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Journal articles on the topic "Ceinture africaine de la méningite"
Ouattara, S., O. Sangho, H. Yalcouyé, B. Traoré, K. K Kayembé, CA CA Coulibaly, A. A Sangho, et al. "Investigation d'un cas de récidive de méningite, W135 et Y à Yirimadio, Bamako, Juin 2019." Mali Santé Publique, December 31, 2019, 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.53318/msp.v9i02.1510.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Ceinture africaine de la méningite"
Abass, Halima. "Epidémies de méningite avant et après l'introduction du vaccin méningococcique conjugué monovalent contre le sérogroupe A dans la ceinture africaine de la méningite." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066156/document.
Full textMeningitis epidemics strike since several decades in the African Meningitis Belt. In 2010, a mass vaccination with the conjugate vaccine MenAfriVac® was conducted in the region in order to eliminate epidemics due to meningococcal (Nm) A, the main serogroup in cause. The objective of this thesis is to describe the epidemiology of meningitis in Niger before and after MenAfriVac® introduction; to contribute to a better understanding of epidemics’ dynamics by comparing the characteristics of localized epidemics by serogroup responsible; to evaluate the effectiveness and the efficiency of surveillance and response strategies.For this, we used for the first time data aggregated at the geographical level of health area concerning suspected cases and laboratory confirmed cases from 2002 to 2015.We considered the historical situation of before MenAfriVac® introduction, the situation simulating NmA elimination and the real situation of NmC re-emergence. The first part of this thesis showed a change of meningitis epidemiologyin Niger, with the elimination of NmA from 2011 and the explosive re-emergence of NmC in 2015.The age groups and the country’s area the most affected since 2002 were also known. The epidemic peak was more early detected at the health area level. The highest annual incidences were found in the south eastern part of the country, bordering Nigeria. We also found that epidemics due to NmX tended to have higher peak force at health center level than those due to serogroup A, while the peak force of NmW appeared to be lower. The serogroup C appeared to have epidemic dynamic similar to NmA. Annual incidences showed less pronounced differences, possibly due to the trend for longer duration of NmA epidemics.Whensimulating NmA elimination, effectiveness of the response was highest for health area level surveillance and district level vaccination, while efficiency was optimized with health area level vaccination. For 2015 NmC epidemic, effectiveness and efficiency were higher for health area level surveillance and district level vaccination compared to other strategies. Strategies for prevention and response to meningitis epidemics need to be adapted according to the characteristics of predominant meningococcal serogroups.Subdistrict level surveillance may be most appropriate for meningitis epidemic response following elimination of serogroup A meningitis and for the 2015 NmC epidemic
Müller, Judith Elisabeth. "Neisseria meningitidis: portage et statut immunitaire au décours d´une épidémie liée au sérogroupe W135 dans la Ceinture africaine de la méningite et leur interprétation pour une stratégie préventive." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066198.
Full textKoutangni, Thibaut. "Modélisation des méningites bactériennes dans la ceinture africaine des méningites pour l’évaluation de la vaccination préventive Incidence, Carriage and Case-Carrier Ratios for Meningococcal Meningitis in the African Meningitis Belt : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Compartmental Models for Seasonal Hyperendemic Bacterial Meningitis in the African Meningitis Belt." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS159.
Full textPathophysiological mechanisms underlying the seasonal dynamic and epidemic occurrence of bacterial meningitis in the African meningitis belt remain unknown. Regular seasonality (hyperendemicity) is observed for meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis. Understanding this is critical for better prevention and modelling. The two main hypotheses for hyperendemicity during the dry season imply an increased risk of invasive disease given asymptomatic carriage of meningococci and pneumococci; or an increased transmission of these bacteria from carriers and ill individuals. We developed three mathematical models of seasonal hyperendemicity, featuring one or a combination of the two hypotheses. Models were parameterized based on current knowledge on meningococcal and pneumococcal biology and pathophysiology. We compared the models’ performance in reproducing weekly incidences cases of acute bacterial meningitis reported by health centres in Burkina Faso during 2004–2010, through meningitis surveillance. All models performed well (R2, 0.72, 0.86, 0.87). Seasonal forcing transmission only or and risk of meningitis better captured amplitude of seasonal incidence. However, seasonal forcing transmission alone required a higher constant invasion rate. These results suggest a combination of seasonal changes of the risk of invasive disease and carriage transmission is involved in hyperendemic bacterial meningitis in the African meningitis belt. Consequently, interventions reducing the risk of nasopharyngeal invasion and the bacteria transmission, especially during the dry season are believed to be needed to limit the recurrent seasonality of bacterial meningitis in the meningitis belt
Eglinger, Aurélien. "Cycle de l'uranium et évolution tectono-métamorphique de la ceinture orogénique Pan-Africaine du Lufilien (Zambie)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0306/document.
Full textUranium is an incompatible and lithophile element and can be used as a geochemical tracer to discuss the generation and the evolution of continental crust. This thesis, focused on the Pan-African Lufilian belt in Zambia, characterizes the U cycle for this crustal segment. Silici-clastic and evaporitic sediments have been deposited within an intracontinental rift during the dislocation of the Rodinia supercontinent during the early Neoproterozoic. U-Pb ages on detrital zircon grains in these units indicate a dominant Paleoproterozoic provenance. The same zircon grains show subchondritic epsilonHf (between 0 and -15) and yield Hf model ages between ~2.9 and 2.5 Ga. These data suggest that the continental crust was generated before the end of the Archean associated with U extraction from the mantle. This old crust has been reworked by deformation and metamorphism during the Proterozoic. U has been remobilized and re-concentrated during several orogenic cycles until the Pan-African orogeny. During this Pan-African cycle, U-Pb and REY (REE and Yttrium) signatures of uranium oxides indicate a first mineralizing event at ca. 650 Ma during the continental rifting. This event is related to late diagenesis hydrothermal processes at the basement/cover interface with the circulation of basinal brines linked to evaporites of the Roan. The second stage, dated at 530 Ma, is connected to metamorphic highly saline fluid circulations, synchronous to the metamorphic peak of the Lufilian orogeny. These fluids are derived from the Roan evaporite dissolution. Some late uranium remobilizations are described during exhumation of metamorphic rocks and their tectonic accretion in the internal zone of the Lufilian orogenic belt
Mazamay, Ikony Engo Serge. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle et écologie des méningites bactériennes en dehors de la ceinture de la méningite en Afrique : cas de la République démocratique du Congo." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG093.
Full textBacterial meningitis remains an international public health problem with a major burden in Africa. They are mainly due to three bacteria: Neisseria meningitidis (Nm), Streptococcus pneunomiae (Sp) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), the human rhino-pharynx being the ecological niche of bacteria. The transmission is aerial, direct, interhuman or by contact with the respiratory secretions of the patient or the healthy carrier. While the meningitis belt stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia is widely studied, the ecology of meningitis outside this particular area is still poorly understood. The aim of this thesis is to explore the ecology of bacterial meningitis in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) based on epidemiological, genetic and socio-environmental data for the period 2000-2018. Despite the low rate of biological confirmation of cases (14%), we identified risk health zones, grouped into 8 spatial clusters. These clusters allowed us to highlight a seasonality of bacterial meningitis that is not very marked and which is variable from one region to another in the DRC, in contrast with the strong seasonality described in the meningitis belt. Urbanized areas where populations show a low economic index of well-being, high latitude and longitude, medium to low altitude, with savannah vegetation, with medium temperatures, are significant risk factors, alone or in synergy, to explain meningitis cases in the DRC. The distribution of aerosols and dust on the Congolese territory occurs about two to three weeks before the epidemic outbreaks of bacterial meningitis for two categories of monthly groupings (December to February and May to September). These results foreshadow the possibility of developing an early warning system. Finally, we propose an explanatory conceptual model of meningitis in the DRC whose rate of occurrence of the first cases is well regulated by the movement of dust and aerosols over the country.The recognition of bacterial meningitis as an international priority, particularly outside the belt, whose characteristics are yet to be better understood, could contribute to the achievement of the objectives of sustainable development, and more particularly those related to SDG 3 "health and well -being for everyone "
Berger, Julien. "Les associations de roches basiques-ultrabasiques néoprotérozoïques d'Amalaoulaou (Gourma, Mali), du Tassendjanet (Hoggar occidental, Algérie) et cénozoïques du Saghro (Anti-Atlas, Maroc) : témoins de l'évolution géodynamique de la ceinture péri-cratonique ouest-africaine." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS236.
Full textThis study focuses on the Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic evolution of the eastern and northern border of the West African Craton. Four massifs, characterised by a basic-ultrabasic association located in Gourma (Mali), Western Hoggar (Algeria) and Anti-Atlas (Morocco) are investigated in order to constrain the evolution of the peri-cratonic suture from the Neoproterozoic to the Cenozoic. The Amalaoulaou massif (Gourma, Mali) represents the root of a Neoproterozoic intra-oceanic island arc. Its evolution begun with the emplacement (800-790 Ma) of tholeiitic basic magmas (now recrystallised in metagabbros) that have a source only slightly enriched by slab-derived components. This event corresponds to the beginning of the subduction, when the arc is still immature. Quartz and hornblende gabbros from the upper unit (~720 Ma) represent chilled melts that have a more pronounced arc signature, thus reflecting a higher degree of enrichment by slab-derived components in the mantle source. The syn- to late-magmatic evolution is marked by recrystallisation and localised melting in the deep arc crust, forming anorthositic to tonalitic melts (660 Ma) and garnet-clinopyroxene-rutile residues. The arc root is exhumed at low T conditions (550°C, 6-9 kbar), probably at the same time as the UHP eclogite exhumation. Oceanic slab subduction is rapidly followed by continental subduction. The Tiléouine/Tin Zebbane eclogites/amphibolites are intracontinetal tholeiitic metabasalts recrystallised under HP conditions (600°C, 17 kbar) during subduction of the Tassendjanet terrane. The eclogites were subject to chemical differentiation during HP recrystallisation due to interaction with fluids derived from the dehydration of continental sediments. Eclogites were subject to thermal reequilibration during the first steps of exhumation (750°C, ~10 kbar) and these conditions were progressively overprinted by low-T conditions (660°C, 7-8 kbar) just before the collision stage. The basic-ultrabasic intrusion of Tiléouine (Western Hoggar) is emplaced just after the collision stage (600-590 Ma). The parental magma of the series is most probably a continental tholeiitic basalt having a lithospheric mantle source. It has crystallised ultramafic cumulates dominated by olivine, spinel and pyroxenes and progressively followed by plagioclase-rich gabbros. Magma emplacement at 10-20 km depth is coeval with transtensional tectonics that probably induced lithospheric thinning. Reactivation of the peri-cratonic suture in intraplate anorogenic setting is marked by the emplacement of Cenozoic alkaline lavas in the Anti-Atlas (Saghro volcanic field, Morocco). The mantle-derived nephelinites are low degree partial melts products of a HIMU-bearing mantle source that was probably located close the asthenosphere/lithosphere boundary. Fractional crystallisation of K-feldspar, nepheline, apatite and titanite lead the parental magma towards phonolitic composition. Late-stage magmatic evolution of the phonolites is responsible for the development of accessory minerals that are usually found in agpaitic systems (hainite and lorenzenite). The magmas were emplaced along tension gashes or open fractures that have the same orientation as the principal stress in the southern Atlas system during Mio-Pliocene times
Berger, Julien. "Les associations de roches basiques - ultrabasiques néoprotérozoïques d'Amalaoulou (Gourma, Mali), du Tassendjanet (Hoggar occidental, Algérie) et cénozoïques du Saghro (Anti-Atlas, Maroc): témoins de l'évolution géodynamique de la ceinture péri-cratonique ouest-africaine." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210499.
Full textLe massif d’Amalaoulaou (Gourma, Mali) est interprété comme la racine d’un arc intra-océanique ayant enregistré la mise en place de magmas basiques (unité des métagabbros) à un stade immature de l’évolution de l’arc (subduction naissante) vers 800-790 Ma. Les gabbros quartziques (~720 Ma) et les gabbros à hornblende de l’unité supérieure ont des signatures de magmas d’arc plus franche, témoins d’une source mantellique plus enrichie par l’apport de la plaque océanique plongeante. Les métagabbros sont ensuite affectés par une recristallisation et localement par une anatexie en conditions du faciès granulitique. De nombreuses veines leucocrates se développent à ce stade, ce sont principalement des anorthosites et des tonalites (mises en place vers 660 Ma) provenant de la fusion partielle des métagabbros (850°C-1000°C, P>10 kbar). Cette fusion génère également des résidus denses à grenat-clinopyroxène-rutile, associations fréquemment présentes dans les racines d’arcs plus récents et reflétant la maturation de l’arc. L’arc d’Amalaoulaou est ensuite exhumé et charrié sur le craton ouest-africain dans des conditions de basse température et moyenne pression (550°C, 6-9 kbar), probablement au même moment que l’exhumation des éclogites du Gourma (~620 Ma).
L ‘épisode de subduction océanique est suivi par la subduction continentale dans le Gourma et le Hoggar occidental. Les éclogites/amphibolites de Tiléouine et Tin Zebbane (Hoggar occidental) sont des métabasaltes tholéiitiques enrichis et alcalins intracontinentaux ayant plongé à 60 km de profondeur (600°C, 17 kbar) lors de la subduction d’une partie du terrane du Tassendjanet. Même si la nature géochimique du protolithe est encore reconnaissable, ces métabasaltes ont subi une différenciation chimique lors de la recristallisation à haute pression par interaction avec les fluides issus de la déshydratation des métasédiments. L’exhumation (615-600 Ma) se fait relativement lentement, ce qui induit un rééquilibrage thermique (750°C, ~10 kbar) avant l’exhumation à basse température (660 °C, 7-8 kbar) précédant de peu voire synchrone à la phase collisionnelle.
L’intrusion basique-ultrabasique de Tiléouine marque la fin de la collision panafricaine dans le Hoggar occidental (600-590 Ma). C’est une ancienne chambre magmatique différenciée, mise en place entre 10 et 20 km de profondeur, et montrant une évolution magmatique depuis des cumulats ultramafiques riches en olivine, spinelle et pyroxène vers des gabbros riches en plagioclase. Le magma parental est d’affinité tholéiitique enrichie et tire probablement sa source de la lithosphère sous-continentale. La mise en place de cette intrusion est contemporaine d’un contexte tectonique transtensif induisant un amincissement lithosphérique au niveau du Tassendjanet.
Cette suture péri-cratonique est réactivée au Cénozoïque, lors de la convergence Afrique-Europe, ce qui se marque par la mise en place de laves alcalines, notamment dans l'Est de l’Anti-Atlas marocain (Saghro :10-3 Ma). Les néphélinites du Saghro sont issues de faibles taux de fusion partielle d’une source mantellique contenant un composant HIMU et localisée à la limite asthénosphère/lithosphère (70-100 km sous l’Anti-Atlas). La cristallisation fractionnée de ces magmas génère des phonolites, par fractionnement de feldspath, néphéline, apatite et sphène, principalement. L’étape finale de différenciation se marque par la formation de phases peu communes comme la hainite et la lorenzenite. Ces magmas se sont mis en place à la faveur de fentes de tension et de fractures ouvertes ayant la même orientation que la contrainte principale au Mio-Pliocène.
Doctorat en Sciences
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Toé, Wilfried Antoine Bassou. "Minéralisations uranifères de la ceinture orogénique Pan-africaine du Damara (Namibie) : implication de la fusion partielle, de la migration et de la mise en place des magmas sur le remaniement de la croûte continentale." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0274/document.
Full textThe chronology of continental crust formation is debated but most models converge on the fact that much of the continental crust on the surface of the Earth is present since the Proterozoic (2.5 - 0, 54 Ga) and has essentially undergoes reworking during orogenesises. Uranium which is an incompatible element is a tracer of this crustal evolution, since its initial fractionation by partial melting of the mantle to its reworking in higher crustal levels. Neoproterozoic Pan-African (0.5 ± 0.1 Ga) orogenic belt of the Damara in Namibia is a good geological target to test the relationship between crustal growth and evolution and metallogeny of uranium. It was formed after the collision of the Archean cratons of Congo and Kalahari (subducting plate). This thesis shows that the evolution of the continental crust during the Neoproterozoic Damara Orogen is by reworking of Archaean to Neoproterozoic crustal domains and partial melting of rocks is the predominant mechanism for primary uranium mineralization associated with crystallization of intrusive granites derived from anatexis of paleo- to mesoproterozoic basement fragments. The intrusive granites issued from partial melting of sediments in the upper crustal levels are low or not favorable to high concentrations of uranium because of 1) the low preconcentration of their protoliths and 2) their relatively limited migration. The mineralized intrusive granites correspond to late- to post-collision injections (ca. 520-480 Ma in the central area) and are related to thermal relaxation phases and gravitational collapse subsequent to thickening in crustal orogen in a context of plates convergence
Mbaguedje, Diondoh. "Métallogénie de l’or et de l’uranium dans le cadre de la croissance et de la différenciation de la croûte au Néoprotérozoïque : exemple du massif du Mayo-Kebbi (Tchad) dans la Ceinture Orogénique d’Afrique Centrale." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0008/document.
Full textThe Mayo Kebbi massiflocated in southwestern Chad between the Congo craton in the South, the West African craton in the west and the Sahara metacraton to the east exposes a segment of Neoproterozoic juvenile crust accreted in the Central African orogenic belt during the Pan African orogeny. It consists of two greenstone belts (Zalbi and Goueygoudoum) separated by the May Kebbi calc-alkaline batholith complexes and intruded by calc-alkaline high-K granitic plutons. The whole is covered by Phanerozoic sedimentary formations. The greenstone belts contain sulphide zones hosted mainly by metaplutonic rocks (granodiorites) and metabasalts and metavolcaniclastics. The mineralization comprises pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pentlandite, pentlandite silver, pentlandite cobaltiferous, sphalerite, cobaltite. These sulphides are disseminated, aggregated in form of layers or are filling veins and cracks. The greenstones also contain quartz veins with calcite and chlorite comprising a mineralization made of pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and gold. Gold is present both as native crystals and as electrum. The high-K calc-alkaline Zabili granitic pluton hosts uranium mineralization related to a superposition of: (1) ductile deformation and metasomatic alteration implying the interaction between magmatic minerals with a Na-rich fluid, of potential magmatic origin, coeval to the main deposition of uranium oxides, followed by (2) brittle deformation and deposition of secondary hydrated uranium silicates involving a Na-Ca-rich fluid. We propose that these uranium mineralizations represent the extreme expression of crustal differentiation as a result of Pan-African reworking of a Neoproterozoic juvenile crustal segment
Isseini, Moussa. "Croissance et différenciation crustales au Néoprotérozoique : exemple du domaine panafricain du Mayo Kebbi au Sud-Ouest du Tchad." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10035/document.
Full textThe Mayo Kebbi massif (south-western Chad) is located between the Congo craton, the West African craton and the Saharan Metacraton. It consists of two greenstone belts (Zalbi and Goueygoudoum), three magmatic complexes (Gauthiot falls, Lere, Figuil) and post-tectonic intrusions distinguished on the basis of their structural, petrological, geochemical and geochronological characteristics. The geodynamic evolution of this massif includes the following phases:Phase 1: Emplacement of a Mafic to Intermediate Plutonic (MIP) complex. Boloro metadiorite, which belongs to this complex, is dated at 748 ± 4 Ma (U-Pb zircon age). This metadiorite is enriched in REE and characterized by LaN/YbN ~ 12, Sr/Y > 32, high LILE, Cr and Ni contents but negative anomalies in Nb-Ta. These features are attributed to partial melting of the slab followed by interaction of the produced magmas with the mantle wedge during their ascent.Phase 2: Emplacement of metagabbros and metabasalts (700 ± 10 Ma: U-Pb zircon age) of the Zalbi metavolcanic-sedimentary group. These rocks are characterized by a decoupling of LILE and HFSE, negative Nb-Ta anomalies, weak to moderate LREE fractionation relative to HREE. In particular, their geochemical characteristics are similar to modern back-arc basins. The isotopic compositions of Sr and Nd of these rocks preclude contamination by old continental crust of the related magmas during their emplacement. Accordingly, the MIP complex and the Zalbi metavolcanic-sedimentary group are associated to juvenile accretion in an island arc/back-arc basin tectonic setting.Phase 3: The syntectonic quartz metadiorite of Gauthiot Falls magmatic complex (665 ± 1 Ma: U-Pb zircon age, Penaye et al., 2006) is emplaced during a first collision event, which involves the Mayo Kebbi massif and the Adamaoua-Yade domain to the east. This event marks the beginning of the closure of the Zalbi back-arc basin and crustal thickening.Phase 4: The thickening is responsible of intra-crustal differentiation by partial melting of rocks accreted during the previous phases at the base of the arc. During this phase, several tonalitic intrusions are emplaced, including hornblende-biotite tonalites of Gauthiot Falls and Guegou tonalite (Lere magmatic complex). The latter is dated at 647 ± 5 Ma (U-Pb zircon age). The produced magmas have typical features of TTG magmas, leaving a garnet bearing residue at the base of the continental crust.Phase 5: The syntectonic tonalite of Figuil magmatic complex dated at 618 ± 6 Ma (U-Pb zircon age), is characterized by initial ?Nd = -3 and initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7073 attesting for the involvement of pre-Neoproterozoic crust on its origin. It marks a second collision event between the Mayo Kebbi massif and the Western domain of the Central African Orogenic Belt to the west.Phase 6: The Zabili A-type granite emplaced at 567 ± 10 Ma (U-Pb zircon age) and is related to the last magmatic events of the Pan-African orogenic cycle (post-tectonic intrusions). The geochemical (low Sr, Eu, Ca, Mg, Ni) and isotopic compositions (initial ?Nd = +3 à +7) of this granite point to an origin involving extreme fractionation of mantle-derived magmas which interacted with an old crustal component during their emplacement in the upper continental crust