Journal articles: 'Cell-mediated drug delivery'

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Batrakova, Elena V., Howard E. Gendelman, and Alexander V. Kabanov. "Cell-mediated drug delivery." Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 8, no. 4 (February 24, 2011): 415–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2011.559457.

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Zhou, Jiehua, and John J. Rossi. "Cell-Specific Aptamer-Mediated Targeted Drug Delivery." Oligonucleotides 21, no. 1 (February 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/oli.2010.0264.

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Batrakova, E. V., and A. V. Kabanov. "Cell-mediated drug delivery to the brain." Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 23, no. 5 (2013): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1773-2247(13)50061-x.

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Jiang, Jizong. "Cell-penetrating Peptide-mediated Nanovaccine Delivery." Current Drug Targets 22, no. 8 (June 1, 2021): 896–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450122666210203193225.

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Vaccination with small antigens, such as proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids, is used to activate the immune system and trigger the protective immune responses against a pathogen. Currently, nanovaccines are undergoing development instead of conventional vaccines. The size of nanovaccines is in the range of 10-500 nm, which enables them to be readily taken up by cells and exhibit improved safety profiles. However, low-level immune responses, as the removal of redundant pathogens, trigger counter-effective activation of the immune system invalidly and present a challenging obstacle to antigen recognition and its uptake via antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In addition, toxicity can be substantial. To overcome these problems, a variety of cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-mediated vaccine delivery systems based on nanotechnology have been proposed, most of which are designed to improve the stability of antigens in vivo and their delivery into immune cells. CPPs are particularly attractive components of antigen delivery. Thus, the unique translocation property of CPPs ensures that they remain an attractive carrier with the capacity to deliver cargo in an efficient manner for the application of drugs, gene transfer, protein, and DNA/RNA vaccination delivery. CPP-mediated nanovaccines can enhance antigen uptake, processing, and presentation by APCs, which are the fundamental steps in initiating an immune response. This review describes the different types of CPP-based nanovaccines delivery strategies.

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QIANG, Lei, Guorui LI, Chunai GONG, Zongguang TAI, and Shen GAO. "Research advances in cell-mediated drug delivery system." Pharmaceutical Care and Research 19, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5428/pcar20190201.

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Zhou, Qiu-Lan, Zhi-Yi Chen, Yi-Xiang Wang, Feng Yang, Yan Lin, and Yang-Ying Liao. "Ultrasound-Mediated Local Drug and Gene Delivery Using Nanocarriers." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/963891.

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With the development of nanotechnology, nanocarriers have been increasingly used for curative drug/gene delivery. Various nanocarriers are being introduced and assessed, such as polymer nanoparticles, liposomes, and micelles. As a novel theranostic system, nanocarriers hold great promise for ultrasound molecular imaging, targeted drug/gene delivery, and therapy. Nanocarriers, with the properties of smaller particle size, and long circulation time, would be advantageous in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Nanocarriers can pass through blood capillary walls and cell membrane walls to deliver drugs. The mechanisms of interaction between ultrasound and nanocarriers are not clearly understood, which may be related to cavitation, mechanical effects, thermal effects, and so forth. These effects may induce transient membrane permeabilization (sonoporation) on a single cell level, cell death, and disruption of tissue structure, ensuring noninvasive, targeted, and efficient drug/gene delivery and therapy. The system has been used in various tissues and organs (in vitro or in vivo), including tumor tissues, kidney, cardiac, skeletal muscle, and vascular smooth muscle. In this review, we explore the research progress and application of ultrasound-mediated local drug/gene delivery with nanocarriers.

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Xia, Junfei, Ang-Chen Tsai, Wenhao Cheng, Xuegang Yuan, Teng Ma, and Jingjiao Guan. "Development of a microdevice-based human mesenchymal stem cell-mediated drug delivery system." Biomaterials Science 7, no. 6 (2019): 2348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8bm01634h.

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Kumar, A., N. El-Badri, R. F. Lockey, S. Mohapatra, and D. F. Cameron. "Sertoli Cell Mediated-Targeted Drug Delivery To The Lungs." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125, no. 2 (February 2010): AB6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.056.

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Allavena, Paola, Alessandro Palmioli, Roberta Avigni, Marina Sironi, Barbara La Ferla, and Akihiro Maeda. "PLGA Based Nanoparticles for the Monocyte-Mediated Anti-Tumor Drug Delivery System." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2020.2881.

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Together with the development of new therapeutic agents, innovation in the delivery system of anti-tumor drugs is required to increase tumor-specificity and avoid unexpected toxicity. To achieve higher efficiency, we combined a live cell-mediated drug delivery system with nanotechnology, with the aim to prove that blood monocytes can be a cargo to deliver antitumor drugs encapsulated in Polymeric poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) acid based nanoparticles (PLGA NPs). In this study, we have characterized how isolated purified monocytes efficiently internalize PLGA-NPs and have imaged in vivo their trafficking upon intravenous injection in tumor-bearing mice. Monocytes carrying PLGA-Cy7 NPs were able to reach the tumor site, with superior efficiency than free PLGA-Cy7 NPs, and the bio-distribution analysis confirmed that tumors were the most reached among peripheral tissues. We further demonstrate that monocytes carrying Doxorubicin encapsulated PLGA NPs (PLGA-Doxo) induced strong killing of co-cultured tumor cells. Our studies provide proof-of-concept evidence that monocytes can be exploited in approaches of live cell-mediated drug delivery systems for tumor therapy.

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Alhamdi, Jumana, Emily Jacobs, Gloria Gronowicz, Nadia Benkirane-Jessel, Marja Hurley, and Liisa Kuhn. "Cell Type Influences Local Delivery of Biomolecules from a Bioinspired Apatite Drug Delivery System." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091703.

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Recently, the benefit of step-wise sequential delivery of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 from a bioinspired apatite drug delivery system on mouse calvarial bone repair was demonstrated. The thicknesses of the nanostructured poly-l-Lysine/poly-l-Glutamic acid polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) and the bone-like apatite barrier layer that make up the delivery system, were varied. The effects of the structural variations of the coating on the kinetics of cell access to a cytotoxic factor delivered by the layered structure were evaluated. FGF-2 was adsorbed into the outer PEM, and cytotoxic antimycin-A (AntiA) was adsorbed to the substrate below the barrier layer to detect the timing of the cell access. While MC3T3-E1 osteoprogenitor cells accessed AntiA after three days, the RAW 264.7 macrophage access occurred within 4 h, unless the PEM layer was removed, in which case the results were reversed. Pits were created in the coating by the RAW 264.7 macrophages and initiated delivery, while the osteoprogenitor cell access to drugs occurred through a solution-mediated coating dissolution, at junctions between the islands of crystals. Macrophage-mediated degradation is therefore a mechanism that controls drug release from coatings containing bioinspired apatite.

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Cerrato, Carmine Pasquale, Tõnis Lehto, and Ülo Langel. "Peptide-based vectors: recent developments." Biomolecular Concepts 5, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2014-0024.

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AbstractPeptides and peptide-cargo complexes have been used for drug delivery and gene therapy. One of the most used delivery vectors are cell-penetrating peptides, due to their ability to be taken up by a variety of cell types and deliver a large variety of cargoes through the cell membrane with low cytotoxicity. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown their possibility and full effectiveness to deliver oligonucleotides, plasmid DNA, small interfering RNAs, antibodies, and drugs. We report in this review some of the latest strategies for peptide-mediated delivery of nucleic acids. It focuses on peptide-based vectors for therapeutic molecules and on nucleic acid delivery. In addition, we discuss recent applications and clinical trials.

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Anastasiadis, Pavlos, Michelle L. Matter, and John S. Allen. "Ultrasound-mediated drug delivery with real-time cell permeability measurements." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (May 2013): 3496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4806203.

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Duan, Li. "Exosome-Mediated Drug Delivery for Cell-Free Therapy of Osteoarthritis." Current Medicinal Chemistry 28, no. 31 (2021): 6458–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875533xmtexenjqg4.

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Li, Zhibin, Xue-Feng Yu, and Paul K. Chu. "Recent advances in cell-mediated nanomaterial delivery systems for photothermal therapy." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 6, no. 9 (2018): 1296–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tb03166a.

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Tang, Lu, Shun He, Yue Yin, Hening Liu, Jingyi Hu, Jie Cheng, and Wei Wang. "Combination of Nanomaterials in Cell-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 1888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111888.

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Cell-based drug delivery systems have shown tremendous advantages in cancer treatment due to their distinctive properties. For instance, delivery of therapeutics using tumor-tropic cells like neutrophils, lymphocytes and mesenchymal stem cells can achieve specific tumor targeting due to the “Trojan Horse” effect. Other circulatory cells like erythrocytes and platelets can greatly improve the circulation time of nanoparticles due to their innate long circulation property. Adipocytes, especially cancer-associated adipocytes, play key roles in tumor development and metabolism, therefore, adipocytes are regarded as promising bio-derived nanoplatforms for anticancer targeted drug delivery. Nanomaterials are important participants in cell-based drug delivery because of their unique physicochemical characteristics. Therefore, the integration of various nanomaterials with different cell types will endow the constructed delivery systems with many attractive properties due to the merits of both. In this review, a number of strategies based on nanomaterial-involved cell-mediated drug delivery systems for cancer treatment will be summarized. This review discusses how nanomaterials can be a benefit to cell-based therapies and how cell-derived carriers overcome the limitations of nanomaterials, which highlights recent advancements and specific biomedical applications based on nanomaterial-mediated, cell-based drug delivery systems.

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Shah, Vatsal R., Yamini D. Shah, and Mansi N. Athalye. "Novel approaches in development of cell penetrating peptides." Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/joapr.2021.9.1.08.24.

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Therapeutic cargos which are impermeable to the cell can be delivered by cell penetrating peptides (CPPs). CPP-cargo complexes accumulate by endocytosis inside the cells but they fail to reach the cytosolic space properly as they are often trapped in the endocytic organelles. Here the CPP mediated endosomal escape and some strategies used to increase endosomal escape of CPP-cargo conjugates are discussed with evidence. Potential benefits can be obtained by peptides such as reduction in side effects, biocompatibility, easier synthesis and can be obtained at lower administered doses. The particular peptide known as cell penetrating peptides are able to translocate themselves across membrane with the carrier drugs with different mechanisms. This is of prime importance in drug delivery systems as they have capability to cross physiological membranes. This review describes various mechanisms for effective drug delivery and associated challenges

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Rao, N. Madhusudhana, and Vijaya Gopal. "Cell Biological and Biophysical Aspects of Lipid-mediated Gene Delivery." Bioscience Reports 26, no. 4 (October 26, 2006): 301–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10540-006-9026-8.

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Cationic lipids are conceptually and methodologically simple tools to deliver nucleic acids into the cells. Strategies based on cationic lipids are viable alternatives to viral vectors and are becoming increasingly popular owing to their minimal toxicity. The first-generation cationic lipids were built around the quaternary nitrogen primarily for binding and condensing DNA. A large number of lipids with variations in the hydrophobic and hydrophilic region were generated with excellent transfection efficiencies in vitro. These cationic lipids had reduced efficiencies when tested for gene delivery in vivo. Efforts in the last decade delineated the cell biological basis of the cationic lipid gene delivery to a significant detail. The application of techniques such as small angle X-ray spectroscopy (SAXS) and fluorescence microscopy, helped in linking the physical properties of lipid:DNA complex (lipoplex) with its intracellular fate. This biological knowledge has been incorporated in the design of the second-generation cationic lipids. Lipid-peptide conjugates (peptoids) are effective strategies to overcome the various cellular barriers along with the lipoplex formulations methodologies. In this context, cationic lipid-mediated gene delivery is considerably benefited by the methodologies of liposome-mediated drug delivery. Lipid mediated gene delivery has an intrinsic advantage of being a biomimetic platform on which considerable variations could be built to develop efficient in vivo gene delivery protocols.

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Kumar, Arun, Mark Glaum, Nagwa El-Badri, Shyam Mohapatra, Edward Haller, Seungjoo Park, Leslie Patrick, Leigh Nattkemper, Dawn Vo, and Don F. Cameron. "Initial Observations of Cell-Mediated Drug Delivery to the Deep Lung." Cell Transplantation 20, no. 5 (June 2011): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096368910x536491.

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Su, Yixue, Zhiwei Xie, Gloria B. Kim, Cheng Dong, and Jian Yang. "Design Strategies and Applications of Circulating Cell-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems." ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 1, no. 4 (March 24, 2015): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ab500179h.

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Ames, Robert S., and Quinn Lu. "Viral-mediated gene delivery for cell-based assays in drug discovery." Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery 4, no. 3 (March 2009): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17460440902751599.

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Zhan, Wenbo, and Xiao Yun Xu. "A Mathematical Model for Thermosensitive Liposomal Delivery of Doxorubicin to Solid Tumour." Journal of Drug Delivery 2013 (January 17, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/172529.

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The effectiveness of anticancer treatments is often hampered by the serious side effects owing to toxicity of anticancer drugs and their undesirable uptake by healthy cells in vivo. Thermosensitive liposome-mediated drug delivery has been developed as part of research efforts aimed at improving therapeutic efficacy while reducing the associated side effect. Since multiple steps are involved in the transport of drug-loaded liposomes, drug release, and its uptake, mathematical models become an indispensible tool to analyse the transport processes and predict the outcome of anticancer treatment. In this study, a computational model is developed which incorporates the key physical and biochemical processes involved in drug delivery and cellular uptake. The model has been applied to idealized tumour geometry, and comparisons are made between continuous infusion of doxorubicin and thermosensitive liposome-mediated delivery. Results show that thermosensitive liposome-mediated delivery performs better in reducing drug concentration in normal tissues, which may help lower the risk of associated side effects. Compared with direct infusion over a 2-hour period, thermosensitive liposome delivery leads to a much higher peak intracellular concentration of doxorubicin, which may increase cell killing in tumour thereby enhancing the therapeutic effect of the drug.

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Tu, Juan, and Alfred C. H. Yu. "Ultrasound-Mediated Drug Delivery: Sonoporation Mechanisms, Biophysics, and Critical Factors." BME Frontiers 2022 (January 30, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9807347.

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Sonoporation, or the use of ultrasound in the presence of cavitation nuclei to induce plasma membrane perforation, is well considered as an emerging physical approach to facilitate the delivery of drugs and genes to living cells. Nevertheless, this emerging drug delivery paradigm has not yet reached widespread clinical use, because the efficiency of sonoporation is often deemed to be mediocre due to the lack of detailed understanding of the pertinent scientific mechanisms. Here, we summarize the current observational evidence available on the notion of sonoporation, and we discuss the prevailing understanding of the physical and biological processes related to sonoporation. To facilitate systematic understanding, we also present how the extent of sonoporation is dependent on a multitude of factors related to acoustic excitation parameters (ultrasound frequency, pressure, cavitation dose, exposure time), microbubble parameters (size, concentration, bubble-to-cell distance, shell composition), and cellular properties (cell type, cell cycle, biochemical contents). By adopting a science-backed approach to the realization of sonoporation, ultrasound-mediated drug delivery can be more controllably achieved to viably enhance drug uptake into living cells with high sonoporation efficiency. This drug delivery approach, when coupled with concurrent advances in ultrasound imaging, has potential to become an effective therapeutic paradigm.

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Gentry, Schuyler B., Scott J. Nowak, Xuelei Ni, Stephanie A. Hill, Lydia R. Wade, William R. Clark, Aidan P. Keelaghan, Daniel P. Morris, and Jonathan L. McMurry. "A real-time assay for cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of molecular cargos." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): e0254468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254468.

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Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are capable of transporting molecules to which they are tethered across cellular membranes. Unsurprisingly, CPPs have attracted attention for their potential drug delivery applications, but several technical hurdles remain to be overcome. Chief among them is the so-called ‘endosomal escape problem,’ i.e. the propensity of CPP-cargo molecules to be endocytosed but remain entrapped in endosomes rather than reaching the cytosol. Previously, a CPP fused to calmodulin that bound calmodulin binding site-containing cargos was shown to efficiently deliver cargos to the cytoplasm, effectively overcoming the endosomal escape problem. The CPP-adaptor, “TAT-CaM,” evinces delivery at nM concentrations and more rapidly than we had previously been able to measure. To better understand the kinetics and mechanism of CPP-adaptor-mediated cargo delivery, a real-time cell penetrating assay was developed in which a flow chamber containing cultured cells was installed on the stage of a confocal microscope to allow for observation ab initio. Also examined in this study was an improved CPP-adaptor that utilizes naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) calmodulin in place of human and results in superior internalization, likely due to its lesser net negative charge. Adaptor-cargo complexes were delivered into the flow chamber and fluorescence intensity in the midpoint of baby hamster kidney cells was measured as a function of time. Delivery of 400 nM cargo was observed within seven minutes and fluorescence continued to increase linearly as a function of time. Cargo-only control experiments showed that the minimal uptake which occurred independently of the CPP-adaptor resulted in punctate localization consistent with endosomal entrapment. A distance analysis was performed for cell-penetration experiments in which CPP-adaptor-delivered cargo showing wider dispersions throughout cells as compared to an analogous covalently-bound CPP-cargo. Small molecule endocytosis inhibitors did not have significant effects upon delivery. The real-time assay is an improvement upon static endpoint assays and should be informative in a broad array of applications.

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Gardner, Thomas J., Christopher M. Bourne, Megan M. Dacek, Keifer Kurtz, Manish Malviya, Leila Peraro, Pedro C. Silberman, et al. "Targeted Cellular Micropharmacies: Cells Engineered for Localized Drug Delivery." Cancers 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12082175.

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The recent emergence of engineered cellular therapies, such as Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) CAR T and T cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells, has shown great promise in the treatment of various cancers. These agents aggregate and expand exponentially at the tumor site, resulting in potent immune activation and tumor clearance. Moreover, the ability to elaborate these cells with therapeutic agents, such as antibodies, enzymes, and immunostimulatory molecules, presents an unprecedented opportunity to specifically modulate the tumor microenvironment through cell-mediated drug delivery. This unique pharmacology, combined with significant advances in synthetic biology and cell engineering, has established a new paradigm for cells as vectors for drug delivery. Targeted cellular micropharmacies (TCMs) are a revolutionary new class of living drugs, which we envision will play an important role in cancer medicine and beyond. Here, we review important advances and considerations underway in developing this promising advancement in biological therapeutics.

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Jacob, Shery, Anroop B. Nair, Sai H. S. Boddu, Bapi Gorain, Nagaraja Sreeharsha, and Jigar Shah. "An Updated Overview of the Emerging Role of Patch and Film-Based Buccal Delivery Systems." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081206.

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Buccal mucosal membrane offers an attractive drug-delivery route to enhance both systemic and local therapy. This review discusses the benefits and drawbacks of buccal drug delivery, anatomical and physiological aspects of oral mucosa, and various in vitro techniques frequently used for examining buccal drug-delivery systems. The role of mucoadhesive polymers, penetration enhancers, and enzyme inhibitors to circumvent the formulation challenges particularly due to salivary renovation cycle, masticatory effect, and limited absorption area are summarized. Biocompatible mucoadhesive films and patches are favored dosage forms for buccal administration because of flexibility, comfort, lightness, acceptability, capacity to withstand mechanical stress, and customized size. Preparation methods, scale-up process and manufacturing of buccal films are briefed. Ongoing and completed clinical trials of buccal film formulations designed for systemic delivery are tabulated. Polymeric or lipid nanocarriers incorporated in buccal film to resolve potential formulation and drug-delivery issues are reviewed. Vaccine-enabled buccal films have the potential ability to produce both antibodies mediated and cell mediated immunity. Advent of novel 3D printing technologies with built-in flexibility would allow multiple drug combinations as well as compartmentalization to separate incompatible drugs. Exploring new functional excipients with potential capacity for permeation enhancement of particularly large-molecular-weight hydrophilic drugs and unstable proteins, oligonucleotides are the need of the hour for rapid advancement in the exciting field of buccal drug delivery.

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Xie, Zhiwei, Yixue Su, Gloria B. Kim, Erhan Selvi, Chuying Ma, Virginia Aragon-Sanabria, Jer-Tsong Hsieh, Cheng Dong, and Jian Yang. "Immune Cell-Mediated Biodegradable Theranostic Nanoparticles for Melanoma Targeting and Drug Delivery." Small 13, no. 10 (December 27, 2016): 1603121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201603121.

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Yu, Zhiqiang, Bin Yu, Justin Boy Kaye, Chenhong Tang, Shengxi Chen, Chenbo Dong, and Bing Shen. "Perspectives and Challenges of Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Effective siRNA Delivery." Nano LIFE 04, no. 04 (December 2014): 1441016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984414410165.

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Over the last two decades, hundreds of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been intensively developed as drug and nucleic acid delivery vectors. In many cases, however, the efficient delivery of exogenous bioactive molecules through the plasma membrane to their targets remains a tremendous challenging issue. CPPs have attracted tremendous research interest as efficient cellular delivery vehicles due to their intrinsic ability to enter cells and mediate uptake of a wide range of macromolecular cargos, such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, drugs and nanoparticle carriers. This review presents and discusses the current perspectives of CPP-mediated siRNA delivery system. We focus on the CPP-mediated siRNA delivery approaches, and particular emphasis is placed on the strategies for the advantages and disadvantages for each delivery approach. Lastly, the cellular uptake mechanisms of CPPs and the specific challenges associated with each delivery system of siRNAs are discussed.

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Mittal, Saurabh, Muhammad U. Ashhar, Farheen F. Qizilbash, Zufika Qamar, Jasjeet K. Narang, Shobhit Kumar, Javed Ali, and Sanjula Baboota. "Ligand Conjugated Targeted Nanotherapeutics for Treatment of Neurological Disorders." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 19 (June 17, 2020): 2291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200417141600.

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Background: Human brain is amongst the most complex organs in human body, and delivery of therapeutic agents across the brain is a tedious task. Existence of blood brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from invasion of undesirable substances; therefore it hinders the transport of various drugs used for the treatment of different neurological diseases including glioma, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, etc. To surmount this barrier, various approaches have been used such as the use of carrier mediated drug delivery; use of intranasal route, to avoid first pass metabolism; and use of ligands (lactoferrin, apolipoprotein) to transport the drug across the BBB. Ligands bind with proteins present on the cell and facilitate the transport of drug across the cell membrane via. receptor mediated, transporter mediated or adsorptive mediated transcytosis. Objective: The main focus of this review article is to illustrate various studies performed using ligands for delivering drug across BBB; it also describes the procedure used by various researchers for conjugating the ligands to the formulation to achieve targeted action. Methods: Research articles that focused on the used of ligand conjugation for brain delivery and compared the outcome with unconjugated formulation were collected from various search engines like PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar, using keywords like ligands, neurological disorders, conjugation, etc. Results and Conclusion: Ligands have shown great potential in delivering drug across BBB for treatment of various diseases, yet extensive research is required so that the ligands can be used clinically for treating neurological diseases.

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Kearney, Mary-Carmel, Peter E. McKenna, Helen L. Quinn, Aaron J. Courtenay, Eneko Larrañeta, and Ryan F. Donnelly. "Design and Development of Liquid Drug Reservoirs for Microneedle Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drug Molecules." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110605.

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The poor aqueous solubility of existing and emerging drugs is a major issue faced by the pharmaceutical industry. Water-miscible organic solvents, termed co-solvents, can be used to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble substances. Typically, drugs with poor aqueous solubility and Log P > 3 are not amenable to delivery across the skin. This study investigated the use of co-solvents as reservoirs to be used in combination with hydrogel-forming microneedles to enhance the transdermal delivery of hydrophobic compounds, namely Nile red, olanzapine and atorvastatin. A custom-made Franz cell apparatus was fabricated to test the suitability of a liquid drug reservoir in combination with polymeric microneedles. A co-solvency approach to reservoir formulation proved effective, with 83.30% ± 9.38% of Nile red dye, dissolved in 1 mL poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 400), permeating neonatal porcine skin over 24 h. PEG 400 and propylene glycol were found to be suitable reservoir media for olanzapine and atorvastatin, with approximately 50% of each drug delivered after 24 h. This work provides crucial proof-of-concept evidence that the manipulation of microneedle reservoir properties is an effective method to facilitate microneedle-mediated delivery of hydrophobic compounds.

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Lee, Dongwon, Richard Lockey, and Shyam Mohapatra. "Folate Receptor-Mediated Cancer Cell Specific Gene Delivery Using Folic Acid-Conjugated Oligochitosans." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2860–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.465.

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Chitosan-mediated gene delivery has gained an increasing interest due to its ability to treat cancers and genetic diseases. However, low transfection efficiency and lack of target specificity limit its application for gene and drug delivery. In the present work, folic acid was covalently conjugated to chitosan as a targeting ligand in an attempt to specifically deliver DNA to folate receptor-overexpressing cancer cells. Folic acid-conjugated chitosan (FACN) was successfully synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR and is biocompatible. In vitro gene transfer potential of FACN was evaluated in human epithelial ovarian cancer OV2008 cells and human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. FACN at a weight ratio of 10 : 1 exhibited significantly (< 0.01) enhanced gene transfer potential in folate receptor-overexpressing cancer cells as compared to unmodified chitosan. Transfection of FACN/pDNA nanocomplexes is competitively inhibited by free folic acid, suggesting the specific gene delivery of FACN/pDNA nanocomplexes is achieved through folate receptor-mediated endocytosis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FACN provides a promising carrier for cancer gene therapy.

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Habib, Saffiya, and Moganavelli Singh. "Recent Advances in Lipid-Based Nanosystems for Gemcitabine and Gemcitabine–Combination Therapy." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030597.

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The anti-metabolite drug gemcitabine is widely used for the treatment of a variety of cancers. At present, gemcitabine is administered as a hydrochloride salt that is delivered by slow intravenous injection in cycles of three or four weeks. Although regarded as a ‘front-line’ chemotherapeutic agent, its efficacy is hampered by poor target cell specificity, sub-optimal cellular uptake, rapid clearance from circulation, the development of chemoresistance, and undesirable side-effects. The use of organic, inorganic, and metal-based nanoparticles as delivery agents presents an opportunity to overcome these limitations and safely harness optimal drug efficacy and enhance their therapeutic indices. Among the many and varied nano delivery agents explored, the greatest body of knowledge has been generated in the field of lipid-mediated delivery. We review here the liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, exosomes, lipid-polymer hybrids, and other novel lipid-based agents that have been developed within the past six years for the delivery of gemcitabine and its co-drugs.

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Chapla, Rachel, Katherine T. Huynh, and Carolyn E. Schutt. "Microbubble–Nanoparticle Complexes for Ultrasound-Enhanced Cargo Delivery." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 2396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112396.

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Targeted delivery of therapeutics to specific tissues is critically important for reducing systemic toxicity and optimizing therapeutic efficacy, especially in the case of cytotoxic drugs. Many strategies currently exist for targeting systemically administered drugs, and ultrasound-controlled targeting is a rapidly advancing strategy for externally-stimulated drug delivery. In this non-invasive method, ultrasound waves penetrate through tissue and stimulate gas-filled microbubbles, resulting in bubble rupture and biophysical effects that power delivery of attached cargo to surrounding cells. Drug delivery capabilities from ultrasound-sensitive microbubbles are greatly expanded when nanocarrier particles are attached to the bubble surface, and cargo loading is determined by the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles. This review serves to highlight and discuss current microbubble–nanoparticle complex component materials and designs for ultrasound-mediated drug delivery. Nanocarriers that have been complexed with microbubbles for drug delivery include lipid-based, polymeric, lipid–polymer hybrid, protein, and inorganic nanoparticles. Several schemes exist for linking nanoparticles to microbubbles for efficient nanoparticle delivery, including biotin–avidin bridging, electrostatic bonding, and covalent linkages. When compared to unstimulated delivery, ultrasound-mediated cargo delivery enables enhanced cell uptake and accumulation of cargo in target organs and can result in improved therapeutic outcomes. These ultrasound-responsive delivery complexes can also be designed to facilitate other methods of targeting, including bioactive targeting ligands and responsivity to light or magnetic fields, and multi-level targeting can enhance therapeutic efficacy. Microbubble–nanoparticle complexes present a versatile platform for controlled drug delivery via ultrasound, allowing for enhanced tissue penetration and minimally invasive therapy. Future perspectives for application of this platform are also discussed in this review.

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Ke, Lingjie, Zhiguo Li, Xiaoshan Fan, Xian Jun Loh, Hongwei Cheng, Yun-long Wu, and Zibiao Li. "Cyclodextrin-Based Hybrid Polymeric Complex to Overcome Dual Drug Resistance Mechanisms for Cancer Therapy." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081254.

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Drug resistance always reduces the efficacy of chemotherapy, and the classical mechanisms of drug resistance include drug pump efflux and anti-apoptosis mediators-mediated non-pump resistance. In addition, the amphiphilic polymeric micelles with good biocompatibility and high stability have been proven to deliver the drug molecules inside the cavity into the cell membrane regardless of the efflux of the cell membrane pump. We designed a cyclodextrin (CD)-based polymeric complex to deliver chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) and Nur77ΔDBD gene for combating pumps and non-pump resistance simultaneously. The natural cavity structure of the polymeric complex, which was comprised with β-cyclodextrin-graft-(poly(ε-caprolactone)-adamantly (β-CD-PCL-AD) and β-cyclodextrin-graft-(poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (β-CD-PCL-PDMAEMA), can achieve the efficient drug loading and delivery to overcome pump drug resistance. The excellent Nur77ΔDBD gene delivery can reverse Bcl-2 from the tumor protector to killer for inhibiting non-pump resistance. The presence of terminal adamantyl (AD) could insert into the cavity of β-CD-PCL-PDMAEMA via host-guest interaction, and the releasing rate of polymeric inclusion complex was higher than that of the individual β-CD-PCL-PDMAEMA. The polymeric inclusion complex can efficiently deliver the Nur77ΔDBD gene than polyethylenimine (PEI-25k), which is a golden standard for nonviral vector gene delivery. The higher transfection efficacy, rapid DOX cellular uptake, and significant synergetic tumor cell viability inhibition were achieved in a pump and non-pump drug resistance cell model. The combined strategy with dual drug resistance mechanisms holds great potential to combat drug-resistant cancer.

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Bryniarski, Mark A., Tianjing Ren, Abbas R. Rizvi, Anthony M. Snyder, and Marilyn E. Morris. "Targeting the Choroid Plexuses for Protein Drug Delivery." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12100963.

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Delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system is challenged by the barriers in place to regulate brain homeostasis. This is especially true for protein therapeutics. Targeting the barrier formed by the choroid plexuses at the interfaces of the systemic circulation and ventricular system may be a surrogate brain delivery strategy to circumvent the blood-brain barrier. Heterogenous cell populations located at the choroid plexuses provide diverse functions in regulating the exchange of material within the ventricular space. Receptor-mediated transcytosis may be a promising mechanism to deliver protein therapeutics across the tight junctions formed by choroid plexus epithelial cells. However, cerebrospinal fluid flow and other barriers formed by ependymal cells and perivascular spaces should also be considered for evaluation of protein therapeutic disposition. Various preclinical methods have been applied to delineate protein transport across the choroid plexuses, including imaging strategies, ventriculocisternal perfusions, and primary choroid plexus epithelial cell models. When used in combination with simultaneous measures of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, they can yield important insight into pharmacokinetic properties within the brain. This review aims to provide an overview of the choroid plexuses and ventricular system to address their function as a barrier to pharmaceutical interventions and relevance for central nervous system drug delivery of protein therapeutics. Protein therapeutics targeting the ventricular system may provide new approaches in treating central nervous system diseases.

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Lodhi, Madeeha Shahzad, Fatima Khalid, Muhammad Tahir Khan, Zahoor Qadir Samra, Shabbir Muhammad, Yu-Juan Zhang, and Kejie Mou. "A Novel Method of Magnetic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Anti-Folate Receptor Antibody and Methotrexate for Antibody Mediated Targeted Drug Delivery." Molecules 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010261.

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Therapeutic effects of anticancer medicines can be improved by targeting the specific receptors on cancer cells. Folate receptor (FR) targeting with antibody (Ab) is an effective tool to deliver anticancer drugs to the cancer cell. In this research project, a novel formulation of targeting drug delivery was designed, and its anticancer effects were analyzed. Folic acid-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used for the purification of folate receptors through a novel magnetic affinity purification method. Antibodies against the folate receptors and methotrexate (MTX) were developed and characterized with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. Targeting nanomedicines (MNP-MTX-FR Ab) were synthesized by engineering the MNP with methotrexate and anti-folate receptor antibody (anti-FR Ab). The cytotoxicity of nanomedicines on HeLa cells was analyzed by calculating the % age cell viability. A fluorescent study was performed with HeLa cells and tumor tissue sections to analyze the binding efficacy and intracellular tracking of synthesized nanomedicines. MNP-MTX-FR Ab demonstrated good cytotoxicity along all the nanocomposites, which confirms that the antibody-coated medicine possesses the potential affinity to destroy cancer cells in the targeted drug delivery process. Immunohistochemical approaches and fluorescent study further confirmed their uptake by FRs on the tumor cells’ surface in antibody-mediated endocytosis. The current approach is a useful addition to targeted drug delivery for better management of cancer therapy along with immunotherapy in the future.

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Carnevale, Kate J. F., Megan E. Muroski, Parth N. Vakil, Megan E. Foley, Geoffry Laufersky, Rachael Kenworthy, Diego A. R. Zorio, Thomas J. Morgan, Cathy W. Levenson, and Geoffrey F. Strouse. "Selective Uptake Into Drug Resistant Mammalian Cancer by Cell Penetrating Peptide-Mediated Delivery." Bioconjugate Chemistry 29, no. 10 (September 21, 2018): 3273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00429.

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Gabor, Franz, Elisabeth Bogner, Andrea Weissenboeck, and Michael Wirth. "The lectin–cell interaction and its implications to intestinal lectin-mediated drug delivery." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 56, no. 4 (March 2004): 459–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.015.

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Frosina, G. "Stem Cell-Mediated Delivery of Therapies in the Treatment of Glioma." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 11, no. 7 (June 1, 2011): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138955711795906897.

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Zhang, Le-Yi, Xue Yang, Shi-Bing Wang, Hong Chen, Hong-Ying Pan, and Zhi-Ming Hu. "Membrane Derived Vesicles as Biomimetic Carriers for Targeted Drug Delivery System." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 27 (November 10, 2020): 2472–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026620666200922113054.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles (MVs) playing important roles in various cellular and molecular functions in cell-to-cell signaling and transmitting molecular signals to adjacent as well as distant cells. The preserved cell membrane characteristics in MVs derived from live cells, give them great potential in biological applications. EVs are nanoscale particulates secreted from living cells and play crucial roles in several important cellular functions both in physiological and pathological states. EVs are the main elements in intercellular communication in which they serve as carriers for various endogenous cargo molecules, such as RNAs, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. High tissue tropism capacity that can be conveniently mediated by surface molecules, such as integrins and glycans, is a unique feature of EVs that makes them interesting candidates for targeted drug delivery systems. The cell-derived giant MVs have been exploited as vehicles for delivery of various anticancer agents and imaging probes and for implementing combinational phototherapy for targeted cancer treatment. Giant MVs can efficiently encapsulate therapeutic drugs and deliver them to target cells through the membrane fusion process to synergize photodynamic/photothermal treatment under light exposure. EVs can load diagnostic or therapeutic agents using different encapsulation or conjugation methods. Moreover, to prolong the blood circulation and enhance the targeting of the loaded agents, a variety of modification strategies can be exploited. This paper reviews the EVs-based drug delivery strategies in cancer therapy. Biological, pharmacokinetics and physicochemical characteristics, isolation techniques, engineering, and drug loading strategies of EVs are discussed. The recent preclinical and clinical progresses in applications of EVs and oncolytic virus therapy based on EVs, the clinical challenges and perspectives are discussed.

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Paunovska, Kalina, Alejandro Da Silva Sanchez, Matthew T. Foster, David Loughrey, Emmeline L. Blanchard, Fatima Z. Islam, Zubao Gan, Athanasios Mantalaris, Philip J. Santangelo, and James E. Dahlman. "Increased PIP3 activity blocks nanoparticle mRNA delivery." Science Advances 6, no. 30 (July 2020): eaba5672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba5672.

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The biological pathways that affect drug delivery in vivo remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that altering cell metabolism with phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a bioactive lipid upstream of the metabolic pathway PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/AKT/ mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) would transiently increase protein translated by nanoparticle-delivered messenger RNA (mRNA) since these pathways increase growth and proliferation. Instead, we found that PIP3 blocked delivery of clinically-relevant lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) across multiple cell types in vitro and in vivo. PIP3-driven reductions in LNP delivery were not caused by toxicity, cell uptake, or endosomal escape. Interestingly, RNA sequencing and metabolomics analyses suggested an increase in basal metabolic rate. Higher transcriptional activity and mitochondrial expansion led us to formulate two competing hypotheses that explain the reductions in LNP-mediated mRNA delivery. First, PIP3 induced consumption of limited cellular resources, “drowning out” exogenously-delivered mRNA. Second, PIP3 triggers a catabolic response that leads to protein degradation and decreased translation.

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Tatiparti, Katyayani, Mohd Ahmar Rauf, Samaresh Sau, and Arun K. Iyer. "A Biomimetic Drug Delivery System Targeting Tumor Hypoxia in Triple-Negative Breast Cancers." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031075.

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Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is amongst the most challenging tumor subtypes because it presents itself without the estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. Hence, assessing new markers is an essential requirement for enhancing its targeted treatment. The survival of TNBC relies upon the advancement of hypoxia that contributes to treatment resistance, immune response resistance, and tumor stroma arrangement. Here, we explored bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticle encapsulating the anti-cancer drug Paclitaxel (PTX) for cell-killing mediated by tumor hypoxia. For targeting hypoxia, we conjugated Acetazolamide (ATZ) with BSA nanoparticle that encapsulated PTX (referred hereon as BSA-PTX-ATZ) utilizing copper-free click chemistry, specifically the Strain-Promoted Alkyne Azide Cycloaddition (SPAAC). The in-vitro cell killing study uncovered that BSA-PTX-ATZ is more productive contrasted with free PTX. The evaluations of the physio-chemical properties of BSA-PTX-ATZ proves that the shelf-life is approximately two months when stored either at room or freezing temperatures or under refrigerated conditions. There is no leakage of PTX from the formulation during that period, while their nanoparticulate nature remained undisturbed. The BSA-PTX-ATZ nanoparticles indicated altogether higher cell killing in hypoxic conditions contrasted with normoxia proposing the hypoxia-mediated delivery mechanism of the activity of the formulation. Higher cell uptake found with fluorescent-marked BSA-PTX-ATZ shows CA-IX mediated cell uptake, substantiated by the prominent apoptotic cell death contrasted with free PTX.

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Hosta-Rigau, Leticia, Philipp Schattling, Boon M. Teo, Martin E. Lynge, and Brigitte Städler. "Recent progress of liposomes in nanomedicine." J. Mater. Chem. B 2, no. 39 (2014): 6686–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tb00825a.

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Matsuzaka, Yasunari, and Ryu Yashiro. "Extracellular Vesicles as Novel Drug-Delivery Systems through Intracellular Communications." Membranes 12, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060550.

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Since it has been reported that extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry cargo using cell-to-cell comminication according to various in vivo situations, they are exprected to be applied as new drug-delivery systems (DDSs). In addition, non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), have attracted much attention as potential biomarkers in the encapsulated extracellular-vesicle (EV) form. EVs are bilayer-based lipids with heterogeneous populations of varying sizes and compositions. The EV-mediated transport of contents, which includes proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, has attracted attention as a DDS through intracellular communication. Many reports have been made on the development of methods for introducing molecules into EVs and efficient methods for introducing them into target vesicles. In this review, we outline the possible molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs in exosomes participate in the post-transcriptional regulation of signaling pathways via cell–cell communication as novel DDSs, especially small EVs.

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Blaudszun, André-R., Qiong Lian, Melanie Schnabel, Brigitta Loretz, Ute Steinfeld, Hyeck-H. Lee, Gerhard Wenz, Claus-M. Lehr, Marc Schneider, and Anja Philippi. "Polyester-idarubicin nanoparticles and a polymer-photosensitizer complex as potential drug formulations for cell-mediated drug delivery." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 474, no. 1-2 (October 2014): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.07.048.

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Porkoláb, Gergő, Mária Mészáros, András Tóth, Anikó Szecskó, András Harazin, Zsolt Szegletes, Györgyi Ferenc, et al. "Combination of Alanine and Glutathione as Targeting Ligands of Nanoparticles Enhances Cargo Delivery into the Cells of the Neurovascular Unit." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 7 (July 7, 2020): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12070635.

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Inefficient drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and into target cells in the brain hinders the treatment of neurological diseases. One strategy to increase the brain penetration of drugs is to use vesicular nanoparticles functionalized with multiple ligands of BBB transporters as vehicles. Once within the brain, however, drugs must also be able to reach their therapeutic targets in the different cell types. It is, therefore, favorable if such nanocarriers are designed that can deliver their cargo not only to brain endothelial cells, but to other cell types as well. Here, we show that alanine-glutathione dual-targeting of niosomes enhances the delivery of a large protein cargo into cultured cells of the neurovascular unit, namely brain endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and neurons. Furthermore, using metabolic and endocytic inhibitors, we show that the cellular uptake of niosomes is energy-dependent and is partially mediated by endocytosis. Finally, we demonstate the ability of our targeted nanovesicles to deliver their cargo into astroglial cells after crossing the BBB in vitro. These data indicate that dual-labeling of nanoparticles with alanine and glutathione can potentially be exploited to deliver drugs, even biopharmacons, across the BBB and into multiple cell types in the brain.

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Liu, Betty Revon, Shiow-Her Chiou, Yue-Wern Huang, and Han-Jung Lee. "Bio-Membrane Internalization Mechanisms of Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Various Species." Membranes 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010088.

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Recently, membrane-active peptides or proteins that include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), cytolytic proteins, and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have attracted attention due to their potential applications in the biomedical field. Among them, CPPs have been regarded as a potent drug/molecules delivery system. Various cargoes, such as DNAs, RNAs, bioactive proteins/peptides, nanoparticles and drugs, can be carried by CPPs and delivered into cells in either covalent or noncovalent manners. Here, we focused on four arginine-rich CPPs and reviewed the mechanisms that these CPPs used for intracellular uptake across cellular plasma membranes. The varying transduction efficiencies of them alone or with cargoes were discussed, and the membrane permeability was also expounded for CPP/cargoes delivery in various species. Direct membrane translocation (penetration) and endocytosis are two principal mechanisms for arginine-rich CPPs mediated cargo delivery. Furthermore, the amino acid sequence is the primary key factor that determines the cellular internalization mechanism. Importantly, the non-cytotoxic nature and the wide applicability make CPPs a trending tool for cellular delivery.

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He, Binghong, and Qiong Yang. "Recent Development of LDL-Based Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16010018.

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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a natural lipoprotein transporting cholesterol in the circulatory system, has been a possible drug carrier for targeted delivery. LDL can bind to the LDL receptor (LDLR) with its outside apolipoprotein B-100 and then enter the cell via LDLR-mediated endocytosis. This targeting function inspires researchers to modify LDL to deliver different therapeutic drugs. Drugs can be loaded in the surficial phospholipids, hydrophobic core, or apolipoprotein for the structure of LDL. In addition, LDL-like synthetic nanoparticles carrying therapeutic drugs are also under investigation for the scarcity of natural LDL. In addition to being a carrier, LDL can also be a targeting molecule, decorated to the surface of synthetic nanoparticles loaded with cytotoxic compounds. This review summarizes the properties of LDL and the different kinds of LDL-based delivery nanoparticles, their loading strategies, and the achievements of the recent anti-tumor advancement.

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Dahan, Arik, and Isabel González-Álvarez. "Regional Intestinal Drug Absorption: Biopharmaceutics and Drug Formulation." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020272.

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The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can be broadly divided into several regions: the stomach, the small intestine (which is subdivided to duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and the colon. The conditions and environment in each of these segments, and even within the segment, are dependent on many factors, e.g., the surrounding pH, fluid composition, transporters expression, metabolic enzymes activity, tight junction resistance, different morphology along the GIT, variable intestinal mucosal cell differentiation, changes in drug concentration (in cases of carrier-mediated transport), thickness and types of mucus, and resident microflora. Each of these variables, alone or in combination with others, can fundamentally alter the solubility/dissolution, the intestinal permeability, and the overall absorption of various drugs. This is the underlying mechanistic basis of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption, which has led to many attempts to deliver drugs to specific regions throughout the GIT, aiming to optimize drug absorption, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and/or pharmacodynamics. In this Editorial we provide an overview of the Special Issue "Regional Intestinal Drug Absorption: Biopharmaceutics and Drug Formulation". The objective of this Special Issue is to highlight the current progress and to provide an overview of the latest developments in the field of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption and delivery, as well as pointing out the unmet needs of the field.

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Pereno, Valerio, Dario Carugo, and Eleanor P. Stride. "Giant vesicles as cell models to quantify bio-effects in ultrasound mediated drug delivery." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140, no. 4 (October 2016): 3025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4969384.

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Wang, Yujie, Xinxin Shang, Jia Liu, and Yingshu Guo. "ATP mediated rolling circle amplification and opening DNA-gate for drug delivery to cell." Talanta 176 (January 2018): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.087.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cell-mediated drug delivery'

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