Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cell Extracts

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Cell Extracts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cell Extracts"

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Cdsln, Tulasi, Lakshmi Narasu M, and Saida L. "CELL VIABILITY ASSAY OF FICUS BENGHALENSIS LATEX SOLVENT EXTRACTS ON DIFFERENT CELL LINES." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 10 (October 7, 2018): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i10.26552.

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Objective: Presented here in the study, the screening for antiproliferative activity of Ficus benghalensis dried latex solvent extracts on human breast MDA MB 231, colorectal HCT116, and neuroblastoma IMR 32 cell lines.Methods: The anticancer activity of ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone extracts against the above-mentioned cancer cell lines as well in lymphocytes, by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay and propidium iodide staining was used to observe the morphological changes occurred in the cell due to the affect of latex extract.Results: Among all the extracts, ethanol extract was found to be effective against IMR 32 and HCT 116 whereas ethyl acetate extract in case of MDA MB 231 cell line with 50% inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) 123.27±2.5 μg/ml, 99.82±9.06 μg/ml, and 75.66± 6.3, respectively.Conclusion: The extracts were found to be less toxic on peripheral blood lymphocytes. The IC50 value of the cytotoxic activity measured using MTT dye indicated that the extracts were efficient in inhibition of the cell proliferation of these cell lines.
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FAN, Zong-Xing, Hua-Bin ZHU, and Wei-Hua DU. "Somatic cells reprogramming using cell extracts." Hereditas (Beijing) 35, no. 3 (September 27, 2013): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1005.2013.00262.

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Adams, Lynn S., Navindra P. Seeram, Mary L. Hardy, Catherine Carpenter, and David Heber. "Analysis of the Interactions of Botanical Extract Combinations Against the Viability of Prostate Cancer Cell Lines." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3, no. 1 (2006): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nel001.

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Herbal medicines are often combinations of botanical extracts that are assumed to have additive or synergistic effects. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effect of individual botanical extracts with combinations of extracts on prostate cell viability. We then modeled the interactions between botanical extracts in combination isobolographically.Scutellaria baicalensis,Rabdosia rubescens,Panax-pseudo ginseng,Dendranthema morifolium,Glycyrrhiza uralensisandSerenoa repenswere collected, taxonomically identified and extracts prepared. Effects of the extracts on cell viability were quantitated in prostate cell lines using a luminescent ATP cell viability assay. Combinations of two botanical extracts of the four most active extracts were tested in the 22Rv1 cell line and their interactions assessed using isobolographic analysis. Each extract significantly inhibited the proliferation of prostate cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent manner exceptrepens. The most active extracts,baicalensis,D. morifolium,G. uralensisandR. rubescenswere tested as two-extract combinations.baicalensisandD. morifoliumwhen combined were additive with a trend toward synergy, whereasD. morifoliumandR. rubescenstogether were additive. The remaining two-extract combinations showed antagonism. The four extracts together were significantly more effective than the two-by-two combinations and the individual extracts alone. Combining the four herbal extracts significantly enhanced their activity in the cell lines tested compared with extracts alone. The less predictable nature of the two-way combinations suggests a need for careful characterization of the effects of each individual herb based on their intended use.
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Murakami, Shiho, Yutaka Miura, Makoto Hattori, Hiroshi Matsuda, Christiaan Malherbe, Christo Muller, Elizabeth Joubert, and Tadashi Yoshida. "Cyclopia Extracts Enhance Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-type T Cell Responses and Induce Foxp3+ Cells in Murine Cell Culture." Planta Medica 84, no. 05 (November 2, 2017): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-121270.

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Abstract Cyclopia genistoides, one of the traditional South African medicinal plants, and other species of the same genus offer noteworthy phenolic profiles, in particular high levels of the anti-allergic xanthone mangiferin. Hot water and 40% ethanol-water (v/v) extracts, prepared from C. genistoides, Cyclopia subternata, and Cyclopia maculata, were tested for immune-regulating activity in vitro using murine splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells. The 40% ethanol-water extracts of C. genistoides and C. subternata significantly enhanced production of several types of cytokines, including IL-4, IL-17, and IFN-γ, by antigen-stimulated splenocytes. A concentration-dependent response was observed, noticeably for IFN-γ production. The activity of the extracts did not correlate with the content of any of the major phenolic compounds, indicative that other extract constituents also play a role in immunomodulation. Additionally, the increased ratio of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells to total CD4+ cells indicated induction of Foxp3+ cells when mesenteric lymph node cells were cultured in the presence of these two extracts. This study is the first reporting immunostimulatory activity for Cyclopia, which are widely consumed as the herbal tea known as honeybush, underpinning further investigations into the potential use of its extracts as adjuvants for mucosal immunotherapy.
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Hyun, Seung-Don, and Youngki Lee. "Effects of culture extracts from Coriolus Versicolor mycellium grown in virus extract on ethanol-induced neurotoxicity." Journal of Medicine and Life Science 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22730/jmls.2009.6.3.172.

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We firstly screened the possibility that citrus extracts and culture extracts of Coriolus Versicolor mycellium grown in citrus extract liquid medium could be effective in preventing ethanol-induced neurotoxicity employing the clonal hippocampal cell line HT22. Secondly, it was investigated whether the mycellium culture extracts are able to lower blood ethanol concentration in the mouse following ethanol administration. A 24 hr incubation with ethanol 100-800 mM caused a dose-dependent loss of cell viability. Citrus extract of 0.1-1% and mycellium extracts of 0.5-4% did not reveal any effect on cell viability while 2-4% citrus extracts and 8% mycellium culture extracts significantly reduced the survival rate of HT22 cell. Co-incubation of citrus extract and mycellium culture extracts with ethanol resulted in a significant decrease in ethanoHnduced neurotoxicity by increasing cell viability. ROS scavenging effects of citrus extracts and mycellium culture extracts at 3% concentrations were increased 38% and 27% of controls receiving only ethanol (800mM), respectively. Citrus extracts and mycellium culture extracts reduced blood ethanol concentrations in mouse administrating ethanol and the effect is more pronounced in mycellium cuIture extracts treated ones than in citrus extracts treated ones ，21 % and 12% respectively. These results indicated that citrus and mycellium culture extracts are effective to ameliorate the ethanol-induced neurotoxicity.
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Blal, Kifah, Elazar Besser, Shiri Procaccia, Ouri Schwob, Yaniv Lerenthal, Jawad Abu Tair, David Meiri, and Ofra Benny. "The Effect of Cannabis Plant Extracts on Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and the Quest for Cannabis-Based Personalized Therapy." Cancers 15, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15020497.

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Cannabis sativa plants have a wide diversity in their metabolite composition among their different chemovars, facilitating diverse anti-tumoral effects on cancer cells. This research examined the anti-tumoral effects of 24 cannabis extracts representative of three primary types of chemovars on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The chemical composition of the extracts was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS). The most potent anti-tumoral extracts were type III decarboxylated extracts, with high levels of Cannabidiol (CBD). We identified extract 296 (CAN296) as the most potent in inducing HNSCC cell death via proapoptotic and anti-proliferative effects. Using chemical fractionation of CAN296, we identified the CBD fraction as the primary inducer of the anti-tumoral activity. We succeeded in defining the combination of CBD with cannabichromene (CBC) or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) present in minute concentrations in the extract, yielding a synergic impact that mimics the extract’s full effect. The cytotoxic effect could be maximized by combining CBD with either CBC or THC in a ratio of 2:1. This research suggests using decarboxylated CBD-type extracts enriched with CBC for future preclinical trials aimed at HNSCC treatment.
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Kubota, Y., and H. Takisawa. "Determination of initiation of DNA replication before and after nuclear formation in Xenopus egg cell free extracts." Journal of Cell Biology 123, no. 6 (December 15, 1993): 1321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.123.6.1321.

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Xenopus egg extracts prepared before and after egg activation retain M- and S-phase specific activity, respectively. Staurosporine, a potent inhibitor of protein kinase, converted M-phase extracts into interphase-like extracts that were capable of forming nuclei upon the addition of sperm DNA. The nuclei formed in the staurosporine treated M-phase extract were incapable of replicating DNA, and they were unable to initiate replication upon the addition of S-phase extracts. Furthermore, replication was inhibited when the staurosporine-treated M-phase extract was added in excess to the staurosporine-treated S-phase extract before the addition of DNA. The membrane-depleted S-phase extract supported neither nuclear formation nor replication; however, preincubation of sperm DNA with these extracts allowed them to form replication-competent nuclei upon the addition of excess staurosporine-treated M-phase extract. These results demonstrate that positive factors in the S-phase extracts determined the initiation of DNA replication before nuclear formation, although these factors were unable to initiate replication after nuclear formation.
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Khoobchandani, Menka, B. K. Ojeswi, Bhavna Sharma, and Man Mohan Srivastava. "Chenopodium AlbumPrevents Progression of Cell Growth and Enhances Cell Toxicity in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2, no. 3 (2009): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.3.8837.

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The present study is aimed to investigate the effects ofChenopodium album(leaves) on the growth of estrogen dependent (MCF-7) and estrogen independent (MDA-MB-468) human breast cancer cell lines. The different solvent extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) were assessed for their cytotoxicity using TBE (Trypan blue exclusion) and MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium] bioassay. These cells were cultured in MEM (minimum essential medium) medium and incubated with the dilution series of extracts (10–100 mg/ml) in CO2incubator at 37°C for 24 h. Among the various extracts studied for two cell lines, methanolic extract ofC. album(leaves) exhibited maximum antibreast cancer activity having IC50(the concentration of an individual compound leading to 50% inhibition) value 27.31 mg/ml against MCF-7 cell line. Significant percent inhibition (94.06%) in the MeOH extract ofC. album(leaves) at 48 h of exposure and concentration 100 mg/ml (p < 0.05) against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, indicates the presence of some structural moiety responsible for this observed antiproliferative effect. In vivo study and structural elucidation of its bioactive principle are in progress. Our findings highlight the potential of this plant for its possible clinical use to counteract malignancy development as antibreast cancer bioagent.
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Stillman, B. W., and Y. Gluzman. "Replication and supercoiling of simian virus 40 DNA in cell extracts from human cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 8 (August 1985): 2051–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.8.2051-2060.1985.

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Soluble extracts prepared from the nucleus and cytoplasm of human 293 cells are capable of efficient replication and supercoiling of added DNA templates that contain the origin of simian virus 40 replication. Extracts prepared from human HeLa cells are less active than similarly prepared extracts from 293 cells for initiation and elongation of nascent DNA strands. DNA synthesis is dependent on addition of purified simian virus 40 tumor (T) antigen, which is isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography of extracts from cells infected with an adenovirus modified to produce large quantities of this protein. In the presence of T antigen and the cytoplasmic extract, replication initiates at the origin and continues bidirectionally. Initiation is completely dependent on functional origin sequences; a plasmid DNA containing an origin mutation known to affect DNA replication in vivo fails to replicate in vitro. Multiple rounds of DNA synthesis occur, as shown by the appearance of heavy-heavy, bromodeoxyuridine-labeled DNA products. The products of this reaction are resolved, but are relaxed, covalently closed DNA circles. Addition of a nuclear extract during DNA synthesis promotes the negative supercoiling of the replicated DNA molecules.
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Stillman, B. W., and Y. Gluzman. "Replication and supercoiling of simian virus 40 DNA in cell extracts from human cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 8 (August 1985): 2051–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.8.2051.

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Soluble extracts prepared from the nucleus and cytoplasm of human 293 cells are capable of efficient replication and supercoiling of added DNA templates that contain the origin of simian virus 40 replication. Extracts prepared from human HeLa cells are less active than similarly prepared extracts from 293 cells for initiation and elongation of nascent DNA strands. DNA synthesis is dependent on addition of purified simian virus 40 tumor (T) antigen, which is isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography of extracts from cells infected with an adenovirus modified to produce large quantities of this protein. In the presence of T antigen and the cytoplasmic extract, replication initiates at the origin and continues bidirectionally. Initiation is completely dependent on functional origin sequences; a plasmid DNA containing an origin mutation known to affect DNA replication in vivo fails to replicate in vitro. Multiple rounds of DNA synthesis occur, as shown by the appearance of heavy-heavy, bromodeoxyuridine-labeled DNA products. The products of this reaction are resolved, but are relaxed, covalently closed DNA circles. Addition of a nuclear extract during DNA synthesis promotes the negative supercoiling of the replicated DNA molecules.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cell Extracts"

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Mohib, Kanishka. "Embryonic Stem Cell Extracts Possess Immune Modulatory Properties That Prevent Dendritic Cell Maturation and T Cell Activation." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22794.

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Embryonic stem cells (ESC) possess immune privileged properties and have the capacity to modulate immune activation. ESCs can persist across allogeneic immunological barriers, prevent lymphocyte proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays and can promote graft acceptance. However, clinical application of live ESC to treat immunological disorders is not feasible as live ESC can form teratoma in-vivo. In order to harness these properties of ESCs without adverse risk to patients, we hypothesized that ESC derived extracts may retain immune modulatory properties of whole cells and therefore could be used to abrogate allo-immune responses. We found addition of ESC-extracts from human lines H1 and H9, significantly prevented T cell proliferation in allogeneic MLRs. These results were confirmed using murine J1 ESC line. In-vitro studies showed human ESC EXT were able to modulate maturation of human monocyte derived dendritic cells (DC) by suppressing up-regulation of important co-stimulatory and maturation markers CD80, HLA-DR and CD83. In addition, DCs educated in the presence of human ESC extracts significantly lost their ability to stimulate purified allogeneic T cells compared to control extract treated DCs. We also determined that ESC extracts have an independent effect on T cells. ESC extracts prevented T cell proliferation in response to anti CD3/CD28 stimulation. In MLRs, ESC derived factors significantly down-regulated IL-2 and IFN-γ expression, while up-regulating TGF-β and Foxp3 expression. Furthermore, lymphocytes and purified T cells activated with anti-CD3/CD28, ConA and PMA proliferated poorly in the presence of ESC derived factors, while proliferation in response to ionomycin was not affected. Western blot analysis indicated that ESC derived factors prevented PKC-θ phosphorylation without influencing total PKC-θ levels. Moreover, IκB-α degradation was abrogated, confirming absence of PKC-θ activity. Therefore, ESC extracts have potent immune suppressive properties and may have clinical applications in ameliorating transplant rejection and autoimmune conditions.
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Holland, Kevin W. "Characterization and Application of Peanut Root Extracts." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40264.

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Lipid oxidation is one of the leading causes of food quality degradation. Manufacturers typically add antioxidants or purge a productâ s package of oxygen to inhibit oxidation and the resulting off-flavors. Synthetic antioxidants (e.g. BHT, BHA) and some natural antioxidants (e.g. α-tocopherol) have found widespread use in this application. Unfortunately, the public views synthetic additives in a negative light and the current natural antioxidants have been unable to match the protection afforded by the synthetic antioxidants. The search for underutilized and natural antioxidants has led scientists to investigate many different plant-based extracts for use in food and in the treatment and prevention of disease. The objectives of this research were (1) to use ORAChromatography to identify peanut root extract fractions with high antioxidant capacity, (2) identification of compounds in peanut root extracts using HPLC and mass spectrometry, (3) test for the presence of aflatoxins in the extracts, (4) test peanut root extract in food model system for oxidation reduction capabilities, and (5) Testing peanut root extractâ s ability to decrease protein oxidation in cell culture. Crude peanut root extracts have high antioxidant activities that do not vary by cultivar. The ORAC activities of the peanut root fractions separated by HPLC with a C18 column varied (600.3 â 6564.4 μM TE/g dry extract), as did the total phenolic contents (23.1 â 79.6 mg GAE/g dry extract). Peanut root fractions had aflatoxins contamination well above the 20 ppb limit. Peanut root extracts and the known antioxidants tested were found to have no significant effect in inhibiting oxidation of peanut paste or HBMEC. Peanut root extracts were not shown to have any positive effects, but further research is necessary to eliminate peanut root extracts as a possible food ingredient and health supplement.
Ph. D.
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Chan, Sze-yin. "The effects of ganoderma extracts on immune cell subsets." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43781494.

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Chan, Sze-yin, and 陳詩妍. "The effects of ganoderma extracts on immune cell subsets." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43781494.

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Auckland, Ian. "Quantitative Analysis of a Cell Cycle Checkpoint in Xenopus laevis Cell-Free Egg Extracts." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34734.

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In somatic cells, checkpoint pathways trigger cell cycle arrest in response to unreplicated or damaged DNA by inhibiting the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). In the Xenopus laevis embryo, checkpoints are not operational until the midblastula transition (MBT). Studies in cell-free egg extracts indicate that a threshold concentration of nuclei, which approximates the MBT concentration, is required to elicit a checkpoint. The checkpoint response to unreplicated DNA in the extract prevents transition into mitosis by inhibiting Cdk1/cyclin B, causing an increase in the minimum amount of cyclin B necessary to enter mitosis, termed the cyclin threshold. Once the threshold of cyclin is maintained or exceeded, the system will proceed into mitosis after a lag time. We have investigated the relationship between nuclear concentration and cell cycle regulation in the extract. By precisely regulating the concentration of cyclin B and nuclear content in extract samples, we have found 1) the concentration of nuclei affects cyclin B thresholds and lag time of entry into mitosis, 2) elevated cyclin thresholds caused by DNA replication blocks are further increased by increasing the concentration of nuclei, and 3) double-stranded DNA breaks in the extract system do not affect cyclin thresholds or lag time of entry into mitosis within the range of nuclear concentrations that can be efficiently replicated. This data provides evidence of the importance of the nucleocytoplasmic ratio in normal cell cycle progression and its importance for checkpoint acquisition during early Xenopus laevis development.
Master of Science
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Palaty, Jan. "Oxidative coupling of dibenzylbutanolides catalyzed by plant cell culture extracts." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29710.

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This thesis aims to develop a new and inexpensive synthetic route to the anti-cancer drug etoposide (6) via 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin (4) or 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin (5) involving the oxidative coupling of a dibenzylbutanolide catalyzed by a cell-free extract (CFE) from plant cell culture. This step was studied in depth using the Catharanthus roseus CFE-catalyzed biotransformation of frans-2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)butanolide (58) to 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthoic acid γ lactone (59) as a model. The optimum values of reaction pH, enzyme:substrate ratio and co-factonsubstrate ratio were determined. The butanolide 58 was synthesized by a route involving the Stobbe condensation of 3-benzyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde with dimethylsuccinate to yield 2-(3-benzyloxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)butanedioic acid 1-methyl ester (69). Hydrogenation of 69 to 2-(3-benzyloxy-4-methoxybenzyl)butanedioic acid 1-methyl ester (70) followed by reductive lactonization afforded 3-(3-benzytoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)butanolide (71). Alkylation of 71 with 4-benzyloxy-a-bromo-3,5-dimethoxytoluene (72) gave frans-2-(4-benzyloxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-3-(3-benzyloxy-4-methoxybenzyl)butanolide (73) which was then converted to the butanolide 58 by catalytic hydrogenolysis. In order to investigate the effect of different aromatic substituents on the oxidative coupling of butanolides, C. roseus CFE-catalyzed biotransformations of frans-2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)butanolide (74) and frans-2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxy-a-hydroxybenzyl)butanolide (94) were also performed. The biotransformation of 74 gave 2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)butanoiide (76) as the sole isolated product. A pathway involving oxidative demethylatton is proposed to account for the balance of the unrecovered material. The butanolide 94, a potential precursor to etoposide, was prepared from piperonal. The lithium anion of 1-bis(phenylthio)methyl-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene (97) and the bromide 72 were added consecutively to but-2-en-4-olide to afford frans-2-(4-benzyloxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-methylenedioxy-α,α-bis(phenylthio)benzyl)butanolide (96). A synthetic sequence involving the oxidation of 96 to frans-2-(4-benzyloxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-3-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzoyl)-butanolide (100), reduction to frans-2-(4-benzyloxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-3-(α-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)butanolide (109) and cleavage of the methylenedioxy and benzyl protecting groups gave the catechol 94. Unfortunately, the CFE-catalyzed oxidation of 94, following treatment with sodium borohydride, yielded 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-6-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthoic acid γ lactone (103) as the sole isolated product. [Formulas omitted]
Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
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Romanowski, Piotr. "Cell cycle regulation of DNA replication in Xenopus egg extracts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624760.

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Johnson, Jodee Lee. "Effect of Black Raspberry Extracts on Colon Cancer Cell Proliferation." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1244025041.

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Johnson, Jodee Lee. "Effect of back raspberry extracts on colon cancer cell proliferation." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1244025041.

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Labbé, Etienne. "Temperature-modulation of protein phosphorylation in cell-free extracts of alfalfa." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ44093.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Cell Extracts"

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Montgomery, Samantha Erin. Structural characterization of slipped trinucleotide repeats and their processing in human cell extracts. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2002.

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McDonald, John Marc. Studies on the stimulation of exopolymer production in a pseudomonas species by cell-free extracts. [s.l: s.n.], 1987.

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Bjerrum, Jacob T. Metabonomics: Methods and protocols. New York: Humana Press, 2015.

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Protocols for in vitro cultures and secondary metabolite analysis of aromatic and medicinal plants. New York: Humana Press, 2009.

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Khongčharœ̄nsunthō̜n, Wisātrī. Rāingān wičhai rư̄ang kānsưksā khunnasombat kāntān čhulinsī dư̄ yā læ kāntān mareng khō̜ng sānsakat čhāk samunphrai Thai bāng chanit =: Inhibitory effects of some Thai herb extracts on the growth of some drug resistant microorganisms and cancer cell lines. [Chon Buri]: Phāk Wichā Chīwawitthayā, Khana Witthayāsāt, Mahāwitthayālai Būraphā, 2006.

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Ann, Salciccioli Kristina. Structural elucidation of a compound extracted from Taxus cuspidata cell suspension cultures. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1995.

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Kumar, Ashesh. In vivo kinetics of early cytokine expression in the lactobacillus cell wall extract-based mouse model of Kawasaki disease. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2002.

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I-mode strategy. Chichester: Wiley, 2003.

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Melia, Noelle. Analysis by use of the comet assay, of DNA content and integrity in cells extracted from bladder washing specimens fromtumor and control patients. [S.l: The Author], 1994.

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Sanderson, Russell J. Uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor protein: Role of carboxylic acid residues and use for measuring the fidelity of uracil-excision DNA repair synthesis in human cell extracts. 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cell Extracts"

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Sato, Ken-ichi, Ken-ichi Yoshino, Alexander A. Tokmakov, Tetsushi Iwasaki, Kazuyoshi Yonezawa, and Yasuo Fukami. "Studying Fertilization in Cell-Free Extracts." In Xenopus Protocols, 395–411. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-000-3_28.

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Aparicio Casado, Tomas, and Jean Gautier. "DNA Damage Response in Xenopus laevis Cell-Free Extracts." In Cell Cycle Checkpoints, 103–44. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1217-0_8.

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Srinivasan, Seetha V., and Jean Gautier. "Study of Cell Cycle Checkpoints Using Xenopus Cell-Free Extracts." In Cell Cycle Checkpoints, 119–58. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-273-1_10.

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Hartmuth, Klaus, Maria A. van Santen, Tanja Rösel, Berthold Kastner, and Reinhard Lührmann. "The Preparation of HeLa Cell Nuclear Extracts." In Alternative pre-mRNA Splicing, 311–19. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527636778.ch29.

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Gillespie, Peter J., Julia Neusiedler, Kevin Creavin, Gaganmeet Singh Chadha, and J. Julian Blow. "Cell Cycle Synchronization in Xenopus Egg Extracts." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 101–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2957-3_6.

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Rizwani, Wasia, and Srikumar P. Chellappan. "In Vitro Replication Assay with Mammalian Cell Extracts." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 203–16. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-190-1_14.

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Latarjet, Raymond. "Carcinogenesis by Leukaemic Cell-Free Extracts in Mice." In Ciba Foundation Symposium - Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms of Action, 274–99. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470719138.ch19.

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Köster, Tino, and Dorothee Staiger. "RNA-Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation from Whole-Cell Extracts." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 679–95. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-580-4_35.

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Rizwani, Wasia, and Srikumar P. Chellappan. "In Vitro Replication Assay with Mammalian Cell Extracts." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 349–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2474-5_20.

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Mikami, Satoshi, Tominari Kobayashi, and Hiroaki Imataka. "Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Systems with Extracts from Cultured Human Cells." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 43–52. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-331-2_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cell Extracts"

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Arnoux, D., B. Boutière, N. Pourreau-Schneider, P. Martin, and J. Sampol. "PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS (t-PA and u-PA) IN HUMAN NEOPLASTIC CELL LINES AND THEIR MODULATION BY BASEMENT MEMBRANE COMPONENTS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643190.

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Plasminogen activators (PA)may play an important role in the regulation of enzyme activation relative to basement membrane degradation associated with the invasive growth of tumors. In order to acquire a better understanding of the complex cascade reactions leading to the formation of plasmin, we have undertaken a comparative study of urokinase-type (u-PA) and tissue-type (t-PA) plasminogen activators in cellular extracts of 20 human cancer cell lines (13 malignant melanomas, 6 breast adenocarcinomas and 1 vulvar carcinoma). Four malignant cell lines,showing various t-PA or u-PA activity levels, were selected to study the modulation of proteolytic activity by laminin and fibronectin, major components of basal membrane. This study was performed in cellular extracts and conditioned medium. Our results showed that melanoma cells have high t-PA activity preferentially released into the culture medium. On the vulvar cell line, A 431, u-PA activity predominates and is also secreted into the medium. In contrast, breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA show u-PA activity, mostly recovered in the cellular extracts. An enhancement of respective PA activities occurs when cells are cultured on fibronectin or laminin, varying with the nature of the cell line.Additional studies are needed to precise interrelation between tumor cells, basement membrane components and PA activities and the potential significance of proteolytic activities as markers of malignancy and invasive capacity.
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Stanković, Marina M., Jelena Z. Pribojac, Jelena N. Terzić, and Olgica D. Stefanović. "EFFECT OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON BACTERIAL GROWTH AND POTENTIAL MECHANISM OF ACTION." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.343s.

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Mentha piperita and Melissa officinalis are both well-known medicinal plants that have applications in traditional medicine. In this research the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extracts of M. piperita and M. officinalis was examined against 14 bacterial strains via the microdilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ethanol extracts of both plant species ranged from 0.312 to 20 mg/mL. Standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 at a concentration of 0.312 mg/mL and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 at a concentration of 1.25 mg/mL showed the highest sensitivity to the ethanol extract of M. piperita. Ethanol extract of M. officinalis showed antibacterial activity on standard strains of S. aureus ATCC 25923 and B. subtilis ATCC 6633 at a concentration of 0.625 mg/mL. In addition to the mentioned standard strains, it showed activity on the isolate from the food Proteus spp. at a concentration of 0.312 mg/mL and isolate from the wound Proteus mirabilis at a concentration of 0.625 mg/mL. Mechanism of action of the ethanol extract of M. officinalis was examined on the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane. The effect of the extract on the increased permeability of the cell membrane was measured based on the release of proteins and the percentage of crystal violet binding. Ethanol extract of M. officinalis has been shown to act at the level of the cell membrane in the following bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus and Enterococcus spp.
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McNair, Patrice, Ipek Goktepe, and Patrick M. Martin. "Abstract 777: Rosehip (Rosa canina) extracts prevent Akt-mediated cell proliferation in glioblastoma cells." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-777.

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Boroduskis, M., I. Nakurte, E. Kaktina, L. Grine, M. Berga, and A. Ramata-stunda. "Juniperus communis cell culture derived extracts for skin protection and regeneration." In GA – 70th Annual Meeting 2022. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1759330.

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Patricelli, Matthew P., Tyzoon K. Nomanbhoy, John W. Kozarich, Nathanael S. Gray, Jianming Zhang, and Jiangyue Wu. "Abstract 5578: Quantitative kinase inhibitor profiling in native cell and tissue extracts." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-5578.

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Arshanitsa, Alexandr, Jevgenija Ponomarenko, Maris Lauberts, Vilgelmina Jurkjane, Lilija Jashina, Alexandr Semenischev, Jegor Akishin, and Galyna Telysheva. "Composition of extracts isolated from black alder bark by microwave assisted water extraction." In Research for Rural Development 2020. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.26.2020.013.

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The composition of extracts isolated from black alder bark by ‘green’ microwave assisted water extraction in the temperature range of 70–150 ℃ was studied using the wet chemistry Folin-Ciocalteu method and Py-GC-MS/FID. The composition data were compared with those of the extracts obtained at the same temperature by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) of bark. It was shown that microwave assisted extraction, compared with ASE, resulted in more significant transition of major cell wall components, including hemicelluloses and phenolics of lignin origination, into the solution. Depending on the microwave assisted extraction regimes, products with different portion of major cell wall components and secondary phenolic metabolites can be isolated that enlarge the possibilities of products valorisation. Thus, a significant promotion of secondary phenolic metabolites’ transition into extracts as a result of microwave extraction was observed at 70 ℃. At that time the relative portion of carbohydrates in extracts was increased at high temperature extraction, combining dynamic and isothermal microwave heating. Water extraction of black alder bark in a microwave extractor revealed 25–50% lower specific energy consumption and 1.8–2.6 times higher productivity in comparison with the conventional extraction, that is beneficial in view of the upscale and practical application of this innovative biomass processing.
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Idassi, Ombeni, Patrice Cagle, Ipek Goktepe, and Patrick M. Martin. "Abstract 1986: GBM cell migration and proliferation is inhibited by crudeRosa caninaplant extracts." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-1986.

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Halter, Wolfgang, Frank Allgower, Richard M. Murray, and Andras Gyorgy. "Optimal Experiment Design and Leveraging Competition for Shared Resources in Cell-Free Extracts." In 2018 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2018.8619039.

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"Cytotoxic Effect of a Mycelial extracts on Different Cell lines and Experimental Animals." In 5th International Conference on Food, Agricultural and Biological Sciences. Universal Researchers (UAE), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/uruae.ae1216218.

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Patil, A., M. Fitzgerald, N. Shaw Paul, and MO Parat. "Bioactivity in Australian native willow: comparative analysis of leaf extracts on cell viability." In GA 2017 – Book of Abstracts. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608430.

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Reports on the topic "Cell Extracts"

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Shpigel, Muki, Allen Place, William Koven, Oded (Odi) Zmora, Sheenan Harpaz, and Mordechai Harel. Development of Sodium Alginate Encapsulation of Diatom Concentrates as a Nutrient Delivery System to Enhance Growth and Survival of Post-Larvae Abalone. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586480.bard.

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The major bottlenecks in rearing the highly priced gastropod abalone (Haliotis spp.) are the slow growth rate and the high mortality during the first 8 to 12 weeks following metamorphosis and settling. The most likely reason flor these problems is related to nutritional deficiencies in the diatom diet on which the post larvae (PL) feed almost exclusively in captivity. Higher survival and improved growth rate will reduce the considerable expense of hatchery-nursery resisdence time and thereflore the production costs. BARD supported our research for one year only and the support was given to us in order to prove that "(1) Abalone PL feed on encapsulated diatoms, and (2) heterotrophic diatoms can be mass produced." In the course of this year we have developed a novel nutrient delivery system specifically designed to enhance growth and survival of post-larval abalone. This approach is based on the sodium-alginate encapsulation of heterotrophically grown diatoms or diatom extracts, including appetite-stimulating factors. Diatom species that attract the PL and promote the highest growth and survival have been identified. These were also tested by incorporating them (either intact cells or as cell extracts) into a sodium-alginate matrix while comparing the growth to that achieved when using diatoms (singel sp. or as a mixture). A number of potential chemoattractants to act as appetite-stimulating factors for abalone PL have been tested. Preliminary results show that the incorporation of the amino acid methionine at a level of 10-3M to the sodim alginate matrix leads to a marked enhancement of growth. The results ol these studies provided basic knowledge on the growth of abalone and showed that it is possible to obtain, on a regular basis, survival rates exceeding 10% for this stage. Prior to this study the survival rates ranged between 2-4%, less than half of the values achieved today. Several diatom species originated from the National Center for Mariculture (Nitzchia laevis, Navicula lenzi, Amphora T3, and Navicula tennerima) and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083, 2084, 2085, 2086 and 2087 UTEX strains, Austin TX) were tested for heterotrophic growth. Axenic colonies were initially obtained and following intensive selection cycles and mutagenesis treatments, Amphora T3, Navicula tennerima and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083 UTEX strain) were capable of growing under heterotrophic conditions and to sustain highly enriched mediums. A highly efficient selection procedure as well as cost effective matrix of media components were developed and optimized. Glucose was identified as the best carbon source for all diatom strains. Doubling times ranging from 20-40 h were observed, and stable heterotroph cultures at a densities range of 103-104 were achieved. Although current growth rates are not yet sufficient for full economical fermentation, we estimate that further selections and mutagenesis treatments cycles should result in much faster growing colonies suitable for a fermentor scale-up. As rightfully pointed out by one of the reviewers, "There would be no point in assessing the optimum levels of dietary inclusions into micro-capsules, if the post-larvae cannot be induced to consume those capsules in the first place." We believe that the results of the first year of research provide a foundationfor the continuation of this research following the objectives put forth in the original proposal. Future work should concentrate on the optimization of incorporation of intact cells and cell extracts of the developed heterotrophic strains in the alginate matrix, as well as improving this delivery system by including liposomes and chemoattractants to ensure food consumption and enhanced growth.
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Elmann, Anat, Orly Lazarov, Joel Kashman, and Rivka Ofir. therapeutic potential of a desert plant and its active compounds for Alzheimer's Disease. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597913.bard.

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We chose to focus our investigations on the effect of the active forms, TTF and AcA, rather than the whole (crude) extract. 1. To establish cultivation program designed to develop lead cultivar/s (which will be selected from the different Af accessions) with the highest yield of the active compounds TTF and/or achillolide A (AcA). These cultivar/s will be the source for the purification of large amounts of the active compounds when needed in the future for functional foods/drug development. This task was completed. 2. To determine the effect of the Af extract, TTF and AcA on neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress in cultured neurons expressing FAD-linked mutants.Compounds were tested in N2a neuroblastoma cell line. In addition, we have tested the effects of TTF and AcA on signaling events promoted by H₂O₂ in astrocytes and by β-amyloid in neuronal N2a cells. 3. To determine the effect of the Af extract, TTF and AcA on neuropathology (amyloidosis and tau phosphorylation) in cultured neurons expressing FAD-linked mutants. 4. To determine the effect of A¦ extract, AcA and TTF on FAD-linked neuropathology (amyloidosis, tau phosphorylation and inflammation) in transgenic mice. 5. To examine whether A¦ extract, TTF and AcA can reverse behavioral deficits in APPswe/PS1DE9 mice, and affect learning and memory and cognitive performance in these FAD-linked transgenic mice. Background to the topic.Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, glutamate toxicity and amyloid beta (Ab) toxicity are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's diseases. We have previously purified from Achilleafragrantissimatwo active compounds: a protective flavonoid named 3,5,4’-trihydroxy-6,7,3’-trimethoxyflavone (TTF, Fl-72/2) and an anti-inflammatory sesquiterpenelactone named achillolide A (AcA). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. In this study we could show that TTF and AcA protected cultured astrocytes from H₂O₂ –induced cell death via interference with cell signaling events. TTF inhibited SAPK/JNK, ERK1/2, MEK1 and CREBphosphorylation, while AcA inhibited only ERK1/2 and MEK1 phosphorylation. In addition to its protective activities, TTF had also anti-inflammatory activities, and inhibited the LPS-elicited secretion of the proinflammatorycytokinesInterleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1b from cultured microglial cells. Moreover, TTF and AcA protected neuronal cells from glutamate and Abcytotoxicity by reducing the glutamate and amyloid beta induced levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and via interference with cell signaling events induced by Ab. These compounds also reduced amyloid precursor protein net processing in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease and improvedperformance in the novel object recognition learning and memory task. Conclusion: TTF and AcA are potential candidates to be developed as drugs or food additives to prevent, postpone or ameliorate Alzheimer’s disease. Implications, both scientific and agricultural.The synthesis ofAcA and TTF is very complicated. Thus, the plant itself will be the source for the isolation of these compounds or their precursors for synthesis. Therefore, Achilleafragrantissima could be developed into a new crop with industrial potential for the Arava-Negev area in Israel, and will generate more working places in this region.
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Fluhr, Robert, and Maor Bar-Peled. Novel Lectin Controls Wound-responses in Arabidopsis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697123.bard.

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Innate immune responses in animals and plants involve receptors that recognize microbe-associated molecules. In plants, one set of this defense system is characterized by large families of TIR–nucleotide binding site–leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) resistance genes. The direct interaction between plant proteins harboring the TIR domain with proteins that transmit and facilitate a signaling pathway has yet to be shown. The Arabidopsis genome encodes TIR-domain containing genes that lack NBS and LRR whose functions are unknown. Here we investigated the functional role of such protein, TLW1 (TIR LECTIN WOUNDRESPONSIVE1). The TLW1 gene encodes a protein with two domains: a TIR domain linked to a lectin-containing domain. Our specific aim in this proposal was to examine the ramifications of the TL1-glycan interaction by; A) The functional characterization of TL1 activity in the context of plant wound response and B) Examine the hypothesis that wounding induced specific polysaccharides and examine them as candidates for TL-1 interactive glycan compounds. The Weizmann group showed TLW1 transcripts are rapidly induced by wounding in a JA-independent pathway and T-DNA-tagged tlw1 mutants that lack TLW1 transcripts, fail to initiate the full systemic wound response. Transcriptome methodology analysis was set up and transcriptome analyses indicates a two-fold reduced level of JA-responsive but not JA-independent transcripts. The TIR domain of TLW1 was found to interact directly with the KAT2/PED1 gene product responsible for the final b-oxidation steps in peroxisomal-basedJA biosynthesis. To identify potential binding target(s) of TL1 in plant wound response, the CCRC group first expressed recombinant TL1 in bacterial cells and optimized conditions for the protein expression. TL1 was most highly expressed in ArcticExpress cell line. Different types of extraction buffers and extraction methods were used to prepare plant extracts for TL1 binding assay. Optimized condition for glycan labeling was determined, and 2-aminobenzamide was used to label plant extracts. Sensitivity of MALDI and LC-MS using standard glycans. THAP (2,4,6- Trihydroxyacetophenone) showed minimal background peaks at positive mode of MALDI, however, it was insensitive with a minimum detection level of 100 ng. Using LC-MS, sensitivity was highly increased enough to detect 30 pmol concentration. However, patterns of total glycans displayed no significant difference between different extraction conditions when samples were separated with Dionex ICS-2000 ion chromatography system. Transgenic plants over-expressing lectin domains were generated to obtain active lectin domain in plant cells. Insertion of the overexpression construct into the plant genome was confirmed by antibiotic selection and genomic DNA PCR. However, RT-PCR analysis was not able to detect increased level of the transcripts. Binding ability of azelaic acid to recombinant TL1. Azelaic acid was detected in GST-TL1 elution fraction, however, DHB matrix has the same mass in background signals, which needs to be further tested on other matrices. The major findings showed the importance of TLW1 in regulating wound response. The findings demonstrate completely novel and unexpected TIR domain interactions and reveal a control nexus and mechanism that contributes to the propagation of wound responses in Arabidopsis. The implications are to our understanding of the function of TIR domains and to the notion that early molecular events occur systemically within minutes of a plant sustaining a wound. A WEB site (http://genome.weizmann.ac.il/hormonometer/) was set up that enables scientists to interact with a collated plant hormone database.
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Roslyn Crowder, Roslyn Crowder. Is yaupon holly extract an effective and safe way to induce cancer cell death? Experiment, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/11776.

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Kamaruzzaman, Mohd Amir, Muhammad Hibatullah Romli, Razif Abas, Sharmili Vidyadaran, Mohamad Taufik Hidayat Baharuldin, Muhammad Luqman Nasaruddin, Vishnnumukkala Thirupathirao, et al. Impact of Endocannabinoid Mediated Glial Cells on Cognitive Function in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0094.

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Review question / Objective: This review aims to review systematically, and meta-analyse published pre-clinical research about the mechanism of endocannabinoid system modulation on glial cells and their effects on cognitive function in designated Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in the animal model. Condition being studied: Its been acknowledged that the cure of Alzheimer's disease is still vague. Current medicine is working on symptoms only but never stop the disease progression due to neuronal loss. In recent years, researches have found that cannabinoid which is derived from cannabis sativa plant and its compounds exert neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. In fact, cognitive improvement has been shown in some clinical studies. Therefore, the knowledge of cannabinoids and its interaction with living physiological environment like glial cells is crucial as immunomodulation to strategize the potential target of this substance. The original articles from related study relating endocannabinoid mediated glial cell were extracted to summarize and meta-analyze its impact and possible mechanism against cognitive decline in AD.
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Schwartz, Bertha, Vaclav Vetvicka, Ofer Danai, and Yitzhak Hadar. Increasing the value of mushrooms as functional foods: induction of alpha and beta glucan content via novel cultivation methods. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600033.bard.

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During the granting period, we performed the following projects: Firstly, we differentially measured glucan content in several pleurotus mushroom strains. Mushroom polysaccharides are edible polymers that have numerous reported biological functions; the most common effects are attributed to β-glucans. In recent years, it became apparent that the less abundant α-glucans also possess potent effects in various health conditions. In our first study, we explored several Pleurotus species for their total, β and α-glucan content. Pleurotuseryngii was found to have the highest total glucan concentrations and the highest α-glucans proportion. We also found that the stalks (stipe) of the fruit body contained higher glucan content then the caps (pileus). Since mushrooms respond markedly to changes in environmental and growth conditions, we developed cultivation methods aiming to increase the levels of α and β-glucans. Using olive mill solid waste (OMSW) from three-phase olive mills in the cultivation substrate. We were able to enrich the levels mainly of α-glucans. Maximal total glucan concentrations were enhanced up to twice when the growth substrate contained 80% of OMSW compared to no OMSW. Taking together this study demonstrate that Pleurotuseryngii can serve as a potential rich source of glucans for nutritional and medicinal applications and that glucan content in mushroom fruiting bodies can be further enriched by applying OMSW into the cultivation substrate. We then compared the immune-modulating activity of glucans extracted from P. ostreatus and P. eryngii on phagocytosis of peripheral blood neutrophils, and superoxide release from HL-60 cells. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of these glucans are partially mediated through modulation of neutrophileffector functions (P. eryngiiwas more effective). Additionally, both glucans dose-dependently competed for the anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibody binding. We then tested the putative anti-inflammatory effects of the extracted glucans in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced model in mice. The clinical symptoms of IBD were efficiently relieved by the treatment with two different doses of the glucan from both fungi. Glucan fractions, from either P. ostreatus or P. eryngii, markedly prevented TNF-α mediated inflammation in the DSS–induced inflamed intestine. These results suggest that there are variations in glucan preparations from different fungi in their anti-inflammatory ability. In our next study, we tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF-α. We demonstrated that glucan extracts are more effective than mill mushroom preparations. Additionally, the effectiveness of stalk-derived glucans were slightly more pronounced than of caps. Cap and stalk glucans from mill or isolated glucan competed dose-dependently with anti-Dectin-and anti-CR-3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. Using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-inflammatory bowel disease mice model, intestinal inflammatory response to the mill preparations was measured and compared to extracted glucan fractions from caps and stalks. We found that mill and glucan extracts were very effective in downregulatingIFN-γ and MIP-2 levels and that stalk-derived preparations were more effective than from caps. The tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes and upregulating the levels of fecal-released IgA to almost normal levels. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating some IBD-inflammatory associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii. These spatial distinctions may be helpful in selecting more effective specific anti-inflammatory mushrooms-derived glucans. We additionally tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-α, which demonstrated stalk-derived glucans were more effective than of caps-derived glucans. Isolated glucans competed with anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating IBD-associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii grown at higher concentrations of OMSW. We conclude that these stress-induced growing conditions may be helpful in selecting more effective glucans derived from edible mushrooms. Based on the findings that we could enhance glucan content in Pleurotuseryngii following cultivation of the mushrooms on a substrate containing different concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) and that these changes are directly related to the content of OMSW in the growing substrate we tested the extracted glucans in several models. Using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice model, we measured the colonic inflammatory response to the different glucan preparations. We found that the histology damaging score (HDS) resulting from DSS treatment reach a value of 11.8 ± 2.3 were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans, glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 20% OMSWdownregulated to a HDS value of 6.4 ± 0.5 and at 80% OMSW showed the strongest effects (5.5 ± 0.6). Similar downregulatory effects were obtained for expression of various intestinal cytokines. All tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes from 18.2 ± 2.7 % for DSS to 6.4 ± 2.0 for DSS +glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 50% OMSW. We finally tested glucans extracted from Pleurotuseryngii grown on a substrate containing increasing concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) contain greater glucan concentrations as a function of OMSW content. Treatment of rat Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) transiently transfected with Nf-κB fused to luciferase demonstrated that glucans extracted from P. eryngii stalks grown on 80% OMSWdownregulatedTNF-α activation. Glucans from mushrooms grown on 80% OMSW exerted the most significant reducing activity of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. The isolated glucans were tested in vivo using the Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in C57Bl/6 mice and found to reduce the histology damaging score resulting from DSS treatment. Expression of various intestinal cytokines were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans. We conclude that the stress-induced growing conditions exerted by OMSW induces production of more effective anti-inflammatory glucans in P. eryngii stalks.
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Toshkova-Yotova, Tanya, Ani Georgieva, Plamen Pilarski, and Reneta Toshkova. Aqueous Extracts of Green Microalga Coelastrella sp. BGV Display Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Activity in Vitro against HeLa Tumour Cells. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2021.05.07.

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Lurie, Susan, John Labavitch, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Ken Shackel. Woolliness in Peaches and Nectarines. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570557.bard.

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The overall goal of the research was to understand the processes involved in the development of woolliness in peaches and nectarines. Four specific hypotheses were proposed and in the course of the research evidence was gathered t support two of them and to not support two others. The hypotheses and a summary of the evidence are outlined below. 1. That woolliness arises from an imbalance between the activities of the cell wall pectin degrading enzymes. Using 'Flavortop' nectarines and 'Hermoza' peaches as model systems, storage regimes were manipulated to induce or prevent woolliness. The expression (mRNA abundance), protein content (Western blotting), and activity of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin esterase (PE) were followed. Expression of the enzymes was not different, but activity and the ratio between PG and PE activities were quite different in fruits developing woolliness or ripening normally. This was also examined by looking at the substrate, the pectin moiety of the cell wall, and i woolly fruit there were more high molecular weight pectins with regions of non-methylated galacturonic acid residues. Taking an in vitro approach it was found a) that PE activity was stable at 0oC while PG activity decreased; b) incubating the calcium pectate fraction of the cell wall with PE extracted from peaches caused the polymers to form a gel characteristic of the visual woolly symptoms in peaches. 2. That continued cell wall synthesis occurs during storage and contributes to structural changes i cell walls and improper dissolution and softening after storage. We tried to adapt our technique of adding 13C-glucose to fruit discs, which was used successfully to follow cell wall synthesis during tomato ripening. However, the difference in sugar content between the two fruits (4% in tomato and 12% in peach) meant that the 13C-glucose was much more diluted within the general metabolite pool. We were unable to see any cell wall synthesis which meant that either the dilution factor was too great, or that synthesis was not occurring. 3. That controlled atmosphere (CA) prevents woolliness by lowering all enzyme activities. CA was found to greatly reduce mRNA abundance of the cell wall enzymes compared to regular air storage. However, their synthesis and activity recovered during ripening after CA storage and did not after regular air storage. Therefore, CA prevented the inhibition of enzyme activation found in regular air storage. 4. That changes in cell wall turgor and membrane function are important events in the development of woolliness. Using a micro pressure probe, turgor was measured in cells of individual 'O'Henry' and 'CalRed' peaches which were woolly or healthy. The relationship between firmness and turgor was the same in both fruit conditions. These data indicate that the development and expression of woolliness are not associated with differences in membrane function, at least with regard to the factors that determine cell turgor pressure. In addition, during the period of the grant additional areas were explored. Encoglucanase, and enzyme metabolizing hemicellulose, was found to be highly expressed air stored, but not in unstored or CA stored fruit. Activity gels showed higher activity in air stored fruit as well. This is the first indication that other components of the cell wall may be involved in woolliness. The role of ethylene in woolliness development was also investigated at it was found a) that woolly fruits had decreased ability to produce ethylene, b) storing fruits in the presence of ethylene delayed the appearance of woolliness. This latter finding has implication for an inexpensive strategy for storing peaches and nectarines.
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9

Tucker, Mark L., Shimon Meir, Amnon Lers, Sonia Philosoph-Hadas, and Cai-Zhong Jiang. Elucidation of signaling pathways that regulate ethylene-induced leaf and flower abscission of agriculturally important plants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597929.bard.

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The Problem: Abscission is a highly regulated process, occurring as a natural terminal stage of development, in which various organs are separated from the parent plant. In most plant species, the process is initiated by a decrease in active auxin in the abscission zone (AZ) and an increase in ethylene, and may be accelerated by postharvest or environmental stresses. Another potential key regulator in abscission is IDA (Inflorescence Deficient in Abscission), which was identified as an essential peptide signal for floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. However, information is still lacking regarding the molecular mechanisms integrating all these regulators. In our previous BARD funded research we made substantial progress towards understanding these molecular events in tomato, and the study is still in progress. We established a powerful platform for analysis of genes for regulatory proteins expressed in AZ. We identified changes in gene expression for several transcription factors (TFs) directly linked to ethylene and auxin signaling and several additional regulatory proteins not so obviously linked to these hormones. Moreover, we demonstrated using a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay that several play a functional role in the onset of abscission. Based on these results we have selected 14 genes for further analysis in stably transformed tomato plants. All 14 genes were suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi) using a constitutive promoter, and 5 of them were also suppressed using an abscission-specific promoter. Transformations are currently at different stages of progress including some lines that already display an abscission phenotype. Objectives: We propose here to (1) complete the functional analysis of the stably transformed tomato plants with T2 lines and perform transcriptome analysis using custom abscission-specific microarrays; (2) conduct an indepth analysis of the role of IDA signaling in tomato leaf and flower abscission; (3) perform transcriptome and proteome analyses to extend the earlier gene expression studies to identify transcripts and proteins that are highly specific to the separation layer (i.e., target cells for cell separation) prior to the onset of abscission; (4) extend and compliment the work in tomato using a winnowed set of genes in soybean. Methodology: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of mRNA will be used to further increase the list of abscission-associated genes, and for preparation of a custom tomato abscission microarray to test altered gene expression in transgenic plants. Tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of protein extracts from leaf petiole, flower pedicel and their AZ tissues will be used to identify the proteome of the AZ before and during abscission. AZ-specific gene promoters will be used in stably transformed tomato plants to reduce non-target phenotypes. The bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) plasmid vectors will be used for VIGS analysis in soybean. Expected Contribution: Our study will provide new insights into the regulation of ethylene-induced abscission by further revealing the role of key regulators in the process. This will permit development of novel techniques for manipulating leaf and flower abscission, thereby improving the postharvest performance of agriculturally important crops.
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10

Spiegel, Yitzhak, Michael McClure, Itzhak Kahane, and B. M. Zuckerman. Characterization of the Phytophagous Nematode Surface Coat to Provide New Strategies for Biocontrol. United States Department of Agriculture, November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613015.bard.

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Chemical composition and biological role of the surface coat (SC) of the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. are described. SC proteins of M. incognita race 3 infective juveniles (J2) were characterized by electrophoresis and western blotting of extracts from radioiodine and biotin-labelled nematodes. J2 labelled with radioiodine and biotin released 125I and biotin-labelled molecules into water after 20 hours incubation, indicating that SC proteins may be loosely attached to the nematode. Antiserum to the principal protein reacted with the surface of live J2 and with surface proteins previously separated by electrophoresis. Human red blood cells (HRBC) adhered to J2 of several tylenchid nematodes over the entire nematode body. HRBC adhered also to nylon fibers coated with SC extracted from M. javanica J2; binding was Ca++/Mg++ dependent, and decreased when the nylon fibers were coated with bovine serum albumin, or pre-incubated with fucose and mannose. These experiments support a working hypothesis that RBC adhesion involves carbohydrate moieties of HRBC and carbohydrate-recognition domain(s) (CRD) distributed on the nematode surface. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a surface CRD i the phylum Nematoda. Gold-conjugated lectins and neoglycoproteins combined with silver enhancement have been used for the detection of carbohydrates and CRD, respectively, on the SC of M. javanica J2. Biotin reagents were used to trace surface proteins, specifically, on live J2. The labile and transitory nature of the SC was demonstrated by the dynamics of HRBC adherence to detergent-treated J2, J2 at different ages or fresh-hatched J2 held at various temperatures. SC recovery was demonstrated also by a SDS-PAGE profile. Monoclonal antibodies developed to a cuticular protein of M. incognita J2 gave a slight, but significant reduction in attachment of Pasteuria penetrans spores. Spore attachment as affected by several enzymes was inconsistent: alcian blue, which specifically blocks sulfyl groups, had no afffect on spore attachment. Treatment with cationized ferritin alone or catonized ferritin following monoclonal antibody caused significant decreases in spore attachment. Those results suggest a role in attachment by negatively charged groups.
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