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Journal articles on the topic 'Cells Microscopy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kosaka, Yudai, and Tetsuhiko Ohba. "3P174 Study on membrane microfluidity of living cells using Muller Matrix microscopy(12. Cell biology,Poster)." Seibutsu Butsuri 53, supplement1-2 (2013): S240. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.53.s240_5.

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2

Yimei Huang, Yimei Huang, Hongqin Yang Hongqin Yang, Xiuqiu Shen Xiuqiu Shen, Yuhua Wang Yuhua Wang, Liqin Zheng Liqin Zheng, Hui Li Hui Li, and Shusen Xie Shusen Xie. "Visualizing NO in live cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy." Chinese Optics Letters 10, s1 (2012): S11701–311703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.s11701.

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3

Mao, Hong, Robin Diekmann, Hai Po H. Liang, Victoria C. Cogger, David G. Le Couteur, Glen P. Lockwood, Nicholas J. Hunt, et al. "Cost-efficient nanoscopy reveals nanoscale architecture of liver cells and platelets." Nanophotonics 8, no. 7 (July 9, 2019): 1299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0066.

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AbstractSingle-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) provides a powerful toolkit to specifically resolve intracellular structures on the nanometer scale, even approaching resolution classically reserved for electron microscopy (EM). Although instruments for SMLM are technically simple to implement, researchers tend to stick to commercial microscopes for SMLM implementations. Here we report the construction and use of a “custom-built” multi-color channel SMLM system to study liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and platelets, which costs significantly less than a commercial system. This microscope allows the introduction of highly affordable and low-maintenance SMLM hardware and methods to laboratories that, for example, lack access to core facilities housing high-end commercial microscopes for SMLM and EM. Using our custom-built microscope and freely available software from image acquisition to analysis, we image LSECs and platelets with lateral resolution down to about 50 nm. Furthermore, we use this microscope to examine the effect of drugs and toxins on cellular morphology.

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4

Horky, D., I. Lauschova, M. Klabusay, M. Doubek, P. Sheer, S. Palsa, and J. Doubek. "Appearance of iron-labeled blood mononuclear cells in electron microscopy." Veterinární Medicína 51, No. 3 (March 19, 2012): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5525-vetmed.

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Mononuclear cells from rabbit bone marrow were cultured for 14 days in cell-free medium for hematopoietic cells together with iron oxid nanoparticles, and then they were processed by technique for free cells for TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Staining with turnbull blue was used for the detection of iron using a light microscope. It was shown that iron nanoparticles were incorporated into the cytoplasm of mononuclear cells during 14 days cultivation. Here they were localized within different sized vacuoles with distinct membranes.

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5

McIntosh, J. Richard. "Electron Microscopy of Cells." Journal of Cell Biology 153, no. 6 (June 11, 2001): F25—F32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.153.6.f25.

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6

Vodyanoy, Vitaly. "High Resolution Light Microscopy of Live Cells." Microscopy Today 13, no. 3 (May 2005): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500051609.

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All living creatures, including humans, are made of cells. The majority of life forms exist as single cells that perform all functions to continue independent life. Some cell structures, cell organelles and particularly bacteria and viruses are commonly too small to be fully observed with an optical microscope. Therefore, an electron microscope is required. Since samples examined with an electron microscope are exposed to very high vacuum, it is impossible to view living cells. The sample preparation for electron microscopy requires that living cells be killed, frozen, dehydrated, and impregnated with heavy metals.

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7

Brama, Elisabeth, Christopher J. Peddie, Gary Wilkes, Yan Gu, Lucy M. Collinson, and Martin L. Jones. "ultraLM and miniLM: Locator tools for smart tracking of fluorescent cells in correlative light and electron microscopy." Wellcome Open Research 1 (December 13, 2016): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10299.1.

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In-resin fluorescence (IRF) protocols preserve fluorescent proteins in resin-embedded cells and tissues for correlative light and electron microscopy, aiding interpretation of macromolecular function within the complex cellular landscape. Dual-contrast IRF samples can be imaged in separate fluorescence and electron microscopes, or in dual-modality integrated microscopes for high resolution correlation of fluorophore to organelle. IRF samples also offer a unique opportunity to automate correlative imaging workflows. Here we present two new locator tools for finding and following fluorescent cells in IRF blocks, enabling future automation of correlative imaging. The ultraLM is a fluorescence microscope that integrates with an ultramicrotome, which enables ‘smart collection’ of ultrathin sections containing fluorescent cells or tissues for subsequent transmission electron microscopy or array tomography. The miniLM is a fluorescence microscope that integrates with serial block face scanning electron microscopes, which enables ‘smart tracking’ of fluorescent structures during automated serial electron image acquisition from large cell and tissue volumes.

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8

Jester, J. V., H. D. Cavanagh, and M. A. Lemp. "In vivo confocal imaging of the eye using tandem scanning confocal microscopy (TSCM)." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100102365.

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New developments in optical microscopy involving confocal imaging are now becoming available which dramatically increase resolution, contrast and depth of focus by optically sectioning through structures. The transparency of the anterior ocular structures, cornea and lens, make microscopic visualization and optical sectioning of the living intact eye an interesting possibility. Of the confocal microscopes available, the Tandem Scanning Reflected Light Microscope (referred to here as the Tandem Scanning Confocal Microscope), developed by Professors Petran and Hadravsky at Charles University in Pilzen, Czechoslovakia, permits real-time image acquisition and analysis facilitating in vivo studies of ocular structures.Currently, TSCM imaging is most successful for the cornea. The corneal epithelium, stroma, and endothelium have been studied in vivo and photographed in situ. Confocal scanning images of the superficial epithelium, similar to those obtained by scanning electron microscopy, show both light and dark surface epithelial cells.

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9

Li, Ying, Jianglei Di, Li Ren, and Jianlin Zhao. "Deep-learning-based prediction of living cells mitosis via quantitative phase microscopy." Chinese Optics Letters 19, no. 5 (2021): 051701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202119.051701.

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10

Häberle, W. "Force microscopy on living cells." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 9, no. 2 (March 1991): 1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.585206.

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11

Issouckis, M. "Imaging cells with acoustic microscopy." Nature 322, no. 6074 (July 1986): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/322091a0.

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12

Osafune, Tetsuaki. "Electron microscopy of plant cells." Plant Science 86, no. 2 (January 1992): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(92)90168-l.

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13

Lüers, Holger, Kristian Hillmann, Jerzy Litniewski, and Jürgen Bereiter-Hahn. "Acoustic microscopy of cultured cells." Cell Biophysics 18, no. 3 (June 1991): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02989819.

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14

Zhao, Xiaocui, Nils O. Petersen, and Zhifeng Ding. "Comparison study of live cells by atomic force microscopy, confocal microscopy, and scanning electrochemical microscopy." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 85, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v07-007.

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In this report, three kinds of scanning probe microscopy techniques, atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal microscopy (CM), and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), were used to study live cells in the physiological environment. Two model cell lines, CV-1 and COS-7, were studied. Time-lapse images were obtained with both contact and tapping mode AFM techniques. Cells were more easily scratched or moved by contact mode AFM than by tapping mode AFM. Detailed surface structures such as filamentous structures on the cell membrane can be obtained and easily discerned with tapping mode AFM. The toxicity of ferrocenemethanol (Fc) on live cells was studied by CM in reflection mode by recording the time-lapse images of controlled live cells and live cells with different Fc concentrations. No significant change in the morphology of cells was caused by Fc. Cells were imaged by SECM with Fc as the mediator at a biased potential of 0.35 V (vs. Ag/AgCl with a saturated KCl solution). Cells did not change visibly within 1 h, which indicated that SECM was a noninvasive technique and thus has a unique advantage for the study of soft cells, since the electrode scanned above the cells instead of in contact with them. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the cells were detected and images based on these chemical species were obtained. It is demonstrated that SECM can provide not only the topographical images but also the images related to the chemical or biochemical species released by the live cells.Key words: live cells, atomic force microscopy, confocal microscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy.

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15

Yuanyuan Xu, Yuanyuan Xu, Yawei Wang Yawei Wang, Ying Ji Ying Ji, and Weifeng Jin Weifeng Jin. "Simulation study on derivative phase extraction of typical blood cells under interference microscopy." Chinese Optics Letters 12, s1 (2014): S11001–311004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201412.s11001.

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16

Kidoaki, Satoru, Kouske Hamano, and Thasaneeya Kuboki. "GS1-3 TRACTION FORCE MICROSCOPY OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS IN MODE OF FRUSTRATED DIFFERENTIATION(GS1: Cell and Tissue Biomechanics I)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2015.8 (2015): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2015.8.118.

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17

Pine, J., and John Gilbert. "Scanning transmission x-ray microscopy of cultured cells." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 830–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100156122.

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Soft x-rays provide an interesting possibility for imaging thick specimens at resolution better than that of the light microscope. Because of the way these x-rays interact with matter, a transmission image is formed essentially entirely by absorption, and suffers negligible blurring due to scattering. The only serious effect of sample thickness is to attenuate the x-ray beam. At x-ray wavelengths between 2.3 and 4.4 nm, the absorption is particularly appropriate for examining thick biological specimens. In this region water is weakly absorbing while carbon is strongly absorbing. As a result, absorption by a whole live cell is dominated by biological molecules. The magnitude of the absorption is such that cells up to ten microns thick can be imaged. Finally, these x-rays can traverse up to a millimater of air without serious attenuation. Transmission microscopy of live cells in air is thus possible.The technology for producing high resolution x-ray images has only recently become available. Zone-plate focussing has been perfected to the point where an x-ray beam spot 40 nm in diameter can be formed. This spot can be raster-scanned over a specimen and the transmitted x-rays detected, to form a scanning transmission x-ray microscope (STXM) image. The spot size, and resolution, are expected to improve to about 20 nm in the next few years. A very intense source of nearly monochromatic soft x-rays is also needed, at present only available at synchrotron light sources. We are working with a group from SUNY Stony Brook, IBM Watson Laboratories, and the Center for X-Ray Optics who have just finished building a microscope at the National Synchrotron Light Source. Two other microscopes are now being built, at Daresbury in England, and in Berlin.

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18

Liv, Nalan, Daan S. B. van Oosten Slingeland, Jean-Pierre Baudoin, Pieter Kruit, David W. Piston, and Jacob P. Hoogenboom. "Electron Microscopy of Living Cells During in Situ Fluorescence Microscopy." ACS Nano 10, no. 1 (December 8, 2015): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b03970.

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19

Cascione, Mariafrancesca, Valeria de Matteis, Rosaria Rinaldi, and Stefano Leporatti. "Atomic force microscopy combined with optical microscopy for cells investigation." Microscopy Research and Technique 80, no. 1 (June 21, 2016): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.22696.

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20

Dufrêne, Yves F. "Atomic force microscopy and chemical force microscopy of microbial cells." Nature Protocols 3, no. 7 (June 12, 2008): 1132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2008.101.

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21

Grant, K. W., N. J. Anderson, J. A. Hammarback, A. Sweatt, B. Dawson, P. Moore, and W. G. Jerome. "Laser Capture Microscopy as an Aid to Ultrastructural Analysis." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 842–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600036709.

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Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a technique that provides homogenous cell populations for molecular and light microscopic analysis. During viewing by a standard wide-field microscope, a specific cell is selected. Heat from a near-infrared laser melts an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) transparent film which bonds to the individual selected cell. Several thousand cells can be selected and captured using this method. A homogeneous subpopulation of cells may be collected, one at a time, by histologic characteristics and/or histochemical staining from frozen sections, deparaffinized tissue, cell cultures or a blood smear.Previously, this technique has primarily been used to capture cells for DNA or RNA analysis. This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of capturing a subpopulation of cultured cells in order to study their ultrastructure with the transmission electron microscope (TEM). We report here that cultured cells can be processed, captured and embedded for electron microscopy, in such a manner as to maintain ultrastructure.

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22

Maleeff, Beverly E., Tracy L. Gales, Padma K. Narayanan, Mark A. Tirmenstein, and Timothy K. Hart. "Microscopic Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Cultured Cells. I. Confocal Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 634–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760002924x.

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Cellular oxidative stress, a common mechanism of drug-induced toxicity, is a result of the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to chemical stimuli. An endpoint of ROS production is lipid peroxidation, which can in turn lead to disruption of cellular membranes, loss of mitochondrial function, protein oxidation and DNA damage. This toxicity can be organ-specific due to the varying capacities of tissues to handle oxidative events. Liver is particularly sensitive to the effects of oxidative stress, and hepatic toxicity is seen clinically. HepG2 cells are an immortalized human hepatoma cell line used as an in vitro model for mammalian hepatotoxicity studies. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of chemically induced oxidative stress in this cultured cell model.HepG2 cells were grown to subconfluence in poly-L-lysine coated 4-well LabTek™ II chambered coverglasses (Nalge Nunc International).

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23

Martone, Maryann E. "Bridging the Resolution Gap: Correlated 3D Light and Electron Microscopic Analysis of Large Biological Structures." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600015956.

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One class of biological structures that has always presented special difficulties to scientists interested in quantitative analysis is comprised of extended structures that possess fine structural features. Examples of these structures include neuronal spiny dendrites and organelles such as the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. Such structures may extend 10's or even 100's of microns, a size range best visualized with the light microscope, yet possess fine structural detail on the order of nanometers that require the electron microscope to resolve. Quantitative information, such as surface area, volume and the micro-distribution of cellular constituents, is often required for the development of accurate structural models of cells and organelle systems and for assessing and characterizing changes due to experimental manipulation. Performing estimates of such quantities from light microscopic data can result in gross inaccuracies because the contribution to total morphometries of delicate features such as membrane undulations and excrescences can be quite significant. For example, in a recent study by Shoop et al, electron microscopic analysis of cultured chick ciliary ganglion neurons showed that spiny projections from the plasmalemma that were not well resolved in the light microscope effectively doubled the surface area of these neurons.While the resolution provided by the electron microscope has yet to be matched or replaced by light microscopic methods, one drawback of electron microscopic analysis has always been the relatively small sample size and limited 3D information that can be obtained from samples prepared for conventional transmission electron microscopy. Reconstruction from serial electron micrographs has provided one way to circumvent this latter problem, but remains one of the most technically demanding skills in electron microscopy. Another approach to 3D electron microscopic imaging is high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM). The greater accelerating voltages of HVEM's allows for the use of much thicker specimens than conventional transmission electron microscopes.

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24

Shotton, D. M. "Video-enhanced light microscopy and its applications in cell biology." Journal of Cell Science 89, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.89.2.129.

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The combination of novel optical microscopic techniques with advanced video and digital image-processing technology now permits dramatic improvements in the quality of light-microscope images. Such video-enhanced light microscopy has lead to a renaissance in the applications of the light microscope for the study of living cells in two important areas: the intensification of faint fluorescence images, permitting observation of fluorescently labelled cells under conditions of very low illuminating intensity; and the enhancement of extremely low contrast images generated by minute cellular structures, so that these may be clearly seen and their normal intracellular movements recorded. Application of both these aspects of video-enhanced light microscopy have recently led to major discoveries concerning the functioning of the living cell. In this review I discuss the equipment, procedures and image-processing principles employed in these applications, and describe and illustrate some of the spectacular results that have recently been obtained.

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25

BULAT, TANJA, OTILIJA KETA, LELA KORIĆANAC, JELENA ŽAKULA, IVAN PETROVIĆ, ALEKSANDRA RISTIĆ-FIRA, and DANIJELA TODOROVIĆ. "Radiation dose determines the method for quantification of DNA double strand breaks." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 88, no. 1 (March 4, 2016): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620140553.

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ABSTRACT Ionizing radiation induces DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) that trigger phosphorylation of the histone protein H2AX (γH2AX). Immunofluorescent staining visualizes formation of γH2AX foci, allowing their quantification. This method, as opposed to Western blot assay and Flow cytometry, provides more accurate analysis, by showing exact position and intensity of fluorescent signal in each single cell. In practice there are problems in quantification of γH2AX. This paper is based on two issues: the determination of which technique should be applied concerning the radiation dose, and how to analyze fluorescent microscopy images obtained by different microscopes. HTB140 melanoma cells were exposed to γ-rays, in the dose range from 1 to 16 Gy. Radiation effects on the DNA level were analyzed at different time intervals after irradiation by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy. Immunochemically stained cells were visualized with two types of microscopes: AxioVision (Zeiss, Germany) microscope, comprising an ApoTome software, and AxioImagerA1 microscope (Zeiss, Germany). Obtained results show that the level of γH2AX is time and dose dependent. Immunofluorescence microscopy provided better detection of DSBs for lower irradiation doses, while Western blot analysis was more reliable for higher irradiation doses. AxioVision microscope containing ApoTome software was more suitable for the detection of γH2AX foci.

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26

Kaneko, Chiyuki, Hajime Niimi, Masanori Shinzato, and Mikihiro Shamoto. "Comparative studies of the same adenocarcinoma cells, macrophages, and mesothelial cells by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy." Diagnostic Cytopathology 11, no. 4 (December 1994): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dc.2840110405.

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27

Lin Li, Lin Li, Qian Li Qian Li, Cuixia Dai Cuixia Dai, Qingliang Zhao Qingliang Zhao, Tianhao Yu Tianhao Yu, Xinyu Chai Xinyu Chai, and and Chuanqing Zhou and Chuanqing Zhou. "Automated segmentation and quantitative study of retinal pigment epithelium cells for photoacoustic microscopy imaging." Chinese Optics Letters 15, no. 5 (2017): 051101–51105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201715.051101.

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28

Radosavljević, Jasna Simonović, Aleksandra Lj Mitrović, Ksenija Radotić, László Zimányi, Győző Garab, and Gábor Steinbach. "Differential Polarization Imaging of Plant Cells. Mapping the Anisotropy of Cell Walls and Chloroplasts." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 17, 2021): 7661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147661.

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Modern light microscopy imaging techniques have substantially advanced our knowledge about the ultrastructure of plant cells and their organelles. Laser-scanning microscopy and digital light microscopy imaging techniques, in general—in addition to their high sensitivity, fast data acquisition, and great versatility of 2D–4D image analyses—also opened the technical possibilities to combine microscopy imaging with spectroscopic measurements. In this review, we focus our attention on differential polarization (DP) imaging techniques and on their applications on plant cell walls and chloroplasts, and show how these techniques provided unique and quantitative information on the anisotropic molecular organization of plant cell constituents: (i) We briefly describe how laser-scanning microscopes (LSMs) and the enhanced-resolution Re-scan Confocal Microscope (RCM of Confocal.nl Ltd. Amsterdam, Netherlands) can be equipped with DP attachments—making them capable of measuring different polarization spectroscopy parameters, parallel with the ‘conventional’ intensity imaging. (ii) We show examples of different faces of the strong anisotropic molecular organization of chloroplast thylakoid membranes. (iii) We illustrate the use of DP imaging of cell walls from a variety of wood samples and demonstrate the use of quantitative analysis. (iv) Finally, we outline the perspectives of further technical developments of micro-spectropolarimetry imaging and its use in plant cell studies.

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29

Enderle, Th, T. Ha, D. S. Chemla, and S. Weiss. "Near-field fluorescence microscopy of cells." Ultramicroscopy 71, no. 1-4 (March 1998): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3991(97)00075-2.

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30

Bahlmann, Karsten, Stefan Jakobs, and Stefan W. Hell. "4Pi-confocal microscopy of live cells." Ultramicroscopy 87, no. 3 (April 2001): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3991(00)00092-9.

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31

Rizzuto, Rosario, Walter Carrington, and Richard A. Tuft. "Digital imaging microscopy of living cells." Trends in Cell Biology 8, no. 7 (December 1998): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-8924(98)01301-4.

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32

J. CASTEJ覰, ORLANDO. "Review: Correlative microscopy of Purkinje cells." BIOCELL 36, no. 1 (2012): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/biocell.2012.36.001.

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33

Gilroy, Simon. "FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY OF LIVING PLANT CELLS." Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 48, no. 1 (June 1997): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.165.

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34

Liu, Biao, Wei Cheng, Susan A. Rotenberg, and Michael V. Mirkin. "Scanning electrochemical microscopy of living cells." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 500, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00436-8.

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35

Harter, Klaus, Alfred J. Meixner, and Frank Schleifenbaum. "Spectro-Microscopy of Living Plant Cells." Molecular Plant 5, no. 1 (January 2012): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mp/ssr075.

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36

Polinovskaya, V. S., A. D. Vedyaykin, I. E. Vishnyakov, V. A. Ivanov, and M. A. Khodorkovskii. "Super-resolution microscopy of Mollicutes cells." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1038 (June 2018): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1038/1/012029.

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37

Nguyen, N. H., S. Keller, E. Norris, T. T. Huynh, M. G. Clemens, and M. C. Shin. "Tracking Colliding Cells In Vivo Microscopy." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 58, no. 8 (August 2011): 2391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2011.2158099.

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38

Lemasters, John J. "Confocal microscopy of single living cells." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 792–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100140336.

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The advent of laser scanning confocal microscopy solves the dilemma of studying thick specimens with optical microscopy by creating optical slices less than 1 μm in thickness. Increasingly, confocal microscopy is an essential analytical tool for studying the structure and physiology of living cells. Because confocal microscopy collects light from only a fraction of the specimen volume, greater illumination is required. Consequently, photodamage and photobleaching are greater considerations, especially for study for living cells where repeated measurements over time are desired. To minimize photodamage, laser intensity should be attenuated by 100-1000 fold, photomultiplier circuits should be operated at highest sensitivity, and stable fluorophores should be used. When these conditions are met, literally hundreds of high resolution confocal images can be obtained from single cells loaded with parameter sensitive fluorophores.The number of parameter-specific fluorophores useful for observing single living cells by confocal microscopy is large and increasing. By labeling with calcein and collecting serial images, the volume, shape and surface topography of single living cells are reconstructed with results rivaling scanning electron micrographs.

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Schenk, E. A., R. W. Waag, A. B. Schenk, and J. P. Aubuchon. "Acoustic microscopy of red blood cells." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 36, no. 10 (October 1988): 1341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/36.10.3418109.

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We used a scanning acoustic microscope to image normal and outdated red blood cells, cells with different hemoglobin content, red cell ghosts, and cells treated with various drugs that induce echinocyte-stomatocyte transformation. Images were obtained at different planes of focus within the cells, corresponding to maxima and minima of signal intensity. Digitization and gray scale amplitude mapping were used to create axonometric plots that display signal amplitude variations within the cells. The images of red cells contain features produced by differences in topology, density, elasticity, and absorption. Both hemoglobin content and the cell cytoskeleton contribute to image features, and various deformations, characterized by the formation of blebs and vacuoles, are displayed in cells undergoing echinocyte-stomatocyte transformation. These preliminary findings, although mainly descriptive, indicate that acoustic microscopy may be a useful new method for evaluating red cell deformation and associated changes in mechanical properties.

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40

O'Toole, E. T., and J. R. Mcintosh. "Microscopy of whole cells in ice." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100086441.

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Cryomicroscopy of frozen hydrated specimens makes it possible to visualize biological material in a condition that is close to its native state by avoiding chemical fixatives, dehydration or stain. In the past, cryoimaging using a conventional TEM has been limited to thin frozen suspensions of biological material or to thin cryosections of frozen cells and tissues. High voltage electron microscopes (HVEM) offer the advantage of improved penetration of thick samples by the electron beam and thus are suitable for imaging thick frozen samples. Here we describe a comparative method for studying the ultrastructure of freeze substituted, critical point dried cells and frozen hydratpd cells in the HVEM.

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OBrien, William, Thomas Auger, Aiguo Han, and Lauren Wirtzfeld. "Quantitative ultrasound microscopy imaging of cells." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 131, no. 4 (April 2012): 3496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4709208.

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Legrand, R., M. Abi Ghanem, L. Plawinski, M. C. Durrieu, B. Audoin, and T. Dehoux. "Thermal microscopy of single biological cells." Applied Physics Letters 107, no. 26 (December 28, 2015): 263703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4938998.

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Castejón, Orlando J. "Correlative Microscopy of Cerebellar Neuroglial Cells." Journal of Advanced Microscopy Research 6, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jamr.2011.1070.

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Ushiki, Tatsuo, Susumu Yamamoto, Jiro Hitomi, Shigeaki Ogura, Takeshi Umemoto, and Masatsugu Shigeno. "Atomic Force Microscopy of Living Cells." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 39, Part 1, No. 6B (June 30, 2000): 3761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.39.3761.

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Hepler, Peter K., and Brian E. S. Gunning. "Confocal fluorescence microscopy of plant cells." Protoplasma 201, no. 3-4 (September 1998): 121–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01287411.

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Zhavnerko, G. K. "Atomic force microscopy of bacterial cells." International Journal of Mycobacteriology 4 (March 2015): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmyco.2014.10.025.

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Ryan, U. S., and M. A. Hart. "Electron microscopy of endothelial cells in culture: I. Transmission electron microscopy." Journal of Tissue Culture Methods 10, no. 1 (March 1986): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01404587.

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TAKEUCHI, KAZUE, and JOSEPH F. FRANK. "Confocal Microscopy and Microbial Viability Detection for Food Research." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 2088–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.12.2088.

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Abstract:

Confocal microscopy offers several advantages over other conventional microscopic techniques as a tool for studying the interaction of bacteria with food and the role of food microstructure in product quality and safety. When using confocal microscopy, samples can be observed without extensive preparation processes, which allows for the evaluation of food without introducing artifacts. In addition, observations can be made in three dimensions without physically sectioning the specimen. The confocal microscope can be used to follow changes over a period of time, such as the development of the food structure or changes in microbial population during a process. Microbial attachment to and detachment from food and food contact surfaces with complex three-dimensional (3-D) structures can be observed in situ. The fate of microbial populations in food system depends on processing, distribution, and storage conditions as well as decontamination procedures that are applied to inactivate and remove them. The ability to determine the physiological status of microorganisms without disrupting their physical relationship with a food system can be useful for determining the means by which microorganisms survive decontamination treatments. Conventional culturing techniques can detect viable cells; however, these techniques lack the ability to locate viable cells in respect to the microscopic structures of food. Various microscopic methods take advantage of physiological changes in bacterial cells that are associated with the viability to assess the physiologic status of individual cells while retaining the ability to locate the cell within a food tissue system. This paper reviews the application of confocal microscopy in food research and direct observation of viable bacteria with emphasis on their use in food microbiology.

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Lee, G. M. "Measurement of volume injected into individual cells by quantitative fluorescence microscopy." Journal of Cell Science 94, no. 3 (November 1, 1989): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.94.3.443.

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Pressure microinjection is frequently used to introduce substances into mammalian cells, but precise quantitation of the volume injected into individual cells has been difficult. A simple and reliable procedure for determining the volume injected was developed in order to determine what intracellular concentration of AMP-PNP was necessary to inhibit specific cellular processes. The technique uses fluorescent Lucifer Yellow-labeled dextrans in the microinjection buffer and quantitative fluorescence microscopy to measure the fluorescence intensity of the injected cell. The volume injected is computed from a standard curve derived from the volume and fluorescence of spherical, microscopic droplets of Lucifer Yellow dextran solution. The droplets are ejected from a micropipet into immersion oil where they sink to rest on a siliconized coverslip. For the measurement of fluorescence, an inexpensive photomultiplier system that is attached to a fluorescence microscope is described. The potential uses of this method for other microassays are discussed.

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WATT, FRANK, XIAO CHEN, CE-BELLE CHEN, CHAMMIKA NB UDALAGAMA, MINQIN REN, G. PASTORIN, and ANDREW BETTIOL. "FAST ION BEAM MICROSCOPY OF WHOLE CELLS." COSMOS 09, no. 01 (December 2013): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219607713500055.

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The way in which biological cells function is of prime importance, and the determination of such knowledge is highly dependent on probes that can extract information from within the cell. Probing deep inside the cell at high resolutions however is not easy: optical microscopy is limited by fundamental diffraction limits, electron microscopy is not able to maintain spatial resolutions inside a whole cell without slicing the cell into thin sections, and many other new and novel high resolution techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) are essentially surface probes. In this paper we show that microscopy using fast ions has the potential to extract information from inside whole cells in a unique way. This novel fast ion probe utilises the unique characteristic of MeV ion beams, which is the ability to pass through a whole cell while maintaining high spatial resolutions. This paper first addresses the fundamental difference between several types of charged particle probes, more specifically focused beams of electrons and fast ions, as they penetrate organic material. Simulations show that whereas electrons scatter as they penetrate the sample, ions travel in a straight path and therefore maintain spatial resolutions. Also described is a preliminary experiment in which a whole cell is scanned using a low energy (45 keV) helium ion microscope, and the results compared to images obtained using a focused beam of fast (1.2 MeV) helium ions. The results demonstrate the complementarity between imaging using low energy ions, which essentially produce a high resolution image of the cell surface, and high energy ions, which produce an image of the cell interior. The characteristics of the fast ion probe appear to be ideally suited for imaging gold nanoparticles in whole cells. Using scanning transmission ion microscopy (STIM) to image the cell interior, forward scattering transmission ion microscopy (FSTIM) to improve the contrast of the gold nanoparticles, and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) to determine the depth of the gold nanoparticles in the cell, a 3D visualization of the nanoparticles within the cell can be constructed. Finally a new technique, proton induced fluorescence (PIF), is tested on a cell stained with DAPI, a cell-nucleic acid stain that exhibits a 20-fold increase in fluorescence when binding to DNA. The results indicate that the technique of PIF, although still at an early stage of development, has high potential since there does not seem to be any physical barrier to develop simultaneous structural and fluorescence imaging at sub 10 nm resolutions.

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