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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cell organelles

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Academic literature on the topic 'Cell organelles'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Cell organelles"

1

Mallo, Natalia, Justin Fellows, Carla Johnson, and Lilach Sheiner. "Protein Import into the Endosymbiotic Organelles of Apicomplexan Parasites." Genes 9, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9080412.

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: The organelles of endosymbiotic origin, plastids, and mitochondria, evolved through the serial acquisition of endosymbionts by a host cell. These events were accompanied by gene transfer from the symbionts to the host, resulting in most of the organellar proteins being encoded in the cell nuclear genome and trafficked into the organelle via a series of translocation complexes. Much of what is known about organelle protein translocation mechanisms is based on studies performed in common model organisms; e.g., yeast and humans or Arabidopsis. However, studies performed in divergent organisms are gradually accumulating. These studies provide insights into universally conserved traits, while discovering traits that are specific to organisms or clades. Apicomplexan parasites feature two organelles of endosymbiotic origin: a secondary plastid named the apicoplast and a mitochondrion. In the context of the diseases caused by apicomplexan parasites, the essential roles and divergent features of both organelles make them prime targets for drug discovery. This potential and the amenability of the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii to genetic manipulation motivated research about the mechanisms controlling both organelles’ biogenesis. Here we provide an overview of what is known about apicomplexan organelle protein import. We focus on work done mainly in T. gondii and provide a comparison to model organisms.

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Evans, David E., and Chris Hawes. "Organelle Biogenesis and Positioning in Plants." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 3 (May 24, 2010): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0380729.

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The biogenesis and positioning of organelles involves complex interacting processes and precise control. Progress in our understanding is being made rapidly as advances in analysing the nuclear and organellar genome and proteome combine with developments in live-cell microscopy and manipulation at the subcellular level. This paper introduces the collected papers resulting from Organelle Biogenesis and Positioning in Plants, the 2009 Biochemical Society Annual Symposium. Including papers on the nuclear envelope and all major organelles, it considers current knowledge and progress towards unifying themes that will elucidate the mechanisms by which cells generate the correct complement of organelles and adapt and change it in response to environmental and developmental signals.

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Schnapp, B. J., T. S. Reese, and R. Bechtold. "Kinesin is bound with high affinity to squid axon organelles that move to the plus-end of microtubules." Journal of Cell Biology 119, no. 2 (October 15, 1992): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.119.2.389.

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This paper addresses the question of whether microtubule-directed transport of vesicular organelles depends on the presence of a pool of cytosolic factors, including soluble motor proteins and accessory factors. Earlier studies with squid axon organelles (Schroer et al., 1988) suggested that the presence of cytosol induces a > 20-fold increase in the number of organelles moving per unit time on microtubules in vitro. These earlier studies, however, did not consider that cytosol might nonspecifically increase the numbers of moving organelles, i.e., by blocking adsorption of organelles to the coverglass. Here we report that treatment of the coverglass with casein, in the absence of cytosol, blocks adsorption of organelles to the coverglass and results in vigorous movement of vesicular organelles in the complete absence of soluble proteins. This technical improvement makes it possible, for the first time, to perform quantitative studies of organelle movement in the absence of cytosol. These new studies show that organelle movement activity (numbers of moving organelles/min/micron microtubule) of unextracted organelles is not increased by cytosol. Unextracted organelles move in single directions, approximately two thirds toward the plus-end and one third toward the minus-end of microtubules. Extraction of organelles with 600 mM KI completely inhibits minus-end, but not plus-end directed organelle movement. Upon addition of cytosol, minus-end directed movement of KI organelles is restored, while plus--end directed movement is unaffected. Biochemical studies indicate that KI-extracted organelles attach to microtubules in the presence of AMP-PNP and copurify with tightly bound kinesin. The bound kinesin is not extracted from organelles by 1 M KI, 1 M NaCl or carbonate (pH 11.3). These results suggest that kinesin is irreversibly bound to organelles that move to the plus-end of microtubules and that the presence of soluble kinesin and accessory factors is not required for movement of plus-end organelles in squid axons.

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Voeltz, Gia K., and Francis A. Barr. "Cell organelles." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 25, no. 4 (August 2013): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2013.06.001.

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Hertle, Alexander P., Benedikt Haberl, and Ralph Bock. "Horizontal genome transfer by cell-to-cell travel of whole organelles." Science Advances 7, no. 1 (January 2021): eabd8215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd8215.

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Recent work has revealed that both plants and animals transfer genomes between cells. In plants, horizontal transfer of entire plastid, mitochondrial, or nuclear genomes between species generates new combinations of nuclear and organellar genomes, or produces novel species that are allopolyploid. The mechanisms of genome transfer between cells are unknown. Here, we used grafting to identify the mechanisms involved in plastid genome transfer from plant to plant. We show that during proliferation of wound-induced callus, plastids dedifferentiate into small, highly motile, amoeboid organelles. Simultaneously, new intercellular connections emerge by localized cell wall disintegration, forming connective pores through which amoeboid plastids move into neighboring cells. Our work uncovers a pathway of organelle movement from cell to cell and provides a mechanistic framework for horizontal genome transfer.

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Oborník, Miroslav. "Organellar Evolution: A Path from Benefit to Dependence." Microorganisms 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010122.

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Eukaryotic organelles supposedly evolved from their bacterial ancestors because of their benefits to host cells. However, organelles are quite often retained, even when the beneficial metabolic pathway is lost, due to something other than the original beneficial function. The organellar function essential for cell survival is, in the end, the result of organellar evolution, particularly losses of redundant metabolic pathways present in both the host and endosymbiont, followed by a gradual distribution of metabolic functions between the organelle and host. Such biological division of metabolic labor leads to mutual dependence of the endosymbiont and host. Changing environmental conditions, such as the gradual shift of an organism from aerobic to anaerobic conditions or light to dark, can make the original benefit useless. Therefore, it can be challenging to deduce the original beneficial function, if there is any, underlying organellar acquisition. However, it is also possible that the organelle is retained because it simply resists being eliminated or digested untill it becomes indispensable.

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Morgan, Anthony J., Lianne C. Davis, Siegfried K. T. Y. Wagner, Alexander M. Lewis, John Parrington, Grant C. Churchill, and Antony Galione. "Bidirectional Ca2+ signaling occurs between the endoplasmic reticulum and acidic organelles." Journal of Cell Biology 200, no. 6 (March 11, 2013): 789–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201204078.

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and acidic organelles (endo-lysosomes) act as separate Ca2+ stores that release Ca2+ in response to the second messengers IP3 and cADPR (ER) or NAADP (acidic organelles). Typically, trigger Ca2+ released from acidic organelles by NAADP subsequently recruits IP3 or ryanodine receptors on the ER, an anterograde signal important for amplification and Ca2+ oscillations/waves. We therefore investigated whether the ER can signal back to acidic organelles, using organelle pH as a reporter of NAADP action. We show that Ca2+ released from the ER can activate the NAADP pathway in two ways: first, by stimulating Ca2+-dependent NAADP synthesis; second, by activating NAADP-regulated channels. Moreover, the differential effects of EGTA and BAPTA (slow and fast Ca2+ chelators, respectively) suggest that the acidic organelles are preferentially activated by local microdomains of high Ca2+ at junctions between the ER and acidic organelles. Bidirectional organelle communication may have wider implications for endo-lysosomal function as well as the generation of Ca2+ oscillations and waves.

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TANAKA, Arowu, Fumi KANO, and Masayuki MURATA. "Organelle Inheritance-Cell Cycle Dependent Dynamics of Organelles in Mammalian Cells." Seibutsu Butsuri 42, no. 3 (2002): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.42.116.

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Marshall, Wallace F. "Scaling of Subcellular Structures." Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 36, no. 1 (October 6, 2020): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-020520-113246.

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As cells grow, the size and number of their internal organelles increase in order to keep up with increased metabolic requirements. Abnormal size of organelles is a hallmark of cancer and an important aspect of diagnosis in cytopathology. Most organelles vary in either size or number, or both, as a function of cell size, but the mechanisms that create this variation remain unclear. In some cases, organelle size appears to scale with cell size through processes of relative growth, but in others the size may be set by either active measurement systems or genetic programs that instruct organelle biosynthetic activities to create organelles of a size appropriate to a given cell type.

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Lu, Sha, Zhiqi Dai, Yunxi Cui, and De-Ming Kong. "Recent Development of Advanced Fluorescent Molecular Probes for Organelle-Targeted Cell Imaging." Biosensors 13, no. 3 (March 8, 2023): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13030360.

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Fluorescent molecular probes are very powerful tools that have been generally applied in cell imaging in the research fields of biology, pathology, pharmacology, biochemistry, and medical science. In the last couple of decades, numerous molecular probes endowed with high specificity to particular organelles have been designed to illustrate intracellular images in more detail at the subcellular level. Nowadays, the development of cell biology has enabled the investigation process to go deeply into cells, even at the molecular level. Therefore, probes that can sketch a particular organelle’s location while responding to certain parameters to evaluate intracellular bioprocesses are under urgent demand. It is significant to understand the basic ideas of organelle properties, as well as the vital substances related to each unique organelle, for the design of probes with high specificity and efficiency. In this review, we summarize representative multifunctional fluorescent molecular probes developed in the last decade. We focus on probes that can specially target nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulums, and lysosomes. In each section, we first briefly introduce the significance and properties of different organelles. We then discuss how probes are designed to make them highly organelle-specific. Finally, we also consider how probes are constructed to endow them with additional functions to recognize particular physical/chemical signals of targeted organelles. Moreover, a perspective on the challenges in future applications of highly specific molecular probes in cell imaging is also proposed. We hope that this review can provide researchers with additional conceptual information about developing probes for cell imaging, assisting scientists interested in molecular biology, cell biology, and biochemistry to accelerate their scientific studies.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cell organelles"

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Shelby, James Patrick. "The application of microfluidics to the study of biological processes /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8483.

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Cramer, Louise Pauline. "The biogenesis of secretory organelles in a neuroendocrine cell line." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46731.

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Deng, Yuping. "Studies of intraorganelle dynamics : the lysosome, the pre-lysosomal compartment, and the golgi apparatus /." Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-134815/.

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Mortara, R. A. "Microfilament-membrane interactions in isolated P815 filopodia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372923.

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Hayes, Michael Henry. "Investigating the organization and regulation of aggregated proteins within sub-nuclear organelles." Diss., University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6759.

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Protein aggregation has long been associated with disease states, such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. This model is challenged by increasing recognition of functional protein aggregates. Our focus has been exploration of intra-aggregate organization, and investigation of the ability of ATP to mediate energy independent aggregate solubilization by acting as a hydrotrope. Furthering our understanding of the composition and regulation of these structures will provide insight into how their dysregulation gives rise to disease, and provide a template for the development of novel therapeutics. Sub-nuclear organelles are a class of non-membrane bound organelle. These compartments form through liquid-liquid phase separation of their components, resulting in a functional aggregate that demonstrates liquid properties. Many of the factors driving liquid-liquid phase separation also drive the formation of amyloid fibrils. In vitro studies have demonstrated that liquid-liquid phase separation can promote amyloid fibril formation, and that liquid-liquid phase separated droplets can mature through amyloid fibril formation. In vivo, functional amyloids are known to contribute to peptide hormone storage, melanin production, and maintenance of long-term memory. Despite these findings, there has been limited investigation into the relationship between liquid-liquid phase separated droplets and amyloid fibrils in vivo. Our exploration of intra-aggregate organization took advantage of the numerous protein aggregates found within Xenopus oocytes. Using a dye and antibodies specific to the defining cross-β structure of amyloid, we demonstrated that amyloids form as a normal part of Xenopus oogenesis. Amyloid was detected within nuclear and cytosolic aggregates. In the cytosol, amyloid was observed within yolk platelets and a population of cortical particles whose identity has yet to be determined. In the nucleus, multiple liquid-liquid phase separated sub-nuclear organelles, including those associated with RNA polymerase I, II and III transcription as well as RNA processing, were found to have an amyloid component. Proteomic analysis of aggregate enriched material revealed proteins associated with ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis, DNA replication, RNA processing and DNA-templated transcription. Our analysis further demonstrated that nuclear amyloids were stable, remaining intact for hours post isolation, but rapidly destabilized following treatment with RNase. Recently, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was demonstrated to act as a hydrotrope in vitro. Physiologic levels were shown to maintain protein solubility and solubilize recombinant liquid-liquid phase separated droplets, in the absence of ATP hydrolysis. These observations suggest that this previously unappreciated activity of ATP has a large influence on liquid-liquid phase separated droplet stability. However, these observations were made under conditions that diverge from those found in vivo. The liquid-liquid phase separated droplets tested were devoid of RNA and composed of a single protein. Amyloid containing aggregates required super physiological levels of ATP, suggesting the sub-nuclear organelles we previously described would be resistant to this activity. By observing nucleoli within isolated Xenopus oocyte nuclei, we demonstrate that ATP has the capacity to act as a hydrotrope in vivo. However, the hydrotropic action alone of ATP is not sufficient to solubilize nucleoli. Instead, solublization requires a sensitization step which is dependent on a soluble factor(s) and requires ATP hydrolysis. Our studies support an in vivo model of liquid-liquid phase separated aggregate solubilization where a soluble factor(s) sensitizes an aggregate in an energy dependent process. The susceptible aggregate is then solubilized by the hydrotropic action of ATP. We further speculate that liquid-liquid phase separated aggregate formation is a reversal of the above steps. These findings highlight a need to further understand the relationship between liquid-liquid phase separation and amyloid formation, and identify an urgent need to dissect the factors influencing intracellular ATP levels.

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Malchus, Nina Isabelle [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Hausmann. "On the spatial organization of cell organelles and diffusion of proteins in organelle membranes / Nina Isabelle Malchus ; Betreuer: Michael Hausmann." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1179230477/34.

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Distasi, Matthew R. "The 3D characterization of the annulate lamellae : the development of a new methodology incorporating 3D-anaglyph techniques and serial transmission electron microscopy." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1266020.

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So, Ka Chai. "Characterization of mab-22 gene and its role in caenorhabditis elegans sensory ray formation /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202004%20SO.

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Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-123). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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Linka, Marc. "Understanding the origin and function of organellar metabolite transport proteins in photosynthetic eukaryotes Galdieria sulphuraria and Arabidopsis thaliana as model systems /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Pance, Alena. "Studies on a variant of the rat PC12 cell line lacking regulated secretory organelles." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624798.

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Books on the topic "Cell organelles"

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Herrmann, Reinhold G., ed. Cell Organelles. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9138-5.

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G, Herrmann R., ed. Cell organelles. Wein: Springer-Verlag, 1992.

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Elli, Kohen, ed. Atlas of cell organelles fluorescence. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004.

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Edward, Bittar E., and Bittar Neville, eds. Cellular organelles. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press, 1995.

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Sadava, David. Cell biology: Organelle structure and function. Boston, Mass: Jones and Bartlett, 1993.

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A, Boffey Stephen, and Lloyd David 1940-, eds. The Division and segregation of organelles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

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Delphine, Pflieger, and Rossier Jean, eds. Organelle proteomics. Totowa, NJ: Humana, 2008.

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F, Linskens H., and Jackson J. F, eds. Cell components. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

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Sébastien, Lansing, and Rousseau Tristan, eds. Cytoskeleton: Cell movement, cytokinesis, and organelles organization. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zellbiologie. Meeting. Annual meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zellbiologie: Biogenesis of organelles, ion transport, cell polarity, cell proliferation : Heidelberg, 16-20 March 1987 : abstracts. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cell organelles"

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Carroll, Mark. "Ultrastructure of the Cell." In Organelles, 1–18. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19781-1_1.

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Gupta, Anil. "Cell and Organelles." In Comprehensive Biochemistry for Dentistry, 5–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1035-5_2.

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Maier, Uwe G., Daniel Moog, Serena Flori, Pierre-Henri Jouneau, Denis Falconet, Thomas Heimerl, Peter G. Kroth, and Giovanni Finazzi. "Cell Biology of Organelles." In The Molecular Life of Diatoms, 265–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92499-7_10.

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Noguchi, Tetsuko, and Yasuko Hayashi. "Vacuoles and Storage Organelles." In Atlas of Plant Cell Structure, 89–106. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54941-3_5.

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Bidlack, James E., and William V. Dashek. "Plant cell walls." In Plant Cells and their Organelles, 209–38. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118924846.ch9.

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Graham, John, and J. Robin Harris. "Isolation and Functional Analysis of Organelles." In Cell Biology Protocols, 87–151. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470033487.ch4.

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Krpetić, Željka, Sergio Anguissola, David Garry, Philip M. Kelly, and Kenneth A. Dawson. "Nanomaterials: Impact on Cells and Cell Organelles." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 135–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8739-0_8.

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Sullivan, Arthur K. "The Flow of Granular Organelles in Leukocyte Differentiation." In Blood Cell Biochemistry, 173–213. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3796-0_8.

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Holy, Jon. "Structure and Function of Cell Organelles." In Introduction to Bioinformatics, 25–54. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-335-4_2.

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Canut, Hervé, Cécile Albenne, and Elisabeth Jamet. "Isolation of the Cell Wall." In Isolation of Plant Organelles and Structures, 171–85. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6533-5_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cell organelles"

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Plotnikov, E. Y., V. A. Babenko, D. N. Silachev, I. B. Pevzner, L. D. Zorova, G. T. Sukhikh, and D. B. Zorov. "COULD STEM CELLS ACT AS ORGANELLES DONORS: CELL-TO-CELL MITOCHONDRIA TRANSPORT." In The Second All-Russian Scientific Conference with international participation "Regulation Mechanisms of Eukariotic Cell Organelle Functions". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-318-1-92-93.

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Sreekumar, Sreelekshmi Palliyil, Rohini Palanisamy, and Ramakrishnan Swaminathan. "Semantic Segmentation of Cell Painted Organelles using DeepLabv3plus Model." In 2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340728.

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Huang, Chi-Jung, Yi-Ju Lee, and An-Chi Wei. "Cell Cycle Phase Classification from Deep Learning-Predicted Images of Cell Organelles." In 2022 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibe55377.2022.00050.

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Kim, Kyoohyun. "Optical diffraction tomography for quantifying cell physics." In Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/dh.2023.hth3c.1.

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We present the application of optical diffraction tomography for quantitative characterization of physical parameters in biological samples, including single cells, subcellular organelles, mitotic spindles, and C. elegans larvae under various biological processes.

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Zeghimi, Aya, Rustem Uzbekov, Brigite Arbeille, Jean-Michel Escoffre, and Ayache Bouakaz. "Ultrastructural modifications of cell membranes and organelles induced by sonoporation." In 2012 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2012.0511.

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Okamoto, R. J., J. Ying, B. L. Lewis, E. C. Ranz, J. Y. Shao, S. K. Dutcher, and P. V. Bayly. "Flexural Rigidity of Intact Chlamydomonas Flagella Measured With an Optical Trap." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53615.

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Flagella and cilia are thin, active organelles protruding from cells that are used to propel the cell or move fluid. The flagellated alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a uni-cellular model organism well-suited for the study of flagellar and cilia mechanics.

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Sulaeman, Muhammad Yangki, and Rena Widita. "Modeling in conventional and supra electroporation for model cell with organelles." In THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4930761.

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Singer, W., M. Frick, T. Haller, P. Dietl, S. Bernet, and M. Ritsch-Marte. "Combined optical tweezers and optical stretcher in microscopy." In European Conference on Biomedical Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ecbo.2001.4434_227.

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We present a useful tool for manipulating biological samples in microscopy. Cells and cell organelles can be trapped, moved and stretched with a combination of optical tweezers and an optical trap consisting of two opposing single mode optical fibers. Experiments demonstrate trapping and manipulation of micro-beads, and even mechanical deformation of blood cells with the system.

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LaMorte, Vickie J., Tatiana B. Krasieva, Ronald M. Evans, Michael W. Berns, and Bruce J. Tromberg. "Laser microbeam abalation of GFP-labeled nuclear organelles in a living cell." In BiOS '97, Part of Photonics West, edited by Daniel L. Farkas and Bruce J. Tromberg. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.274333.

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Shematorova, E. K., I. Yu Slovokhotov, E. N. Baranova, M. R. Khaliluev, O. G. Babak, V. N. Klykov, D. G. Shpakovski, S. G. Spivak, and G. V. Shpakovski. "THE ROLE OF ORGANELLES IN FUNCTIONING OF STEROID HORMONAL SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS AND HIGHER PLANTS." In The Second All-Russian Scientific Conference with international participation "Regulation Mechanisms of Eukariotic Cell Organelle Functions". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-318-1-155-157.

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Reports on the topic "Cell organelles"

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Friedman, Haya, Chris Watkins, Susan Lurie, and Susheng Gan. Dark-induced Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation and Inhibition by Gibberellins: Towards Inhibition of Postharvest Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7613883.bard.

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Dark-induced senescence could pose a major problem in export of various crops including cuttings. The assumption of this work was that ROS which is increased at a specific organelle can serve as a signal for activation of cell senescence program. Hormones which reduce senescence in several crops like gibberellic acid (GA) and possibly cytokinin (CK) may reduce senescence by inhibiting this signal. In this study we worked on Pelargonium cuttings as well as Arabidopsis rosette. In Pelargonium the increase in ROS occurred concomitantly with increase in two SAGs, and the increase persisted in isolated chloroplasts. In Arabidopsis we used two recentlydeveloped technologies to examine these hypotheses; one is a transcriptome approach which, on one hand, enabled to monitor expression of genes within the antioxidants network, and on the other hand, determine organelle-specific ROS-related transcriptome footprint. This last approach was further developed to an assay (so called ROSmeter) for determination of the ROS-footprint resulting from defined ROS stresses. The second approach involved the monitoring of changes in the redox poise in different organelles by measuring fluorescence ratio of redox-sensitive GFP (roGFP) directed to plastids, mitochondria, peroxisome and cytoplasm. By using the roGFP we determined that the mitochondria environment is oxidized as early as the first day under darkness, and this is followed by oxidation of the peroxisome on the second day and the cytoplast on the third day. The plastids became less oxidized at the first day of darkness and this was followed by a gradual increase in oxidation. The results with the ROS-related transcriptome footprint showed early changes in ROS-related transcriptome footprint emanating from mitochondria and peroxisomes. Taken together these results suggest that the first ROS-related change occurred in mitochondria and peroxisomes. The analysis of antioxidative gene’s network did not yield any clear results about the changes occurring in antioxidative status during extended darkness. Nevertheless, there is a reduction in expression of many of the plastids antioxidative related genes. This may explain a later increase in the oxidation poise of the plastids, occurring concomitantly with increase in cell death. Gibberellic acid (GA) prevented senescence in Pelargonium leaves; however, in Arabidopsis it did not prevent chlorophyll degradation, but prevented upregulation of SAGs (Apendix Fig. 1). Gibberellic acid prevented in Pelargonium the increase in ROS in chloroplast, and we suggested that this prevents the destruction of the chloroplasts and hence, the tissue remains green. In Arabidopsis, reduction in endogenous GA and BA are probably not causing dark-induced senescence, nevertheless, these materials have some effect at preventing senescence. Neither GA nor CK had any effect on transcriptome footprint related to ROS in the various organelles, however while GA reduced expression of few general ROS-related genes, BA mainly prevented the decrease in chloroplasts genes. Taken together, GA and BA act by different pathways to inhibit senescence and GA might act via ROS reduction. Therefore, application of both hormones may act synergistically to prevent darkinduced senescence of various crops.

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McElwain, Terry F., Eugene Pipano, Guy H. Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephn A. Hines, and Wendy C. Brown. Protection of Cattle against Babesiosis: Immunization against Babesia bovis with an Optimized RAP-1/Apical Complex Construct. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573063.bard.

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Previous research and current efforts at control of babesiosis fall short of meeting the needs of countries where the disease is endemic, such as Israel, as well as the needs of exporting countries and countries bordering on endemic areas, such as the U.S. Our long-term goal is to develop improved methods of immunization against bovine babesiosis based on an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune protection and parasite targets of a protective immune response. In our previous BARD project, we established the basis for focusing on rhoptry antigens as components of a subunit vaccine against bovine babesiosis, and for additional research to better characterize rhoptry associated protein-1 (RAP-1) as a target of protective immunity. In this continuation BARD project, our objectives were to [1] optimize the immune response against RAP-1, and [2] identify additional rhoptry candidate vaccine antigens. The entire locus encoding B. bovis RAP-1 was sequenced, and the rap-1 open reading frame compared among several strains. Unlike B. bigemina, in which multiple gene copies with variant domains encode RAP-1, the B. bovis RAP-1 locus contains only two identical genes which are conserved among strains. Through testing of multiple truncated constructs of rRAP-1, one or more immunodominant T cell epitopes were mapped to the amino terminal half of RAP-1. At least one linear and one conformational B cell epitope have been demonstrated in the same amino terminal construct, which in B. bigemina RAP-1 also contains an epitope recognized by neutralizing antibody. The amine terminal half of the molecule represents the most highly conserved part of the gene family and contains motifs conserved broadly among the apicomplexa. In contrast, the carboxy terminal half of B. bovis RAP-1 is less well conserved and contains multiple repeats encoding a linear B cell epitope potentially capable of inducing an ineffective, T cell independent, type 2 immune response. Therefore, we are testing an amino terminal fragment of RAP-1 (RAP-1N) in an immunization trial in cattle. Cattle have beer immunized with RAP-1N or control antigen, and IL-12 with Ribi adjuvant. Evaluation of the immune response is ongoing, and challenge with virulent B. bovis will occur in the near future. While no new rhoptry antigens were identified, our studies did identify and characterize a new spherical body antigen (SBP3), and several heat shock proteins (HSP's). The SBP3 and HSP21 antigens stimulate T cells from immune cattle and are considered new vaccine candidates worthy of further testing. Overall, we conclude that a single RAP-1 vaccine construct representing the conserved amino terminal region of the molecule should be sufficient for immunization against all strains of B. bovis. While results of the ongoing immunization trial will direct our next research steps, results at this time are consistent with our long term goal of designing a subunit vaccine which contains only the epitopes relevant to induction of protective immunity. Parallel studies are defining the mechanisms of protective immunity. Apicomplexan protozoa, including babesiosis and malaria, cause persistent diseases for which control is inadequate. The apical organelles are defining features of these complex protozoa, and have been conserved through the evolutionary process, Past and current BARD projects on babesiosis have established the validity and potential of exploiting these conserved organelles in developing improved control methods applicable to all apicomplexan diseases.

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McElwain, Terry, Eugene Pipano, Guy Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephen Hines, and Douglas Jasmer. Protection of Cattle Against Babesiosis: Immunization with Recombinant DNA Derived Apical Complex Antigens of Babesia bovis. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612835.bard.

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Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis continues to be a significant deterrent to global livestock production. Current control methods have both biological and technical drawbacks that have stimulated research on improved methods of vaccination. This BARD project has focused on characterization of candidate Babesia bovis vaccine antigens located in the apical complex, a unique group of subcellular organelles - including rhoptries, micronemes, and spherical bodies - involved in the invation of erythrocytes. Spherical bodies and rhoptries were partially purified and their contents characterized using monoclonal antibodies. Existing and newly developed monoclonal antibodies bound to antigens in the spherical body, rhoptry, merozoite membrane, and infected erythrocyte membrane. In an initial immunization study using biologically cloned strains, it was demonstrated that strain-common epitopes are important for inducing immune protection against heterologous challenge. Rhoptry-associated antigen 1 (RAP-1) had been demonstrated previously to induce partial immune protection, fulfilled criteria of broad interstrain B and T cell epitope conservation, and thus was further characterized. The RAP-1 gene family consists of at least two gene copies, is homologous to the RAP-1 gene family in B. bigemina, and contains significant sequence similarity to other erythroparasitic protozoan candidate vaccine antigens, including the apical membrane antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. A new RAP-1 monoclonal antibody was developed that inhibits merozoite growth in vitro, demonstrating the presence of a RAP-1 neutralization sensitive domain. Based on these observations, cattle were immunized with Mo7 (Mexico) strain recombinant RAP-1 representing one of the two gene copies. All cattle responded with variable levels of serum antibodies inhibitory to heterologous Israel strain merozoite growth in vitro, and RAP-1 specific T lymphocytes that proliferated when stimulated with either homologous or heterologous native parasite antigen. Minimal protection from clinical disease was present after virulent Israel (heterologous) strain B. bovis challenge. In total, the results support the continued development of RAP-1 as a vaccine antigen, but indicate that additional information about the native structure and function of both RAP-1 gene copies, including the relationship of conserved and polymorphic sequences to B and T cell lepitopes relevant for protection, is necessary for optimization of RAP-1 as a vaccine component.

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Sadot, Einat, Christopher Staiger, and Mohamad Abu-Abied. Studies of Novel Cytoskeletal Regulatory Proteins that are Involved in Abiotic Stress Signaling. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592652.bard.

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In the original proposal we planned to focus on two proteins related to the actin cytoskeleton: TCH2, a touch-induced calmodulin-like protein which was found by us to interact with the IQ domain of myosin VIII, ATM1; and ERD10, a dehydrin which was found to associate with actin filaments. As reported previously, no other dehydrins were found to interact with actin filaments. In addition so far we were unsuccessful in confirming the interaction of TCH2 with myosin VIII using other methods. In addition, no other myosin light chain candidates were found in a yeast two hybrid survey. Nevertheless we have made a significant progress in our studies of the role of myosins in plant cells. Plant myosins have been implicated in various cellular activities, such as cytoplasmic streaming (1, 2), plasmodesmata function (3-5), organelle movement (6-10), cytokinesis (4, 11, 12), endocytosis (4, 5, 13-15) and targeted RNA transport (16). Plant myosins belong to two main groups of unconventional myosins: myosin XI and myosin VIII, both closely related to myosin V (17-19). The Arabidopsis myosin family contains 17 members: 13 myosin XI and four myosin VIII (19, 20). The data obtained from our research of myosins was published in two papers acknowledging BARD funding. To address whether specific myosins are involved with the motility of specific organelles, we cloned the cDNAs from neck to tail of all 17 Arabidopsis myosins. These were fused to GFP and used as dominant negative mutants that interact with their cargo but are unable to walk along actin filaments. Therefore arrested organelle movement in the presence of such a construct shows that a particular myosin is involved with the movement of that particular organelle. While no mutually exclusive connections between specific myosins and organelles were found, based on overexpression of dominant negative tail constructs, a group of six myosins (XIC, XIE, XIK, XI-I, MYA1 and MYA2) were found to be more important for the motility of Golgi bodies and mitochondria in Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum (8). Further deep and thorough analysis of myosin XIK revealed a potential regulation by head and tail interaction (Avisar et al., 2011). A similar regulatory mechanism has been reported for animal myosin V and VIIa (21, 22). In was shown that myosin V in the inhibited state is in a folded conformation such that the tail domain interacts with the head domain, inhibiting its ATPase and actinbinding activities. Cargo binding, high Ca2+, and/or phosphorylation may reduce the interaction between the head and tail domains, thus restoring its activity (23). Our collaborative work focuses on the characterization of the head tail interaction of myosin XIK. For this purpose the Israeli group built yeast expression vectors encoding the myosin XIK head. In addition, GST fusions of the wild-type tail as well as a tail mutated in the amino acids that mediate head to tail interaction. These were sent to the US group who is working on the isolation of recombinant proteins and performing the in vitro assays. While stress signals involve changes in Ca2+ levels in plants cells, the cytoplasmic streaming is sensitive to Ca2+. Therefore plant myosin activity is possibly regulated by stress. This finding is directly related to the goal of the original proposal.

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Nelson, Nathan, and Randy Schekman. Functional Biogenesis of V-ATPase in the Vacuolar System of Plants and Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7574342.bard.

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The vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is one of the most fundamental enzymes in nature. It pumps protons into the vacuolar system of eukaryotic cells and provides the energy for numerous transport systems. Through our BARD grant we discovered a novel family of membrane chaperones that modulate the amount of membrane proteins. We also elucidated the mechanism by which assembly factors guide the membrane sector of V-ATPase from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. The major goal of the research was to understand the mechanism of action and biogenesis of V-ATPase in higher plants and fungi. The fundamental question of the extent of acidification in organelles of the vacuolar system was addressed by studying the V-ATPase of lemon fruit, constructing lemon cDNAs libraries and study their expression in mutant yeast cells. The biogenesis of the enzyme and its function in the Golgi apparatus was studied in yeast utilizing a gallery of secretory mutants available in our laboratories. One of the goals of this project is to determine biochemically and genetically how V-ATPase is assembled into the different membranes of a wide variety of organelles and what is the mechanism of its action.The results of this project advanced out knowledge along these lines.

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Palmer, Guy, Varda Shkap, Wendy Brown, and Thea Molad. Control of bovine anaplasmosis: cytokine enhancement of vaccine efficacy. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695879.bard.

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Anaplasmosis an arthropod-born disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale and is an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Currently the only effective vaccines are derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Consequently development of a safe, effective vaccine is a high priority. In this collaborative project we focused on two approaches to vaccine development. The first focused o n improving antigen delivery to livestock and specifically examined how DNA vaccines could be improved to enhance priming and expansion of the immune response. This research resulted in development and testing of two novel vaccine delivery systems--one that targeted antigen spread among dendritic cells (the key cell in priming immune responses and a follow-on construct that also specifically targeted antigen to the endosomal-lysosomal compartment the processing organelle within the dendritic cell that directs vaccine antigen to the MHC class ll-CD4* T cell priming pathway). The optimized construct targeting vaccine antigen to the dendritic cell MHC class II pathway was tested for ability to prime A. marginale specific immune responses in outbred cattle. The results demonstrated both statistically significant effects of priming with a single immunization, continued expansion of the primary immune response including development of high affinity lgG antibodies and rapid recall of the memory response following antigen challenge. This portion of the study represented a significant advance in vaccine delivery for livestock. Importantly the impact of these studies is not limited to A. marginale a s the targeting motifs are optimized for cattle and can be adapted to other cattle vaccinations by inserting a relevant pathogen-specific antigen. The second approach (which represented an addition to the project for which approval was requested as part of the first annual report) was a comparative approach between A . marginale and the Israel A . centrale vaccines train. This addition was requested as studies on Major Surface Protein( MSP)- 2 have shown that this antigen is highly antigenically variable and presented solely as a "static vaccine" antigen does not give cross-strain immunity. In contrast A. . centrale is an effective vaccine which Kimron Veterinary institute has used in the field in Israel for over 50 years. Taking advantage of this expertise, a broad comparison of wild type A. marginale and vaccine strain was initiated. These studies revealed three primary findings: i) use of the vaccine is associated with superinfection, but absence of clinical disease upon superinfection with A. marginale; ii) the A. centrale vaccine strain is not only less virulent but transmission in competent in Dermacentor spp. ticks; and iii) some but not all MSPs are conserved in basic orthologous structure but there are significant polymorphisms among the strains. These studies clearly indicated that there are statistically significant differences in biology (virulence and transmission) and provide a clear path for mapping of biology with the genomes. Based on these findings, we initiated complete genome sequencing of the Israel vaccine strain (although not currently funded by BARD) and plant to proceed with a comparative genomics approach using already sequenced wild-type A. marginale. These findings and ongoing collaborative research tie together filed vaccine experience with new genomic data, providing a new approach to vaccine development against a complex pathogen.

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Stern, David B., and Gadi Schuster. Manipulation of Gene Expression in the Chloroplast: Control of mRNA Stability and Transcription Termination. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568750.bard.

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Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis and of other essential biosynthetic activities in plant cells. Chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles, since they contain their own genomes and protein biosynthetic machinery, but depend on the coordinate expression of nuclear genes to assemble macromolecular complexes. The bioeingineering of plants requires manipulation of chloroplast gene expression, and thus a knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that modulate mRNA and protein production. In this proposal the heterotrophic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been used as a model system to understand the control and interrelationships between transcription termination, mRNA 3' end processing and mRNA stability in chloroplasts. Chlamydomonas is a unique and ideal system in which to address these issues, because the chloroplast can be easily manipulated by genetic transformation techniques. This research uncovered new and important information on chloroplast mRNA 3' end formation and mRNA stability. In particular, the 3' untranslated regions of chloroplast mRNAs were shown not to be efficient transcription terminators. The endonucleolytic site in the 3' untranslated region was characterized by site directed mutagensis and the role of several 3' untranslated regions in modulating RNA stability and translation has been studied. This information will allow us to experimentally manipulate the expression of chloroplast genes in vivo by post-transcriptional mechanisms, and should be widely applicable to other higher plant systems.

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Stern, David, and Gadi Schuster. Manipulation of Gene Expression in the Chloroplast. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575289.bard.

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The steady-state level of a given mRNA is determined by its rates of transcription and degradation. The stabilities of chloroplast mRNAs vary during plant development, in part regulating gene expression. Furthermore, the fitness of the organelle depends on its ability to destroy non-functional transcripts. In addition, there is a resurgent interest by the biotechnology community in chloroplast transformation due to the public concerns over pollen transmission of introduced traits or foreign proteins. Therefore, studies into basic gene expression mechanisms in the chloroplast will open the door to take advantage of these opportunities. This project was aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into mRNA processing and degradation in the chloroplast and to engineer transcripts of varying stability in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. This research uncovered new and important information on chloroplast mRNA stability, processing, degradation and translation. In particular, the processing of the 3' untranslated regions of chloroplast mRNAs was shown to be important determinants in translation. The endonucleolytic site in the 3' untranslated region was characterized by site directed mutagensis. RNA polyadenylation has been characterized in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and chloroplast transformants carrying polyadenylated sequences were constructed and analyzed. Data obtained to date suggest that chloroplasts have gene regulatory mechanisms which are uniquely adapted to their post-endosymbiotic environment, including those that regulate RNA stability. An exciting point has been reached, because molecular genetic studies have defined critical RNA-protein interactions that participate in these processes. However, much remains to be learned about these multiple pathways, how they interact with each other, and how many nuclear genes are consecrated to overseeing them. Chlamydomonas is an ideal model system to extend our understanding of these areas, given its ease of manipulation and the existing knowledge base, some of which we have generated.

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