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Journal articles on the topic 'Cell Cycle Proteins Chromosome Segregation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Bartosik, Aneta A., and Grazyna Jagura-Burdzy. "Bacterial chromosome segregation." Acta Biochimica Polonica 52, no. 1 (2005): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2005_3481.

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In most bacteria two vital processes of the cell cycle: DNA replication and chromosome segregation overlap temporally. The action of replication machinery in a fixed location in the cell leads to the duplication of oriC regions, their rapid separation to the opposite halves of the cell and the duplicated chromosomes gradually moving to the same locations prior to cell division. Numerous proteins are implicated in co-replicational DNA segregation and they will be characterized in this review. The proteins SeqA, SMC/MukB, MinCDE, MreB/Mbl, RacA, FtsK/SpoIIIE playing different roles in bacterial

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2

Szafran, Marcin J., Dagmara Jakimowicz, and Marie A. Elliot. "Compaction and control—the role of chromosome-organizing proteins in Streptomyces." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 44, no. 6 (2020): 725–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuaa028.

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ABSTRACT Chromosomes are dynamic entities, whose organization and structure depend on the concerted activity of DNA-binding proteins and DNA-processing enzymes. In bacteria, chromosome replication, segregation, compaction and transcription are all occurring simultaneously, and to ensure that these processes are appropriately coordinated, all bacteria employ a mix of well-conserved and species-specific proteins. Unusually, Streptomyces bacteria have large, linear chromosomes and life cycle stages that include multigenomic filamentous hyphae and unigenomic spores. Moreover, their prolific second

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3

Graumann, Peter L., Richard Losick, and Alexander V. Strunnikov. "Subcellular Localization of Bacillus subtilis SMC, a Protein Involved in Chromosome Condensation and Segregation." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 21 (1998): 5749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.21.5749-5755.1998.

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ABSTRACT We have investigated the subcellular localization of the SMC protein in the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Recent work has shown that SMC is required for chromosome condensation and faithful chromosome segregation during the B. subtiliscell cycle. Using antibodies against SMC and fluorescence microscopy, we have shown that SMC is associated with the chromosome but is also present in discrete foci near the poles of the cell. DNase treatment of permeabilized cells disrupted the association of SMC with the chromosome but not with the polar foci. The use of a truncatedsmc gene

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4

Kagami, Yuya, Keishi Nihira, Shota Wada, Masaya Ono, Mariko Honda, and Kiyotsugu Yoshida. "Mps1 phosphorylation of condensin II controls chromosome condensation at the onset of mitosis." Journal of Cell Biology 205, no. 6 (2014): 781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201308172.

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During mitosis, genomic DNA is condensed into chromosomes to promote its equal segregation into daughter cells. Chromosome condensation occurs during cell cycle progression from G2 phase to mitosis. Failure of chromosome compaction at prophase leads to subsequent misregulation of chromosomes. However, the molecular mechanism that controls the early phase of mitotic chromosome condensation is largely unknown. Here, we show that Mps1 regulates initial chromosome condensation during mitosis. We identify condensin II as a novel Mps1-associated protein. Mps1 phosphorylates one of the condensin II s

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Kapoor, Priya, and Lori Frappier. "EBNA1 Partitions Epstein-Barr Virus Plasmids in Yeast Cells by Attaching to Human EBNA1-Binding Protein 2 on Mitotic Chromosomes." Journal of Virology 77, no. 12 (2003): 6946–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.12.6946-6956.2003.

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ABSTRACT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) episomal genomes are stably maintained in human cells and are partitioned during cell division by mitotic chromosome attachment. Partitioning is mediated by the viral EBNA1 protein, which binds both the EBV segregation element (FR) and a mitotic chromosomal component. We previously showed that the segregation of EBV-based plasmids can be reconstituted in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is absolutely dependent on EBNA1, the EBV FR sequence, and the human EBNA1-binding protein 2 (EBP2). We have now used this yeast system to elucidate the functional contribution of

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Kawakami, Masanori, Xi Liu, and Ethan Dmitrovsky. "New Cell Cycle Inhibitors Target Aneuploidy in Cancer Therapy." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 59, no. 1 (2019): 361–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021649.

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Aneuploidy is a hallmark of cancer. Defects in chromosome segregation result in aneuploidy. Multiple pathways are engaged in this process, including errors in kinetochore-microtubule attachments, supernumerary centrosomes, spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) defects, and chromosome cohesion defects. Although aneuploidy provides an adaptation and proliferative advantage in affected cells, excessive aneuploidy beyond a critical level can be lethal to cancer cells. Given this, enhanced chromosome missegregation is hypothesized to limit survival of aneuploid cancer cells, especially when compared to

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Velmurugan, Soundarapandian, Xian-Mei Yang, Clarence S. M. Chan, Melanie Dobson та Makkuni Jayaram. "Partitioning of the 2-μm Circle Plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Journal of Cell Biology 149, № 3 (2000): 553–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.149.3.553.

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The efficient partitioning of the 2-μm plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at cell division is dependent on two plasmid-encoded proteins (Rep1p and Rep2p), together with the cis-acting locus REP3 (STB). In addition, host encoded factors are likely to contribute to plasmid segregation. Direct observation of a 2-μm–derived plasmid in live yeast cells indicates that the multiple plasmid copies are located in the nucleus, predominantly in clusters with characteristic shapes. Comparison to a single-tagged chromosome or to a yeast centromeric plasmid shows that the segregation kinetics of the 2-μm p

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8

Brown, M. T., L. Goetsch, and L. H. Hartwell. "MIF2 is required for mitotic spindle integrity during anaphase spindle elongation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Journal of Cell Biology 123, no. 2 (1993): 387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.123.2.387.

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The function of the essential MIF2 gene in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle was examined by overepressing or creating a deficit of MIF2 gene product. When MIF2 was overexpressed, chromosomes missegregated during mitosis and cells accumulated in the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. Temperature sensitive mutants isolated by in vitro mutagenesis delayed cell cycle progression when grown at the restrictive temperature, accumulated as large budded cells that had completed DNA replication but not chromosome segregation, and lost viability as they passed through mitosis. Mutant cells also sh

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9

Venuto, Santina, and Giuseppe Merla. "E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM Proteins, Cell Cycle and Mitosis." Cells 8, no. 5 (2019): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8050510.

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The cell cycle is a series of events by which cellular components are accurately segregated into daughter cells, principally controlled by the oscillating activities of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their co-activators. In eukaryotes, DNA replication is confined to a discrete synthesis phase while chromosome segregation occurs during mitosis. During mitosis, the chromosomes are pulled into each of the two daughter cells by the coordination of spindle microtubules, kinetochores, centromeres, and chromatin. These four functional units tie chromosomes to the microtubules, send signals to th

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Fees, Colby P., Jayne Aiken, Eileen T. O’Toole, Thomas H. Giddings та Jeffrey K. Moore. "The negatively charged carboxy-terminal tail of β-tubulin promotes proper chromosome segregation". Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, № 11 (2016): 1786–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0300.

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Despite the broadly conserved role of microtubules in chromosome segregation, we have a limited understanding of how molecular features of tubulin proteins contribute to the underlying mechanisms. Here we investigate the negatively charged carboxy-terminal tail domains (CTTs) of α- and β-tubulins, using a series of mutants that alter or ablate CTTs in budding yeast. We find that ablating β-CTT causes elevated rates of chromosome loss and cell cycle delay. Complementary live-cell imaging and electron tomography show that β-CTT is necessary to properly position kinetochores and organize microtub

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Gillis, Amethyst N., Scott Thomas, Scott D. Hansen, and Kenneth B. Kaplan. "A novel role for the CBF3 kinetochore–scaffold complex in regulating septin dynamics and cytokinesis." Journal of Cell Biology 171, no. 5 (2005): 773–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200507017.

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In budding yeast, the kinetochore scaffold complex centromere binding factor 3 (CBF3) is required to form kinetochores on centromere DNA and to allow proper chromosome segregation. We have previously shown that SKP1 and SGT1 balance the assembly and turnover of CBF3 complexes, a cycle that we suggest is independent of its role in chromosome segregation (Rodrigo-Brenni, M.C., S. Thomas, D.C. Bouck, and K.B. Kaplan. 2004. Mol. Biol. Cell. 15:3366–3378). We provide evidence that this cycle contributes to a second, kinetochore-independent function of CBF3. In this study, we show that inhibiting th

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Wang, Shao-Win, Kazuhide Asakawa, Thein Z. Win, Takashi Toda, and Chris J. Norbury. "Inactivation of the Pre-mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factor Pfs2 in Fission Yeast Causes Lethal Cell Cycle Defects." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 6 (2005): 2288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.6.2288-2296.2005.

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ABSTRACT Faithful chromosome segregation is fundamentally important for the maintenance of genome integrity and ploidy. By isolating conditional mutants defective in chromosome segregation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we identified a role for the essential gene pfs2 in chromosome dynamics. In the absence of functional Pfs2, chromosomal attachment to the mitotic spindle was defective, with consequent chromosome missegregation. Under these circumstances, multiple intracellular foci of spindle checkpoint proteins Bub1 and Mad2 were seen, and deletion of bub1 exacerbated the mit

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13

Donczew, Magdalena, Paweł Mackiewicz, Agnieszka Wróbel, Klas Flärdh, Jolanta Zakrzewska-Czerwińska, and Dagmara Jakimowicz. "ParA and ParB coordinate chromosome segregation with cell elongation and division during Streptomyces sporulation." Open Biology 6, no. 4 (2016): 150263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.150263.

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In unicellular bacteria, the ParA and ParB proteins segregate chromosomes and coordinate this process with cell division and chromosome replication. During sporulation of mycelial Streptomyces , ParA and ParB uniformly distribute multiple chromosomes along the filamentous sporogenic hyphal compartment, which then differentiates into a chain of unigenomic spores. However, chromosome segregation must be coordinated with cell elongation and multiple divisions. Here, we addressed the question of whether ParA and ParB are involved in the synchronization of cell-cycle processes during sporulation in

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14

Jwa, Miri, Jae-hyun Kim, and Clarence S. M. Chan. "Regulation of Sli15/INCENP, kinetochore, and Cdc14 phosphatase functions by the ribosome biogenesis protein Utp7." Journal of Cell Biology 182, no. 6 (2008): 1099–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200802085.

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The Sli15–Ipl1–Bir1 chromosomal passenger complex is essential for proper kinetochore–microtubule attachment and spindle stability in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. During early anaphase, release of the Cdc14 protein phosphatase from the nucleolus leads to the dephosphorylation of Sli15 and redistribution of this complex from kinetochores to the spindle. We show here that the predominantly nucleolar ribosome biogenesis protein Utp7 is also present at kinetochores and is required for normal organization of kinetochore proteins and proper chromosome segregation. Utp7 associates with

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15

Krause, Sue A., Marie-Louise Loupart, Sharron Vass, Stefan Schoenfelder, Steve Harrison, and Margarete M. S. Heck. "Loss of Cell Cycle Checkpoint Control in Drosophila Rfc4 Mutants." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 15 (2001): 5156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.15.5156-5168.2001.

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ABSTRACT Two alleles of the Drosophila melanogaster Rfc4(DmRfc4) gene, which encodes subunit 4 of the replication factor C (RFC) complex, cause striking defects in mitotic chromosome cohesion and condensation. These mutations produce larval phenotypes consistent with a role in DNA replication but also result in mitotic chromosomal defects appearing either as premature chromosome condensation-like or precocious sister chromatid separation figures. Though the DmRFC4 protein localizes to all replicating nuclei, it is dispersed from chromatin in mitosis. Thus the mitotic defects appear not to be t

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16

Vicente, Juan-Jesus, and W. Zacheus Cande. "Mad2, Bub3, and Mps1 regulate chromosome segregation and mitotic synchrony in Giardia intestinalis, a binucleate protist lacking an anaphase-promoting complex." Molecular Biology of the Cell 25, no. 18 (2014): 2774–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e14-05-0975.

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The binucleate pathogen Giardia intestinalis is a highly divergent eukaryote with a semiopen mitosis, lacking an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and many of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) proteins. However, Giardia has some MCC components (Bub3, Mad2, and Mps1) and proteins from the cohesin system (Smc1 and Smc3). Mad2 localizes to the cytoplasm, but Bub3 and Mps1 are either located on chromosomes or in the cytoplasm, depending on the cell cycle stage. Depletion of Bub3, Mad2, or Mps1 resulted in a lowered mitotic index, errors in chromosome segregation (including lagging ch

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17

Endow, S. A., and D. J. Komma. "Centrosome and spindle function of the Drosophila Ncd microtubule motor visualized in live embryos using Ncd-GFP fusion proteins." Journal of Cell Science 109, no. 10 (1996): 2429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.109.10.2429.

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The Ncd microtubule motor protein is required for meiotic and early mitotic chromosome distribution in Drosophila. Null mutant females expressing the Ncd motor fused to the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP), regulated by the wild-type ncd promoter, are rescued for chromosome segregation and embryo viability. Analysis of mitosis in live embryos shows cell cycle-dependent localization of Ncd-GFP to centrosomes and spindles. The distribution of Ncd-GFP in spindles during metaphase differs strikingly from that of tubulin: the tubulin staining is excluded by the chromosomes at the m

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18

Treuner-Lange, Anke, and Lotte Søgaard-Andersen. "Regulation of cell polarity in bacteria." Journal of Cell Biology 206, no. 1 (2014): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201403136.

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Bacteria are polarized cells with many asymmetrically localized proteins that are regulated temporally and spatially. This spatiotemporal dynamics is critical for several fundamental cellular processes including growth, division, cell cycle regulation, chromosome segregation, differentiation, and motility. Therefore, understanding how proteins find their correct location at the right time is crucial for elucidating bacterial cell function. Despite the diversity of proteins displaying spatiotemporal dynamics, general principles for the dynamic regulation of protein localization to the cell pole

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Jensen, Rasmus B., and Lucy Shapiro. "Cell-Cycle-Regulated Expression and Subcellular Localization of the Caulobacter crescentus SMC Chromosome Structural Protein." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 10 (2003): 3068–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.10.3068-3075.2003.

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ABSTRACT Structural maintenance of chromosomes proteins (SMCs) bind to DNA and function to ensure proper chromosome organization in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Caulobacter crescentus possesses a single SMC homolog that plays a role in organizing and segregating daughter chromosomes. Approximately 1,500 to 2,000 SMC molecules are present per cell during active growth, corresponding to one SMC complex per 6,000 to 8,000 bp of chromosomal DNA. Although transcription from the smc promoter is induced during early S phase, a cell cycle transcription pattern previously observed with multiple DNA re

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Hartwell, Leland H., and David Smith. "ALTERED FIDELITY OF MITOTIC CHROMOSOME TRANSMISSION IN CELL CYCLE MUTANTS OF S. CEREVISIAE." Genetics 110, no. 3 (1985): 381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/110.3.381.

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ABSTRACT Thirteen of 14 temperature-sensitive mutants deficient in successive steps of mitotic chromosome transmission (cdc2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 20) from spindle pole body separation to a late stage of nuclear division exhibited a dramatic increase in the frequency of chromosome loss and/or mitotic recombination when they were grown at their maximum permissive temperatures. The increase in chromosome loss and/or recombination is likely to be due to the deficiency of functional gene product rather than to an aberrant function of the mutant gene product since the mutant all

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You, Jianxin, Qing Li, Chong Wu, Jina Kim, Matthias Ottinger, and Peter M. Howley. "Regulation of Aurora B Expression by the Bromodomain Protein Brd4." Molecular and Cellular Biology 29, no. 18 (2009): 5094–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00299-09.

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ABSTRACT The bromodomain protein Brd4 plays critical roles in cellular proliferation and cell cycle progression. In this study, we investigated the involvement of Brd4 in cell cycle regulation and observed aberrant chromosome segregation and failures in cytokinesis in cancer cells as well as in primary keratinocytes in which Brd4 has been knocked down by RNA interference. Suppression of Brd4 protein levels in proliferating cells decreased Aurora B protein and transcript levels and abolished its chromosomal distribution. In contrast, exogenous Brd4 expression stimulated Aurora B promoter report

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Schofield, Whitman B., Hoong Chuin Lim, and Christine Jacobs-Wagner. "Cell cycle coordination and regulation of bacterial chromosome segregation dynamics by polarly localized proteins." EMBO Journal 29, no. 18 (2010): 3068–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2010.207.

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23

Graham, Amy C., Daniel L. Kiss, and Erik D. Andrulis. "Core Exosome-independent Roles for Rrp6 in Cell Cycle Progression." Molecular Biology of the Cell 20, no. 8 (2009): 2242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-08-0825.

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Exosome complexes are 3′ to 5′ exoribonucleases composed of subunits that are critical for numerous distinct RNA metabolic (ribonucleometabolic) pathways. Several studies have implicated the exosome subunits Rrp6 and Dis3 in chromosome segregation and cell division but the functional relevance of these findings remains unclear. Here, we report that, in Drosophila melanogaster S2 tissue culture cells, dRrp6 is required for cell proliferation and error-free mitosis, but the core exosome subunit Rrp40 is not. Micorarray analysis of dRrp6-depleted cell reveals increased levels of cell cycle– and m

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Jeganathan, K. B., and J. M. van Deursen. "Differential mitotic checkpoint protein requirements in somatic and germ cells." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 4 (2006): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0340583.

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Cdc20 (cell division cycle 20) and Cdh1 are the activating subunits of APC (anaphase-promoting complex), an E3-ubiquitin ligase that drives cells into anaphase by inducing degradation of cyclin B and the anaphase inhibitor securin. To prevent chromosome missegregation due to early degradation of cyclin B and securin, mitotic checkpoint protein complexes consisting of BubR1, Bub3 and Mad2 bind to and inhibit APCCdc20 until all chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle and aligned in the metaphase plate. The nuclear transport factors Rae1 and Nup98, which convert into mitotic chec

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van Raaphorst, Renske, Morten Kjos, and Jan-Willem Veening. "Chromosome segregation drives division site selection inStreptococcus pneumoniae." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 29 (2017): E5959—E5968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620608114.

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Accurate spatial and temporal positioning of the tubulin-like protein FtsZ is key for proper bacterial cell division.Streptococcus pneumoniae(pneumococcus) is an oval-shaped, symmetrically dividing opportunistic human pathogen lacking the canonical systems for division site control (nucleoid occlusion and the Min-system). Recently, the early division protein MapZ was identified and implicated in pneumococcal division site selection. We show that MapZ is important for proper division plane selection; thus, the question remains as to what drives pneumococcal division site selection. By mapping t

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Starr, Daniel A., Byron C. Williams, Zexiao Li, Bijan Etemad-Moghadam, R. Kelly Dawe, and Michael L. Goldberg. "Conservation of the Centromere/Kinetochore Protein ZW10." Journal of Cell Biology 138, no. 6 (1997): 1289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.138.6.1289.

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Mutations in the essential Drosophila melanogaster gene zw10 disrupt chromosome segregation, producing chromosomes that lag at the metaphase plate during anaphase of mitosis and both meiotic divisions. Recent evidence suggests that the product of this gene, DmZW10, acts at the kinetochore as part of a tension-sensing checkpoint at anaphase onset. DmZW10 displays an intriguing cell cycle–dependent intracellular distribution, apparently moving from the centromere/kinetochore at prometaphase to kinetochore microtubules at metaphase, and back to the centromere/kinetochore at anaphase (Williams, B.

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Gillett, Emily S., Christopher W. Espelin, and Peter K. Sorger. "Spindle checkpoint proteins and chromosome–microtubule attachment in budding yeast." Journal of Cell Biology 164, no. 4 (2004): 535–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200308100.

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Accurate chromosome segregation depends on precise regulation of mitosis by the spindle checkpoint. This checkpoint monitors the status of kinetochore–microtubule attachment and delays the metaphase to anaphase transition until all kinetochores have formed stable bipolar connections to the mitotic spindle. Components of the spindle checkpoint include the mitotic arrest defective (MAD) genes MAD1–3, and the budding uninhibited by benzimidazole (BUB) genes BUB1 and BUB3. In animal cells, all known spindle checkpoint proteins are recruited to kinetochores during normal mitoses. In contrast, we sh

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Ross, Karen E., and Orna Cohen-Fix. "The Role of Cdh1p in Maintaining Genomic Stability in Budding Yeast." Genetics 165, no. 2 (2003): 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/165.2.489.

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Abstract Cdh1p, a substrate specificity factor for the cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin ligase, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), promotes exit from mitosis by directing the degradation of a number of proteins, including the mitotic cyclins. Here we present evidence that Cdh1p activity at the M/G1 transition is important not only for mitotic exit but also for high-fidelity chromosome segregation in the subsequent cell cycle. CDH1 showed genetic interactions with MAD2 and PDS1, genes encoding components of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint that acts at metaphase to prevent p

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Dhillon, Namrita, Masaya Oki, Shawn J. Szyjka, Oscar M. Aparicio, and Rohinton T. Kamakaka. "H2A.Z Functions To Regulate Progression through the Cell Cycle." Molecular and Cellular Biology 26, no. 2 (2006): 489–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.26.2.489-501.2006.

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ABSTRACT Histone H2A variants are highly conserved proteins found ubiquitously in nature and thought to perform specialized functions in the cell. Studies in yeast on the histone H2A variant H2A.Z have shown a role for this protein in transcription as well as chromosome segregation. Our studies have focused on understanding the role of H2A.Z during cell cycle progression. We found that htz1Δ cells were delayed in DNA replication and progression through the cell cycle. Furthermore, cells lacking H2A.Z required the S-phase checkpoint pathway for survival. We also found that H2A.Z localized to th

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Kanda, T., M. Otter, and G. M. Wahl. "Mitotic segregation of viral and cellular acentric extrachromosomal molecules by chromosome tethering." Journal of Cell Science 114, no. 1 (2001): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114.1.49.

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Mitotic chromosome segregation is mediated by spindle microtubules attached to centromeres. Recent studies, however, revealed that acentric DNA molecules, such as viral replicons and double minute chromosomes, can efficiently segregate into daughter cells by associating with mitotic chromosomes. Based on this similarity between viral and cellular acentric molecules, we introduced Epstein-Barr virus vectors into cells harboring double minute chromosomes and compared their mitotic behaviors. We added lac operator repeats to an Epstein-Barr virus vector, which enabled us to readily identify the t

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Mito, Yoshiko, Asako Sugimoto, and Masayuki Yamamoto. "Distinct Developmental Function of Two Caenorhabditis elegans Homologs of the Cohesin Subunit Scc1/Rad21." Molecular Biology of the Cell 14, no. 6 (2003): 2399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e02-09-0603.

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Cohesin, which mediates sister chromatid cohesion, is composed of four subunits, named Scc1/Rad21, Scc3, Smc1, and Smc3 in yeast. Caenorhabditis elegans has a single homolog for each of Scc3, Smc1, and Smc3, but as many as four for Scc1/Rad21 (COH-1, SCC-1/COH-2, COH-3, and REC-8). Except for REC-8 required for meiosis, function of these C. elegans proteins remains largely unknown. Herein, we examined their possible involvement in mitosis and development. Embryos depleted of the homolog of either Scc3, or Smc1, or Smc3 by RNA interference revealed a defect in mitotic chromosome segregation but

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Oki, Masaya, and Hisao Masai. "Regulation of HP1 protein by phosphorylation during transcriptional repression and cell cycle." Journal of Biochemistry 169, no. 6 (2021): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jb/mvab040.

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Abstract HP1 (heterochromatin protein 1), a key factor for the formation of heterochromatin, binds to the methylated lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me) and represses transcription. While the H3K9me mark and HP1 binding are thought to be faithfully propagated to daughter cells, the heterochromatin structure could be dynamically regulated during cell cycle. As evidenced by the well-known phenomenon called position effect variegation (PEV), heterochromatin structure is dynamically and stochastically altered during developmental processes, and thus the expression of genes within or in the vicinity of

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Dhatchinamoorthy, Karthik, Manjunatha Shivaraju, Jeffrey J. Lange, et al. "Structural plasticity of the living kinetochore." Journal of Cell Biology 216, no. 11 (2017): 3551–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201703152.

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The kinetochore is a large, evolutionarily conserved protein structure that connects chromosomes with microtubules. During chromosome segregation, outer kinetochore components track depolymerizing ends of microtubules to facilitate the separation of chromosomes into two cells. In budding yeast, each chromosome has a point centromere upon which a single kinetochore is built, which attaches to a single microtubule. This defined architecture facilitates quantitative examination of kinetochores during the cell cycle. Using three independent measures—calibrated imaging, FRAP, and photoconversion—we

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Kanda, Teru, Michele Otter, and Geoffrey M. Wahl. "Coupling of Mitotic Chromosome Tethering and Replication Competence in Epstein-Barr Virus-Based Plasmids." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 10 (2001): 3576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.10.3576-3588.2001.

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ABSTRACT The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replicates once per cell cycle and segregates with high efficiency yet does not encode the enzymes needed for DNA replication or the proteins required to contact mitotic spindles. The virus-encoded EBNA-1 (EBV nuclear antigen 1) and latent replication origin (oriP) are required for both replication and segregation. We developed a sensitive and specific fluorescent labeling strategy to analyze the interactions of both EBNA-1 with viral episomes and viral episomes with host chromosomes. This enabled investigation of the hypothesis that replication and chromo

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Barford, David. "Understanding the structural basis for controlling chromosome division." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2036 (2015): 20130392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0392.

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The process of chromosome division, termed mitosis, involves a complex sequence of events that is tightly controlled to ensure that the faithful segregation of duplicated chromosomes is coordinated with each cell division cycle. The large macromolecular complex responsible for regulating this process is the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C). In humans, the APC/C is assembled from 20 subunits derived from 15 different proteins. The APC/C functions to ubiquitinate cell cycle regulatory proteins, thereby targeting them for destruction by the proteasome. This review describes our res

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Francisco, L., W. Wang, and C. S. Chan. "Type 1 protein phosphatase acts in opposition to IpL1 protein kinase in regulating yeast chromosome segregation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 7 (1994): 4731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.7.4731-4740.1994.

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The IPL1 gene is required for high-fidelity chromosome segregation in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Conditional ipl1ts mutants missegregate chromosomes severely at 37 degrees C. Here, we report that IPL1 encodes an essential putative protein kinase whose function is required during the later part of each cell cycle. At 26 degrees C, the permissive growth temperature, ipl1 mutant cells are defective in the recovery from a transient G2/M-phase arrest caused by the antimicrotubule drug nocodazole. In an effort to identify additional gene products that participate with the Ipl1 prote

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MURAKAMI, Hiroshi, and Paul NURSE. "DNA replication and damage checkpoints and meiotic cell cycle controls in the fission and budding yeasts." Biochemical Journal 349, no. 1 (2000): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3490001.

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The cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms ensure the order of cell cycle events to preserve genomic integrity. Among these, the DNA-replication and DNA-damage checkpoints prevent chromosome segregation when DNA replication is inhibited or DNA is damaged. Recent studies have identified an outline of the regulatory networks for both of these controls, which apparently operate in all eukaryotes. In addition, it appears that these checkpoints have two arrest points, one is just before entry into mitosis and the other is prior to chromosome separation. The former point requires the central cell-cycle re

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Eichenlaub-Ritter, Ursula, Nora Staubach, and Tom Trapphoff. "Chromosomal and cytoplasmic context determines predisposition to maternal age-related aneuploidy: brief overview and update on MCAK in mammalian oocytes." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 6 (2010): 1681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0381681.

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It has been known for more than half a century that the risk of conceiving a child with trisomy increases with advanced maternal age. However, the origin of the high susceptibility to nondisjunction of whole chromosomes and precocious separation of sister chromatids, leading to aneuploidy in aged oocytes and embryos derived from them, cannot be traced back to a single disturbance and mechanism. Instead, analysis of recombination patterns of meiotic chromosomes of spread oocytes from embryonal ovary, and of origins and exchange patterns of extra chromosomes in trisomies, as well as morphologica

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Chen, Yumay, Daniel J. Riley, Lei Zheng, Phang-Lang Chen, and Wen-Hwa Lee. "Phosphorylation of the Mitotic Regulator Protein Hec1 by Nek2 Kinase Is Essential for Faithful Chromosome Segregation." Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, no. 51 (2002): 49408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m207069200.

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Hec1 (highlyexpressed incancer) plays essential roles in chromosome segregation by interacting through its coiled-coil domains with several proteins that modulate the G2/M phase. Hec1 localizes to kinetochores, and its inactivation either by genetic deletion or antibody neutralization leads to severe and lethal chromosomal segregation errors, indicating that Hec1 plays a critical role in chromosome segregation. The mechanisms by which Hec1 is regulated, however, are not known. Here we show that human Hec1 is a serine phosphoprotein and that it binds specifically to the mitotic regulatory kinas

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Nagpal, Harsh, Tetsuya Hori, Ayako Furukawa, et al. "Dynamic changes in CCAN organization through CENP-C during cell-cycle progression." Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, no. 21 (2015): 3768–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0531.

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The kinetochore is a crucial structure for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis and is formed in the centromeric region of each chromosome. The 16-subunit protein complex known as the constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) forms the foundation for kinetochore assembly on the centromeric chromatin. Although the CCAN can be divided into several subcomplexes, it remains unclear how CCAN proteins are organized to form the functional kinetochore. In particular, this organization may vary as the cell cycle progresses. To address this, we analyzed the relationship of centromeric

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Graumann, Peter L. "Bacillus subtilis SMC Is Required for Proper Arrangement of the Chromosome and for Efficient Segregation of Replication Termini but Not for Bipolar Movement of Newly Duplicated Origin Regions." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 22 (2000): 6463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.22.6463-6471.2000.

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ABSTRACT SMC protein is required for chromosome condensation and for the faithful segregation of daughter chromosomes in Bacillus subtilis. The visualization of specific sites on the chromosome showed that newly duplicated origin regions in growing cells of ansmc mutant were able to segregate from each other but that the location of origin regions was frequently aberrant. In contrast, the segregation of replication termini was impaired in smcmutant cells. This analysis was extended to germinating spores of ansmc mutant. The results showed that during germination, newly duplicated origins, but

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Carmichael, Jon B., Patrick Provost, Karl Ekwall, and Tom C. Hobman. "Ago1 and Dcr1, Two Core Components of the RNA Interference Pathway, Functionally Diverge from Rdp1 in Regulating Cell Cycle Events in Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Molecular Biology of the Cell 15, no. 3 (2004): 1425–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e03-06-0433.

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In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, three genes that function in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, ago1+, dcr1+, and rdp1+, have recently been shown to be important for timely formation of heterochromatin and accurate chromosome segregation. In the present study, we present evidence that null mutants for ago1+ and dcr1+ but not rdp1+, exhibit abnormal cytokinesis, cell cycle arrest deficiencies, and mating defects. Subsequent analyses showed that ago1+ and dcr1+ are required for regulated hyperphosphorylation of Cdc2 when encountering genotoxic insults. Because rdp1+ is dispensa

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Petty, Emily L., Masha Evpak, and Lorraine Pillus. "ConnectingGCN5’s centromeric SAGA to the mitotic tension-sensing checkpoint." Molecular Biology of the Cell 29, no. 18 (2018): 2201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e17-12-0701.

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Multiple interdependent mechanisms ensure faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Among these, the spindle assembly checkpoint monitors attachment of spindle microtubules to the centromere of each chromosome, whereas the tension-sensing checkpoint monitors the opposing forces between sister chromatid centromeres for proper biorientation. We report here a new function for the deeply conserved Gcn5 acetyltransferase in the centromeric localization of Rts1, a key player in the tension-sensing checkpoint. Rts1 is a regulatory component of protein phopshatase 2A, a near universal

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Yang, Xian-Mei, Shwetal Mehta, Dina Uzri, Makkuni Jayaram, and Soundarapandian Velmurugan. "Mutations in a Partitioning Protein and Altered Chromatin Structure at the Partitioning Locus Prevent Cohesin Recruitment by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Plasmid and Cause Plasmid Missegregation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, no. 12 (2004): 5290–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.12.5290-5303.2004.

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ABSTRACT The 2μm circle is a highly persistent “selfish” DNA element resident in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nucleus whose stability approaches that of the chromosomes. The plasmid partitioning system, consisting of two plasmid-encoded proteins, Rep1p and Rep2p, and a cis-acting locus, STB, apparently feeds into the chromosome segregation pathway. The Rep proteins assist the recruitment of the yeast cohesin complex to STB during the S phase, presumably to apportion the replicated plasmid molecules equally to daughter cells. The DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions of the partitioning

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Yanagida, Mitsuhiro. "Basic mechanism of eukaryotic chromosome segregation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, no. 1455 (2005): 609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1615.

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We now have firm evidence that the basic mechanism of chromosome segregation is similar among diverse eukaryotes as the same genes are employed. Even in prokaryotes, the very basic feature of chromosome segregation has similarities to that of eukaryotes. Many aspects of chromosome segregation are closely related to a cell cycle control that includes stage-specific protein modification and proteolysis. Destruction of mitotic cyclin and securin leads to mitotic exit and separase activation, respectively. Key players in chromosome segregation are SMC-containing cohesin and condensin, DNA topoisom

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Kwon, Mi-Sun, Tetsuya Hori, Masahiro Okada, and Tatsuo Fukagawa. "CENP-C Is Involved in Chromosome Segregation, Mitotic Checkpoint Function, and Kinetochore Assembly." Molecular Biology of the Cell 18, no. 6 (2007): 2155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e07-01-0045.

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CENP-C is a conserved inner kinetochore component. To understand the precise roles of CENP-C in the kinetochore, we created a cell line with a conditional knockout of CENP-C with the tetracycline-inducible system in which the target protein is inactivated at the level of transcription. We found that CENP-C inactivation causes mitotic delay. However, observations of living cells showed that CENP-C-knockout cells progressed to the next cell cycle without normal cell division after mitotic delay. Interphase cells with two nuclei before subsequent cell death were sometimes observed. We also found

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Enzor, Rikki, Zahi Abdul Sater, Donna Cerabona, et al. "FANCA Controls Mitotic Phosphosignaling Networks To Ensure Genome Stability During Cell Division." Blood 122, no. 21 (2013): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.801.801.

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Abstract Fanconi anemia (FA) is a heterogenous genome instability syndrome with a high risk of cancer. The FA proteins are essential for interphase DNA damage repair. However, it is incompletely understood why FA-deficient cells also develop gross aneuploidy and multinucleation, which are symptoms of error-prone chromosome segregation. Emerging evidence indicates that the FA signaling network functions as a guardian of the genome throughout the cell cycle, including chromosome segregation during mitosis. However, the mechanistic aspects of the critical role of the FA signaling in mitosis remai

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Wang, Lei, Yanfei Yu, Xinyi He, et al. "Role of an FtsK-Like Protein in Genetic Stability in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 6 (2007): 2310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01660-06.

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ABSTRACT Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) does not have a canonical cell division cycle during most of its complex life cycle, yet it contains a gene (ftsKSC ) encoding a protein similar to FtsK, which couples the completion of cell division and chromosome segregation in unicellular bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Here, we show that various constructed ftsKSC mutants all grew apparently normally and sporulated but upon restreaking gave rise to many aberrant colonies and to high frequencies of chloramphenicol-sensitive mutants, a phenotype previously associated with large terminal deletions fro

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Maddox, Paul S., Francie Hyndman, Joost Monen, Karen Oegema, and Arshad Desai. "Functional genomics identifies a Myb domain–containing protein family required for assembly of CENP-A chromatin." Journal of Cell Biology 176, no. 6 (2007): 757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200701065.

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Nucleosomes containing the centromere-specific histone H3 variant centromere protein A (CENP-A) create the chromatin foundation for kinetochore assembly. To understand the mechanisms that selectively target CENP-A to centromeres, we took a functional genomics approach in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, in which failure to load CENP-A results in a signature kinetochore-null (KNL) phenotype. We identified a single protein, KNL-2, that is specifically required for CENP-A incorporation into chromatin. KNL-2 and CENP-A localize to centromeres throughout the cell cycle in an interdependent mann

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50

Francisco, L., W. Wang, and C. S. Chan. "Type 1 protein phosphatase acts in opposition to IpL1 protein kinase in regulating yeast chromosome segregation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 7 (1994): 4731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.7.4731.

Full text

Abstract:

The IPL1 gene is required for high-fidelity chromosome segregation in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Conditional ipl1ts mutants missegregate chromosomes severely at 37 degrees C. Here, we report that IPL1 encodes an essential putative protein kinase whose function is required during the later part of each cell cycle. At 26 degrees C, the permissive growth temperature, ipl1 mutant cells are defective in the recovery from a transient G2/M-phase arrest caused by the antimicrotubule drug nocodazole. In an effort to identify additional gene products that participate with the Ipl1 prote

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