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Radmaneshfar, Elahe. "Mathematical modelling of the cell cycle stress response." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=192232.
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Jacob, Cara. "cdca8 : a target of p53/Rb dependent repression /." See Full Text at OhioLINK ETD Center (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader for viewing), 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1114615830.
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Carvalhal, Sara. "Characterisation of ALADIN's function during cell division." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/cb6fe2ac-a17b-487e-ae16-a646e6576534.
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Cell division relies on many steps, precisely synchronised, to ensure the fidelity of chromosome segregation. To achieve such complex and multiple functions, cells have evolved mechanisms by which one protein can participate in numerous events on the cell life. Over the past few years, an increasing number of functions have been assigned to the proteins of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) also called nucleoporins. NPCs are large complexes studded in the nuclear envelope, which control the nucleocytoplasmic transport. It is now known that nucleoporins participate in spindle assembly, kinetochore organisation, spindle assembly checkpoint, and all processes important for genome integrity maintenance. This work demonstrates that the nucleoporin ALADIN participates in mitosis, meiosis and in cilia. In both mitosis and meiosis, ALADIN is important for proper spindle assembly. In mitosis, it was also discovered that ALADIN is a novel factor in the spatial regulation of the mitotic regulator Aurora A kinase. Without ALADIN, active Aurora A spreads from centrosomes onto spindle microtubules, which affects the distribution of a subset of microtubule regulators and slows spindle assembly and chromosome alignment. Interestingly, mutations in ALADIN causes triple A syndrome and some of the mitotic phenotypes observed after ALADIN depletion also occur in cells from triple A syndrome patients. In meiosis, ALADIN contributes to trigger the resumption of meiosis in female mouse. Impairment of ALADIN from mouse oocyte slows spindle assembly, migration and reduces oocytes ability to extrude polar bodies during meiosis I, which concomitantly affects the robustness of oocyte maturation and impairs mouse embryo development. Nucleoporins were also found at the base of the cilia, a centriole-derived organelle that participates in differentiation, migration, cell growth from development to adulthood. Here it is shown that ALADIN is also localised at the base of the cilia. With this work, new ALADIN’s functions have been identified across cell division, as well as uncovered an unexpected relation between triple A syndrome and cell division.
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Wang, Yan. "Characterization of the effects of decreased expression of ribosomal proteins on cell transformation and cell cycle regulation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11190.
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Lundgren, Magnus. "Exploring the Cell Cycle of Archaea." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7848.
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Keifenheim, Daniel L. "Cell Size Control in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2015. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/784.
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The coordination between cell growth and division is a highly regulated process that is intimately linked to the cell cycle. Efforts to identify an independent mechanism that measures cell size have been unsuccessful. Instead, we propose that size control is an intrinsic function of the basic cell cycle machinery.
My work shows that in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cdc25 accumulates in a size dependent manner. This accumulation of Cdc25 occurs over a large range of cell sizes. Additionally, experiments with short pulses of cycloheximide have shown that Cdc25 is an inherently unstable protein that quickly returns to a size dependent equilibrium in the cell suggesting that Cdc25 concentration is dependent on size and not time. Thus, Cdc25 can act as a sizer for the cell. However, cells are still viable when Cdc25 is constitutively expressed suggesting that there is another sizer in the case that Cdc25 expression is compromised.
Cdc13 is a likely candidate due to the similar characteristics to Cdc25 and the ability to activate Cdc2. Cdc13 accumulates during the cell cycle in a manner similar to Cdc25. I show that in the absence of Cdc2 tyrosine phosphorylation, the cell size is sensitive to Cdc13 activity showing that Cdc13 accumulation can determine when cells enter mitosis. These results suggest a two sizer model where Cdc25 is the main sizer with Cdc13 acting as a backup sizer in the event of Cdc25 expression is compromised.
Additionally, in the absence of Cdc2 phosphorylation by the kinases Wee1 and Mik1, mitotic entry is regulated by the activity of Cdc2. In the absence of Cdc2 phosphorylation, this activity is regulated by binding of cyclins to Cdc2. Under these circumstances, the activity of Cdc13 can regulate mitotic entry provide further evidence that Cdc13 could be a sizer of the cell in the case where Cdc25 expression is compromised.
The results I present in this dissertation provide the groundwork for understanding how cells regulate size and how this size regulation affects cell cycle control in S. pombe . The results show how the intrinsic cell cycle machinery can act as a sizer for the G2/M transition in S. pombe . Interestingly, this mitotic commitment pathway is well conserved suggesting a general solution for size control in eukaryotes at the G2/M transition. Understanding the mechanism of how protein concentration is regulated in a size dependent manner will give much needed insight into how cells control size. Elucidating the mechanism for size control will capitalize on decades of research and deepen our understanding of basic cell biology.
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Huang, Yu-Ting. "The regulatory role of Pax6 on cell division cycle associated 7 and cortical progenitor cell proliferation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29573.
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Forebrain development is controlled by a set of transcription factors which are expressed in dynamic spatiotemporal patterns in the embryonic forebrain and are known to regulate complex gene networks. Pax6 is a transcription factor that regulates corticogenesis and mutations affecting Pax6 protein levels cause neurodevelopmental defects in the eyes and forebrain in both humans and mice. In previous studies, it was shown that the graded expression pattern of Pax6 protein, which is high rostro-laterally to low caudo-medially in the cerebral cortex, is critical for its control of cell cycle progression and proliferation of cortical progenitors. However the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Based on a microarray analysis carried out in our laboratory, a number of cell cycle-related candidate genes that may be affected by Pax6 have been identified. One such gene, Cell division cycle associated 7 (Cdca7) is expressed in a counter-gradient against that of Pax6. In my current study, I found that Cdca7 mRNA expression in the telencephalon is upregulated in Pax6 null (Small eye) mutants and downregulated in mice that overexpress PAX6 (PAX77) across developing time points from E12.5 to E15.5. There are several potential Pax6 binding motifs located in the genomic locus upstream of Cdca7. However, by chromatin immunoprecipitation, it is showed that none of the predicted binding sites are physically bound by Pax6. Promoter luciferase assays using fragments combining five suspected binding motifs show that Pax6 is functionally critical. Cdca7 is also identified as a Myc and E2F1 direct target and is upregulated in some tumours but its biological role is not fully understood. Current work using in utero electroporation to overexpress Cdca7 around the lateral telencephalon, where Cdca7 expression levels are normally low, tested the effects on the proliferation and differentiation of cortical progenitor cells in this region. In E12.5 mice embryos, overexpression of Cdca7 protein causes fewer intermediate progenitor cells and post-mitotic neurons to be produced but these effects were not found in E14.5 embryos. This result implies that Cdca7 may affect cell fate decision during cortical development.
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Shorter, James Gordon. "Molecular mechanisms regulating Golgi architecture during the mammalian cell division cycle." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313395.
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Giunta, Simona. "DNA damage responses in the context of the cell division cycle." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/228687.
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During my PhD, I have investigated aspects of the DNA damage response (DDR) in the context of three different cellular scenarios: DNA damage signalling in response to double-strand breaks during mitosis, coordination of DNA replication with DNA damage responses by regulation of the GINS complex, and checkpoint activation by the prototypical checkpoint protein Rad9. Here, I show that mitotic cells treated with DNA break-inducing agents activate a 'primary' DDR, including ATM and DNA-PK-dependent H2AX phosphorylation and recruitment of MDC1 and the MRN complex to damage sites. However, downstream DDR events and induction of a DNA damage checkpoint are inhibited in mitosis, with full DDR activation only ensuing when damaged mitotic cells enter G1. In addition, I provide evidence that induction of a primary DDR in mitosis is biologically important for cell viability. The GINS complex is an evolutionarily conserved component of the DNA replication machinery and may represent an ideal candidate for transferring the DNA damage signal to the replication apparatus. Here, I show the identification of a consensus 'SQ' PIKK phosphorylation motif at the carboxyl end of the GINS complex subunit, Psf1. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, switching the conserved serine to a glutamic acid is lethal, indicating that the site is crucial for the protein's function. Moreover, in human cells, I identified UV-DDB, a heterodimeric complex involved in NER repair, as a binding partner that specifically interacts with the Psf1 C-terminus in vitro. Finally, I discuss my findings in characterizing functional interactions between Rad9 and Chk1 in S. cerevisiae. I show that specific consensus CDK sites within Rad9 N-terminus are essential to enable Chk1 phosphorylation and activation, and that MCPH1, a human homologue of Rad9, may share a conserved function in binding and activating Chk1, underscoring the evolutionarily conservation of checkpoint activation mechanisms.
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Jurczyk, Agata. "Centrosomes in Cytokinesis, Cell Cycle Progression and Ciliogenesis: a Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2004. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/73.
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The work presented here describes novel functions for centrosome proteins, specifically for pericentrin and centriolin. The first chapter describes the involvement of pericentrin in ciliogenesis. Cells with reduced pericentrin levels were unable to form primary cilia in response to serum starvation. In addition we showed novel interactions between pericentrin, intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins and polycystin 2 (PC2). Pericentrin was co-localized with IFT proteins and PC2 to the base of primary cilia and motile cilia. Ciliary function defects have been shown to be involved in many human diseases and IFT proteins and PC2 have been implicated in these diseases. We conclude that pericentrin is required for assembly of primary cilia possibly as an anchor for other proteins involved in primary cilia assembly. The second chapter describes identification of centriolin, a novel centriolar protein that localizes to subdistal appendages and is involved in cytokinesis and cell cycle progression. Depletion of centriolin leads to defects in the final stages of cytokinesis, where cells remain connected by thin intercellular bridges and are unable to complete abscission. The cytokinesis defects seemed to precede the G0/G1 p53 dependant cell cycle arrest. Finally, the third chapter is a continuation of the cytokinesis study and it identifies pericentrin as an interacting partner for centriolin. Like centriolin, pericentrin knockdown induces defects in the final stages of cytokinesis and leads to G0/G1 arrest. Moreover, pericentrin and centriolin interact biochemically and show codependency in their centrosome localization. We conclude that pericentrin and centriolin are members of the same pathway and are necessary for the final stages of cytokinesis.
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Stewart, Neil Padilla Pamela Ann Fox. "Identifying genetic interactions of the spindle checkpoint in Caenorhabditis elegans." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12203.
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Bartlett, Rachel Clare. "A genetic analysis of the cell cycle of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302781.
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Potapova, Tamara. "Exploring mechanisms that control the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 during mitotic transitions in somatic cells." Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2009.
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Gong, Xue. "Dynamical Systems in Cell Division Cycle, Winnerless Competition Models, and Tensor Approximations." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1458303716.
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Nakahara, Tomomi. "Modulation of the cell division cycle by human papillomavirus type 18 E4." Kyoto University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148728.
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Jenkins, Rowena. "The effect of manuka honey on the cell cycle of MRSA." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/841.
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Preliminary studies have shown that manuka honey affects the cell cycle of MRSA by impeding cell division, but mode of action was unknown. Cell division depends on the formation of septa and cleavage of peptidoglycan at cytokinesis. This study investigated how manuka honey might alter the cell cycle of EMRSA-15. Physiological and chemical changes in the bacteria exposed to manuka honey were determined using time to kill studies, confocal and electron microscopy. Data indicated that honey had a bactericidal effect on MRSA, inhibiting the cell cycle cytokinesis. Increased septum formation was noted in honey treated cells by transmission electron microscopy. Cell division components including FtsZ and Endo-B-N-Acetylglucosaminidase were investigated using cell wall turbidity assays, zymography, immunofluorescence and immuno gold labelling. Manuka honey treated MRSA cells showed a marked reduction in hydrolase activity after 12 hours compared to untreated cells. The immunofluorescence indicated an initial increase in FtsZ production followed by a significant decrease by 24 hours. PCR of FtsZ showed a 10% increase in production after 1 and 4 hours. Localization by gold labelling gave inconclusive results. Immunofluorescence of Endo-B-N-Acetylglucosaminidase showed a decrease in the amount of enzyme over 24 hours and localization by gold labelling indicated altered distribution of this enzyme. PCR showed no significant difference in expression. 2-D electrophoresis showed a differing proteomic profile between control cells and those treated with honey, with a potential target protein being identified. Methylglyoxal (an antibacterial component of manuka honey) was investigated after a report named this as potentially the active component of manuka honey. Results showed it has an effect but is not wholly responsible for the effects induced by manuka honey. It was concluded that increased numbers of cells with septa were formed and alteration in production of proteins and enzymes resulted in MRSA cells exposed to bactericidal concentrations of manuka honey. The work was also carried out with artificial honey controls, indicating that effects seen were not due to sugar content within honey or methylglyoxal content.
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Webb, Penelope 1967. "Effects of yeast cell cycle gene expression in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum." Monash University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9084.
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Xu, Naihan. "Regulation of the metaphase-anaphase transition in mitosis in mammalian cells /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202003%20XU.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 242-266). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Yousaf, Jawad. "Analysis of markers of cell division cycle, apoptosis and autophagy flux in glioblastoma." Thesis, University of Hull, 2012. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:7117.
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Glioblastomas are the most aggressive and most common type of primary brain neoplasms and are associated with poor prognosis despite advances in surgical and oncological treatments. Currently available treatments include surgical resection, fractionated external beam radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This study aimed to investigate markers of cell division cycle, apoptosis and autophagy flux in an attempt to identify biomarkers with prognostic and/or predictive significance. The cell cycle markers studied included: Mcm2, expressed throughout the cell cycle; Cyclin A, an S-phase cyclin; Geminin, a protein that prevents re-initiation; and Phosphohistone H3 (PHH3), a marker of mitosis. Apoptotic markers included two anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl; a pro-apoptotic protein, Bak; and a final executioner caspase, caspase 3. Markers of autophagy flux included LC3B, a ubiquitin like protein that form part of the core autophagy machinery; and p62, a mammalian autophagy receptor that binds ubiquitinated proteins. A total of 66 patients were recruited to the study between 2007 and 2009. Data were collected on patient demographics, pre-operative Karnofsky score, surgical and adjuvant treatment and survival. A tissue micro-array, constructed using glioblastoma tissue was immunohistochemically-stained using antibodies against a panel of markers against the molecules described above. A semiquantitative labelling index (LI) was calculated for cell cycle and apoptotic markers using an average of 18 high power fields (hpf) in three replicate cores. Staining scores were calculated for markers of autophagy flux on the basis of cytoplasmic staining intensity (1-3) and percentage of cells with nuclear staining (1<50%, 2>50%). Cell cycle marker LI were calculated from a cohort of 66 patients, who were further subdivided into two groups: Group 1 (n=50) underwent surgery and radiotherapy with 24 patients receiving temozolomide; and Group 2 (n=16) received surgical treatment only. In group 1, a LI, higher than the median value for Geminin and Cyclin A correlated with prolonged survival when tumours received adjuvant treatment (Kaplan Meier test, p=0.0046 and p =0.0063 respectively). In group 1, Mcm2 and PHH3 LI did not correlate significantly with survival. There was no relationship between patient survival and LI for any marker in group 2. A reduction in the LI of Mcm2, Geminin and Cyclin A was observed following administration of adjuvant treatment in three patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Apoptotic marker LI were calculated in 28 patients, due to limited tissue availability; values below the median for Bak expression conferred a survival advantage in these patients by Kaplan Meier analysis (p = 0.0039). LC3b and p62 staining scores were calculated in 45 patients and correlated significantly with each other. Whilst no significant correlation was observed between LC3b staining score and patient survival, p62 staining above the median conferred a survival disadvantage (Kaplan Meier analysis, p =0.017). Geminin and Cyclin A, each showed potential as independent prognostic markers in glioblastomas receiving adjuvant treatment. This may reflect the fact that geminin and cyclin A both estimate proliferating cell sub-populations sensitive to radiotherapy/chemotherapy. The addition of these markers could therefore contribute valuable prognostic information if added to the glioblastoma diagnostic panel. The association of high Bak expression with survival advantage suggests a possible, as yet unknown, role of this pro-apoptotic protein in glioblastoma oncogenesis. The association of high p62 expression with decreased survival confirms the important role of autophagy flux in glioblastoma resistance to treatment and suggests a target for future research and targeted therapy.
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Jung, Jamin [Verfasser], and Markus [Gutachter] Engstler. "Precise timing of the trypanosome cell division cycle / Jamin Jung ; Gutachter: Markus Engstler." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162444339/34.
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Bulmer, Richard. "The regulation of the cell division cycle by forkhead proteins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424014.
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Pic-Taylor, Aline. "The regulation of the cell division cycle by forkhead proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341787.
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Moses, Gregory J. "Dynamical Systems In Biological Modeling: Clustering In the Cell Division Cycle of Yeast." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1438170442.
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Tavares, Alexandra Jorge. "The role of Mob proteins in protozoan cell cycle regulation." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9321.
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Tese de doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias. Especialidade de Ciências Biológicas e BiomédicasABSTRACT- Proper cell division and control of cell proliferation are critical aspects in cell biology, with implications during embryonic development and in the maintenance of organisms’ homeostasis. Mob1 is a core protein of the Mitotic Exit Network and of the Hippo pathway, fundamental signaling cascades for the correct metaphase to anaphase transition and for the proper balance between cell proliferation and death. In this work we took advantage of two protozoan organisms to investigate the role of Mob1, the most ancient protein of the Hippo pathway. In the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila we demonstrated that Mob1 has a polarized subcellular distribution, concentrating in the basal bodies of the cell posterior pole. During cell division, the protein also localizes in the region where the division plane is formed and its absence in this specific place leads to the mispositioning of division axis and cytokinesis impairment. These results revealed that Mob1 directly links proper cell polarity to correct cell division. Our studies of Mob1 in the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, also a permanent polarized unicellular organism, contributed to a better understanding of how parasites may regulate cell proliferation inside the host cell, a critical aspect for the course of infection. In T. gondii, Mob1 also localizes preferentially in the posterior pole of the cell, where the basal complex, which is essential for cytokinesis, is localized. Interestingly, in agreement with a role for Mob1 in proliferation control in T. gondii, we observed that mob1 mRNA levels are dramatically diminished when parasites are actively replicating inside the cell and that Mob1 overexpression leads to a delay in the parasite replication rate. Altogether, the work presented clearly positions Mob1 as an ancestral molecule playing a critical role in the cross-road of cell polarity establishment, correct cell division and proliferation control.
RESUMO - O papel das proteínas Mob1 na regulação da divisão celular em protozoários - A divisão celular e o controlo da proliferação são aspectos fundamentais em biologia celular com implicações no desenvolvimento embrionário e na manutenção da homeostasia nos organismos. A proteína Mob1 é uma componente de duas vias de sinalização celular, a Mitotic Exit Network e a via de sinalização Hippo, cascatas de fosforilação essenciais para a correcta transição entre a metáfase a e a anáfase e para o balanço entre a proliferação/morte celular. Neste trabalho, utilizámos dois protozoários modelo para investigar a função da proteína Mob1, a mais ancestral das proteínas nas vias de sinalização referidas. No ciliado Tetrahymena thermophila, demonstrámos que a proteína Mob1 apresenta uma localização polarizada, estando principalmente concentrada nos corpos basais do polo posterior das células. Aquando da divisão celular, a Mob1 também é observada na região da célula onde se forma o eixo de divisão. Esta localização é essencial visto a ausência de Mob1 no local conduzir ao deslocamento do eixo e impedir a citocinese. O nosso estudo no parasita apicomplexa Toxoplasma gondii, um organismo também permanentemente polarizado, contribuiu para compreender melhor, o possível mecanismo de regulação da proliferação dos parasitas dentro da célula hospedeira, um aspecto essencial no desenvolvimento da infecção. Em T. gondii, a proteína Mob1 também se concentra no polo posterior da célula onde se localiza o complexo basal, uma estrutura envolvida na citocinese. Claramente suportando a nossa hipótese que a Mob1 desempenha um papel no controlo da proliferação, observámos que os níveis de RNA mensageiro do gene mob1 são drasticamente diminuídos quando os parasitas estão no período de replicação activa dentro das células hospedeiras. Adicionalmente, a acumulação da proteína no citoplasma dos parasitas provoca um atraso significativo na sua taxa de replicação. Em conjunto, o trabalho apresentado posiciona a proteína Mob1 como uma molécula ancestral envolvida na conexão entre o estabelecimento da polaridade, a correcta divisão e o controlo da proliferação celular.
Instituto de Emprego e Formação Profissional - IEFP
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Burton, Paul Bryan James. "An examination of the molecular mechanisms contributing to cardiac myocyte cell cycle withdrawal." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322192.
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Kuo, Tse-Chun. "Role of Autophagy in Post-Mitotic Midbody Fate and Function: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2003. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/670.
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The midbody (MB) is a proteinaceous complex formed between the two daughter cells during cell division and is required for the final cell separation event in late cytokinesis. After cell division, the post-mitotic midbody, or midbody derivative (MBd), can be retained and accumulated in a subpopulation of cancer cells and stem cells, but not in normal diploid differentiated cells. However, the mechanisms by which MBds accumulate and function are unclear. Based on this, I hypothesize that the MBd is degraded by autophagy after cell division in normal diploid differentiated cells, whereas non-differentiated cells have low autophagic activity and would accumulate MBds. Indeed, I found this to be the case. MBd degradation occurred soon after cytokinesis in differentiated cells that possess high autophagic activity. Specifically, I found MBd degradation to be mediated by binding of the autophagy receptor, NBR1, to the MB protein Cep55. Moreover, by performing proteomic analysis of NBR1 interactions I found additional MB-localized proteins that are potential substrates for NBR1. In contrast to differentiated cells, stem and cancer cells have low autophagic activity thus MBds evade autophagosome encapsulation and accumulate. To examine whether MBds can define the differentiation status of a cell, we depleted NBR1 from differentiated fibroblasts causing an increase in MBd number. Strikingly, under these conditions, reprogramming of fibroblasts to pluripotent stem cells is increased. Equally interestingly, cancer cells with increased MBds have increased in vitro tumorigenicity. In conclusion, this study gives an insight into the fates of post-mitotic midbodies and also suggests a non-cytokinetic role of midbodies in enhancing pluripotency in stem cells and cancer stem cells.
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Kuo, Tse-Chun. "Role of Autophagy in Post-Mitotic Midbody Fate and Function: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2013. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/670.
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The midbody (MB) is a proteinaceous complex formed between the two daughter cells during cell division and is required for the final cell separation event in late cytokinesis. After cell division, the post-mitotic midbody, or midbody derivative (MBd), can be retained and accumulated in a subpopulation of cancer cells and stem cells, but not in normal diploid differentiated cells. However, the mechanisms by which MBds accumulate and function are unclear. Based on this, I hypothesize that the MBd is degraded by autophagy after cell division in normal diploid differentiated cells, whereas non-differentiated cells have low autophagic activity and would accumulate MBds. Indeed, I found this to be the case. MBd degradation occurred soon after cytokinesis in differentiated cells that possess high autophagic activity. Specifically, I found MBd degradation to be mediated by binding of the autophagy receptor, NBR1, to the MB protein Cep55. Moreover, by performing proteomic analysis of NBR1 interactions I found additional MB-localized proteins that are potential substrates for NBR1. In contrast to differentiated cells, stem and cancer cells have low autophagic activity thus MBds evade autophagosome encapsulation and accumulate. To examine whether MBds can define the differentiation status of a cell, we depleted NBR1 from differentiated fibroblasts causing an increase in MBd number. Strikingly, under these conditions, reprogramming of fibroblasts to pluripotent stem cells is increased. Equally interestingly, cancer cells with increased MBds have increased in vitro tumorigenicity. In conclusion, this study gives an insight into the fates of post-mitotic midbodies and also suggests a non-cytokinetic role of midbodies in enhancing pluripotency in stem cells and cancer stem cells.
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Subramanian, Kartik. "Spatiotemporal Model of the Asymmetric Division Cycle of Caulobacter crescentus." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/65156.
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The life cycle of Caulobacter crescentus is of interest because of the asymmetric nature of cell division that gives rise to progeny that have distinct morphology and function. One daughter called the stalked cell is sessile and capable of DNA replication, while the second daughter called the swarmer cell is motile but quiescent. Advances in microscopy combined with molecular biology techniques have revealed that macromolecules are localized in a non-homogeneous fashion in the cell cytoplasm, and that dynamic localization of proteins is critical for cell cycle progression and asymmetry. However, the molecular-level mechanisms that govern protein localization, and enable the cell to exploit subcellular localization towards orchestrating an asymmetric life cycle remain obscure. There are also instances of researchers using intuitive reasoning to develop very different verbal explanations of the same biological process. To provide a complementary view of the molecular mechanism controlling the asymmetric division cycle of Caulobacter, we have developed a mathematical model of the cell cycle regulatory network.
Our reaction-diffusion models provide additional insight into specific mechanism regulating different aspects of the cell cycle. We describe a molecular mechanism by which the bifunctional histidine kinase PleC exhibits bistable transitions between phosphatase and kinase forms. We demonstrate that the kinase form of PleC is crucial for both swarmer-to-stalked cell morphogenesis, and for replicative asymmetry in the predivisional cell. We propose that localization of the scaffolding protein PopZ can be explained by a Turing-type mechanism. Finally, we discuss a preliminary model of ParA- dependent chromosome segregation. Our model simulations are in agreement with experimentally observed protein distributions in wild-type and mutant cells. In addition to predicting novel mutants that can be tested in the laboratory, we use our models to reconcile competing hypotheses and provide a unified view of the regulatory mechanisms that direct the Caulobacter cell cycle.Ph. D.
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Rumsby, Ellen Louise. "Regulation of the cell division cycle by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifications in yeast." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2938.
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The ability of a cell to regulate its cell cycle in response to external stimuli, such as oxidative stress, is important to maintain viability by preventing damage and allowing time for repair. However, the underlying sensing and signalling mechanisms behind cell cycle regulation in response to oxidative stress remain largely unclear. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins are a family of highly conserved protein modifiers with a role in many cellular processes including cell cycle regulation. The use of catalytic cysteine residues in the conjugation pathways of ubiquitin and Ubls suggest a mechanism by which these modifiers can be redox-regulated. Thus the aim of this project was to investigate the regulation of the cell division cycle by ubiquitin and Ubls in response to two conditions previously observed to lead to G1 phase cell cycle arrest in S. cerevisiae, treatment with the oxidising agent diamide and glutathione depletion. We find that in response to diamide the ubiquitin E2, Cdc34 is particularly sensitive to oxidation compared to the other E2s examined. Oxidation of Cdc34 was shown to lead to an increase in the stability of the Cdc34 substrate Sic1, coincident with G1 phase arrest. We also find that the Rub1 Ubl modifier is essential for regulation of the cell cycle in response to diamide. Interestingly, we find that Rub1 is also required to prevent budding in response to glutathione depletion. Importantly, here we reveal that SIC1 is essential to maintain viability by preventing replication-induced DNA damage following glutathione depletion. Our studies demonstrate that G1 phase cell cycle arrest in response to diamide and glutathione depletion is multifaceted, involving many of the same proteins but that these proteins are regulated differently in response to the two conditions.
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Pathak, Ritu. "Regulation of initiation of division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: characterization of the role of DCR2, GID8, and KEM1 in completion of START." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4819.
Full textAbstract:
The decision to initiate division is very important, as once cells have initiated division
they are committed to complete it. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commitment to a new
round of cell division occurs at a regulatory point in late G1 called START. Progression
through START requires the activation of the cyclin dependent kinase Cdc28p by the G1
cyclins. G1 cyclins in complex with Cdc28p activate the transcription of approximately
100 genes involved in the G1 to S transition and degradation of Sic1p, an inhibitor of B
type cyclins, and thus are important for initiation of DNA replication. Despite the widely
studied role of regulatory cyclins and cyclin dependent kinase in the G1 to S transition,
how cells determine when to initiate DNA replication is poorly understood. We have
identified several gene products, which when overexpressed, cause cells to initiate DNA
replication faster than wild type. Here we discuss the role of DCR2 (Dosage dependent
Cell cycle Regulator), GID8 (Glucose Induced Degradation) and KEM1 (Kar-Enhancing
Mutation) in the regulation of START. Over expression of DCR2 and GID8 accelerates initiation of DNA replication.
Cells lacking both these genes delay initiation of DNA replication. Genetic analysis
suggests that Gid8p functions upstream of Dcr2p to promote START. Further, we show
that DCR2, which codes for a metallo-phosphoesterase, might regulate completion of
START by affecting degradation of Sic1p. Over expression of DCR2 lowers the half-life
of Sic1p without altering the expression of Cln2p. The evidence suggests that Dcr2p
affects START completion through dephosphorylation of Sic1p.
KEM1 is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene, conserved in all eukaryotes, which
codes for a 5âÂÂ-3â cytoplasmic exonuclease. This exonuclease is involved in exiting
mitosis, by degrading the mRNA of the mitotic cyclin CLB2. Besides its role in mitotic
exit, an enzymatically inactive version of Kem1p can accelerate the G1 to S transition
and initiation of DNA replication when over expressed. This result suggests that Kem1p
might have a previously unrecognized role in the G1 to S transition independent of its
exonuclease activity, and supports the notion that Kem1p is a multifunctional protein
with distinct and separable roles.
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Doris, Kathryn S. "The regulation of the cell division cycle in response to oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493072.
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O'Callaghan, Peter. "The regulation of the cell division cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the oxidative stress response." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413942.
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Guzmán, Vendrell Mercè. "Spatio-temporal control of cell division in fission yeast by Cdr2 medial cortical nodes." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112179/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le but de ces travaux de thèse est d’apporter une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de régulation contrôlant la division cellulaire au niveau moléculaire. La division cellulaire est composée de la mitose et la cytocinèse. Les deux processus doivent être coordonnés étroitement afin de garantir la stabilité du génome. La division cellulaire doit aussi s’équilibrer avec la croissance cellulaire pour que les cellules conservent une taille constante au cours des cycles successifs. La levure S. pombe est un organisme modèle simple très utilisé pour des études de cycle cellulaire et de cytocinèse. Dans ce modèle, nous avons focalisé ce travail de thèse sur les nœuds corticaux médians, des structures protéiques complexes, qui ont une fonction double dans l’engagement en mitose et dans le positionnement du plan de division. Les nœuds médians corticaux sont organisés par la kinase SAD Cdr2. Leur localisation et leur fonction sont régulées négativement pour la DYRK kinase Pom1 qui forme des gradients émanant des extrémités de la cellule. Les nœuds corticaux médians contiennent une voie d’inhibition pour Wee1 qui promeut l’entrée en mitose. Cette voie implique la kinase SAD Cdr1, un inhibiteur direct de Wee1 et pourrait coupler l’entrée en mitose à la taille de la cellule par levée progressive de l’inhibition exercée par Pom1 quand les cellules s’allongent. Cdr2 recrute aussi l’anillin Mid1 sur les nœuds corticaux médians ainsi qu’une série de composants additionnels, Blt1, Gef2, Nod1 et Klp8, pour former des précurseurs médians de l’anneau contractile de cytocinèse qui se compactent en un anneau fin pendant la mitose. La localisation médiane des nœuds, contrôlée négativement par les gradients polaires de Pom1 prédéfinit ainsi le plan de division au centre géométrique de la cellule. Dans la première partie de ma thèse, j’ai étudié la protéine des nœuds corticaux médians Blt1 dont la fonction restait énigmatique. Nous avons montré que Blt1 promeut une association robuste de Mid1 avec les nœuds corticaux. Blt1 interagit avec Mid1 via le RhoGEF Gef2 pour stabiliser les nœuds au cortex cellulaire durant les premiers stades de l’assemblage de l’anneau contractile. L’extrémité N-terminale de Blt1 est nécessaire à sa localisation ainsi qu’à sa fonction, tandis que son extrémité C-terminale favorise sa localisation au cortex en interagissant avec des phospholipides. Dans des cellules dans lesquelles ni Mid1 ni Blt1 ne peuvent s’attacher à la membrane, les nœuds se détachent du cortex et génèrent des anneaux contractiles de cytocinèse aberrants. Nous en avons conclu que Blt1 agit comme une protéine d’échafaudage pour les précurseurs de l’anneau contractile, et que Blt1 et Mid1 constituent des ancres membranaires redondantes pour le positionnement du plan de division. Dans une deuxième partie de ma thèse, j’ai étudié comment Cdr2 organise les différents composants des nœuds en voies fonctionnelles qui favorisent l’entrée en mitose et la division médiane. J’ai montré que l’interaction de Cdr2 avec Wee1 et Mid1 dépend du domaine UBA de Cdr2 de manière dépendante de l’activité kinase. En revanche, Cdr1 s’associe avec l’extrémité C-terminale de Cdr2, composée des domaines basique et KA1 d’association aux lipides membranaires. De manière intéressante, Mid1 interagit également avec l’extrémité C-terminale de Cdr2 et pourrait ponter les parties N- et C-terminales de Cdr2, alors que Blt1 s’associe à la région centrale de Cdr2. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que l’association des effecteurs de Cdr2 avec différents domaines de Cdr2 pourraient contraindre Cdr1 et Wee1 spatialement pour promouvoir l'inhibition de Wee1 quand la kinase Cdr2 est activeThe aim of this PhD work is to bring a better understanding of the regulatory mechanism controlling cell division in space and time at the molecular level. Cell division is composed of mitosis and cytokinesis. Both processes need to be perfectly coordinated in order to guarantee genome integrity. Cell division also needs to be properly balanced with cell growth to maintain cell size constant during successive cell cycles. Temporal and spatial regulatory mechanisms ensure the coordination of these events. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a simple rod-shaped model organism well-known for cell cycle and cytokinesis studies. In this model, we focused the work of this thesis on the medial cortical nodes, complexe protein structures that have a dual role in mitotic commitment and in division plane positioning. Medial cortical nodes are organized by the SAD kinase Cdr2. Their localization and function is negatively regulated by the DYRK kinase Pom1 that forms a gradient emanating from the cell tips. Medial cortical nodes contain an inhibitory pathway for Wee1, promoting mitotic entry. This pathway involves the SAD kinase Cdr1, a direct inhibitor of Wee1 and has been proposed to couple mitotic entry to cell size by progressive alleviation of Pom1 inhibition when cells grow longer. Cdr2 also recruits to medial nodes the anillin Mid1 as well as a series of four additional components, Blt1, Gef2, Nod1 and Klp8, to form medial precursors for the cytokinetic contractile ring that compact into a tight ring during mitosis. Nodes medial localization, negatively controlled by Pom1 gradients, predefines thereby the division plane in the cell geometrical center. In a first part of my thesis, I studied the previously enigmatic cortical node protein Blt1. We showed that Blt1 promotes the robust association of Mid1 with cortical nodes. Blt1 interacts with Mid1 through the RhoGEF Gef2 to stabilize nodes at the cell cortex during the early stages of contractile ring assembly. The Blt1 N terminus is required for localization and function, while the Blt1 C terminus promotes cortical localization by interacting with phospholipids. In cells lacking membrane binding by both Mid1 and Blt1, nodes detach from the cell cortex and generate aberrant cytokinetic rings. We conclude that Blt1 acts as a scaffolding protein for precursors of the cytokinetic ring and that Blt1 and Mid1 provide overlapping membrane anchors for proper division plane positioning. In the second part of my thesis, I studied how Cdr2 scaffolds various nodes components to organize them in functional pathways promoting mitotic commitment and medial division. I showed that Cdr2 interaction with Wee1 and Mid1, depends on Cdr2 UBA domain in a kinase activity dependent manner. In contrast, Cdr1 associates with Cdr2 C-terminus composed of basic and KA-1 lipid-binding domains. Interestingly, Mid1 also interacts with Cdr2 C-terminus and may the bridge N- and C-terminal domains of Cdr2 while Blt1 associates with the central spacer region. We propose that the association of Cdr2 effectors with different Cdr2 domains may constrain Cdr1 and Wee1 spatially to promote Wee1 inhibition upon Cdr2 kinase activation
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Caven, Timothy Hays. "IGE PRODUCTION REGULATION VIA CD23 STALK ENGAGEMENT AND CELL CYCLE STIMULATION." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1643.
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Dann, Jeremiah J. "Immunological characterization and histone kinase activity of cyclin B1 and Cdk1 at G1 and G2/M phase of the cell division cycle in one-cell mouse embryos." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1306852.
Full textAbstract:
Cyclin B1 is a cell cycle protein typically associated with the regulation of cellular division (mitosis). Previous studies in this laboratory involving preimplantation mouse embryos found that cyclin B1, or a cyclin B 1-related protein, were present at both G1 and G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Not only was cyclin Bi detected during G1 phase in this study, it was found to be present in higher concentrations at G1 phase through the first three cell cycles. These findings were unexpected, because most of the literature suggests that cyclin B1 is normally degraded during G1 phase. Using immunoprecipitation and immunoblot techniques, a more detailed study of cyclin B1 expression was inititated. Using two different primary antibodies direct against cyclin B1, a 48.97 kDa protein band, which is believed to be cyclin B1, was detected at both G1 and G2/M phases in 1-cell mouse embryos. Using another antibody directed against Cdk1, the kinase that forms a complex with cyclin B1 in order to direct the G2/M transition, a 37 kDa protein band was also detected at both G1 and G2/M phases in 1-cell mouse embryos. In order to determine whether cyclin B1 was present as a complex with Cdk1, immunoblotting with the anti-Cdk1 antibody. Again, a 37kDa protein band was detected at both G1 and G2/M phases. Finally, in order to determine whether the cyclin B1/Cdk1 complex exists in its active form, histone kinase assays were performed using anti-cyclin B1 immunoprecipitates. Kinase activity was detected in immunoprecipitates collected from G2/M phase 1-cell embryos, but no kinase activity was detected from immunoprecipitates collected from G1 phase 1-cell embryos. These data indicate that cyclin B1 and Cdk1 are present and exist as a complex in both G1 and G2/M phases of 1-cell mouse embryos, although the complex only appears to be active at the G2/M phase.Department of Biology
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Gromley, Adam Scott. "Midbody Anchoring of SNARE and Exocyst Complexes by Centriolin is Required for Completion of Cytokinesis: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2004. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/136.
Full textAbstract:
Although much progress has been made in understanding the events that lead to successful cell division, many details of this process remain a mystery. This dissertation presents findings which help to explain events that occur in the latest stages of cytokinesis, with an emphasis on the role of centrosome proteins. The first chapter introduces the novel centrosome protein centriolin. We show that this protein is localized specifically to the subdistal appendages of the maternal centriole in interphase, and it localizes to the midbody during cytokinesis. Disruption of this protein results in a unique cytokinesis defect in which cleavage furrow formation and ingression appear normal, but the cells remain connected by a thin intracellular bridge for extended periods of time. These results lead us to the conclusion that centriolin has an important function in cytokinesis. The second chapter describes our attempt to identify centriolin interacting partners. A yeast two hybrid screen was performed, and the results of this screen revealed an interaction between centriolin and proteins involved in vesicle target specificity and fusion. Further studies of these proteins revealed a novel localization to the midbody in cycling cells and a novel function in the final stages of cytokinesis, similar to centriolin. The third chapter discusses my attempts to clone and characterize a novel GTPase Activating Protein (GAP), which was also discovered in the screen for centriolin interacting proteins.
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Lavelle, Thomas C. "Determination of Cyclin D, A, and B1 expression patterns in the first three cell cycles of mouse preimplantation embryo development." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115744.
Full textAbstract:
Dilantin (diphenylhydantoin or DPH) has been given to epileptic mothers to control seizures during pregnancy. Previous research has demonstrated that exposure of human embryos to Dilantin in vivo results in an increased probability of abnormal development and early fetal loss. Preliminary results with cultured 1-cell and 2-cell mouse embryos demonstrated that Dilantin causes mouse embryonic cleavage events to slow during preimplantation development (Chatot et al., unpublished). Dilantin may be responsible for this by inhibiting the rate of DNA synthesis during cleavage or by affecting the expression of proteins that control cell cycle progression. The standard expression pattern of these cell cycle regulatory proteins (cyclins) has not previously been determined in the mouse preimplantation embryo model. In this study, immunolabellingtechniques have been used to determine the expression pattern of cyclins D, A, and B 1 in the first three cell cycles of preimplantation mouse embryo development.This study reveals a unique expression pattern of cyclins D, A, and B1 in the first three cell cycles of preimplantation embryo development. Examination of the beginning of the first cell cycle, or G1, indicated a moderate expression of cyclin B1 and A but no cyclin D expression. During DNA synthesis (S-phase) all cyclin expression was virtually nonexistent. Toward the end of the cell cycle at G2/M, cyclin D expression appeared to be at moderate levels while cyclins A and B 1 exhibited minimal degrees of expression.In G 1 of the second cell cycle, cyclins D and A were minimally to moderately expressed and cyclin B 1 expression was minimal. At S-phase, cyclin D expression dropped to minimal levels whereas cyclins A and B 1 were at minimal to moderate levels of expression. At G2/M of the second cell cycle, cyclin B1 was expressed at minimal to moderate levels and cyclins A and D were both expressed at minimal levels.The third cell cycle began at G 1 with cyclin B 1 being expressed at moderate levels followed by minimal to moderate levels of cyclin D expression and minimal expression for cyclin A. Cyclin D expression increased to moderate levels at S-phase and cyclin A exhibited minimal to moderate levels of expression. Cyclin B 1 was observed at moderate levels of expression at S-phase of the third cell cycle. G2 of the third cell cycle included a drop to minimal levels of expression of cyclin D, while cyclin A expression remained at minimal to moderate levels and cyclin B remained at moderate levels of expression.The cyclin expression pattern for the first three cell cycles in preimplantation mouse embryos is unique compared to known cyclin expression patterns in other species. Cyclin D is expressed in G1 and is known to be necessary for advancement to S-phase in human glioblastoma cell lines (Xiong et al., 1991). Cyclin A is active at S-phase through Win human fibroblasts and xenopus oocytes (Giordino et al., 1991; Minshul et al., 1990). Cyclin B is present at G2 through mitosis in human fibroblasts and xenopus oocytes (Pines and Hunter, 1990; Minshul et al, 1990).Department of Biology
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Li, Shenghua. "Quantitative Modeling of the Molecular Mechanism Controlling the Asymmetric Cell Division Cycle in Caulobacter crescentus." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29442.
Full textAbstract:
Caulobacter crescentus is an important model organism for studying regulation of cell growth, division and differentiation in prokaryotes. C. crescentus undergoes asymmetric division producing two progeny cells with identical genome but different developmental programs: the "swarmer" cell is flagellated and motile, and the "stalked" cell is sessile (attached to a surface by its stalk and holdfast). Only stalked cells undergo chromosome replication and cell division. A swarmer cell must shed its flagellum and grow a stalk before it can enter the replication-division cycle. Based on published experimental evidence, we propose a molecular mechanism controlling the cell division cycle in this bacterium. Our quantitative model of the mechanism illustrates detailed temporal dynamics of regulatory proteins and corresponding physiological changes during the process of cell cycle progression and differentiation of wild-type cells (both stalked cells and swarmer cells) and of a number of known and novel mutant strains. Our model presents a unified view of temporal regulation of protein activities during the asymmetric cell division cycle of C. crescentus and provides an opportunity to study and analyze the system dynamics of the Caulobacter cell cycle (as opposed to the dynamics of individual steps). The model can serve as a starting point for investigating molecular regulations of cell division and differentiation in other genera of alpha-proteobacteria, such as Brucella and Rhizobium, because recent experimental data suggest that these alpha-proteobacteria share similar genetic mechanisms for cell cycle control.Ph. D.
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Stewart, Neil. "Identifying genetic interactions of the spindle checkpoint in Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12203/.
Full textAbstract:
Faithful segregation of chromosomes is ensured by the spindle checkpoint. If a kinetochore does not correctly attach to a microtubule the spindle checkpoint stops cell cycle progression until all chromosomes are attached to microtubules or tension is experienced while pulling the chromosomes. The C. elegans gene, san-1, is required for spindle checkpoint function and anoxia survival. To further understand the role of san-1 in the spindle checkpoint, an RNAi screen was conducted to identify genetic interactions with san-1. The kinetochore gene hcp-1 identified in this screen, was known to have a genetic interaction with hcp-2. Interestingly, san-1(ok1580);hcp-2(ok1757) had embryonic and larval lethal phenotypes, but the phenotypes observed are less severe compared to the phenotypes of san-1(ok1580);hcp-1(RNAi) animals. Both san-1(ok1580);hcp-1(RNAi) and san-1(ok1580);hcp-2(RNAi) produce eggs that may hatch; but san-1(ok1580):hcp-1(RNAi) larvae do not survive to adulthood due to defects caused by aberrant chromosome segregations during development. Y54G9A.6 encodes the C. elegans homolog of bub-3, and has spindle checkpoint function. In C.elegans, bub-3 has genetic interactions with san-1 and mdf-2. An RNAi screen for genetic interactions with bub-3 identified that F31F6.3 may potentially have a genetic interaction with bub-3. This work provided genetic evidence that hcp-1, hcp-2 and F31F6.2 interact with spindle checkpoint genes.
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Wang, Ping. "Kinetic analysis of cell division cycles in early development of Xenopus laevis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0006/NQ41528.pdf.
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Rosa, Marina da Costa. "Interferindo na progressão do ciclo celular para avaliar possíveis alterações de ploidia em célula tumoral de mama humana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42134/tde-19032012-161223/.
Full textAbstract:
A maioria dos tumores sólidos apresentam características aneuplóides. Porém a relação entre aneuploidia e transformação maligna, ainda não está definida. Nos últimos anos diversas proteínas têm sido descritas como reguladoras de eventos durante a divisão celular, principalmente as relacionadas com a formação do fuso bipolar e segregação equacional dos cromossomos. Neste estudo propomo-nos a analisar os efeitos da interferência em dois pontos críticos da mitose, a segregação cromossômica e a citocinese, em relação à aneuploidia e à instabilidade genética tumoral. Nossos dados mostraram que o tratamento sequencial de Monastrol e Blebistatina determinou o surgimento de fusos mitóticos anormais, amplificação centrossômica, localização ectópica de Aurora A e aumento de micronúcleos. Esta interferência pode levar a um quadro de instabilidade genética e, consequentemente a progressão tumoral, abrindo novas possibilidades para o estudo dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na regulação do ponto de checagem mitótico e resistência a quimioterápicos.Most solid tumors have aneuploid feature. Therefore the relationship between aneuploidy and malignant transformation is not yet understood. In the last years it has been described many proteins involved in regulation of mitosis, mainly those related to bipolar spindle and chromosome segregation. In this work we propose to study the effects of the interference on two mitotic critical points, the chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, in relation to aneuploidy and genetic tumor instability. Our data showed that sequential treatment with Monastrol and Blebbistatin led to abnormal mitotic spindle, centrosome amplification, Aurora A ectopic and micronucleus increased. This interference can lead to genetic instability and may be involved in a tumor progression, opening news possibilities to study the molecular mechanisms involved in regulation the checkpoint mitotic and resistance to chemotherapy found in genetically unstable cells.
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Millerd, Paul M. B. A. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Driving cycle time reduction through an improved material flow process in the electronics assembly manufacturing cell." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73395.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division; in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 62).
Many companies have implemented lean and six sigma programs over the past twenty years. Lean has been a proven system that has eliminated waste and created value at many companies throughout the world. Raytheon IDS's lean program, "Raytheon Six Sigma" became a top priority in the past ten years at the Integrated Air Defense Center (IADC) in Andover, MA. However, as Raytheon's corporate goals state, they want to take this further and bring "Raytheon Six Sigma" to the next level, fully engaging customers and partners. A focus of this continuous improvement effort was the Electronics Assembly Rack manufacturing cell, which was experiencing high levels of cycle time variability. To help reduce cycle times within the cell, a continuous improvement project was undertaken to improve the material flow process. A current state analysis of the process showed an opportunity to improve process standardization and prioritization while lowering inventory levels. In addition to working with managers from EA to evaluate the material flow process, a kitting cart was developed with a cross functional project team to serve as a tool to help improve the process. Although the improvements were not rolled out to the entire cell during the project, a successful pilot was conducted that helped improve engagement with operators and create a path for future success.
by Paul Millerd.
S.M.
M.B.A.
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Garcia, Pierre. "Prédiction de liens fonctionnels par détection de coévolution entre familles de gènes : application aux gènes du cycle cellulaire chez les Firmicutes." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1316/document.
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Le cycle cellulaire chez les bactéries est un processus très étudié mais il apparait que les modèles actuels ne rendent pas compte de la complexité et surtout de la diversité des machineries et des mécanismes de régulation impliqués. En fait, notre connaissance du cycle cellulaire repose sur l'étude de quelques organismes modèles. Or les analyses comparatives ont montré que certains systèmes et mécanismes décrits sont peu conservés et donc difficilement transposables d'un taxon à l'autre. Des approches évolutives telles que la phylogénomique peuvent être utilisées pour l'étude fonctionnelle de tels systèmes biologiques à l'échelle des bactéries. Ces approches permettent notamment de déterminer les évènements évolutifs clés qui ont conduit à une telle diversité mais également d'identifier des liens fonctionnels potentiels entre protéines. De plus, le développement des méthodes de séquençage à très haut débit a conduit à une accumulation de données génomiques sans précèdent, notamment chez les procaryotes. Dans ce contexte, j'ai réalisé une analyse phylogénomique à très large échelle des protéines impliquées dans le cycle cellulaire et sa régulation chez les Firmicutes. Mon objectif était de rechercher des patrons de coévolution entre familles protéiques pouvant refléter des liens fonctionnels. L'application des méthodes développées dans le cadre cette thèse aux protéines impliquées dans le cycle cellulaire chez les Firmicutes a permis de reconstruire l'histoire évolutive de ce processus cellulaire fondamental à l'échelle de ce phylum bactérien majeur. En particulier, j'ai pu mettre en évidence l'existence de quelques points chauds correspondant par exemple à l émergence des Bacilli ou des Streptococcaceae. L'émergence de ces taxa s'est accompagnée de nombreuses acquisitions et/ou de pertes de gènes ainsi que de nombreux réarrangements dans l'organisation des clusters de gènes codant pour ces protéines, suggérant que des changements majeurs se sont produits au niveau du cycle cellulaire et de sa régulation. J'ai également pu mettre en évidence de possibles liens fonctionnels qui n'ont jamais été décrits jusqu'à présent entre des gènes impliqués dans différentes machineries du cycle cellulaire. L'application de ces approches à l'ensemble des protéomes de Firmicutes a également permis d'identifier des protéines présentant des patrons de coévolution communs avec les protéines impliquées dans la division cellulaire et sa régulation, suggérant de possibles liens fonctionnels qu'il serait nécessaire de tester expérimentalementThe bacterial cell cycle is a very well studied process but current models don't reflect the complexity and diversity of involved molecular machineries and associated regulation mechanisms. In fact, our knowledge of cell cycle is based on study of a few model organisms. Yet, comparative analyses showed that some described systems and mechanisms are not conserved and not transposable from a taxon to another. Evolutionary approach such as phylogenomic can be used for functional studies of such systems at the bacterial scale. Those approaches allow to determine the key evolutionary events that lead to a such diversity but also to identify potential functional links between proteins. Furthermore, the development of high throughput sequencing methods leads to a big amount of genomic data, particularly for prokaryotes. In this context, I realized a very large scale phylogenomic analysis of proteins involved in cell cycle and its regulation in Firmicutes. My goal was to search some coevolution patterns between protein families reflecting potentially functional links. The application of methods that I developed during my PhD to cell cycle proteins allowed to reconstruct the evolutionary history of this cell process in Firmicutes. Notably, I highlighted some hot-spots corresponding for example to the emergence of Bacilli or Streptococcaceae. The emergence of such taxa has been accompanied by many acquisitions/losses of cell cycle genes but also many genomic rearrangements in gene clusters suggesting that major changes have occurred at the level of the cell cycle and its regulation. I also highlighted some potential functional links between genes involved in different machineries of cell cycle that have never been described. The application of these approaches to the entire proteomes of Firmicutes allowed to identify proteins presenting same evolution patterns than cell cycle proteins suggesting potential functional links that have to be experimentally tested
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Cude, Kelly J. "Activation of a novel ERK5-NF-kappaB pathway is required for G2/M progression in the cell cycle /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5003.
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Mbazima, Vusi G. "The Effects of Crude Methanolic Extract of Commelina benghalensis Linn on the Expression of Apoptotic and Cell Division Cycle Genes in Jurkat T and Wil-2 NSCancer Cell Lines." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/937.
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Thesis (Ph.D. (Biochemistry)) --University of Limpopo, 2009Commelina benghalensis Linn is used in traditional medicine in several Asian and African countries for the treatment of various ailments such as stomach irritations, burns, sore throat and feet, diarrhoea and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Recently, our laboratory showed that the crude methanolic extract of Commelina benghalensis L (CMECB) exhibits growth inhibitory and proapoptotic effects in Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cancer cell lines. In this study, the precise molecular mechanism(s) associated with CMECB-induced growth inhibitory and apoptosis inducing effects in Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cell lines were investigated. This was achieved by investigating the effects of the extract on the cell division cycle distribution profile as well as its effects on various cell division cycle and apoptosis regulatory genes. Ground stems of C. benghalensis L were extracted with absolute methanol to obtain a crude extract. To assess the effect of CMECB on cancer cell growth, experimental cell cultures were exposed to various concentrations (0 to 600 μg/ml) of CMECB for up to 72 hours. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in cell viability and inhibition of proliferation of experimental cell cultures as determined by the trypan blue dye exclusion assay and the Coulter counter method, respectively. Analysis of nuclear morphological changes in cells stained with Hoechst 33258 confirmed apoptosis as the mode of cell death that is associated with the growth inhibitory effects of CMECB in both the Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cell lines. This assertion was based on the observed presence of nuclear morphological changes such as chromatin condensation and fragmentation and apoptotic bodies in cells exposed to CMECB. In order to get an insight on the pro-apoptotic mechanisms of CMECB, Western blot xxi and quantitative real-time PCR (qrt-PCR) were used to investigate the expression profiles of various apoptosis and cell division cycle regulatory genes. Qrt-PCR results showed a lack of a clear up- and/or down-regulatory effects of CMECB on the mRNA expression levels of bax and bcl-2 in both Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cells. Western blot analyses demonstrated that CMECB induced apoptosis by facilitating Bax protein translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria in both Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cells. In addition, CMECB down-regulated Bcl-2 protein expression which, as a result, led to the shift in the Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio at certain time points and concentration in both Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cells. The modulation of the Bcl-2 family members led to mitochondrial cytochrome c release into the cytosol and activation of caspases-9 and -3; this was also confirmed by caspase activity assays and eventual degradation of PARP. Furthermore, CMECB induced Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cell division cycle arrest at the G2/M phase as determined by flow cytometric analysis. Western blot analyses of G2/M phase regulatory proteins demonstrated that the CMECB-induced cell division cycle arrest was associated with the downregulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 protein expression levels. Western blot analyses results further revealed that the arrest of Wil-2 NS cells at the G2/M phase was independent of p21 protein activity. However, Jurkat T cell division cycle arrest was found to be mediated, in part, by p21. Quantitative real-time PCR results did not show a clear trend in terms of the down- or up-regulatory effects of the extracts on the G2/M phase regulatory genes. The CMECBinduced apoptosis and G2/M arrest was found to occur in a p53-independent xxii manner due to the lack and down-regulation of p53 protein levels in both Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cells, respectively. In conclusion, CMECB induces its anticancer activity by inducing G2/M phase arrest and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis independent of p53 protein activity. Although the study did not perform in vivo experiments to ascertain the efficacy of extracts of CMECB against specific tumour types in animal models, the present findings somehow validate the traditional use of C. benghalensis L as an anticancer agent. A more definitive study needs to be done to ascertain this assertion.
National Research Foundation and the University of Limpopo research office
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Pelve, Erik A. "Unique Solutions to Universal Problems : Studies of the Archaeal Cell." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Molekylär evolution, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-162886.
Full textAbstract:
Archaea is one of the three domains of life and studies of archaeal biology are important for understanding of life in extreme environments, fundamental biogeochemical processes, the origin of life, the eukaryotic cell and their own, unique biology. This thesis presents four studies of the archaeal cell, using the extremophilic Sulfolobus and ocean living Nitrosopumilus as model systems. Cell division in crenarchaea is shown to be carried out by a previously unknown system named Cdv (cell division). The system shares homology with the eukaryotic ESCRT-III system which is used for membrane reorganization during vesicle formation, viral release and cytokinesis. Organisms of the phylum Thaumarchaeota also use the Cdv system, despite also carrying genes for the euryarchaeal and bacterial cell division system FtsZ. The thaumarchaeal cell cycle is demonstrated to be dominated by the prereplicative and replicative stage, in contrasts to the crenarchaeal cell cycle where the cell at the majority of the time resides in the postreplicative stage. The replication rate is remarkably low and closer to what is measured for eukaryotes than other archaea. The gene organization of Sulfolobus is significantly associated with the three origins of replication. The surrounding regions are dense with genes of high importance for the organisms such as highly transcribed genes, genes with known function in fundamental cellular processes and conserved archaeal genes. The overall gene density is elevated and transposons are underrepresented. The archaeal virus SIRV2 displays a lytic life style where the host cell at the final stage of infection is disrupted for release of new virus particles. The remarkable pyramid-like structure VAP (virus associated pyramids), that is formed independently of the virus particle, is used for cell lysis. The research presented in this thesis describes unique features of the archaeal cell and influences our understanding of the entire tree of life.
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Eme, Laura. "Phylogénomique des structures multiprotéiques eucaryotes impliquées dans le cycle cellulaire et contribution à la phylogénie des eucaryotes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22037/document.
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Retracer l'histoire évolutive des eucaryotes est une question majeure en évolution et fait l'objet de nombreux débats. Le développement de techniques à haut débit, en particulier en protéomique et en génomique, a permis d'obtenir de nombreuses données pouvant être exploitées lors d'analyses évolutives. Dans ce contexte, les structures multiprotéiques eucaryotes (SME) constituent des objets d'intérêt. En effet, ces gros complexes protéiques sont impliqués dans de nombreux processus fondamentaux de la cellule eucaryote, et n'ont pas d'homologues chez les procaryotes (même si les fonctions dans lesquelles ils sont impliqués peuvent exister). Ils ont donc certainement joué un rôle prépondérant dans l'eucaryogénèse. L'analyse phylogénomique de deux SME impliquées dans la division cellulaire (le midbody et l'APC/C) montre que ces systèmes ont une origine évolutive ancienne et étaient déjà présents chez le dernier ancêtre commun des eucaryotes (LECA), tout en étant issus d'innovations eucaryotes. Ceci implique que l'émergence de ces deux SME s'est faite après la divergence de la lignée eucaryote et avant la diversification ayant donné naissance aux lignées actuelles. Au-delà de ces considérations évolutives, l'analyse de ces SME ouvre des pistes sur certains aspects de la biologie de ces systèmes. En effet, si ces systèmes ont été globalement bien conservés au cours de la diversification des eucaryotes, leur analyse révèle une grande plasticité de composition dans certaines lignées de protistes. Ceci suggère des changements récents concernant certaines étapes du cycle cellulaire de ces organismes qu'il serait intéressant d'explorerexpérimentalement.En parallèle, ce travail a montré que, bien qu'étant des protéines opérationnelles, lescomposants de ces SME portent un signal phylogénétique exploitable pour inférer les relations de parentés entre lignées eucaryotes. La construction de supermatrices à partir de ces protéines a permis l'inférence de phylogénies de qualité, même si non totalement résolues, dans lesquelles, par exemple, la monophylie des Excavata ou encore le placement des microsporidies au sein des Fungi est bien supporté. La combinaison de ces données avec celles issues d'analyses basées sur des protéines informationnelles montrent des avancées significatives concernant la résolution des arbres inférés. Ces résultats ouvrent le champ des possibles quant à la recherche d'autres marqueurs encore inexploités parmi les protéines opérationnelles. L'intégration de ces nouveaux marqueurs associée à l'augmentation de l'échantillonnage taxonomique représente une piste prometteuse pour l'avenir.Ce travail illustre l'intérêt de généraliser les approches évolutives intégrées des systèmes biologiques pour l'étude de l'évolution et de la phylogénie des eucaryotesTracing back the evolutionary history of eukaryotes is one of the major issues in the field of evolution and is hotly debated. The development of high throughput techniques, especially in proteomics and genomics has yielded extensive data that can be used in evolutionary analyses. In this context, eukaryotic multiprotein structures (EMS) are objects of interest. Indeed, these large protein complexes are involved in many fundamental processes of eukaryotic cells, and have no homologues in prokaryotes (even if the functions in which they are involved may exist) and therefore have certainly played a major role in the eukaryogenesis. The phylogenomic analysis of two EMS involved in cell division (the midbody and the APC/C) shows that these systems have an ancient evolutionary origin and were already present in the last common ancestor of eukaryotes (LECA), while resulting from eukaryotic innovations. This implies that the emergence of these two EMS occurred after the divergence of the eukaryotic lineage and before the diversification that gave rise to the current lineages. Beyond these evolutionary questions, analyses of these EMS uncover some biological aspects of these systems. Indeed, if these systems were generally well conserved during the diversification of eukaryotes, their analysis shows a high plasticity of composition in some protist lineages. This suggests that recent changes regarding certain phases of these organisms cell cycle which would be interesting to explore experimentally. Concomitantly, this work showed that, although being operational protein, components of these EMS carry a phylogenetic signal usable for inferring phylogenetic relationships among eukaryotic lineages. Construction of supermatrixes from these proteins led to the inference of phylogenies of high quality, even if not fully resolved, in which, for example, the monophyly of Excavata or the placement of Microsporidia within Fungi is well supported. Combining these data with those from analyses based on informational proteins show significant progress on the resolution of inferred trees. These results open the field of possibilities to find other markers among the untapped proteins operational. The integration of these new markers associated with increased taxonomic sampling represents a promising approach.This work illustrates the interest of generalizing integrated evolutionary approaches ofbiological systems for studying the evolution and phylogeny of eukaryotes
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Semenovskaya, Ksenia. "Characterisation of TgZFP2, a novel zinc finger protein involved in the coordination of cell cycle progression in the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT063.
Full textAbstract:
Le phylum des Apicomplexes regroupe des parasites protozoaires avec un cycle de vie complexe alternant des réplications sexuée et asexuée chez différents hôtes. Ce sont des parasites intracellulaires obligatoires qui ont une l’organisation particulière de leur cycle cellulaire. Celui-ci consiste en une phase nucléaire (la réplication de l’ADN) et en une phase de bourgeonnement (l’assemblage des cellules filles) qui peuvent être découplées ou coordonnées différemment, générant quatre modes de division distincts au sein du phylum. Le plus simple d’entre eux, l’endodyogénie, est caractéristique de la forme tachyzoite de Toxoplasma gondii, un stade asexué et fortement prolifératif. Lors de ce type de division, il y a un seul tour de réplication de l'ADN avec une formation ultérieure de deux cellules filles dans la cellule mère. Le système de régulation de l’endodyogénie est physiquement lié à un centrosome atypique biparti, cependant il reste largement inexploré. Lors de ce projet de recherche, j’ai caractérisé chez T. gondii une nouvelle protéine à motif en doigt de zinc appelée TgZFP2. Interférer avec sa fonction résulte en l’arrêt du cycle cellulaire du parasite. Bien que la réplication de l'ADN se déroule normalement, le bourgeonnement des cellules filles est impacté, donnant naissance à des cellules filles immatures qui ne peuvent pas émerger de la cellule mère et ne parviennent souvent pas à incorporer le matériel nucléaire. Nous avons montré qu’au début de l’assemblage des cellules filles, la protéine TgZFP2 se re-localise depuis des puncta cytoplasmiques vers la région péri-centrosomale, où elle persiste jusqu’à l’achèvement de la division et l’émergence des cellules filles. TgZFP2 présente également des propriétés de protéine associée au cytosquelette. Bien que nous n’ayons pas été en mesure d’identifier les partenaires moléculaires de TgZFP2 pour identifier les mécanismes moléculaires dans lesquels elle est impliquée, nos données montrent que TgZFP2 est un régulateur important de la division cellulaire, potentiellement avec des fonctions multiplesThe phylum Apicomplexa encompasses parasitic protists with a complex life cycle that alternates between sexual and asexual replication in different hosts. Apicomplexa are obligate intracellular parasites that display a peculiar organisation of their cell cycle. It consists of a nuclear phase (DNA replication) and a budding phase (daughter cells assembly) that can be uncoupled or coordinated differently, resulting in four distinctive modes of division in the phylum. The simplest of them, endodyogeny, is characteristic for the rapidly proliferating tachyzoite asexual stage of Toxoplasma gondii and comprises a single round of DNA replication and subsequent formation of two daughter cells within the mother cell. The regulatory system of endodyogeny is suggested to be physically linked to the parasite’s unusual bipartite centrosome, but remains largely unexplored. During this research project I characterized a novel T. gondii zinc finger protein named TgZFP2, whose knockdown led to a striking arrest of the parasite cell cycle. While DNA replication proceeded as normally, the budding was affected, resulting in appearance of immature daughters that failed to emerge from the mother cell and often failed to incorporate nuclear material. We have shown that, at the onset of daughter cells assembly, TgZFP2 re-localises from cytoplasmic puncta to the peri-centrosomal region where it persists until the completion of division. TgZFP2 also behaves as a cytoskeleton-associated protein. Though we were unable to identify TgZFP2 molecular partners to decipher the precise molecular mechanisms it is involved in, our data show TgZFP2 is an important regulator of the cell cycle that may have a pleotropic function
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Strawbridge, Stanley Eugene. "Understanding the dynamics of embryonic stem cell differentiation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/287576.
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The two defining features of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are self-renewal and naive pluripotency, the ability to give rise to all cell lineages in the adult body. In addition to being a unique and interesting cell type, pluripotent ES cells have demonstrated their potential for continued advancements in biomedical science. Currently, there is an improved understanding in the chemical signals and the gene regulatory network responsible for the maintenance of ES cells in the naive pluripotent state. However, less is understood about how ES cells exit pluripotency. My main aim is to study the dynamics and the factors affecting the irreversible exit from pluripotency. Expression of the reporter Rex1-GFPd2, which is inactivated upon exit from naive pluripotency, was analyzed by quantitative long-term single-cell imaging over many generations. This technique allowed chemical, physical, and genealogical information to be recorded during the transition to exit. Culture conditions that provided homogeneous populations were used in all assays and these data were validated against bulk-culture data where appropriate. Changes in real-time cell behavior were seen in cell-cell contact, motility, and cell-cycle duration. Undifferentiated ES cells form tightly joined colonies, with cells that exhibit low motility and a constant cell-cycle duration. Exit is associated with increasing cell motility, decreased cell-cell contact, and an acceleration in cell proliferation. The onset of exit is associated with a sudden and irreversible inactivation of the Rex1-GFPd2 reporter. This inactivation is asynchronous, as it occurs at different times and in different generations during ES cell differentiation. However, examination of daughter cells generated from the same mother revealed a high level of synchronicity. Further investigation revealed that high levels of correlation in cell-cycle duration and Rex1-GFPd2 expression exist between differentiating sister and cousin cells, providing strong evidence that cell potency is inherited symmetrically in cell divisions during exit $\textit{in vitro}$. How cells change fate is a fundamental question in developmental biology. Knowing the cellular dynamics during the transition out of naive pluripotency is important for harnessing the potential of ES cells and understanding how cell fate decisions are made during embryonic development. The quantification of the timing of exit from naive pluripotency coupled with identifiable changes in cellular behaviors, such as motility, cell size, and cell-cycle duration, enhances the understanding of how cell fate changes are regulated during directed differentiation.
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Guertin, David A. "Coordinating Cytokinesis with Mitosis by a Conserved Signal Transduction Network in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces Pombe: a Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2002. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/205.
Full textAbstract:
Cytokinesis is the final event of the cell division cycle and results in physical and irreversible separation of a mother cell into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis must only occur after chromosomes have segregated during mitosis to ensure each daughter cell receives the proper complement of genetic material. Failure to execute normal cytokinesis can result in aneuploidy and/or polyploidy, a hallmark of many cancers. Cytokinesis occurs mechanically through constriction of an actin-myosin based contractile ring, while initiation of ring constriction is temporally and spatially mediated by complex signaling networks. It is absolutely crucial that cytokinesis is tightly coordinated with the cell cycle in order to preserve the fidelity of cell division. We hypothesized that to achieve such tight control of cytokinesis, cells may utilize both promotional and inhibitory signals, however how cells maintained this control was poorly understood. The goal of this thesis was to characterize how cells regulate signaling of cytokinesis, both positively and negatively, during cell division using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model organism. Two approaches were employed. (1) We first sought to characterize the positive timing mechanism that signals cytokinesis though a detailed investigation of Sid1p, a protein kinase essential for activation of ring constriction. (2) Secondly, we sought to define how cells negatively regulate cytokinesis through investigation of Dma1p, a spindle checkpoint protein implicated in inhibition of cytokinesis. Our results reveal a conserved signaling network, termed the Septation Initiation Network (SIN), of which Sid1p is an intermediate component, that controls temporal and spatial regulation of cytokinesis. We found Sid1p is additionally controlled by Cyclin Dependent Kinase activity, uncovering an important link between mitotic events and initiation of cytokinesis. Furthermore, we found that aberrant SIN activation can override a microtubule-damage-induced spindle checkpoint arrest. This effect is counteracted by Dma1p, which normally inhibits the SIN during checkpoint activation to preserve cell viability until damage is repaired. We conclude that signaling cytokinesis is tightly coordinated with mitosis in S. pombe by positive signals acting through Sid1p and the SIN, and under certain conditions, negative signals acting through Dma1p. Considering the conservation of cell cycle regulators in the eukaryotic kingdom, it is likely that similar mechanisms to control cytokinesis exist in humans.