiscal Independente (IFI) do Brasil, tendo por base a literatura internacional, as boas práticas recomendadas por organizações internacionais, a exemplo da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE), bem como a experiência do Congressional Budget Office (CBO), a exitosa IFI dos Estados Unidos da América. Ao final, conclui-se que a IFI brasileira possui virtudes evidentes, a exemplo da excelência técnica e da destreza gerencial. Nota-se, contudo, que a instituição pode vir a enfrentar dificuldades em razão da fragilidade jurídica de seu estatuto à luz da Constituição e da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal.
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Cook, T. E., C. C. Fulton, W. J. Mecouch, R. F. Davis, G. Lucovsky, and R. J. Nemanich. "Electronic Properties of GaN (0001) – Dielectric Interfaces." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 14, no. 01 (March 2004): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156404002260.
Full textAbstract:
The characteristics of clean n- and p-type GaN (0001) surfaces and the interface between this surface and SiO 2, Si 3 N 4, and HfO 2 have been investigated. Layers of SiO 2, Si3 N 4, or HfO 2 were carefully deposited to limit the reaction between the film and clean GaN surfaces. After stepwise deposition, the electronic states were measured with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). A valence band offset (VBO) of 2.0±0.2 eV with a conduction band offset (CBO) of 3.6±0.2 eV was determined for the GaN / SiO 2 interface. The large band offsets suggest SiO 2 is an excellent candidate for passivation of GaN . For the GaN / Si 3 N 4, interface, type II band alignment was observed with a VBO of -0.5±0.2 eV and a CBO of 2.4±0.2 eV . While Si3 N 4 should passivate n-type GaN surfaces, it may not be appropriate for p-type GaN surfaces. A VBO of 0.3±0.2 eV with a CBO of 2.1±0.2 eV was determined for the annealed GaN / HfO 2 interface. An instability was observed in the HfO 2 film, with energy bands shifting ~0.4 eV during a 650°C densification anneal. The electron affinity measurements via UPS were 3.0, 1.1, 1.8, and 2.9±0.1 eV for GaN , SiO 2, Si 3 N 4, and HfO 2 surfaces, respectively. The deduced band alignments were compared to the predictions of the electron affinity model and deviations were attributed to a change of the interface dipole. Interface dipoles contributed 1.6, 1.1 and 2.0±0.2 eV to the band alignment of the GaN / SiO 2, GaN / Si 3 N 4, and GaN / HfO 2 interfaces, respectively. It was noted that the existence of Ga-O bonding at the heterojunction could significantly affect the interface dipole, and consequently the band alignment in relation to the GaN .