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Journal articles on the topic 'Cecil Rhodes'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

McFarlane, Richard A. "Historiography of Selected Works on Cecil John Rhodes (1853–1902)." History in Africa 34 (2007): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2007.0013.

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The historiography of Cecil John Rhodes may be divided into two broad categories: chauvinistic approval or utter vilification. In the Introduction to Colossus of Southern Africa, Lockhart and Woodhouse wrote: “Those who hated [Rhodes] most were those who knew him least, and those most admired and loved him were those who knew him best.” The earlier works written soon after Rhodes death, and usually by his “intima[te]” friends, constitute the first group. Later works written by historians and journalists largely constitute the second group. Generally speaking, the category into which a particular biography or history is placed has a strong correlation to the time it was written. Chronologically, these two groups divide at about 1945, when the last of Rhodes's intimate companions died and the British Empire was beginning to be dismantled.The earliest published biography of Cecil Rhodes was Cecil Rhodes: His Political Life and Speeches, 1881-1900 published just two years before his death. The work was published pseudonymously under the moniker “Vindex.” C.M. Woodhouse, in the “Notes on Sources” at the front of his book on Rhodes, identified Vindex as the Reverend F. Vershoyle.

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2

Davis, R. Hunt, Brian Roberts, and Robert I. Rotberg. "Cecil Rhodes: Flawed Colossus." American Historical Review 95, no. 3 (June 1990): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164356.

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3

Rotberg, Robert I. "Cecil Rhodes in the cotton fields." Ethnic and Racial Studies 9, no. 3 (July 1986): 288–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1986.9993534.

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4

Rohr, Gretchen. "An African-American Rhodes Scholar Confronts the Ghost of Cecil Rhodes." Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, no. 23 (1999): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2999329.

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5

Evans, Joanna Ruth. "Unsettled Matters, Falling Flight: Decolonial Protest and the Becoming-Material of an Imperial Statue." TDR/The Drama Review 62, no. 3 (September 2018): 130–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00775.

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A statue of 19th-century British imperialist Cecil John Rhodes sat at the heart of the University of Cape Town’s colonial façade until 9 April 2015, when it was removed after just one month of student protests known as the Rhodes Must Fall movement. The material alterations made to the body of the statue by protesting students unsettled the dominant epistemology of the university and public discourse by exceeding the bounds and logics of representational politics.

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6

Watson, R. L., Robert Rotberg, and Miles Shore. "The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power." International Journal of African Historical Studies 25, no. 2 (1992): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219416.

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7

Worger, William H., and Robert I. Rotberg. "The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power." African Studies Review 32, no. 3 (December 1989): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/524552.

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8

DUBOW, SAUL. "The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the pursuit of power." African Affairs 89, no. 354 (January 1990): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098264.

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9

Rotberg, Robert I. "Did Cecil Rhodes Really Try to Control the World?" Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 42, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 551–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2014.934000.

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10

Bond, Patrick. "In South Africa, “Rhodes Must Fall” (while Rhodes’ Walls Rise)." New Global Studies 13, no. 3 (November 18, 2019): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ngs-2019-0036.

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AbstractThe African borders established in Berlin in 1884–85, at the peak of Cecil John Rhodes’ South African ambitions, were functional to the main five colonial-imperial powers, but certainly not to African societies then, nor to future generations. The residues of Rhodes’ settler-colonial racism and extractive-oriented looting include major cities such as Johannesburg, which are witnessing worse inequality and desperation, even a quarter of a century after apartheid fell in 1994. In South Africa’s financial capital, Johannesburg, a combination of post-apartheid neoliberalism and regional subimperial hegemony amplified xenophobic tendencies to the boiling point in 2019. Not only could University of Cape Town students tear down the hated campus statue of Rhodes, but the vestiges of his ethnic divide-and-conquer power could be swept aside. Rhodes did “fall,” in March 2015, but the South African working class and opportunistic politicians took no notice of the symbolic act, and instead began to raise Rhodes’ border walls ever higher, through ever more violent xenophobic outbreaks. Ending the populist predilection towards xenophobia will require more fundamental changes to the inherited political economy, so that the deep structural reasons for xenophobia are ripped out as convincingly as were the studs holding down Rhodes’ Cape Town statue.

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11

Bubb, Alexander. "Melodramatic Imperial Writing: From the Sepoy Rebellion to Cecil Rhodes." Journal of Victorian Culture 20, no. 2 (March 24, 2015): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13555502.2015.1024046.

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12

Gasman, Marybeth. "Philip Ziegler. Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarships. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008. 400 pp. Hardcover $45.00." History of Education Quarterly 50, no. 2 (May 2010): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2010.00271.x.

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13

Wilhelm, Peter. "Cecil Rhodes, "The Rich Man," and the Conversion of Trooper Peter." Chesterton Review 24, no. 1 (1998): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/chesterton1998241/28.

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14

Walker, George. "‘So Much to Do’: Oxford and the Wills of Cecil Rhodes." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 44, no. 4 (July 3, 2016): 697–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2016.1211295.

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15

Deane, Bradley. "IMPERIAL BARBARIANS: PRIMITIVE MASCULINITY IN LOST WORLD FICTION." Victorian Literature and Culture 36, no. 1 (March 2008): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150308080121.

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Cecil Rhodes, the “Colossus” of late Victorian empire, proudly proclaimed himself a barbarian. He spoke of his taste for things “big and simple, barbaric, if you like,” and boasted that he conducted himself “on the basis of a barbarian” (Millin 165, 242). His famous scholarships designed to turn out men fit for imperial mastery required success in “manly outdoor sports,” a criterion Rhodes privately called the proof of “brutality” (Stead 39). Yet while Rhodes celebrated qualities he called barbaric or brutal, his adversaries seized upon the same rhetoric to revile him. During the Boer War, for instance, the tactics by which Rhodes and his friends tightened their grip on South Africa were boldly condemned by Henry Campbell-Bannerman as “methods of barbarism.” Similarly, G. K. Chesterton denounced Rhodes as nothing more than a “Sultan” who conquered the “East” only to reinforce the backward “Oriental” values of fatalism and despotism (242–44). This strange consensus, in which Rhodes and his critics could agree about his barbarity, reflects a significant uncertainty about late Victorian imperial ambitions and their relationship to “barbarism.” Clearly, the term was available both to the empire's critics as a metaphor for unprincipled or indiscriminate violence and to imperialists as a justification for their efforts to bring civilization to the Earth's dark places, to spread the gospel, and to enforce the progress of history that the anthropologist E. B. Tylor called “the onward movement from barbarism” (29). But Rhodes's cheerful assertion of his own barbarity represents something altogether different: the apparent paradox of an imperialism that openly embraces the primitive. Nor was Rhodes alone in sounding this particularly troubling version of the barbaric yawp. During the period of the New Imperialism (1871–1914), Victorian popular culture became engrossed as never before in charting vectors of convergence between the British and those they regarded as primitive, and in imagining the ways in which barbarians might make the best imperialists of all. This transvaluation of savagery found its most striking expression in the emergence of a wildly popular genre of fiction: stories of lost worlds.

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16

Luescher, Thierry M. "Frantz Fanon and the #MustFall Movements in South Africa." International Higher Education, no. 85 (March 14, 2016): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2016.85.9244.

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What started in early 2015 as a series of protests at the University of Cape Town against the statue of Cecil John Rhodes expanded by the end of the year into a nationwide student movement under the label #FeesMustFall. This article analyzes the development and characteristics of the movement as a networked student movement along with its ideological inspiration in the work of Frantz Fanon.

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17

Chapman, S. D. "Rhodes and the City of London: Another View of Imperialism." Historical Journal 28, no. 3 (September 1985): 647–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00003344.

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There have been any number of biographies of Cecil Rhodes but they are all concerned with his imperialist dreams and dieir realization, paying litde attention to his business career and financial connexions in London. This is surprising in view of J. A. Hobson's identification of finance as ‘the motor-power of Imperialism’ and his reference to the prime role of Rothschilds (Rhodes' financiers) and other Jewish firms. The name of Rothschild is of course mentioned in the biographies, but the merchant bank's contribution is nowhere probed and the student of business history or imperialism is left to draw his own inferences from its characteristically low profile. Perhaps Rothschilds only receive passing mention because their contribution was very modest, an initial priming for a client that needed litde external financial support? Or, following Hobson, conceivably the bankers were the real powers behind Rhodes, ‘the prime determinants of imperial policy’? Recent revelations of some of Rhodes' business deals have not improved his reputation, and it is important to know if his financial backers were in any way responsible for the unsavoury aspects of his business record.

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18

Nesvet, Rebecca. "Neil Hultgren, Melodramatic Imperial Writing: From the Sepoy Rebellion to Cecil Rhodes." Victoriographies 6, no. 1 (March 2016): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2016.0222.

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19

Walters, Paul, and Jeremy Fogg. "“When in Doubt, Leave Out”:1 The Country Editor Who Declined to Publish a Long Letter from Olive Schreiner." English in Africa 47, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/eia.v47i2.3.

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The authors deal with six unpublished communications from Olive Schreiner to James Butler, Editor of the Cradock newspaper The Midland News and Karroo farmer between March 1893 and October 1905, as well as a reply from Butler to Schreiner. These documents are housed in the Cory Library for Historical Research at Rhodes University. Transcriptions by J. Fogg are appended. The heart of the article deals with Butler’s refusal to publish Schreiner’s “letter to the Women of Somerset East” which she had sent as a contribution to the protest meeting held in Somerset East on 12 October 1900 to mark the first anniversary of the declaration of the South African War. Keywords: Unpublished Schreiner Letters, South African War, Women’s Meeting Somerset East 12 October 1900, editorial policies, Cecil Rhodes’s control of the South African English language Press.

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20

Cairncross, Bruce. "Who in Mineral Names: Two South Africans Hans Merensky and Cecil John Rhodes." Rocks & Minerals 77, no. 1 (February 2002): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2002.9926657.

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21

DUBOW, S. "Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners: The imperial colossus and the colonial parish pump." African Affairs 96, no. 384 (July 1, 1997): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007865.

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22

Lammers, Donald. "Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners: The Imperial Colossus and the Colonial Parish Pump." History: Reviews of New Books 26, no. 1 (October 1997): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1997.10525311.

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23

Bivona, Daniel. "Review: Melodramatic Imperial Writing: From the Sepoy Rebellion to Cecil Rhodes by Neil Hultgren." Nineteenth-Century Literature 70, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2015.70.3.405.

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24

Rotberg, Robert I. "The Jameson Raid: An American Imperial Plot?" Journal of Interdisciplinary History 49, no. 4 (March 2019): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01341.

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South Africa’s Jameson Raid ultimately betrayed African rights by transferring power to white Afrikaner nationalists after helping to precipitate the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902). The Raid also removed Cecil Rhodes from the premiership of the Cape Colony; strengthened Afrikaner control of the South African Republic (the Transvaal) and its world-supplying gold mines; and motivated the Afrikaner-controlled consolidation of segregation in the Union of South Africa, and thence apartheid. Perceptively, Charles van Onselen’s The Cowboy Capitalist links what happened on the goldfields of South Africa to earlier labor unrest in Idaho’s silver mines. Americans helped to originate the Raid and all of the events in its wake.

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25

Askin, Steve. "Mission To Renamo: The Militarization of the Religious Right." Issue 18, no. 2 (1990): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700501103.

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A century ago, Cecil Rhodes told a Dutch Reformed missionary’s mother that “your son among the natives is worth as much to me as a hundred policemen.” He was referring, of course, to the role many missionaries played in turning Christianity into an ideology which could be used to convince Africans not to resist white domination.Rhodes’ modern-day successors—South Africa’s white rulers and their allies—have gone one dangerous step further. For them, it is not enough to use the church as a kind of ideological cheering section for white domination. Instead they are quite literally using pastors and missionaries as soldiers and policemen.

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26

Askin, Steve. "Mission To Renamo: The Militarization of the Religious Right." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 18, no. 2 (1990): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500003887.

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A century ago, Cecil Rhodes told a Dutch Reformed missionary’s mother that “your son among the natives is worth as much to me as a hundred policemen.” He was referring, of course, to the role many missionaries played in turning Christianity into an ideology which could be used to convince Africans not to resist white domination.Rhodes’ modern-day successors—South Africa’s white rulers and their allies—have gone one dangerous step further. For them, it is not enough to use the church as a kind of ideological cheering section for white domination. Instead they are quite literally using pastors and missionaries as soldiers and policemen.

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27

Schmahmann, Brenda. "Bringing Cecil out of the closet: Negotiating portraits of Rhodes at two South African universities." de arte 46, no. 84 (January 2011): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00043389.2011.11877149.

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28

Lunn, Jon. "The Political Economy of Primary Railway Construction in the Rhodesias, 1890–1911." Journal of African History 33, no. 2 (July 1992): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700032229.

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The main trunk lines of the Rhodesian railway system were built under the aegis of Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company (BSA Co.) between 1890 and 1911. This article begins with an analysis of the motivations behind railway construction during this period. It argues that interpretations which set up a dichotomy between ‘Rhodes-as-imperialist’ and ‘Rhodes-as-capitalist’ are misconceived. Nevertheless, it shows how the motivations behind railway development took on a more narrowly economic and financial character after the fiasco of the Jameson Raid in 1896 put paid to Rhodes' sub-imperial ambitions.There follows an analysis of the economic and financial foundations of the BSA Co.'s regional railway monopoly. The article charts how railway construction was sustained through the manipulation of the interlocking interests of the BSA Co. and the Witwatersrand; through the creation of a ‘group structure’ of railway companies; and through the triangular relationship which developed between the BSA Co., Paulings, the monopoly contractor, and d'Erlangers, the chief broker and underwriter of railway loan (debenture) capital.Finally, two fundamental allegations made by critics of the railway policy of the BSA Co. are assessed: firstly, that debenture finance was a means of distributing disguised dividends to itself and its friends; secondly, that these disguised dividends were paid for by the settlers through exorbitant railway rates. The nature of debt within the railway monopoly, the functions of debenture finance and the imperatives which shaped rating policy are discussed. The allegations are revealed to be ill-founded. It is argued that the tensions between the settlers and the BSA Co., their interdependence notwithstanding, were rooted in conflicting perceptions of what the priorities and parameters of economic development should be.

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29

Daniel, Antje. "Brüchige Allianzen. LSBTIQ Aktivismen im Kontext der intersektionalen und dekolonialen Praxis der südafrikanischen Studierendenbewegung." Jenseits der Kolonialität von Geschlecht 40, no. 1 and 2-2020 (July 22, 2020): 102–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/peripherie.v40i1-2.06.

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Am 9.3.2015 bewarf Chumani Maxwele die Statue von Cecil Rhodes am Universitätsgelände der University of Cape Town mit Fäkalien. Aus dem Unmut gegen die Präsenz des Kolonialisten Rhodes an der Universität und damit aus der Kritik an dieser diskriminierenden Erinnerungskultur entwickelte sich eine der größten sozialen Bewegungen Südafrikas seit der Überwindung der Apartheid. Die Studierenden forderten mit dem Rhodes Must Fall und später mit Fees Must Fall den freien Zugang zur tertiären Bildung und einen universitären Raum jenseits von Diskriminierung und Rassismus. Dekolonisierung und Intersektionalität waren dabei zwei zentrale Schlagworte für das Verständnis der Unrechtserfahrungen der Studierenden und zugleich fassten sie die multiplen Forderungen der Studierenden zusammen. Die vielfache Zuschreibung dessen was Dekolonisierung und Intersektionalität bedeuten, ermöglichte es, Allianzen zwischen unterschiedlichsten Studierenden zu bilden und auch jene Studierenden, wie die LSBTIQs zu integrieren, welche aufgrund ihrer mehrfachen Diskriminierung häufig ausgeschlossen bleiben. Im Protestverlauf erlebten jedoch LSBTIQs Studierende vermehrt Diskriminierung und Ausschluss. Geschlechterpositionen wurden zum Streitpunkt und stellten die Allianzen infrage. Was mit einer geteilten Forderung von Dekolonisierung und Intersektionalität begann und damit mit dem Streben nach einem herrschaftsfreien Raum, der Diskriminierung und Rassismus überwindet, endete in der Reproduktion von Ungleichheit und der Herausbildung von Machtpositionen. Allianzen brachen auf, trugen zur Zersplitterung der Studierendenbewegung bei und ließen Gegenproteste entstehen, welche die herrschaftskritischen Proteste in ihrer Reproduktion von Ungleichheit hinterfragten. Vor dem Hintergrund der Studierendenbewegung wird die Brüchigkeit von Allianzen deutlich ebenso wie Notwendigkeit, analytisch den Protestverlauf zu analysieren, denn erst dieser zeigt das Entstehen von Allianzen einerseits sowie von Macht- und Exklusionsdynamiken andererseits.

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30

Leonov, Valerij P. "Library Cape town (Following the Colloquium of the International Association of Bibliophiles)." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)], no. 3 (June 28, 2015): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2015-0-3-89-94.

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International Association of Bibliophiles (IAB), established in 1961 in Paris, brings together librarians, publishers, collectors of rare books, conservators, conservation specialists, bookbinders, businessmen, lawyers, and diplomats. The Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences (BAN) is the Member of the IAB since 1994. BAN became the organizer of the Colloquium in St. Petersburg. Meetings of bibliophiles are held annually in different countries. The article presents the activities of the Colloquium of bibliophiles in Cape town (South Africa) in 2002. There are described the exhibitions of books, manuscripts and documents from the collections of the Library of Center of Books in Cape town, the National Library of South Africa, Library of the University of Cape town, University of Stellenbosch, library of the English and South African Politician Cecil John Rhodes and private collections. Exhibition materials reflect the history of African book culture.

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31

Newbury, Colin. "Technology, Capital, and Consolidation: The Performance of De Beers Mining Company Limited, 1880–1889." Business History Review 61, no. 1 (1987): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115773.

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In this article, Dr. Newbury focuses on the technical and financial reasons for amalgamation at the Kimberley mines in South Africa, drawing on primary records to account for the rise of De Beers as the world's major diamond mining company in the 1880s. He finds that prior experience in local government and on the mining boards prepared company directors for competition in joint stock enterprise, while differences in production policies and performance influenced the pattern of mergers within and among the four Kimberley mines. De Beers's close relationship with diamond merchants and private banks in London, particularly N. M. Rothschild & Sons, was central to its position as a prime mover toward consolidation. Dr. Newbury views De Beers as a firm that relied for its success less on its renowned chairman, Cecil J. Rhodes, than on a combined managerial expertise that reflected the interests of both mining producers and merchant buyers.

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32

Collins, Robert O. "Brian Roberts. Cecil Rhodes: “Flawed Colossus.”New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1987. Pp. xiv, 319. $22.50. - Robert I. Rotberg. The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power. New York: Oxford University Press. 1988. Pp. xxii, 800. $35.00." Albion 22, no. 2 (1990): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049631.

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33

Bouch, Richard. "Glen Grey before Cecil Rhodes: How a Crisis of Local Colonial Authority Led to the Glen Grey Act of 1894." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 27, no. 1 (1993): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485437.

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34

Bouch, Richard. "Glen Grey before Cecil Rhodes: How a Crisis of Local Colonial Authority Led to the Glen Grey Act of 1894." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 27, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1993.10804309.

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35

Stanley, Liz. "Afterword: Writing lives, fictions, and the postcolonial." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 55, no. 3 (October 3, 2018): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989418802610.

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This essay reflects on the writing of lives and fictions in a South African context in light of the contents of this special issue, and draws parallels with some of the approaches adopted by the contributors. It discusses biography, autobiography, diaries, letters, and testimonies by or about Steve Biko, Nelson Mandela, Eugene Marais, Njube son of Lobengula, Cecil Rhodes, and Olive Schreiner, and problematizes some of the key terms in thinking about postcolonial literatures. In doing so, it explores interconnections between the factual and the fictive in different forms of life writing, the expanded boundaries of biographizing, performances, and transformations of the self, the use of fictions to tell truths, issues with representation and referentiality, the appeal of a return to “the facts” in some circumstances, the position of readers, and how the relationship between “then” and “now” informs writing practices. The conclusion draws on Olive Schreiner’s literary credo to propose that an alliance between writers and readers should be part of reconfiguring the biographical impulse in postcolonial literatures.

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36

Mandiringana, E., and T. J. Stapleton. "The Literary Legacy of Frederick Courteney Selous." History in Africa 25 (1998): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172188.

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In the works of many generations of white writers on Africa, the “Great White Hunter” has remained one of the most powerful and enduring images. A model of Caucasian masculinity, he quickly masters a hostile and wild environment in ways which amaze the aboriginal population, who are usually portrayed as savage and incompetent. Perhaps the best known real-life example of this classic image was Frederick Courteney Selous, a product of the English public school system, who hunted elephants in southern and central Africa during the 1870s and 1880s. Never having made much money from the ivory trade because of the dwindling number of elephants, Selous became an employee of Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company (BSAC) in the 1890s and worked towards the colonization of Southern Rhodesia. After fighting against the Ndebele in 1893 and 1896, Selous eventually based himself in England and became a recognized environmental expert, safari guide, and collector/seller of zoological specimens.Through writing six books and numerous articles from 1881 to the 1910s, Selous successfully created and popularized an image of himself as a skilled, yet sporting, hunter, a painfully honest gentleman of the bush, and a friend, as well as leader, of Africans. He was an adventurer with a dramatic habit of narrowly escaping danger and these episodes were often illustrated through drawings in his books. Discussing one such incident, a writer of hunting stories once remarked that “throughout Lobengula's country the story went that Selous was the man even the elephants could not kill. It helped to build the ‘Selous Legend’ among the Rhodesian tribes.”

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37

Etherington, Norman. "Were There Large States in the Coastal Regions of Southeast Africa Before the Rise of the Zulu Kingdom?" History in Africa 31 (2004): 157–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361541300003442.

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The Zulu kingdom holds a special place in both popular culture and historical scholarship. Zulu—a famous name, easy to spell and pronounce—is as recognizably American as gangster rap. The website of the “Universal Zulu Nation” (www.hiphopcity.com/zulu_nation/) explains that as “strong believers in the culture of hiphop, we as Zulus … will strive to do our best to uplift ourselves first, then show others how to uplift themselves mentally, spiritually, physically, economically and socially.” The Zulu Nation lists chapters in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Washington, Miami, Virginia Beach, Los Angeles, Detroit, New Haven, Hartford, New Jersey, and Texas. Mardi Gras in New Orleans has featured a “Zulu Parade” since 1916. The United States Navy underscores its independence from Britain by using “Zulu time” instead of Greenwich Mean Time. Not to be outdone, the Russian Navy built “Zulu Class” submarines in the 1950s and Britain's Royal Navy built a “Tribal Class Destroyer,” HMS Zulu. The common factor linking black pride, Africa, and prowess in war is the Zulu kingdom, a southeast African state that first attained international fame in the 1820s under the conqueror Shaka, “the black Napoleon.” His genius is credited with innovations that reshaped the history of his region. “Rapidly expanding his empire, Shaka conquered all, becoming the undisputed ruler of the peoples between the Pongola and Tugela Rivers … In hand-to-hand combat the short stabbing spear introduced by Shaka, made the Zulus unbeatable.” In South Africa Shaka's fame continues to outshine all other historical figures, including Cecil Rhodes and Paul Kruger. A major theme park, “Shakaland,” commemorates his life and Zulu culture. A plan was unveiled in 1998 to erect a twenty-story high statue of the Zulu king in Durban Harbor that would surpass the ancient Colossus of Rhodes.

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38

Wenzel, M. "The many 'faces' of history: Manly Pursuits and Op soek na generaal Mannetjies Mentz at the interface of confrontation and reconciliation." Literator 23, no. 3 (August 6, 2002): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v23i3.341.

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Several English and Afrikaans novels written during the nineties focus on confrontation with the past by exposing past injustices and undermining various myths and legends constructed in support of ideological beliefs. This commitment has gradually assumed the proportions of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. A comparison of two recent novels dealing with events preceding and during the Anglo-Boer War, Manly Pursuits by Ann Harries and Op soek na generaal Mannetjies Mentz (In search of General Mannetjies Mentz) by Christoffel Coetzee provides an interesting angle to this debate. This article is an attempt to contextualise these novels within the larger framework of a contemporary South African reality; to acknowledge and reconcile, or assemble, disparate “faces” of a South African historical event at a specific moment in time. In Manly Pursuits, Ann Harries focuses on the arch imperialist, the “colossus of Africa”, Cecil John Rhodes, to expose the machinations behind the scenes in the “take over” of southern Africa, while in the Afrikaans novel, Op soek na generaal Mannetjies Mentz, the General becomes the embodiment of collective guilt. Written within a postmodern paradigm, both texts problematize the relationship between history and fiction by revealing deviations from “historic data” suggesting alternate versions of such "documentation" and by juxtaposing the private lives of historical personages with their public images.

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Brown, Richard. "The Colossus - The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power. By Robert Rotberg with the collaboration of Miles F. Shore. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988, 1989. Pp. xix + 800. $35 (£25.00). - Cecil Rhodes and His Time. By Apollon B. Apollon. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1988. (English translation by Christopher English of the revised Russian text. Original Russian edition, 1984). Pp. 443. Not priced." Journal of African History 31, no. 3 (November 1990): 499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185370003125x.

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Marks, Shula. "Robert I. Rotberg with the collaboration of Milton F. Shore, The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the pursuit of power. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988, 822 pp., £25.00, ISBN 0 10 504968 3." Africa 61, no. 1 (January 1991): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160292.

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YORKE, EDMUND. "ANGLO-AFRIKANER RELATIONS IN THE CAPE Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners: The Imperial Colossus and the Colonial Parish Pump. By MORDECHAI TAMARKIN. London: Frank Cass, 1996. Pp. x+339. £35 (ISBN 0-7146-4627X); £16, paperback (ISBN 0-7146-4267-3)." Journal of African History 40, no. 2 (July 1999): 297–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853799357479.

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Schmidt, Tracy Thennes, Mohammad Tauseef, Lili Yue, Marcelo G. Bonini, Joachim Gothert, Tang-Long Shen, Jun-Lin Guan, Sanda Predescu, Ruxana Sadikot, and Dolly Mehta. "Conditional deletion of FAK in mice endothelium disrupts lung vascular barrier function due to destabilization of RhoA and Rac1 activities." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 305, no. 4 (August 15, 2013): L291—L300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00094.2013.

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Loss of lung-fluid homeostasis is the hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI). Association of catenins and actin cytoskeleton with vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin is generally considered the main mechanism for stabilizing adherens junctions (AJs), thereby preventing disruption of lung vascular barrier function. The present study identifies endothelial focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that canonically regulates focal adhesion turnover, as a novel AJ-stabilizing mechanism. In wild-type mice, induction of ALI by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide or cecal ligation and puncture markedly decreased FAK expression in lungs. Using a mouse model in which FAK was conditionally deleted only in endothelial cells (ECs), we show that loss of EC-FAK mimicked key features of ALI (diffuse lung hemorrhage, increased transvascular albumin influx, edema, and neutrophil accumulation in the lung). EC-FAK deletion disrupted AJs due to impairment of the fine balance between the activities of RhoA and Rac1 GTPases. Deletion of EC-FAK facilitated RhoA's interaction with p115-RhoA guanine exchange factor, leading to activation of RhoA. Activated RhoA antagonized Rac1 activity, destabilizing AJs. Inhibition of Rho kinase, a downstream effector of RhoA, reinstated normal endothelial barrier function in FAK−/− ECs and lung vascular integrity in EC-FAK−/− mice. Our findings demonstrate that EC-FAK plays an essential role in maintaining AJs and thereby lung vascular barrier function by establishing the normal balance between RhoA and Rac1 activities.

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Cartlidge, Neil, Lisa Hopkins, Samantha Lin, John W. J. Curtis, Karen L. Edwards, Joad Raymond, Joanna Wharton, et al. "Reviews: Transporting Chaucer, Shakespeare's Princes of Wales: English Identity and the Welsh Connection, Shakespeare and the English-Speaking Cinema, Forensic Shakespeare, Milton, Toleration, and Nationhood, the Author's Hand and the Printer's Mind, Imagining Women Readers, 1789–1820: Well-Regulated Minds, Emotional Lexicons: Continuity and Change in the Vocabulary of Feeling 1700–2000, William Blake in the Desolate Market, Romantic Englishness: Local, National, and Global Selves, 1780–1850, Experimental Life: Vitalism in Romantic Science & Literature, Victorian Celebrity Culture and Tennyson's Circle, Melodramatic Imperial Writing: From the Sepoy Rebellion to Cecil Rhodes, the Beginnings of University English: Extramural Study, 1885–1910, Black Resonances: Iconic Women Singers and African American Literature, Modernism and Christianity, Edward Upward and Left-Wing Literary Culture in Britain, Disability in Science Fiction: Representations of Technology as Cure, Directions in the History of the Novel." Literature & History 24, no. 1 (May 2015): 73–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/lh.24.1.8.

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"Cecil Rhodes: flawed colossus." Choice Reviews Online 26, no. 04 (December 1, 1988): 26–2287. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.26-2287.

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"The founder: Cecil Rhodes and the pursuit of power." Choice Reviews Online 26, no. 09 (May 1, 1989): 26–5186. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.26-5186.

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"Melodramatic imperial writing: from the Sepoy Rebellion to Cecil Rhodes." Choice Reviews Online 52, no. 05 (December 18, 2014): 52–2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.186499.

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Van der Wal, Ernst. "Rhodes and the Spatial Realisation of Race, Gender and Sexuality." Gender Questions 8, no. 2 (November 6, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/7593.

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The call for the decolonisation of South African space that started to resound throughout South Africa in 2015 has, for a large part, centred on the institutional and historical legacy of Cecil John Rhodes. The Rhodes Must Fall movement has, for example, demonstrated the degree to which Rhodes is still entangled with the South African landscape. Although this movement has largely exposed the race-based prejudices of Rhodes’ imperialist endeavours for South(ern) Africa, Rhodes’ legacy also carries overt biases towards gender and sexuality. As this article demonstrates, the spectre of Rhodes’ alleged homosexuality has haunted him not only during his lifetime, but has persisted to the present day. The concept of Rhodes as a homosexual man stands in a complex relationship to the public image of imperialist, statesman and entrepreneur that he and key agents in the British Empire have tried to foster. However, in the wake of a crumbling British Empire, Rhodes have been left exposed to critics who have strategically used him as an example of the way in which decolonisation can be exacted upon a memorialised legacy. As this article demonstrates, Rhodes’ entanglement with the ideas surrounding race, gender and sexuality that were prevalent during his life had a direct impact on his conduct in South Africa. When it comes to the active decolonisation of South African spaces and institutional discourses, Rhodes’ whiteness, masculinity and possible homosexuality present a complex picture of the history of empire-building – of British dreams to paint Africa red.

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"1933." Camden Fifth Series 11 (December 1998): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960116300000932.

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Tuesday 3 January To the Whitefriars for luncheon; a good muster. Cecil Harmsworth, owner of Johnson's house where we meet, was there, and I thus found myself in the odd situation of standing a sherry to Northcliffe's brother. Cecil is rather a charming man, built on the Rhodes model, with hogged moustache and a general savour of tweeds about him, very quiet in a solid way, and extremely courteous. He says that his son Desmond, the publisher, is ‘too highbrow’. ‘Desmond seems to have a flair for this modern high-brow poetry, but I simply don't understand it.’ We sat at one end of the table, with Jones and me at Harmsworth's left and Fyfe on his right. When Harmsworth had gone Fyfe told us that Northcliffe always said that Cecil was the only gentleman in the family. […] At the office all was normal, but Hobson's nerves a bit on edge, due to the return to offensiveness of Brendan Bracken, I surmised.

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"Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners: the imperial colossus and the colonial parish pump." Choice Reviews Online 34, no. 09 (May 1, 1997): 34–5229. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.34-5229.

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Maylam, Paul. "Monuments, memorials and the mystique of empire: the immortalisation of Cecil Rhodes in theTwentieth century." African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/asr.v6i1.23206.

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