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1
DESA, M. N., S. D. SEKARAN, J. VADIVELU, and N. PARASAKTHI. "Distribution of CBP genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in relation to vaccine types, penicillin susceptibility and clinical site." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 7 (August 3, 2007): 940–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807009363.
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SUMMARYCholine-binding proteins (CBP) have been associated with the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We screened, using PCR, for the presence of genes (cbpA, D, E, G) encoding these proteins in 34 isolates of pneumococci of known serotypes and penicillin susceptibility from invasive and non-invasive disease. All isolates harboured cbpD and cbpE whereas cbpA and cbpG were found in 47% and 59% respectively; the latter were more frequent in vaccine-associated types and together accounted for 77% of these isolates. No association was observed with penicillin susceptibility but 85% of non-invasive isolates were positive for these genes.
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Ramathudi-Dunbar, Lorato, Emmanuel Awosanya, Sanne Bodjo Charles, Ethel Chitsungo, Cisse Rahamatou Moustapha Boukary, Nick Nwankpa, Hassen Gelaw, et al. "Development and Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibodies against CBPP Antigen with the End Goal of Developing an ELISA Kit." Veterinary Medicine International 2024 (May 7, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/6901355.
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an infectious and contagious bacterial respiratory disease that affects cattle with significant economic losses to the African animal industry. The use of ELISA kits based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) will aid in quick and precise diagnosis of CBPP, contributing to disease control and prevention in cattle. Thus, this research aims to develop and evaluate monoclonal antibodies against CBPP (T1/44) antigen for use in ELISA kits for CBPP diagnosis. Hybridoma technology was used to develop monoclonal antibodies that recognize and bind to the CBPP (T1/44) antigen. The antibody-secreting hybridomas were produced after immunizing mice with purified CBPP antigens. The hybridomas were screened for high sensitivity, specificity, and liking to the antigen. The selected mAbs were assessed for sensitivity and specificity against CBPP antigen using different immunoassays, dot-blot, ELISA, and mouse mAb isotyping. The monoclonal antibodies were profoundly specific, with a higher hindrance to CBPP antigen (<0.50 OD) while lacking cross-reactivity to other antigens. The monoclonal antibodies could distinguish CBPP antigen at low concentrations, showing their high sensitivity (>80% PI). The isotyped mAbs of intrigued appeared to have a place in the IgG class. These identified monoclonal antibodies can be utilized to develop an ELISA kit for CBPP diagnosis, which would give a fast, precise, and cost-effective strategy for screening and checking CBPP in cattle herds.
3
Mosisa, Tekilu, Eyob Hirpa, and Abraham Kebede. "Seroprevalence and risk factors of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Horo Guduru Wallagga zone, Western Ethiopia." Veterinarski glasnik 77, no. 2 (2023): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl221215009m.
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Livestock diseases pose a major threat to animal health and farmer livelihoods in Ethiopia. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a major threat. It is caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. This bacterial infection affects cattle and causes pneumonia. To assess the current situation, a study was conducted in Horo Guduru Wallagga, Ethiopia. The main objectives were to determine the seroprevalence of CBPP in cattle and evaluate farmer knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to the disease. Cross-sectional studies were conducted from October 2019 up to June 2020. Blood samples were collected and tested for antibodies against M. mycoides using a cELISA test from cattle (n = 768). Questionnaires were also administered to farmers (n = 20 households) in three districts. The seroprevalence results showed 14.3% of cattle were positive for CBPP antibodies. CBPP seroprevalence was 16.4% in Abe Dongoro, 13.6% in Hababu Guduru, and 10.8% in Guduru. The seroprevalence among the three districts surveyed did not show statistically significant differences. The majority of respondents (77%) were male and the minority (23%) were female. The farmer survey revealed knowledge gaps; only 4.5% of respondents recognized CBPP as a disease causing reduced growth and productivity. In conclusion, this study found a high CBPP seroprevalence, indicating active infection, in the cattle population sampled. Targeted education and disease control efforts are needed to curb the further spread of CBPP. The questionnaire results highlight the need for farmer training on CBPP risks, prevention, and treatment. Ultimately, collaborative strategies are required to safeguard animal health and livelihoods in this region.
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Luebke, Luisa, Philip Gouverneur, Tibor M. Szikszay, Wacław M. Adamczyk, Kerstin Luedtke, and Marcin Grzegorzek. "Objective Measurement of Subjective Pain Perception with Autonomic Body Reactions in Healthy Subjects and Chronic Back Pain Patients: An Experimental Heat Pain Study." Sensors 23, no. 19 (October 3, 2023): 8231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23198231.
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Multiple attempts to quantify pain objectively using single measures of physiological body responses have been performed in the past, but the variability across participants reduces the usefulness of such methods. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate whether combining multiple autonomic parameters is more appropriate to quantify the perceived pain intensity of healthy subjects (HSs) and chronic back pain patients (CBPPs) during experimental heat pain stimulation. HS and CBPP received different heat pain stimuli adjusted for individual pain tolerance via a CE-certified thermode. Different sensors measured physiological responses. Machine learning models were trained to evaluate performance in distinguishing pain levels and identify key sensors and features for the classification task. The results show that distinguishing between no and severe pain is significantly easier than discriminating lower pain levels. Electrodermal activity is the best marker for distinguishing between low and high pain levels. However, recursive feature elimination showed that an optimal subset of features for all modalities includes characteristics retrieved from several modalities. Moreover, the study’s findings indicate that differences in physiological responses to pain in HS and CBPP remain small.
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Neiman, Maja, Carl Hamsten, Jochen M. Schwenk, Göran Bölske, and Anja Persson. "Multiplex Screening of Surface Proteins from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony for an Antigen Cocktail Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 11 (September 2, 2009): 1665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00223-09.
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ABSTRACT A recombinant antigen cocktail enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for diagnosis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) was developed after careful selection of antigens among one-third of the surface proteome proteins of the infectious agent Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony (M. mycoides SC). First, a miniaturized and parallelized assay system employing antigen suspension bead array technology was used to screen 97 bovine sera for humoral immune responses toward 61 recombinant surface proteins from M. mycoides SC. Statistical analysis of the data resulted in selection of eight proteins that showed strong serologic responses in CBPP-affected sera and minimal reactivity in negative control sera, with P values of <10−6. Only minor cross-reactivity to hyperimmune sera against other mycoplasmas was observed. When applied in an ELISA, the cocktail of eight recombinant antigens allowed a fivefold signal separation between 24 CBPP-affected and 23 CBPP-free sera from different geographical origins. No false-positive results and only two false-negative results were obtained. In conclusion, the selected recombinant mycoplasma antigens qualified as highly specific markers for CBPP and could be employed in both a suspension bead array platform and a cocktail ELISA setting. This set of proteins and technologies therefore offers a powerful combination to drive and further improve serological assays toward reliable, simple, and cost-effective diagnosis of CBPP.
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Kebede, Wosenyelesh, Rahmeto Abebe, and Jemere Bekele Harito. "Sero-epidemiology of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in the Bench-Maji Zone, southwest Ethiopia." Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 26, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v26i1.3.
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a highly contagious respiratory disease in cattle that affects close to 30 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, it is one of the major diseases causing reduced cattle productivity and lower performance, particularly in the pastoral areas, and poses a threat to the livestock export market. A cross-sectional study aimed at estimating the seroprevalence and assessing the associated risk factors of CBPP was conducted between December 2018 and May 2019. For this purpose, a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire survey and a serological analysis of serum samples from 715 cattle were carried out in three districts selected from the Bench-Maji Zone. The sera were tested with a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Accordingly, a total of 162 (22.7%) cattle were tested seropositive. The seroprevalence was 32.3% in Meanitshasha, 19.2% in South Bench, and 2.8% in the Shey Bench district. The study found that breed, district (agro-ecology), and history of the CBPP outbreak were the risk factors for CBPP seropositivity identified by a generalized linear mixed model. The seroprevalence of CBPP was significantly higher in crossbred cattle (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (APR) = 4.5; p <0.001), cattle from the Meanitshasha (lowland) district (APR = 13.9; p <0.001), from South Bench (midland) district (APR = 6.9; p = 0.001) and herds with a history of CBPP outbreaks (APR = 1.4; p = 0.009). The seroprevalence found in the present study indicates that CBPP is a common threat to cattle production in the Bench Maji zone. Therefore, all actors involved in the livestock sector should work together to achieve the successful implementation of strategies to control the disease. It is also important to note that a well-coordinated approach should be addressed with an effective vaccination campaign to prevent the further spread of the disease and lower the prevalence of the disease in the area.
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Markus, I. F., J. Adamu, L. Allam, C. N. Kwanashie, M. A. Raji, and B. Mohammed. "Epidemiological and pathological screening of suspected cases of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Yola Modern Abattoir, Adamawa State Nigeria." Nigerian Veterinary Journal 42, no. 4 (November 14, 2022): 292–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v42i4.5.
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is an important infectious disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides and a major constraint to cattle production in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was aimed to identify pathological and histopathological lesions identified in cattle tentatively diagnosed with CBPP at Yola Modern Abattoir, Adamawa State. A total of 9,750 cattle were examined at post-mortem for a period of six months, 110 (1.13%) had lesions suggestive of CBPP out of which seventeen (17) were randomly selected and processed for histopathology based on standard laboratory protocols. Based on sex, CBPP lesion was observed more in female 63 (1.06%) than in the male 47 (1.24%). Whereas, CBPP lesions was observed highest in White Fulani breed 68 (1.14%) followed by Cross breeds 23 (91.16%) and Sokoto Gudali 19 (1.74%) and lowest in Red Bororo 10 (1.36%). There was insignificant statistical association (P>0.05) between CBPP lesions and sex and breed of cattle sampled. Age distribution of CBPP lesion was observed higher in cattle between ages of 4-7 years 79 (1.16%), followed by cattle of 1-3 years 28 (1.15%) and least in cattle less than 1 year 3 (0.60%) with significant statistical difference (P<0.05) between the age groups. Histopathology lesions observed include severe congestion of pulmonary blood vessel in all the lung tissues and fibrin exudation into inter-alveolar spaces with almost all the alveoli collapsed. The bronchiolar epithelium was observed to be thickened, hyperplastic and folded, with a considerable quantity of edematous fluid and numerous inflammatory cells seen in the lumen. In conclusion, this study had demonstrated the presence of CBPP lesions in cattle in the study area. Therefore, serological screening of all cattle, stamping out policies and aggressive annual vaccination campaigns are thus recommended in the study area.
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BALENGHIEN, T., K. CHALVET-MONFRAY, D. J. BICOUT, and P. SABATIER. "Modelling and determination of the transmission contact rate for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia." Epidemiology and Infection 133, no. 2 (February 2, 2005): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268804003498.
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a cattle respiratory disease that represents one of the major threats to cattle health and production in sub-Saharan Africa. The transmission contact rate of CBPP plays a key role in the spreading dynamics of the disease. We have developed an approach based on the combination of a SEIR model describing the spread of CBPP with the dynamic of seroconversion to determine the transmission contact rate for CBPP. This method has been subsequently applied to serological diagnostic data obtained from an experimental vaccine trial. As a result, we find that the transmission contact rates for subclinical, clinical and chronic infective states are respectively, 0·084/N, 0·45 and 0·14/N per animal per day, where N is the herd population size, and the basic reproductive number corresponding to this trial (N=28) is R0=27.
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Mamo, Yosef, Molalegne Bitew, Tsegaye Teklemariam, Murga Soma, Debebe Gebre, Temesgen Abera, Tefera Benti, and Yosef Deneke. "Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Gimbo District, Southwest Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5729296.
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a highly contagious disease of cattle which is one of the great plagues which continues to devastate the cattle herds on which so many people are dependent in Africa. Cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to August 2016 to determine the seroprevalence of CBPP in cattle and associated risk factors in Gimbo district, Southwest Ethiopia. A total of 384 serum samples were collected and tested for the presence of specific antibodies against Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony (MmmSC), using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the association between risk factors and seroprevalence of CBPP. An overall seroprevalence of CBPP was 8.1% (31/384) and it was ranging from 0% to 20% across different Peasant associations (PAs). The seroprevalence of CBPP among adult animals was 8.5% (25) and in young 6.6% (6), in good body condition animals 6.6% (18) and in poor 11.5% (13), in dry season 11.9% (20) and in rainy 5.1% (11), and in highland altitude 2.5% (3), midland 3.8% (5), and lowland 17.4% (23). Among the potential predisposing factors assessed, altitude was found significantly (p = 0.02, OR = 7.3) associated with the seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and other risk factors had no significant (P > 0.05) influence. The present study showed that the overall seroprevalence of CBPP in Gimbo district was high and this indicates a need for intervening and implementing control measures to prevent further spread of the disease in the district through the use of better and coordinated vaccination program.
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Ndungu, Virginia, Hellen Mberia, Kyalo Ngula, and Joseph Othieno. "The Influence of Communication Messages on Adoption of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Vaccine among Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) Pastoralists in Kenya." International Journal of Communication and Public Relation 8, no. 2 (April 18, 2023): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijcpr.1940.
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Purpose: The purpose was to establish influence of communication messages on adoption of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Vaccine among Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) pastoralists in Kenya. Messages were studied under parameters of inoculation site, benefits, required frequency of vaccination and side effects. The focus on the vaccine messaging was informed by the slow pace of adoption of live T1 vaccines currently being used to eradicate CBPP in Kenya. Diffusion of innovation and social learning theories were used to support the study.
Methodology: Study population were pastoralists in Narok South Sub County. 468 respondents inclusive of qualitative and quantitative samples where 440 responded to questionnaire, 24 in focus group discussions, and 4 in key informant interviews participated. Multi stage, purposive, simple random, systematic and stratified sampling techniques were then employed to come up with respondents. Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20.0 was used to analyze data, which was presented using regression coefficients and ANOVA.
Findings: CBPP messaging influenced respondents to vaccinate although some had more influence than others. Messages on inoculation site, benefits, required frequency of vaccination side effects and communal vaccinations were important for the survival of their cattle and significantly influenced the decisions of respondents to vaccinate against the disease. Moreover, messages helped them to know important information details such as vaccination venues, and costs of vaccination and availability of the veterinary officers. CBPP vaccine messages attributes were key in the success of influencing respondents. However, the messaging ran into already held misinformation by some pastoralists confirming earlier study that vaccination rate was at 20-60% because some skipped the exercise.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: CBPP vaccine messages and attributes significantly influenced CBPP vaccinations decisions among pastoralists. This study validated diffusion of innovation and social learning theories that innovation-decision process is essentially an information seeking and processing activity in which an individual is motivated to reduce uncertainty about the advantages and disadvantages of the innovation. For policy and practice, this study recommends development of communication plans, and packaging of CBPP vaccine messages for dissemination in the ASALs where disease is prevalent. Considering that CBPP is a trans-boundary disease, these plans and messages could be harmonized across ASAL counties to enable consistency and coherence.
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Heller, Martin, Nimmo Gicheru, Georgina Tjipura-Zaire, Cecilia Muriuki, Mingyan Yu, Ana Botelho, Jan Naessens, Joerg Jores, and Anne Liljander. "Development of a Novel Cocktail Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and a Field-Applicable Lateral-Flow Rapid Test for Diagnosis of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 6 (April 6, 2016): 1557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.03259-15.
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a severe respiratory disease that is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused byMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoides, a bacterium belonging to theMycoplasma mycoidescluster. In the absence of an efficient CBPP vaccine, improved and easy-to-use diagnostic assays for recurrent testing combined with isolation and treatment of positive animals represent an option for CBPP control in Africa. Here we describe the comprehensive screening of 17 immunogenicMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoidesproteins using well-characterized bovine sera for the development of a novel cocktail enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for laboratory use. Two recombinantMycoplasmaimmunogens, MSC_0136 and MSC_0636, were used to set up a standardized cocktail ELISA protocol. According to the results from more than 100 serum samples tested, the sensitivity and specificity of the novel cocktail ELISA were 85.6% and 96.4%, respectively, with an overall diagnostic accuracy comparable to that of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE)-prescribed serological assays. In addition, we provide a proof of principle for a field-applicable, easy-to-use commercially produced prototype lateral-flow test for rapid (<30-min) diagnosis of CBPP.
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Gruschke, Steffi, Kirsten Kehrein, Katharina Römpler, Kerstin Gröne, Lars Israel, Axel Imhof, Johannes M. Herrmann, and Martin Ott. "Cbp3–Cbp6 interacts with the yeast mitochondrial ribosomal tunnel exit and promotes cytochrome b synthesis and assembly." Journal of Cell Biology 193, no. 6 (June 13, 2011): 1101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201103132.
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Mitochondria contain their own genetic system to express a small number of hydrophobic polypeptides, including cytochrome b, an essential subunit of the bc1 complex of the respiratory chain. In this paper, we show in yeast that Cbp3, a bc1 complex assembly factor, and Cbp6, a regulator of cytochrome b translation, form a complex that associates with the polypeptide tunnel exit of mitochondrial ribosomes and that exhibits two important functions in the biogenesis of cytochrome b. On the one hand, the interaction of Cbp3 and Cbp6 with mitochondrial ribosomes is necessary for efficient translation of cytochrome b transcript. On the other hand, the Cbp3–Cbp6 complex interacts directly with newly synthesized cytochrome b in an assembly intermediate that is not ribosome bound and that contains the assembly factor Cbp4. Our results suggest that synthesis of cytochrome b occurs preferentially on those ribosomes that have the Cbp3–Cbp6 complex bound to their tunnel exit, an arrangement that may ensure tight coordination of cytochrome b synthesis and assembly.
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Anyika, K. C., S. O. Okaiyeto, A. K. Sackey, C. N. Kwanashie, and L. T. Ikpa. "Seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in three selected south-eastern states of Nigeria." Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 19, no. 1 (June 11, 2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v19i1.7.
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is a trans-boundary animal disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. This study was designed to determine the seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in three selected south eastern states (Anambra, Enugu and Imo) of Nigeria using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). A total of 438 bovine sera samples were collected randomly for four months (December 2019 to March 2020) and screened for antibodies to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) using IDEXX CBPP antibody ELISA kit (CIRAD, France). Results showed an overall prevalence of 59.4% for the three states screened. Antibodies to Mmm were detected in all the three states. Enugu state had the highest prevalence (64.3%) followed by Imo state (63%) and Anambra state (50.7%). Female animals had higher prevalence of CBPP than male. However, it was not statistically significant (P> 0.05). This study confirms the presence of CBPP in south eastern Nigeria, and could be used as a base line data for future studies in this region. It is recommended that active surveillance and vaccination protocol should be undertaken in the region for the control and prevention of this disease.
Keywords: c-ELISA, Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, Mycoplasma , Nigeria, Seroprevalence
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Safini, Najete, Soufiane Elmejdoub, Zahra Bamouh, Mohamed Jazouli, Jihane Hamdi, Zineb Boumart, Halima Rhazi, Khalid Omari Tadlaoui, and Mehdi El Harrak. "Development and Evaluation of a Combined Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) Live Vaccine." Viruses 14, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020372.
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Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) is the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). LSD and CBPP are both transboundary diseases spreading in the same areas of Africa and Asia. A combination vaccine to control CBPP and LSD offers significant value to small-scale livestock keepers as a single administration. Access to a bivalent vaccine may improve vaccination rates for both pathogens. In the present study, we evaluated the LSDV/CBPP live combined vaccine by testing the generation of virus neutralizing antibodies, immunogenicity, and safety on target species. In-vitro assessment of the Mycoplasma effect on LSDV growth in cell culture was evaluated by infectious virus titration and qPCR during 3 serial passages, whereas in-vivo interference was assessed through the antibody response to vaccination. This combined Mmm/LSDV vaccine could be used to protect cattle against both diseases with a single vaccination in the endemic countries. There were no adverse reactions detected in this study and inoculated cattle produced high levels of specific antibodies starting from day 7 post-vaccination, suggesting that this combination vaccine is both safe and effective.
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Bamouh, Zohra, Amal Elarkam, Soufiane Elmejdoub, Jihane Hamdi, Zineb Boumart, Greg Smith, Matthew Suderman, et al. "Evaluation of a Combined Live Attenuated Vaccine against Lumpy Skin Disease, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia and Rift Valley Fever." Vaccines 12, no. 3 (March 13, 2024): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030302.
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The use of effective vaccines is among the most important strategies for the prevention and progressive control of transboundary infectious animal diseases. However, the use of vaccine is often impeded by the cost, a lack of cold chains and other factors. In resource-limited countries in Africa, one approach to improve coverage and reduce cost is to vaccinate against multiple diseases using combined vaccines. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate a combined vaccine for the prevention and control of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and Rift Valley fever (RVF). The LSD and CBPP were formulated as a combined vaccine, and the RVF was formulated separately as live attenuated vaccines. These consisted of a Mycoplasma MmmSC T1/44 strain that was propagated in Hayflick-modified medium, RVF virus vaccine, C13T strain prepared in African green monkey cells (Vero), and the LSDV Neethling vaccine strain prepared in primary testis cells. The vaccines were tested for safety via the subcutaneous route in both young calves and pregnant heifers with no side effect, abortion or teratogenicity. The vaccination of calves induced seroconversions for all three vaccines starting from day 7 post-vaccination (PV), with rates of 50% for LSD, 70% for CBPP and 100% for RVF, or rates similar to those obtained with monovalent vaccines. The challenge of cattle vaccinated with the LSD/CBPP and the RVF vaccine afforded full protection against virulent strains of LSDV and RVFV. A satisfactory level of protection against a CBPP challenge was observed, with 50% of protection at 6 months and 81% at 13 months PV. A mass vaccination trial was performed in four regions of Burkina Faso that confirmed safety and specific antibody responses induced by the vaccines. The multivalent LSD/CBPP+RVF vaccine provides a novel and beneficial approach to the control of the three diseases through one intervention and, therefore, reduces the cost and improves vaccination coverage.
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Sani, N. A., S. E. Abalaka, O. Z. Tenuche, I. S. Idoko, A. Saleh, D. Olayemi, J. Akinbobola, M. O. Ayeh, and E. Zachariya. "Recrudescence of a Suspected Case of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in a Friesian Bull: Clinicopathological Report." Nigerian Veterinary Journal 42, no. 1 (July 10, 2022): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v42i1.6.
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an endemic disease in Nigeria (Cadmus and Adesokan, 2009; Alawa et al., 2011; Musa et al., 2016; Francis et al., 2018), caused by the small colony variant of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm Sc) mainly affecting cattle (Musa et al., 2016). It is characterized clinically by respiratory distress, and pathologically by fibrinous pneumonia and pleurisy (Swai et al., 2013). Outbreaks of CBPP in Nigeria, especially Abuja, have been underreported despite the huge economic losses incurred by owners of affected cattle (Hajara, M., personal communication, December, 2019), and the disease being among the reportable diseases of cattle as listed by OIE (2020). This clinicopathological report therefore describes a case of recrudescence CBPP in a Friesian bull from a cattle ranch in Giri, Abuja, Nigeria.
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Nicholas, Robin A. J. "Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: A Passage to India." Animals 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2023): 2151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13132151.
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The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH)-listed contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) emerged first in Europe and then spread to Eastern Asia, including Japan and China, from the Northern Territories of Australia at the end of the 19th century. Its route to India, however, is less well known as there is little evidence for large importations of cattle from Australia. The lack of accurate diagnostic tests at this time meant veterinary authorities relied solely on clinical and pathological signs, many of which were non-specific. Consequently, any diagnoses of CBPP reported in the early 20th century must be viewed with caution. More convincing reports of CBPP confirmed by laboratory tests were made in the 1930s and 1940s in the Indian state of Assam. Eradication campaigns began in the 1940s with immunizations of live attenuated vaccines and then more comprehensively in the 1950s and 1960s, supplemented with serological screening and the establishment of quarantine centres at international borders. The last case of CBPP, reported to WOAH, was seen in 1990, but the launch of a new awareness campaign in Assam in 2002 and recent reports of the disease in Pakistan suggests the disease has persisted in the Indian subcontinent well into the 21st century.
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Yu, Yihan, and David W. McDonald. ""Why do you need 400 photographs of 400 different Lockheed Constellation?": Value Expressions by Contributors and Users of Wikimedia Commons." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 7, CSCW2 (September 28, 2023): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3610094.
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Understanding the values that collaborators bring to a collaboration is important for the design of new systems. In collaborative systems understanding differing values could help design solutions to mitigate conflicts and more effectively coordinate collaboration. We review prior studies of Commons-Based Peer Production (CBPP) identifying four common value dimensions previously noted as present in CBPP: usage value, social value, ideological value, and monetary value. We use this synthetic framework to analyze a dataset of 32 interviews with contributors to Wikimedia Commons and editors of Wikipedia who use Commons resources. Our analysis supports the prior values categories while expanding how some dimensions are expressed by participants. We also highlight four additional value dimensions that were not previously identified in CBPP: cultural heritage value, rarity value, aesthetic value, and administrative value. We discuss the implications of our findings for the design of collaborative systems.
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March, John B., Karen Kerr, and Benedict Lema. "Rapid Detection of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia by a Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC Capsular Polysaccharide-Specific Antigen Detection Latex Agglutination Test." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 2 (March 2003): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.2.233-240.2003.
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ABSTRACT A latex agglutination test (LAT) has been developed for the diagnosis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). The latex microspheres were coated with MmmSC polyclonal immunoglobulin G antiserum and detected MmmSC antigen in the serum of cattle infected with CBPP and in growth medium containing MmmSC. The specific antigen recognizsed by this test appeared to be the capsular polysaccharide (CPS). The LAT recognized all 23 strains of MmmSC examined in this study, with a sensitivity level of 2 ng of CPS, or the equivalent of 5 × 103 CFU, in a reaction volume of 0.03 ml. Therefore, rapid identification of MmmSC cultures should be possible. Agglutination was also observed with the related goat pathogens and “Mycoplasma mycoides” cluster members Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony biotype (four of six strains positive) and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (three of six strains positive), in agreement with the suggestion that these latter two mycoplasmas may in fact represent a single species (although collectively exhibiting two capsular serotypes). Comparisons in diagnosis with the complement fixation test (CFT) were made by using African field sera from CBPP-infected cattle. After 2 (or 3) min of incubation, the test detected 55% (or 61%) of CFT-positive sera and 29% (or 40%) of CFT-negative sera, with an overall correlation in diagnosis of 62% (or 61%). The rates for false-positive diagnoses made by using “known” CBPP-negative sera from the United Kingdom were 3 or 13% after 2 or 3 min of incubation, respectively. The data agree with previous findings that some CBPP CFT-negative misdiagnoses may occur due to “antibody eclipsing” by excess circulating antigen. The LAT combines low cost and high specificity with ease of application in the field, without the need for any specialist training or equipment.
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Sternberg Lewerin, Susanna, Cecilia Wolff, Charles Masembe, Karl Ståhl, Sofia Boqvist, and Mikael Andersson Franko. "Methodological aspects of serosurveillance in resource-poor settings." Veterinary Record Open 5, no. 1 (April 2018): e000273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2017-000273.
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Animal production is important for the agricultural economy in low-income countries, but is threatened by infectious diseases. Serosurveys are conducted for different reasons such as disease detection, risk factor studies, disease monitoring and establishing disease-free status. Most reports on such serosurveys include some discussion about methodological constraints but still, by necessity, rely on serological results for case definition. This study uses a cross-sectional serosurvey for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), Rift Valley fever (RVF) and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in cattle in three districts in Western Uganda to illustrate the limitations of this approach, addressing the questions of what flaws can be expected in sampling and diagnostics and how these influence the results. The target was to collect blood samples from 60 cattle herds per district. To reflect the recent infection history of the herd, young animals (two to five years) were prioritised. The farmers were interviewed about management, cattle trade, cattle health and vaccination. Commercial ELISAs were used for serological analyses: for CBPP the IDEXX CBPP Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides antibody test kit, for RVF the ID Screen Rift Valley Fever competitive ELISA, and for FMD the PrioCHECK FMDV NS. Apparent prevalence, true prevalence and associations with herd characteristics were assessed. The sampling plans could not be entirely fulfilled, nor the number of tests run in the laboratory. There were reactors to all three diseases with an apparent prevalence of approximately 30 per cent for CBPP, 6 per cent for RVF and 7 per cent for FMD. Calculation of true prevalence based on test sensitivity and specificity resulted in a slightly higher prevalence figure for CBPP and lower figures for RVF and FMD. The study illustrates the importance of considering diagnostic test performance when interpreting results from serosurveys, and the challenge of representative sampling and laboratory work in low-income countries.
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Robra, Ben, Alex Pazaitis, and Kostas Latoufis. "Counter-Hegemonic Decision Premises in Commons-Based Peer Production: A Degrowth Case Study." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 19, no. 2 (September 4, 2021): 343–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v19i2.1264.
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Capitalism is evidently the main cause of ecological degradation, climate change and social inequality. Degrowth as a counter-hegemony opposes the capitalist imperatives of economic growth and capital accumulation and radically seeks to transform society towards sustainability. This has strong political economic implications. Economic organisations and modes of production are essential in overcoming capitalist hegemony. This article investigates two commons-based peer production (CBPP) organisations in a qualitative case study by asking how they could align with degrowth counter-hegemony to help overcome capitalism. Social systems theory is used as an organisational lens to empirically research decision premises and their degrowth counter-hegemonic alignment. The results show that this alignment is possible in relatively small organisations. However, to help degrowth succeed, CBPP needs to be more widely adopted, for which larger organisations seem better equipped. Future studies focusing on the concept of scaling wide in CBPP networks in the context of degrowth counter-hegemony are suggested.
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Hamsten, Carl, Georgina Tjipura-Zaire, Laura McAuliffe, Otto J. B. Huebschle, Massimo Scacchia, Roger D. Ayling, and Anja Persson. "Protein-Specific Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses in a Clinical Trial for Vaccines against Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 5 (March 31, 2010): 853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00019-10.
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ABSTRACT Specific humoral immune responses in a clinical trial on cattle for vaccines against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) were investigated. The trial included a subunit vaccine consisting of five recombinant putative variable surface proteins of the infectious agent Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (M. mycoides SC) compared to the currently approved attenuated vaccine strain T1/44 and untreated controls. Humoral immune responses to 65 individual recombinant surface proteins of M. mycoides SC were monitored by a recently developed bead-based array assay. Responses to the subunit vaccine components were found to be weak. Animals vaccinated with this vaccine were not protected and had CBPP lesions similar to those of the untreated controls. In correlating protein-specific humoral responses to T1/44-induced immunity, five proteins associated with a protective immune response were identified by statistical evaluation, namely, MSC_1046 (LppQ), MSC_0271, MSC_0136, MSC_0079, and MSC_0431. These five proteins may be important candidates in the development of a novel subunit vaccine against CBPP.
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Mulongo, Musa, Joachim Frey, Ken Smith, Christian Schnier, Hezron Wesonga, Jan Naessens, and Declan McKeever. "Vaccination of Cattle with the N Terminus of LppQ of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Results in Type III Immune Complex Disease upon Experimental Infection." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 5 (March 2, 2015): 1992–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00003-15.
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a serious respiratory disease of cattle caused byMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoides.Current vaccines against CBPP induce short-lived immunity and can cause severe postvaccine reactions. Previous studies have identified the N terminus of the transmembrane lipoprotein Q (LppQ-N′) ofM. mycoidessubsp.mycoidesas the major antigen and a possible virulence factor. We therefore immunized cattle with purified recombinant LppQ-N′ formulated in Freund's adjuvant and challenged them withM. mycoidessubsp.mycoides. Vaccinated animals showed a strong seroconversion to LppQ, but they exhibited significantly enhanced postchallenge glomerulonephritis compared to the placebo group (P= 0.021). Glomerulonephritis was characterized by features that suggested the development of antigen-antibody immune complexes. Clinical signs and gross pathological scores did not significantly differ between vaccinated and placebo groups. These findings reveal for the first time the pathogenesis of enhanced disease as a result of antibodies against LppQ during challenge and also argue against inclusion of LppQ-N′ in a future subunit vaccine for CBPP.
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Shi, Fang, Yohsuke Ogawa, Akiyuki Sano, Tomoyuki Harada, Jiro Hirota, Masahiro Eguchi, Eiji Oishi, and Yoshihiro Shimoji. "Characterization and Identification of a Novel Candidate Vaccine Protein through Systematic Analysis of Extracellular Proteins of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 12 (September 9, 2013): 4333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00549-13.
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ABSTRACTErysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of swine erysipelas, is a facultative intracellular Gram-positive bacterium. It has been shown that animals immunized with a filtrate fromE. rhusiopathiaecultures are protected against lethal challenge. In this study, we identified and characterized the extracellular proteins ofE. rhusiopathiaeto search for novel vaccine antigens. A concentrated culture supernatant from theE. rhusiopathiaeFujisawa strain, which has been found to induce protection in mice, was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis. From more than 40 confirmed protein spots, 16 major protein spots were selected and subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequence determination, and 14 protein spots were successfully identified. The identified proteins included housekeeping proteins and other metabolic enzymes. We searched for surface-localized proteins by analyzing the genomes of twoE. rhusiopathiaestrains: Fujisawa and ATCC 19414. Genome analysis revealed that the ATCC 19414 strain has three putative surface-exposedcholine-bindingproteins (CBPs): CbpA, CbpB, and CbpC. Each CBP contains a putative choline-binding domain. The CbpC gene is mutated in Fujisawa, becoming a nonfunctional pseudogene. Immunogold electron microscopy confirmed that CbpA and CbpB, as well as the majority of the metabolic enzymes examined, are associated with the cell surface ofE. rhusiopathiaeFujisawa. Immunization with recombinant CbpB, but not with other recombinant CBPs or metabolic enzymes, protected mice against lethal challenge. A phagocytosis assay revealed that antiserum against CbpB promoted opsonin-mediated phagocytosis by murine macrophagesin vitro. The protective capabilities of CbpB were confirmed in pigs, suggesting that CbpB could be used as a vaccine antigen.
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Ambrosino, Daniela, and Carmine Cerrone. "The Cost-Balanced Path Problem: A Mathematical Formulation and Complexity Analysis." Mathematics 10, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10050804.
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This paper introduces a new variant of the Shortest Path Problem (SPP) called the Cost-Balanced Path Problem (CBPP). Various real problems can either be modeled as BCPP or include BCPP as a sub-problem. We prove several properties related to the complexity of the CBPP problem. In particular, we demonstrate that the problem is NP-hard in its general version, but it becomes solvable in polynomial time in a specific family of instances. Moreover, a mathematical formulation of the CBPP, as a mixed-integer programming model, is proposed, and some additional constraints for modeling real requirements are given. This paper validates the proposed model and its extensions with experimental tests based on random instances. The analysis of the results of the computational experiments shows that the proposed model and its extension can be used to model many real applications. Obviously, due to the problem complexity, the main limitation of the proposed approach is related to the size of the instances. A heuristic solution approach should be required for larger-sized and more complex instances.
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Kostakis, Vasilis. "At the Turning Point of the Current Techno-Economic Paradigm: Commons-Based Peer Production, Desktop Manufacturing and the Role of Civil Society in the Perezian Framework." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2013): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v11i1.463.
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Following the theory of techno-economic paradigm shifts (TEPS), this paper calls attention to the phenomenon of Commons-based peer production (CBPP). In the context of the current paradigm, it argues that civil society can play an important role in creating favourable conditions for a more sustainable global knowledge society. Approaching tentatively the ways in which 3D printing and other desktop manufacturing technologies can be used in CBPP, it also explores the ways in which the partnership with the state may provide a supportive innovative institutional basis for taking the maximum advantage of the emerging synergies in the vein of TEPS theory.
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Di Teodoro, Giovanni, Giuseppe Marruchella, Andrea Di Provvido, Anna Rita D’Angelo, Gianluca Orsini, Paola Di Giuseppe, Flavio Sacchini, and Massimo Scacchia. "Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: A Comprehensive Overview." Veterinary Pathology 57, no. 4 (May 11, 2020): 476–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985820921818.
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a respiratory disease of cattle that is listed as notifiable by the World Organization for Animal Health. It is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and causes important productivity losses due to the high mortality and morbidity rates. CBPP is caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides ( Mmm) and is characterized by severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleural effusion during the acute to subacute stages and by pulmonary sequestra in chronic cases. Additional lesions can be detected in the kidneys and in the carpal and tarsal joints of calves. Mmm infection occurs through the inhalation of infected aerosol droplets. After the colonization of bronchioles and alveoli, Mmm invades blood and lymphatic vessels and causes vasculitis. Moreover, Mmm can be occasionally demonstrated in blood and in a variety of other tissues. In the lung, Mmm antigen is commonly detected on bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells, in lung phagocytic cells, within the wall of blood and lymphatic vessels, inside necrotic areas, and within tertiary lymphoid follicles. Mmm antigen can also be present in the cytoplasm of macrophages within lymph node sinuses, in the germinal center of lymphoid follicles, in glomerular endothelial cells, and in renal tubules. A complete pathological examination is of great value for a rapid presumptive diagnosis, but laboratory investigations are mandatory for definitive diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to describe the main features of CBPP including the causative agent, history, geographic distribution, epidemiology, clinical course, diagnosis, and control. A special focus is placed on gross and microscopic lesions in order to familiarize veterinarians with the pathology and pathogenesis of CBPP.
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Cui, Yuanbo, Fei Gao, Wenmin Li, Yijie Shi, Hua Zhang, Qiaoyan Wen, and Emmanouil Panaousis. "Cache-Based Privacy Preserving Solution for Location and Content Protection in Location-Based Services." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 4651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164651.
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Location-Based Services (LBSs) are playing an increasingly important role in people’s daily activities nowadays. While enjoying the convenience provided by LBSs, users may lose privacy since they report their personal information to the untrusted LBS server. Although many approaches have been proposed to preserve users’ privacy, most of them just focus on the user’s location privacy, but do not consider the query privacy. Moreover, many existing approaches rely heavily on a trusted third-party (TTP) server, which may suffer from a single point of failure. To solve the problems above, in this paper we propose a Cache-Based Privacy-Preserving (CBPP) solution for users in LBSs. Different from the previous approaches, the proposed CBPP solution protects location privacy and query privacy simultaneously, while avoiding the problem of TTP server by having users collaborating with each other in a mobile peer-to-peer (P2P) environment. In the CBPP solution, each user keeps a buffer in his mobile device (e.g., smartphone) to record service data and acts as a micro TTP server. When a user needs LBSs, he sends a query to his neighbors first to seek for an answer. The user only contacts the LBS server when he cannot obtain the required service data from his neighbors. In this way, the user reduces the number of queries sent to the LBS server. We argue that the fewer queries are submitted to the LBS server, the less the user’s privacy is exposed. To users who have to send live queries to the LBS server, we employ the l-diversity, a powerful privacy protection definition that can guarantee the user’s privacy against attackers using background knowledge, to further protect their privacy. Evaluation results show that the proposed CBPP solution can effectively protect users’ location and query privacy with a lower communication cost and better quality of service.
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March, John B., Jason Clark, and Malcolm Brodlie. "Characterization of Strains of Mycoplasma mycoidessubsp. mycoides Small Colony Type Isolated from Recent Outbreaks of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Botswana and Tanzania: Evidence for a New Biotype." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 4 (2000): 1419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.4.1419-1425.2000.
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Four strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.mycoides small colony type (MmmSC) isolated from recent outbreaks of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Africa have been investigated. One Botswanan strain, M375, displayed numerous and significant phenotypic differences from both contemporary field isolates and older field and vaccine strains (African, Australian, and European strains dating back to 1936). Differences include altered morphology, reduced capsular polysaccharide production, high sensitivity to MmmSC rabbit hyperimmune antisera in vitro, and unique polymorphisms following immunoblotting. While insertion sequence analysis using IS1634 clearly indicates a close evolutionary relationship to west African strains, hybridization with IS1296 shows the absence of a band present in all other strains of MmmSC examined. The data suggest that a deletion has occurred in strain M375, which may explain its altered phenotype, including poor growth in vitro and a relative inability to cause septicemia in mice. These characteristics are also exhibited byMycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae(causal agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia [CCPP]), against which M375 antiserum exhibited some activity in vitro (unique among the various MmmSC antisera tested). These findings may have evolutionary implications, since CCPP is believed to be lung specific and without a septicemic phase (unlike CBPP). Since M375 was isolated from a clinical case of CBPP, this novel biotype may be fairly widespread but not normally isolated due to difficulty of culture and/or a potentially altered disease syndrome. Bovine convalescent antisera (obtained from contemporary naturally infected cattle in Botswana) were active against strain M375 in an in vitro growth inhibition test but not against any other strains of MmmSC tested. There exists the possibility therefore, that strain M375 may possess a set of protective antigens different from those of other strains of MmmSC (including vaccine strains). These findings have implications for the control of the current CBPP epidemic in Africa.
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Gosink, Khoosheh K., Elizabeth R. Mann, Chris Guglielmo, Elaine I. Tuomanen, and H. Robert Masure. "Role of Novel Choline Binding Proteins in Virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 5690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.10.5690-5695.2000.
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ABSTRACT The choline binding proteins (CBPs) are a family of surface proteins noncovalently bound to the phosphorylcholine moiety of the cell wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae by a conserved choline binding domain. Six new members of this family were identified, and these six plus two recently described cell wall hydrolases, LytB and LytC, were characterized for their roles in virulence. CBP-deficient mutants were constructed and tested for adherence to eukaryotic cells, colonization of the rat nasopharynx, and ability to cause sepsis. Five CBP mutants, CbpD, CbpE, CbpG, LytB, and LytC, showed significantly reduced colonization of the nasopharynx. For CbpE and -G this was attributable to a decreased ability to adhere to human cells. CbpG, a putative serine protease, also played a role in sepsis, the first observation of a pneumococcal virulence determinant strongly operative both on the mucosal surface and in the bloodstream.
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Bischof, Daniela F., Carole Janis, Edy M. Vilei, Giuseppe Bertoni, and Joachim Frey. "Cytotoxicity of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Type to Bovine Epithelial Cells." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 1 (November 12, 2007): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00938-07.
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ABSTRACT The cytotoxicities of various strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (SC), the agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), were measured in vitro using embryonic calf nasal epithelial (ECaNEp) cells. Strains isolated from acute cases of CBPP induced high cytotoxicity in the presence of glycerol, concomitant with the release of large amounts of toxic H2O2 that were found to be translocated into the cytoplasms of the host cells by close contact of the Mycoplasma strains with the host cells. Currently used vaccine strains also showed high cytotoxicity and high H2O2 release, indicating that they are attenuated in another virulence attribute. Strains isolated from recent European outbreaks of CBPP with mild clinical signs, which are characterized by a defect in the glycerol uptake system, released small amounts of H2O2 and showed low cytotoxicity to ECaNEp cells. M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC strain PG1 released large amounts of H2O2 but was only slightly cytotoxic. PG1 was found to have a reduced capacity to bind to ECaNEp cells and was unable to translocate H2O2 into the bovine cells, in contrast to virulent strains that release large amounts of H2O2. Thus, an efficient translocation of H2O2 into host cells is a prerequisite for the cytotoxic effect and requires an intact adhesion mechanism to ensure a close contact between mycoplasmas and host cells.
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Garaba, S. A., and U. Imogie. "THE STABILITY OF WET T1 CONTAGIOUS BOVINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA VACCINE." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v9i1.2283.
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THE stability of wet T1 contagious bovine plenropneumonia (CBPP) Vaccine stored at 4°C was studied. Two large batches of the vaccines were stored at 4°C for up to 5 months. From the third month of storage, the vaccines were used to vaccinate CBPP-free animals. The immune levels of the animals were monitored by complement fixation test (CET) and challenge trial. The results indicated that all the vaccinated animals produced reasonable antibody titres even after 5 months storage. Also, all the animals vaccinated with vaccines stored between 3 to 5 months resisted infection by contact while ail the incubated and control animals came down with the disease. The results indicated that the vaccine could actually be stored for up to 5 months at 4°C before use.
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Flores-Mireles, Daniel, Yolanda Camacho-Villasana, Madhurya Lutikurti, Aldo E. García-Guerrero, Guadalupe Lozano-Rosas, Victoria Chagoya, Emma Berta Gutiérrez-Cirlos, Ulrich Brandt, Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice, and Xochitl Pérez-Martínez. "The cytochromebcarboxyl terminal region is necessary for mitochondrial complex III assembly." Life Science Alliance 6, no. 7 (April 24, 2023): e202201858. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202201858.
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Mitochondrialbc1complex from yeast has 10 subunits, but only cytochromeb(Cytb) subunit is encoded in the mitochondrial genome. Cytbhas eight transmembrane helices containing two hemesbfor electron transfer. Cbp3 and Cbp6 assist Cytbsynthesis, and together with Cbp4 induce Cytbhemylation. Subunits Qcr7/Qcr8 participate in the first steps of assembly, and lack of Qcr7 reduces Cytbsynthesis through an assembly-feedback mechanism involving Cbp3/Cbp6. Because Qcr7 resides near the Cytbcarboxyl region, we wondered whether this region is important for Cytbsynthesis/assembly. Although deletion of the CytbC-region did not abrogate Cytbsynthesis, the assembly-feedback regulation was lost, so Cytbsynthesis was normal even if Qcr7 was missing. Mutants lacking the CytbC-terminus were non-respiratory because of the absence of fully assembledbc1complex. By performing complexome profiling, we showed the existence of aberrant early-stage subassemblies in the mutant. In this work, we demonstrate that the C-terminal region of Cytbis critical for regulation of Cytbsynthesis andbc1complex assembly.
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Hubschle, O., O. Aschenborn, K. Godinho, and R. Nicholas. "Control of CBPP -- a role for antibiotics?" Veterinary Record 159, no. 14 (September 30, 2006): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.159.14.464-b.
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Ndungu, Virginia Wangari, Hellen K. Mberia, Kyalo Wa Ngula, and Joseph Othieno. "The Influence of Communication Participants on Adoption of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Vaccine among Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) Pastoralists in Kenya." American Journal of Communication 5, no. 1 (February 20, 2023): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajc.1356.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of communication participants on adoption of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Vaccine among Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) pastoralists in Kenya.
Methodology: The study population was pastoralists in Narok South Sub-county. Sample size was 468 respondents inclusive of qualitative and quantitative samples where 440 responded to questionnaire, 24 in focus group discussions, and 4 in key informant interviews. Cross-sectional research design entailing collection of qualitative and quantitative data was used to assess association between variables. Multi stage, purposive, simple random, systematic and stratified sampling techniques were then employed to come up with respondents. Data derived from 468 respondents was analyzed using statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20.0 and presented using regression coefficients and ANOVA.
Findings: All respondents engaged in discussions with others before vaccinating cattle against CBPP. This is because as members of social groups, they interacted with each other through networks, a dominant mechanism for diffusion. Within parameters of experts, veterinary officers and agro-veterinary sales people were influential. In the community, family and neighbours were equally influential and among peers were elders and herders. These influencers were effective because of their attributes and social qualities; trustworthiness and credibility, accessibility, knowledgeability, government authority, advised on many issues, related easily with others and were friendly.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Some people have influence over others in CBPP vaccine adoption among ASAL pastoralists. Governments, veterinary researchers, and communication experts need to leverage on them to encourage diffuse of the vaccine. These influencers could also be trained on some basic aspects of disease reporting, control and eradication.
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Rittisak, S., N. Lonuch, S. Buakeeree, and S. Yimtoe. "Development of jelly drink from cultivated banana pseudo stem juice (Musa sapientum L.) and pineapple juice supplemented with pineapple pulp." Food Research 7, no. 2 (March 17, 2023): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.7(2).721.
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This study sought to create a new jelly drink using the pseudo stem juice from cultivated banana plants and pineapple juice supplemented with pineapple pulp (CBPP jelly drink). A total of five formulations of pineapple juice/pineapple pulp ratio (20/0, 15/5, 10/10, 5/15, and 0/20) revealed that the selected ratio of pineapple juice/pineapple pulp was the ratio of 5/15 w/w. However, the evaluation panels rated the texture liking score at 5.9 (<6.0) by preference test (9-point hedonic scale), and therefore the addition of kappacarrageenan was tested to improve this texture liking score of the CBPP jelly drink. The four formulations were varied by the amount of kappa-carrageenan (0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, and 0.7% w/w of all ingredients). As a result, the sensory evaluation showed that the optimal gelling agent was 0.5% kappa-carrageenan because the texture was appropriate in both elastic and softness parameters. The optimal formulation of the developed CBPP jelly drink consists of cultivated banana pseudo stem juice 73%, pineapple pulp 15%, natural cane sugar 6.7%, pineapple juice 5%, citric acid 0.3%, and kappa-carrageenan 0.5% (w/w of all ingredients). The developed jelly drink contained 13.56% crude fibre, 7.30 N hardness value, and 0.994 water activity. The colour of the product was light orange-yellow with L* a* b* value = 52.11, 1.23, and 18.10 respectively. The aerobic plate count and yeast and mould were less than 10 CFU/g. For antioxidant potential, they had 51.1% DPPH scavenging activity. The consumer acceptability test using 100 consumers indicated that the product was liked very much (Overall liking score = 7.2) and 95% of the consumers accepted the product.
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Aligaz, Achamyelesh Amare, and Justin Manango W. Munganga. "Analysis of a mathematical model of the dynamics of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia." Texts in Biomathematics 1 (December 28, 2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11145/texts.2017.12.253.
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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a disease of cattle and water buffalo caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (Mmm). It attacks the lungs and the membranes that line the thoracic cavity. The disease is transmitted by inhaling droplets disseminated through coughing by infected cattle. In this paper a deterministic mathematical model for the transmission of Contagious Bovine plueropnemonia is presented. The model is a five compartmental model consisting of susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Persistently infected and Recovered compartments. We derived a formula for the basic reproduction number R0. For R0 ≤ 1, the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, thus CBPP dies out; whereas for R0 > 1, the unique endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and hence the disease persists. Elasticity indices for R0 with respect to different parameters are calculated; indicating parameters that are important for control strategies to bring R0 below 1, the effective contact rate β has the largest elasticity index. As the disease control options are associated to these parameters, for some values of these parameters, R0 < 1, thus the disease can be controlled.
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Séry, Amadou, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Ousmane Cissé, Mamadou Diallo, Mamadou Koné, Agnès Waret-Szkuta, François Roger, François Thiaucourt, and Mamadou Niang. "Seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Mali." Tropical Animal Health and Production 47, no. 2 (November 30, 2014): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0738-7.
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Chenoweth, Matthew R., and Sue Wickner. "Complex Regulation of the DnaJ Homolog CbpA by the Global Regulators σS and Lrp, by the Specific Inhibitor CbpM, and by the Proteolytic Degradation of CbpM." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 15 (May 23, 2008): 5153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00437-08.
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ABSTRACT CbpA is a DnaJ homolog that functions as a DnaK cochaperone. Several cellular processes, including growth at low and high temperatures and septum formation during cell division, require either CbpA or DnaJ. CbpA is encoded in an operon with the gene for CbpM, which is a specific in vivo and in vitro inhibitor of CbpA. Here, we have cooverexpressed CbpA with CbpM in a ΔcbpAM ΔdnaJ strain and examined the resulting phenotypes. Under these conditions, sufficient free CbpA activity was present to support growth at low temperatures, but not at high temperatures. Defects in cell division and in λ replication were also partially complemented by CbpA when cooverexpressed with CbpM. Utilizing reporter fusions, we demonstrated that the cbpAM operon was maximally transcribed at the transition from exponential growth to stationary phase. Transcription was controlled by the σS and Lrp global regulators, and both leucine availability and growth temperature influenced transcription. CbpA and CbpM accumulated to similar levels in stationary phase, ∼2,300 monomers per cell. When not bound to CbpA, CbpM was unstable and was degraded by the Lon and ClpAP proteases. These data demonstrate that CbpA activity is controlled at multiple levels.
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March, John B. "Improved formulations for existing CBPP vaccines—recommendations for change." Vaccine 22, no. 31-32 (October 2004): 4358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.066.
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Aliyu, M. M., T. U. Obi, and G. O. Egwu. "Prevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in northern Nigeria." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 47, no. 4 (December 2000): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00170-7.
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Aligaz, Achamyelesh A., and Justin M. W. Munganga. "MODELLING THE TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF CONTAGIOUS BOVINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA IN THE PRESENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT WITH LIMITED MEDICAL SUPPLY." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 26, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mma.2021.11795.
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We present and analyze a mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in the presence of antibiotic treatment with limited medical supply. We use a saturated treatment function to model the effect of delayed treatment. We prove that there exist one disease free equilibrium and at most two endemic equilibrium solutions. A backward bifurcation occurs for small values of delay constant such that two endemic equilibriums exist if Rt (R*t,1); where, Rt is the treatment reproduction number and R*t is a threshold such that the disease dies out if and persists in the population if Rt > R*t. However, when a backward bifurcation occurs, a disease free system may easily be shifted to an epidemic. The bifurcation turns forward when the delay constant increases; thus, the disease free equilibrium becomes globally asymptotically stable if Rt < 1, and there exist unique and globally asymptotically stable endemic equilibrium if Rt > 1. However, the amount of maximal medical resource required to control the disease increases as the value of the delay constant increases. Thus, antibiotic treatment with limited medical supply setting would not successfully control CBPP unless we avoid any delayed treatment, improve the efficacy and availability of medical resources or it is given along with vaccination.
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Dudek, Katarzyna, Ewelina Szacawa, and Robin A. J. Nicholas. "Recent Developments in Vaccines for Bovine Mycoplasmoses Caused by Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides." Vaccines 9, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060549.
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Two of the most important diseases of cattle are caused by mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma bovis is a world-wide bovine pathogen that can cause pneumonia, mastitis and arthritis. It has now spread to most, if not all, cattle-rearing countries. Due to its increasing resistance to antimicrobial therapy, vaccination is the principal focus of the control of infection, but effective vaccines are currently lacking. Despite being eradicated from most parts of the world, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, the cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), continues to plague sub-Saharan Africa, affecting at least 25 countries. Numerous new experimental vaccines have been developed over the last 20 years to improve on protection afforded by the T1/44, a live vaccine in continuous use in Africa for over 60 years, but none so far have succeeded; indeed, many have exacerbated the disease. Tools for diagnosis and control are adequate for eradication but what is necessary are resources to improve vaccine coverage to levels last seen in the 1970s, when CBPP was restricted to a few countries in Africa. This paper summarizes the results of the main studies in the field of experimental mycoplasma vaccines, reviews data on commercially available bacterin vaccines and addresses issues relating to the search for new candidates for effective vaccines to reduce economic losses in the cattle industry caused by these two mycoplasmas.
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Aligaz, Achamyelesh Amare, and Justin Manango W. Munganga. "Mathematical Modelling of the Transmission Dynamics of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia with Vaccination and Antibiotic Treatment." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2490313.
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In this paper we present a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) by considering antibiotic treatment and vaccination. The model is comprised of susceptible, vaccinated, exposed, infectious, persistently infected, and recovered compartments. We analyse the model by deriving a formula for the control reproduction number Rc and prove that, for Rc<1, the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable; thus CBPP dies out, whereas for Rc>1, the unique endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and hence the disease persists. Thus, Rc=1 acts as a sharp threshold between the disease dying out or causing an epidemic. As a result, the threshold of antibiotic treatment is αt⁎=0.1049. Thus, without using vaccination, more than 85.45% of the infectious cattle should receive antibiotic treatment or the period of infection should be reduced to less than 8.15 days to control the disease. Similarly, the threshold of vaccination is ρ⁎=0.0084. Therefore, we have to vaccinate at least 80% of susceptible cattle in less than 49.5 days, to control the disease. Using both vaccination and antibiotic treatment, the threshold value of vaccination depends on the rate of antibiotic treatment, αt, and is denoted by ραt. Hence, if 50% of infectious cattle receive antibiotic treatment, then at least 50% of susceptible cattle should get vaccination in less than 73.8 days in order to control the disease.
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Chenoweth, Matthew R., Nancy Trun, and Sue Wickner. "In Vivo Modulation of a DnaJ Homolog, CbpA, by CbpM." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 9 (March 2, 2007): 3635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01757-06.
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ABSTRACT CbpA, an Escherichia coli DnaJ homolog, can function as a cochaperone for the DnaK/Hsp70 chaperone system, and its in vitro activity can be modulated by CbpM. We discovered that CbpM specifically inhibits the in vivo activity of CbpA, preventing it from functioning in cell growth and division. Furthermore, we have shown that CbpM interacts with CbpA in vivo during stationary phase, suggesting that the inhibition of activity is a result of the interaction. These results reveal that the activity of the E. coli DnaK system can be regulated in vivo by a specific inhibitor.
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Gruschke, Steffi, Katharina Römpler, Markus Hildenbeutel, Kirsten Kehrein, Inge Kühl, Nathalie Bonnefoy, and Martin Ott. "The Cbp3–Cbp6 complex coordinates cytochrome b synthesis with bc1 complex assembly in yeast mitochondria." Journal of Cell Biology 199, no. 1 (September 24, 2012): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201206040.
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Respiratory chain complexes in mitochondria are assembled from subunits derived from two genetic systems. For example, the bc1 complex consists of nine nuclear encoded subunits and the mitochondrially encoded subunit cytochrome b. We recently showed that the Cbp3–Cbp6 complex has a dual function for biogenesis of cytochrome b: it is both required for efficient synthesis of cytochrome b and for protection of the newly synthesized protein from proteolysis. Here, we report that Cbp3–Cbp6 also coordinates cytochrome b synthesis with bc1 complex assembly. We show that newly synthesized cytochrome b assembled through a series of four assembly intermediates. Blocking assembly at early and intermediate steps resulted in sequestration of Cbp3–Cbp6 in a cytochrome b–containing complex, thereby making Cbp3–Cbp6 unavailable for cytochrome b synthesis and thus reducing overall cytochrome b levels. This feedback loop regulates protein synthesis at the inner mitochondrial membrane by directly monitoring the efficiency of bc1 complex assembly.
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Persson, Anja, Bertil Pettersson, Göran Bölske, and Karl-Erik Johansson. "Diagnosis of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia by PCR–Laser- Induced Fluorescence and PCR-Restriction Endonuclease Analysis Based on the 16S rRNA Genes ofMycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoidesSC." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 12 (1999): 3815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.12.3815-3821.1999.
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As contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is spreading fast in many African countries, there is an increasing demand for rapid and sensitive diagnostic methods that can be used to confirm the initial diagnosis based on clinical symptoms or pathological findings. Two PCR-based diagnostic systems for identification of the infectious agent, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (M. mycoides SC), in various samples are presented. Both systems involve group-specific amplification of the two 16S rRNA genes from mycoplasmas of the M. mycoides cluster. The laser-induced fluorescence assay is based on a unique sequence length difference between the two 16S rRNA genes in M. mycoidesSC. This region was amplified by PCR, and the products were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a DNA sequencer. The resulting electropherogram showed two peaks for strains of M. mycoides SC and one peak for all other members of the M. mycoides cluster. The second system was based on restriction endonuclease analysis and agarose gel electrophoresis. Restriction of amplicons from a region containing a polymorphism, which is found inM. mycoides SC only, resulted in an extra band on the agarose gel because an AluI site is lacking in therrnA operon. Specimens from cows with postmortem signs of CBPP were analyzed with the two PCR systems. M. mycoides SC was clearly identified in pleural fluid and lung tissue, and the methods were found to be robust and rapid. The results were in agreement with those obtained by conventional diagnostic techniques.
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A., Mohammed, Modu-Kagu H. A., Balami S. I., Abdulraheem A. O., Raji A. O., and Alfred B. "Foetal Wastage and Disease Prevalence among Slaughtered Livestock in Maiduguri Abattoir." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 49, no. 6 (September 11, 2023): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v49i6.3853.
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The study was conducted to determine foetal wastage and disease prevalence among slaughtered livestock in Maiduguri Abattoir. Records were collected from the Management for the purpose of the study. These records include foetal wastage and record for some of the major diseases that affect the slaughtered animals which are tuberculosis, fascioliasis, pneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), foot and mouth disease, dermotophilosis, cirrhosis, abscess, nodular worm and taeniasis. The overall mean values for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), pneumonia, tuberculosis, taeniasis, abscess, fascioliasis, nodular worm, dermotophilosis and cirrhosis were 5.10, 4.10, 11.32, 5.84, 3.34, 17.92, 7.04, 2.53 and 2.64 respectively. Fascioliasis had the highest overall mean value of 17.92 and Dermotophilosis had the lowest overall mean value of 2.53. The effect of seasons on disease prevalence indicated that CBPP, Fascioliasis and nodular worm were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the dry season. The effect of species on foetal wastage showed that there was significant difference (P<0.05) in CBPP, Tuberculosis, Taeniasis, Fascioliasis and Cirrhosis between species. These variations of prevalence may be due to personal and environmental hygiene and poor management of animals. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the effect of season and species on foetal losses. The effect of month on foetal loses indicated that May had the highest percentage of foetal loses with 65% for goats, 59% for sheep, 54% for cattle and 36% for camel respectively while January had the least percentage of foetal loses with 10% for goats and sheep, 8% for cattle and 2% for camel respectively.
L'étude a été menée pour déterminer la mortalité fœtale et la prévalence des maladies parmi le bétail abattu à l'abattoir de Maiduguri. Les dossiers ont été recueillis auprès de la direction aux fins de l’étude. Ces registres incluent le gaspillage fœtal et enregistrent certaines des principales maladies qui affectent les animaux abattus, à savoir la tuberculose, la fasciolose, la pneumonie, la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (PPCB), la fièvre aphteuse, la dermotophilose, la cirrhose, les abcès, les vers nodulaires et le taeniasis. Les valeurs moyennes globales pour la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (PPCB), la pneumonie, la tuberculose, le taeniasis, l'abcès, la fasciolose, le ver nodulaire, la dermotophilose et la cirrhose étaient respectivement de 5,10, 4,10, 11,32, 5,84, 3,34, 17,92, 7,04, 2,53 et 2,64. La fasciolase avait la valeur moyenne globale la plus élevée de 17,92 et la dermatophilose avait la valeur moyenne globale la plus basse de 2,53. L'effet des saisons sur la prévalence de la maladie a indiqué que la PPCB, la fasciolase et le ver nodulaire étaient significativement plus élevés (P<0,05) pendant la saison sèche. L'effet des espèces sur la perte fœtale a montré qu'il y avait une différence significative (P <0,05) dans la PPCB, la tuberculose, le taeniasis, la fasciolose et la cirrhose entre les espèces. Ces variations de prévalence peuvent être dues à l'hygiène personnelle et environnementale et à une mauvaise gestion des animaux. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative (P>0,05) entre l'effet de la saison et de l'espèce sur les pertes fœtales. L'effet du mois sur les pertes fœtales a indiqué que mai avait le pourcentage le plus élevé de pertes fœtales avec 65 % pour les chèvres, 59 % pour les moutons, 54 % pour les bovins et 36 % pour les chameaux respectivement, tandis que janvier avait e pourcentage le plus faible de pertes fœtales avec 10 % pour les caprins et les ovins, 8 % pour les bovins et 2 % pour les chameaux respectivement.
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Bashiruddin, J. B., T. K. Taylor, and A. R. Gould. "A PCR-based Test for the Specific Identification of Mycoplasma Mycoides Subspecies mycoides SC." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 6, no. 4 (October 1994): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879400600405.
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The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to develop a test for the detection of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC in the tissues of animals infected with contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Two sets of primers were designed; one set (MC323/MC358) to amplify a ∼1.5-kbp DNA fragment from all the members of the M. mycoides ‘Cluster’ and the other set (MM450/MM451) specifically amplified a 574-bp DNA fragment from M. mycoides subspecies. The PCR products could be differentiated further by digestion with the restriction enzyme AsnI. Enzyme digestion of amplification products from M. m. mycoides SC produced 2 fragments, whereas the other 2 M. mycoides subspecies, M. m. mycoides LC and M. m. capri, produced 3 fragments. This test was shown to be very sensitive, being able to detect between 10 and 100 organisms. Cattle were experimentally infected with the Gladysdale strain of M. m. mycoides SC, and samples of serum and mucus were taken periodically, as were postmortem samples of lung, lymph node, pleural fluid, synovial fluid, and tracheal swabs. Complement fixation test on serum samples, culture of postmortem tissues, and histopathologic examination confirmed disease. DNA was extracted from postmortem samples and amplified by PCR using primers MM450 and MM451. Digestion of products using AsnI allowed the specific identification of M. m. mycoides SC. This test could confirm CBPP in 48 hours and was thus capable of giving a more rapid result than the traditional methods of culture, isolation, and identification using biochemical and serological techniques.
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Iles, Richard A., Haniel Gatumu, Samuel Kagundu, and Christopher Draheim. "Information sharing and willingness-to-pay for CBPP vaccine in rural Kenya." Vaccine 37, no. 12 (March 2019): 1659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.072.
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