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1
Board, Ontario Environmental Assessment. In the matter of an application by the Corporation of the Tonwship of Edwardsburgh for approval of the construction of sanitary sewage works, pumping stations and force mains and a two cell waste stabilization lagoon, and for the approval of issuance of debentures and the enactment of proposed by-laws: Decision and reasons for decision of the Joint Board dated December 7, 1988. S.l: s.n, 1988.
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McGlynn, Katherine A., Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts, and Andreas Stang. Testicular Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0054.
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Testicular cancer is a rare cancer in the general population, but is the most common neoplasm among young men in many countries. It has one of the highest heritabilities of all cancer types. The vast majority of testicular cancers are germ cell tumors; thus the terms “testicular cancer” and “testicular germ cell tumors” (TGCTs) are often used interchangeably. Globally, the incidence of testicular cancer is highest among men of European ancestry and lowest among men of African and Asian ancestries. Incidence rates have been increasing in many countries since at least the mid-twentieth century. Mortality rates, however, have sharply declined in developed countries. While the reason for the decline in mortality rates is well known, reasons for the increase in incidence remain poorly understood. Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that most TGCTs are linked to disturbed development of the testes, beginning in utero, but fostered by postnatal events.
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Fitzpatrick, T. M. Letticia Cellbridge's Official Guide To Cell Phone Etiquette / 71 Reasons To Get Off The !@#XX Cell Phone by Sgt. Sam Hammer. Center for Entrepreneurial Success, 2001.
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Lefebvre, Tony, and Tarik Issad, eds. 30 years old: O-GlcNAc Reaches Age of Reason - Regulation of Cell Signaling and Metabolism by O-GlcNAcylation. Frontiers Media SA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-591-6.
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Bunch, Chris. Myelodysplasia. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0288.
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The myelodysplastic syndromes (or myelodysplasias) comprise a spectrum of disorders characterized by dysplastic or ineffective haemopoiesis that leads to variable anaemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. There is often a degree of red-cell macrocytosis. The majority are clonal stem cell disorders in which the abnormal clone predominates and expands only slowly over a number of years. Myelodysplasias have a tendency to develop ultimately into acute leukaemia in some patients; for this reason, they are sometimes referred to as ‘preleukaemias’, even though two-thirds of patients will never develop this complication. This chapter addresses the causes, diagnosis, and management of myelodysplastic syndromes.
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LaGrave, Danielle, Patricia L. Devers Winters, and Geralyn Lambert-Messerlian. Prenatal Screening Technologies and Test Issues. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604929.003.0007.
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Maternal serum screening began with the measurement of serum alpha fetal protein to detect open neural tube defects, which led to the implementation of routine serum-based prenatal screening in the second trimester for Down syndrome. Advances via combined and integrated screening allowed for the first-trimester detection of both Down syndrome and trisomy 18. Next-generation sequencing has enabled the identification of aneuploidies in circulating cell-free fetal DNA from the plasma fraction of maternal whole blood. This breakthrough in molecular genetic testing, commonly referred to as noninvasive prenatal testing, has revolutionized prenatal screening and testing for genetic disorders without posing additional risk to the pregnancy. This chapter reviews the history of maternal serum screening, the disorders it can detect, the methods of calculating patient-specific risk, and reasons for recalculation or adjustment of risk. This chapter also reviews of cell-free DNA-based testing for fetal aneuploidies, including its limitations and potential.
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Townsend, William M., and Emma C. Morris. ICU selection and outcome of patients with haematological malignancy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0374.
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Patients with haematological malignancies require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to the underlying disease, as a consequence of treatment with chemotherapy or after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. With an increasing numbers of patients being diagnosed with these diseases and longer survival as treatments improve, the burden on ICU is anticipated to increase. There is compelling evidence that patients should not be denied admission to ICU based on the presence of a haematological malignancy. In this chapter the disease- and treatment-related reasons for ICU admission, outcome, and risk prediction scores for patients with haematological malignancies are discussed.
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Hopkins, William D., Cheryl D. Stimpson, and Chet C. Sherwood. Social cognition and brain organization in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0014.
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Bonobos and chimpanzees are two closely relates species of the genus Pan, yet they exhibit marked differences in anatomy, behaviour and cognition. For this reason, comparative studies on social behaviour, cognition and brain organization between these two species provide important insights into evolutionary models of human origins. This chapter summarizes studies on socio-communicative competencies and social cognition in chimpanzees and bonobos from the authors’ laboratory in comparison to previous reports. Additionally, recent data on species differences and similarities in brain organization in grey matter volume and distribution is presented. Some preliminary findings on microstructural brain organization such as neuropil space and cellular distribution in key neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in social behaviour and cognition is presented. Though these studies are in their infancy, the findings point to potentially important differences in brain organization that may underlie bonobo and chimpanzees’ differences in social behaviour, communication and cognition. Les bonobos et les chimpanzés sont deux espèces du genus Pan prochement liées, néanmoins ils montrent des différences anatomiques, comportementales et cognitives marquées. Pour cette raison, les études comparatives sur le comportement social, la cognition et l’organisation corticale entre ces deux espèces fournissent des idées sur les modèles évolutionnaires des origines humaines. Dans ce chapitre, nous résumons des études sur les compétences socio-communicatives et la cognition sociale chez les chimpanzés et les bonobos de notre laboratoire en comparaison avec des rapports précédents. En plus, nous présentons des données récentes sur les différences et similarités d’organisation corticale du volume et distribution de la matière grise entre espèces. Nous présentons plus de résultats préliminaires sur l’organisation corticale microstructurale comme l’espace neuropile et la division cellulaire dans des neurotransmetteurs clés et les neuropeptides impliqués dans le comportement social et la cognition. Bien que ces études sont dans leur enfance, les résultats montrent des différences d’organisation corticale importantes qui sont à la base des différences de comportement social, la communication et la cognition entre les bonobos et les chimpanzés.
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McCann, Shaun R. Molecules, genes, and gene therapy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198717607.003.0009.
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The twenty-first century has brought many innovations in haematology, with improved diagnostic technology, which may inform treatment choices for malignant diseases, and a better understanding of the genetics and/or epigenetics underlying many diseases. Unfortunately, the aetiology of most of these diseases still eludes us, and some common diseases such as sickle cell disease await simple, inexpensive, and widely available curative treatment. For reasons that are often obscure, some diseases have become fashionable and attract large research financial backing, whereas some do not. With the advent of advanced technology and an improved understanding of disease mechanisms, most haematological malignancies should enjoy the same success as the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and chronic myeloid leukaemia.
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Grulich, Andrew E., Fengyi Jin, and I. Mary Poynten. Anal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0037.
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Anal canal cancer is a generally uncommon cancer that has been increasing in incidence for several decades. In most geographic locations, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for 70% or more of cases, and incidence is slightly higher in women than in men. The remaining cases are mainly adenocarcinoma, but the degree to which this represents misclassified rectal cancer is uncertain. In almost all cases, anal SCC is caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV); HPV-16 accounts for 75% or more of all cases. Survival is highly stage-dependent, and cure is usual if the cancer is diagnosed early. The main risk factor is anal exposure to HPV, and for this reason homosexual men are at particularly high risk. In women, risk is increased in those with higher numbers of sexual partners, and in those with a history of HPV-related disease at genital sites.
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Ratié, Isabelle. Utpaladeva and Abhinavagupta on the Freedom of Consciousness. Edited by Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.27.
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The Pratyabhijñā (“Recognition”) system, designed by the Śaiva nondualist Utpaladeva (c.925–975 ce) and expounded by Abhinavagupta (c.975–1025 ce) stands out as one of the greatest accomplishments of Indian philosophy. Engaging in a dialogue with all the rival currents of thought of his time, and claiming that the realization of our identity with God (understood as a single, all-encompassing, and all-powerful consciousness) can be achieved through the mere recourse to experience and reason, Utpaladeva transforms the Śaiva scriptural dogmas into philosophical concepts. His “new path” is aimed at demonstrating that the essence of any individual’s consciousness is none other than the absolute freedom characterizing God’s creativity. While examining Utpaladeva’s use of the concept of freedom in several major Indian controversies (such as the debates over the existence of the self or the ontological status of perceived objects), this article explores his phenomenological attempts to uncover the freedom of consciousness in our most ordinary experiences.
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Belavusau, Uladzislau, and Aleksandra Gliszczynska-Grabias, eds. Constitutionalism under Stress. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864738.001.0001.
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This volume is designed to mark the outstanding legacy of Professor Wojciech Sadurski’s scholarship in the field of comparative constitutional law. It provides a rich palette of chapters that aim to rethink the state of the art in this field, in light of the latest challenges to the foundations of liberal constitutionalism. Edited by former doctoral students of Professor Sadurski, the volume transcends the celebration of his major academic contributions by linking his pioneering writings, inter alia on Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), to core dilemmas in the turbulent state of the rule of law in western democracies. It consolidates contributions by numerous current and former students, as well as colleagues and friends around the globe in admiration of his didactic style, tireless work, civil dedication, and priceless commentary influencing the work of generations of constitutional scholars. Besides drawing on Wojciech’s fields of interest, the book aims to provide a full overview of the crucial dilemmas in dealing with the current decline of liberal democracies and populist challenges to the rule of law throughout Europe—events that he predicted early on in his writings about the Jörg Haider affair in Austria and the introduction of Article 7 TEU by the Amsterdam Treaty. The major themes of the chapters are thus as follows: 1. Populism and democratic decline in CEE; 2. The EU role: Article 7 TEU vis-à-vis the rule of law in Hungary and Poland; 3. Constitutional review and militant democracy: between public reason and new forms of populism.
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Nicholson, Andrew. Hindu Disproofs of God. Edited by Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.29.
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Among Hindu philosophical schools, Sāṃkhya is well known for its atheism. The Sāṃkhya-sūtra (c.14th cent. ce) is notable as the only Sāṃkhya source text to present positive disproofs of the existence of god (Īśvara). According to this text, it is impossible for god, an eternally fulfilled being, to have the desire to create the world. Its other arguments cite the problem of suffering in the world and god’s superfluity in relation to other causal forces as additional reasons that there can exist no omniscient, omnipotent, and benevolent creator of the world. This chapter concludes by discussing Vedāntic and medieval Christian responses to the disproof based on god’s lack of desire, and offers suggestions for how attention to argumentation in premodern Indian texts may offer new avenues of study for the comparative philosophy of religion.
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Richter, David H. The Gothic Novel and the Lingering Appeal of Romance. Edited by Alan Downie. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566747.013.021.
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Romance, the dominant long-form fiction since 200 CE, is in eclipse for half a century after the rise of the realistic novel, but has a new efflorescence around 1790 in the Gothic novel for a number of reasons. It was a mode of historical writing without any need for accuracy about dates and places, a mode of sentimental writing that found in its villainous anti-heroes an entry point to the sadomasochistic desires of its readers. The chief characteristic of the heroine or hero is passivity, an attitude mirrored in the implied female reader of the Gothic, who seeks escape or retreat into an inner world of fantasy. It is ironic that the Gothic was displaced by 1820 by the historical romance of Scott, who adopted its plots and themes, but set them in a colder verisimilar world.
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Olivelle, Patrick, ed. Social and Literary History of Dharmaśāstra. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702603.003.0002.
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Who invented the Dharmaśāstra genre and for what reasons? Using the newly discovered semantic history of gṛhastha (householder), the chapter presents new insights into the origin of this literature and its social and literary history. The hypothesis proposed in the chapter is that, rivaling the theology of the āśramas, which presented a variety of lifestyles, especially the gṛhastha and the pravrajita, as alternative religious paths, a new theology appears to have been constructed, asserting the centrality of the gṛhastha. The gṛhastha theology provided the impetus to the creation of the Dharmaśāstric genre of literature. The central text of Manu was preceded by the Dharmasūtras and followed by the texts of Yājñavalkya and Viṣṇu. Some Dharmaśāstric scholars engaged in writing texts focused on specific topics, especially legal procedure, the most prominent of which are the texts of Nārada, Bṛhaspati, and Kātyāyana, in the second half of the first millennium CE.
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Rybnikova, Irma, Anna Soulsby, and Susanne Blazejewski, eds. Women in Management in Central and Eastern European Countries. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748907190.
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It seems that Central and Eastern European countries are doing quite well with regard to gender equality in management, a fact that has often been attributed to the socialist heritage of these countries. In the meantime, it has become well known that this does not hold true, as gender equality and inequality not only coexisted in the socialist era, but have also continued to do so since. Unfortunately, research on women in management in post-socialist Central and Eastern European countries remains rare. This volume presents seven studies and a research report on women in management in CEE countries. The research included is based on quantitative as well as qualitative empirical material and provides country-based case studies as well as comparisons between countries. The book includes contributions on topics such as The existence of gender stereotypes The effects of women on corporate boards Reasons for and consequences of female entrepreneurship Time practices of women in leading positions Women in local politics and government. <b>With contributions by</b> Anastassiya Lipovka, Zoltan Buzady; Danel Havran; Henriett Primecz, Zsolt Lakatos; Monika Wieczorek-Kosmala; Ingrida Frankienė; Virginija Šidlauskienė; Vita Juknevičienė; Sigitas Balčiūnas, Oksana Mejerė; Mare Ainsaar; Kadri Soo, Rein Toomla; Oana Mara Stan; Lela Griessbach, Kerstin Ettl; Dinara Tokbaeva
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Plutynski, Anya. Explaining Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199967452.001.0001.
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world. Almost everyone’s life is in some way or other affected by cancer. Yet, when faced with a cancer diagnosis, many of us will confront questions we had never before considered: Is cancer one disease, or many? If many, how many exactly? How is cancer classified? What does it mean, exactly, to say that cancer is “genetic,” or “familial”? What exactly are the causes of cancer, and how do scientists come to know about them? When do we have good reason to believe that this or that is a risk factor for cancer? These questions are (in part) empirical ones; however, they are also (in part) philosophical. That is, they are questions about what and how we come to know. They are about how we define and classify disease, what counts as a “natural” classification, what it means to have good evidence, and how we pick out causes as more or less significant. This book takes a close look at these philosophical questions, by examining the conceptual and methodological challenges that arise in cancer research, in disciplines as diverse as cell and molecular biology, epidemiology, clinical medicine, and evolutionary biology.
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Glausser, Wayne. Something Old, Something New. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864170.001.0001.
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This book explores a significant if underappreciated relationship between religious and secular interests. In entanglement, secularity competes with religion, but neither side achieves simple dominance by displacing the other. As secular ideas and practices entangle with their religious counterparts, they interact and alter each other in a contentious but oddly intimate relationship. Each chapter focuses on a topic of contemporary relevance that shows entanglement at work. After brief introductory analyses of the “War on Christmas” and controversies surrounding stem cell research, the book turns to debates sparked by new atheism. Chapter 2 analyzes the rhetoric of new atheists, many of them scientists; chapter 3 conversely analyzes the rhetoric of faithful scientists who see no incompatibility between scientific reason and belief in God. The new atheists’ rhetoric reveals their subtle entanglement with religious discourse, even as they aim to supplant it. The faithful scientists present scientific arguments for belief in God, but analysis of their rhetoric turns up difficulties that jeopardize any simple convergence of science and faith. Chapter 4 examines the complicated relationship between canonical Christian works and the reigning secular paradigm in literary studies. In the next chapter, the Pope Francis’s secular-friendly positions mix surprisingly with his attachment to archaic, seemingly superstitious devotions. After analyzing the entanglement of Aquinas’s moral theology with contemporary cognitive science (“The Seven Deadly Sins”), the book concludes with “Psychedelic Last Rites”: recent experiments in psychedelic therapy for the dying share purposes and problems with the Catholic sacrament of extreme unction.
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Knox, Catherine M. Medication administration and management. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0030.
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The courts and professional organizations recognize access to clinically appropriate and timely treatment with psychotropic medication as an essential element of an adequate correctional mental health system. While receiving treatment, incarcerated patients must be monitored and supervised clinically so that optimal patient outcomes are achieved. For many mentally ill inmates incarceration is an opportunity to receive treatment that was not accessible in the community; in one study only one third of those diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder were receiving medication at the time of arrest compared to two thirds during incarceration. There are many steps, people, and processes involved in getting medication to the patient within a correctional facility. The major components of pharmacy services are prescribing, dispensing, distribution and continuity. The structural aspects of medication administration can also be altered to improve adherence. These include simplifying the medication regime by reducing the number of doses each day, changing to a long acting preparation, and administering medication at times and in ways that are safer and more convenient for the patient and yet clinically acceptable. Reducing reasons for medication discontinuity due to transfers and schedule conflicts also reduces the incidence of adverse events and optimizes treatment efficacy. Almost universally, all medication administration to psychiatric patients in jails and prisons is through directly observed therapy. This allows for opportunities and challenges for correctional patient care in medication lines and on cell blocks or dormitories. This chapter reviews the structural, procedural, and clinical concerns of medication administration and management in jails and prisons.
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Knox, Catherine M. Medication administration and management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0030_update_001.
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The courts and professional organizations recognize access to clinically appropriate and timely treatment with psychotropic medication as an essential element of an adequate correctional mental health system. While receiving treatment, incarcerated patients must be monitored and supervised clinically so that optimal patient outcomes are achieved. For many mentally ill inmates incarceration is an opportunity to receive treatment that was not accessible in the community; in one study only one third of those diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder were receiving medication at the time of arrest compared to two thirds during incarceration. There are many steps, people, and processes involved in getting medication to the patient within a correctional facility. The major components of pharmacy services are prescribing, dispensing, distribution and continuity. The structural aspects of medication administration can also be altered to improve adherence. These include simplifying the medication regime by reducing the number of doses each day, changing to a long acting preparation, and administering medication at times and in ways that are safer and more convenient for the patient and yet clinically acceptable. Reducing reasons for medication discontinuity due to transfers and schedule conflicts also reduces the incidence of adverse events and optimizes treatment efficacy. Almost universally, all medication administration to psychiatric patients in jails and prisons is through directly observed therapy. This allows for opportunities and challenges for correctional patient care in medication lines and on cell blocks or dormitories. This chapter reviews the structural, procedural, and clinical concerns of medication administration and management in jails and prisons.
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Rosati, Alexandra G. Ecological variation in cognition: Insights from bonobos and chimpanzees. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0011.
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Bonobos and chimpanzees are closely related, yet they exhibit important differences in their wild socio-ecology. Whereas bonobos live in environments with less seasonal variation and more access to fallback foods, chimpanzees face more competition over spatially distributed, variable resources. This chapter argues that bonobo and chimpanzee cognition show psychological signatures of their divergent wild ecology. Current evidence shows that despite strong commonalities in many cognitive domains, apes express targeted differences in specific cognitive skills critical for wild foraging behaviours. In particular, bonobos exhibit less accurate spatial memory, reduced levels of patience and greater risk aversion than do chimpanzees. These results have implications for understanding the evolution of human cognition, as studies of apes are a critical tool for modelling the last common ancestor of humans with nonhuman apes. Linking comparative cognition to species’ natural foraging behaviour can begin to address the ultimate reason for why differences in cognition emerge across species. Les bonobos et les chimpanzés sont prochement liés, pourtant ils montrent d’importantes différences dans leur sociologie naturelle. Alors que les bonobos vivent dans des environnements avec peu de diversité de climat entre saisons et plus d’accès à des ressources de nourriture alternatives, les chimpanzés ménagent une compétition étalée spatialement et des ressources plus variées. Je soutiens que la cognition des chimpanzés et bonobos montre les signatures psychologiques de leur écologie naturelle divergente. Les témoignages courants montrent que, malgré les forts points communs dans en cognition, les grands singes expriment des différences au niveau de compétences cognitives importantes au butinage. En particulier, les bonobos démontrent une mémoire spatial moin précise, moin de patience, et plus d’aversion de risques que les chimpanzés. Ces résultats fournissent des signes dans l’étude de l’évolution de la cognition humaine. Les études des grands singe sont un outil d’importance majeure dans la modélisation du dernier ancêtre commun des humains et grands singes non-humains. Faire des liens cognitives comparatives entre le butinage des différentes espèces peut commencer à dévoiler les raisons pour les différences de cognition entre espèces.
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Dusenbury, David Lloyd. Nemesius of Emesa on Human Nature. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856962.001.0001.
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Nemesius of Emesa’s On Human Nature (De Natura Hominis) is the first Christian anthropology. Written in Greek, circa 390 CE, it was read in half a dozen languages—from Baghdad to Oxford—well into the early modern period. Nemesius’ text circulated in two Latin versions in the centuries that saw the rise of European universities, shaping scholastic theories of human nature. During the Renaissance, it saw a flurry of print editions, helping to inspire a new discourse of human dignity. This is the first monograph in English on Nemesius’ treatise. On the interpretation offered here, the Syrian bishop seeks to define the human qua human. His early Christian anthropology is cosmopolitan. ‘Things that are natural’, he writes, ‘are the same for all’. In his pages, a host of texts and discourses—biblical and medical, legal and philosophical—are made to converge upon a decisive tenet of Christian late antiquity: humans’ natural freedom. For Nemesius, reason and choice are a divine double-strand of powers. Since he believes that both are a natural human inheritance, he concludes that much is ‘in our power’. Nemesius defines humans as the only living beings who are at once ruler (intellect) and ruled (body). Because of this, the human is a ‘little world’, binding the rationality of angels to the flux of elements, the tranquillity of plants, and the impulsiveness of animals. This book traces Nemesius’ reasoning through the whole of On Human Nature, as he seeks to give a long-influential image of humankind both philosophical and anatomical proof.
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Howard, Colin R. Arenaviruses. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0032.
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There are few groups of viral zoonoses that have attracted such widespread publicity as the arenaviruses, particularly during the 1960’s and 1970’s when Lassa emerged as a major cause of haemorrhagic disease in West Africa. More than any other zoonoses, members of the family are used extensively for the study of virus-host relationships. Thus the study of this unique group of enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses has been pursued for two quite separate reasons. First, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) has been used as a model of persistent virus infections for over half a century; its study has contributed, and continues to contribute, a number of cardinal concepts to our present understanding of immunology. LCM virus remains the prototype of the Arenaviridae and is a common infection of laboratory mice, rats and hamsters. Once thought rare in humans there is now increasing evidence of LCM virus being implicated in renal disease and as a complication in organ transplantation. Second, certain arenaviruses cause severe haemorrhagic diseases in man, notably Lassa fever in Africa, Argentine and Bolivian haemorrhagic fevers in South America, Guaranito infection in Venezuela and Chaparé virus in Bolivia. The latter is a prime example for the need of ever-continuing vigilance for the emergence of new viral diseases; over the past few years several new arenaviruses have been reported as implicated with severe human disease and indeed the number of new arenaviruses discovered since the last edition of this book have increased the size of this virus family significantly.In common with LCM, the natural reservoir of these infections is a limited number of rodent species (Howard, 1986). Although the initial isolates from South America were at first erroneously designated as newly defined arboviruses, there is no evidence to implicate arthropod transmission for any arenavirus. However, similar methods of isolation and the necessity of trapping small animals have meant that the majority of arenaviruses have been isolated by workers in the arbovirus field. A good example of this is Guaranito virus that emerged during investigation of a dengue virus outbreak in Venezuela (Salas et al. 1991).There is an interesting spectrum of pathological processes among these viruses. All the evidence so far available suggests that the morbidity of Lassa fever and South American haemorrhagic fevers due to arenavirus infection results from the direct cytopathic action of these agents. This is in sharp contrast to the immunopathological basis of ‘classic’ lymphocytic choriomeningitis disease seen in adult mice infected with LCM virus and the use of this system for elucidating the phenomenon of H2-restriction of the host cytotoxic T cell response (Zinkernagel and Doherty 1979). Despite the utility of this experimental model for dissecting the nature of the immune response to virus infection and the growing interest in arenaviruses of rodents, there remains much to be done to elucidate the pathogenesis of these infections in humans.