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1

Panzilius, Elena [Verfasser], and Magdalena [Akademischer Betreuer] Götz. "Dissection and identification of cellular contexts that determine sensitivity to ferroptosis in human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer / Elena Panzilius ; Betreuer: Magdalena Götz." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/121603916X/34.

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Lopez, Cécile. "Etude des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires des leucémies pédiatriques à mauvais pronostic présentant la fusion ETO2-GLIS2." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS413.

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La fusion ETO2-GLIS2, récemment découverte dans les leucémies aiguës mégacaryoblastiques (LAM-M7) et d’autres sous-types de leucémies aiguës myéloïdes (LAM), est associée à un mauvais pronostic.L’objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier les mécanismes mis en jeu par ETO2-GLIS2 dans les cellules leucémiques ainsi que son association spécifique avec les leucémies pédiatriques. Par des analyses moléculaires, nous avons montré que ETO2-GLIS2 se fixe à l’ADN via la partie GLIS2 ainsi que via ETO2 et ses partenaires (incluant GATA, ETS, RUNX) entrainant ainsi une forte dérégulation de l’expression de facteurs de transcription incluant ERG et GATA1.J’ai développé un modèle murin inductible de la fusion ETO2-GLIS2 qui reproduit efficacement les différentes hémopathies observées chez l’Homme. Ce modèle a permis d’observer l’influence du stade développemental (hématopoïèse fœtale vs. adulte) et du type cellulaire (cellule souche hématopoïétique vs. Progéniteur multipotent) sur le phénotype et l’agressivité des leucémies. De plus, la dérégulation transcriptionnelle imposée par ETO2-GLIS2 est différente en fonction du contexte cellulaire. Dans l’ensemble ces résultats indiquent que la fusion ETO2-GLIS2 est suffisante pour induire une leucémie dont le phénotype et l’agressivité sont dépendants du contexte cellulaire dans lequel l’oncogène est introduit. Ils indiquent également que les changements cellulaires et moléculaires au cours du développement sont à l’origine de la forte prévalence des LAM-M7 chez les enfants
The ETO2-GLIS2 fusion, recently discovered in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) and other subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is associated with poor prognosis.The aim of this work was to study the mechanisms involved in ETO2-GLIS2 leukemic cells and its specific association with pediatric leukemia.Molecular analyses have shown that ETO2-GLIS2 binds to DNA via the GLIS2 moiety as well as via ETO2 and its partners (including GATA, ETS, RUNX), leading to a strong dysregulation of the expression of transcription factors including ERG and GATA1.I have developed an inducible murine model of ETO2-GLIS2 fusion that efficiently reproduces the different hematopoietic malignancies observed in humans. We were able to observe the influence of developmental stage (fetal vs. Adulte hematopoiesis) and cell type (hematopoietic stem cell vs. Multipotant progenitor) on the phenotype and aggressiveness of leukemia. In addition, the transcriptional dysregulation imposed by ETO2-GLIS2 was different according to the cellular context.Overall, these results indicate that ETO2-GLIS2 fusion is sufficient to induce leukemia whose phenotype and aggressiveness are dependent on the cellular context in which the oncogene is expressed. They also indicate that cellular and molecular changes during development are responsible for the high prevalence of AMKL in children
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Hashimoto, Kyoichi. "Cellular context-dependent consequences of Apc mutations on gene regulation and cellular behavior." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/230974.

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4

Kühn, Clemens. "Modeling and analysis of yeast osmoadaptation in cellular context." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16287.

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Mathematische Modellierung ist ein wichtiges Werkzeug biologischer Forschung geworden, was sich in der Entstehung von Systembiologie widerspiegelt. Eine erfolgreiche Anwendung mathematischer Methoden auf biologische Fragen erfordert die Zusammenarbeit zwischen experimentell und theoretisch arbeitenden Wissenschaftlern, auch um sicherzustellen, dass die Biologie im Modell adäquat dargestellt wird. Ich präsentiere hier zwei Untersuchungen zur Anpassung von Saccharomyces cere- visae an hyperosmotische Bedingungen: Eine biologisch detailgetreue Beschreibung der Signaltransduktion zur Aktivierung von Hog1 und ein Model, das Anpassung an osmotischen Stress in zellulärem Zusammenhang beschreibt. Die Studie zur Osmoadaptation in zellulären Kontext impliziert, dass Hog1 und Fps1, zwei wichtige Bausteine dieses Adaptationsvorgangs, miteinander in Wechselwirkung treten und dies zur Anpassung beiträgt. Dieses Ergebnis wird durch die Integration verschiedener Hefestämme mit zum Teil gegensätzlich wirkenden Mutationen ermöglicht. Diese Studie offenbart des weiteren, dass die Rolle von Glycerol in der langfristigen Anpassung bisher überschätzt wurde. Die hier präsentierten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Glycerol als ’Not’-Osmolyt eingesetzt wird und andere Stoffe, z.B. Trehalose, erheblich zu dauerhafter Osmoadaptation beitragen. Durch die Betrachtung des Zustands mehrerer zellulärer Mechansimen wird deutlich, dass Osmoadaptation stark vom Kontext abhängig ist und nicht perfekt ist. Der Preis schlägt sich in langsamerem Wachstum nieder. Zeitabhängige Sensitivitätsanalyse des Modells untermauert diese Hypothese. Die gewählte Perspektive ermöglicht die Betrachtung von intrazellulären Signaltransduktionskomponenten, Metaboliten und des Wachstums. Der Vergleich mit einer Studie, die Anpassung an osmotischen Stress als perfekte Adaptation auf Grund eines vereinfachten Modells beschreibt, hebt die Rolle der gewählten Perspektive zum Verständnis biologischer Systeme hervor.
Mathematical modeling has become an important tool in biology, reflected in the emergence of systems biology. Successful application of mathematical methods to biological questions requires collaboration of experimental and theoretical scientists to identify and study the problem at hand and to ensure that biology and model match. In this thesis, I present two studies on adaptation to hyperosmotic conditions in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae: A biologically faithful description of the signaling pathways activating Hog1 and a model integrating the effects of Hog1-activity and cellular metabolism, describing osmoadaptation in cellular context. The study of osmoadaptation in cellular context suggests that Hog1 and Fps1, two crucial components of adaptation, interact upon hyperosmotic stress. This finding is facilitated by incorporating multiple strains with mutations leading to partly oppositional phenotypes. This study further reveals that the role of glycerol in long term adaptation has been overestimated so far. According to the results presented here, glycerol is utilized as an ’emergency’ osmoprotectant and other compounds, e.g. trehalose, contribute significantly to osmoadaptation. Accounting for the state of multiple cellular mechanisms (Hog1-activity, glycolysis, growth) shows that adaptation to hyperosmotic stress and the impact of the individual mechanisms of adaptation is context dependent and that adaptation to sustained osmostress is not perfect, the expense reflected in a reduced growth rate in hyperosmotic medium. Time-dependent sensitivity analysis supports the notion of context. The perspective chosen allows observations on intracellular signaling components, metabolites and growth speed. Comparison with a study that describes osmoadaptation as perfect adaptation highlights the role of this perspective for the conclusions drawn, thus emphasizing the importance of an integrative perspective for understanding biological systems.
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Stoney, Ruth. "Using pathway networks to model context dependent cellular function." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/using-pathway-networks-to-model-context-dependent-cellular-function(562db48d-5e8b-40bb-8457-47c9a3455f9c).html.

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Molecular networks are commonly used to explore cellular organisation and disease mechanisms. Function is studied using molecular interaction networks, such as protein-protein networks. Although much biological insight has been gained using these models of molecular function, they are hindered by their reliance on available experimental data and an inability to capture the complexity of biological processes. Functional modules can be identified based on molecular network topology, making it essential that the edges accurately depict molecular interactions. However, these networks struggle to depict the temporal nature of interactions, giving the impression that all interactions are constant. This misrepresentation can result in functionally heterogeneous clusters. The notoriously inaccurate nature of experimental protein interaction data, along with variable conformity among network clusters and functional modules further impedes functional module extraction. Representation of genes by single nodes artificially merges the functions of pleiotropic genes, distorting the arrangement of function within molecular networks. This thesis therefore explores a more suitable model for representing function. Pathways are composed of sets of proteins that are known to interact within a particular cellular context, corresponding to a discernible biological function. Their representation of context dependent cellular activity makes them ideal for use as nodes within a new pathway level model. Using combinatorial algorithms a reduced redundancy pathway set was produced to represent global cellular systems. Enrichment analysis provides reliable functional annotations for each pathway node, attributing independent functions to pleiotropic genes. Edges are based on functional semantic similarity, generating a network representation of functional organisation. Both yeast and human biological systems are presented as functionally connected pathway networks. Pathway annotation and experimentation with semantic similarity measures provides insight into the cross-talk between biological processes. Pathway functional modules elucidate the intracellular implementation of processes. Disease modules highlight the effects of functional perturbations and disease mechanisms. The pathway model provides a complementary, high-level functional model that begins to bridge the gap between molecular data and phenotype. The utilisation of pathway data provides a large, well-validated data source, avoiding the inaccuracies inherent with molecular data. Pathway models better represent components of biological complexity such as pleiotropy and linear implementation of functions.
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Mendonca, Costa Javier. "Context-Aware Machine to Machine Communications in Cellular Networks." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143180.

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Cellular network based Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications have been growing rapidly in recent years, being used in a wide range of services such as security, metering, health, remote control, tracking and so on. A critical issue that needs to be considered in M2M communications is the energy efficiency, typically the machines are powered by batteries of low capacity and it is important to optimize the way the power is consumed. In search of better M2M systems, we propose a context-aware framework for M2M communications so the machine type communication (MTC) devices dynamically adapt their settings depending on a series of characteristics such as data reporting mode and quality of service (QoS) features so higher energy efficient is achieved, extending the operating lifetime of the M2M network. Simulations were performed with four commonly used M2M applications:home security, telehealth, climate and smart metering, achieving considerable energy savings and operating lifetime extension on the network. Thus, it is shown that contexts play an important role on the energy efficiency of a M2M system.
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Pernagallo, Salvatore. "Biocompatible polymer microarrays for cellular high-content screening." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7571.

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The global aim of this thesis was to study the use of microarray technology for the screening and identification of biocompatible polymers, to understand physiological phenomena, and the design of biomaterials, implant surfaces and tissue-engineering scaffolds. This work was based upon the polymer microarray platform developed by the Bradley group. Polymer microarrays were successfully applied to find the best polymer supports for: (i) mouse fibroblast cells and used to evaluate cell biocompatibility and cell morphology. Fourteen polyurethanes demonstrated significant cellular adhesion. (ii) Analysis of the adhesion of human erythroleukaemic K562 suspension cells onto biomaterials with particular families of polyurethanes and polyacrylates identified. A DNA microarray study (to access the global gene expression profiles upon cellular binding) demonstrated that interactions between cells and some polyacrylates induced a number of transcriptomic changes. These results suggested that, during these interactions, a chain of cellular changes is triggered, most notably resulting in the downregulation of membrane receptors and ligands. (iii) Identification of polymers with potential applications in the field of stem cell biology. Polymers were identified that showed attachment, promotion and stabilisation of hepatocyte-like cells. A polyurethane support (PU-134) was pinpointed, which significantly improved both hepatocyte-like cell function and “lifespan”. A second project investigated biomaterials that promoted adhesion, growth and function of endothelial progenitor cells. A new polymer matrix was identified which contained the necessary signals to promote endothelial phenotype and function. This has potential application in the creation of blood vessels and the endothelialisation of artificial vessel prostheses and stent coatings for improving angioplasty therapy. (iv) The study of bacterial adhesion, focusing on the adhesion of food-borne pathogenic bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, strain SL1344, and the commensal bacterium Escherichia coli, strain W3110. Several polymers were found to support selective bacterial enrichment, as well as others that minimised bacterial adhesion.
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Laurin, David. "Maturation des cellules dendritiques en contexte allogénique et identification d'un antigène mineur d'histocompatibilité restreint par le CMH de classe II." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO1T220.

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La 4e de couverture indique : "Nous montrons, ici, que la réaction allogénique est capable d'activer les cellules dendritiques (DC) via la sécrétion de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. En effet, les peaux de patients atteints de maladie du greffon contre l'hôte (GvHD) n'ont plus de cellules de Langerhans dans l'épiderme et acquièrent l'expression de marqueurs des DC matures dans le derme. Ce résultat a été confirmé dans un modèle in vitro sur le plan phénotypique et fonctionnel. Les DC nous ont aussi permis de produire des clones T spécifiques d'un antigène mineur d'histocompatibilité lié au sexe (H-Y). Des lignées B-EBV-LCL transfectées par des gènes H-Y ou chargées par des peptides nous ont permis d'identifier le gène DBY et l'épitope restreints par HLA-DQB1*0501 ou HLA-DQB1*0502. Les clones T issus de deux fratries différentes utilisent un réarrangement du TCR qui présente d'importantes similitudes. Notre méthodologie pourrait favoriser la caractérisation d'antigènes immunodominants. Ces travaux présentent un intérêt dans les programmes de thérapie cellulaire et de greffes de cellules souches hématopoïétiques. "
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Laforce-Lavoie, Audrey. "Relation entre les cellules endothéliales microvasculaires et les myofibroblastes dans un contexte de cicatrisation cutanée normale et hypertrophique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28393/28393.pdf.

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10

Severson, David T. "A study of the cellular and environmental context of Barrett's esophagus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:088fe233-8b47-4ce5-aa84-6a74ddfa89d4.

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Barrett's esophagus is a pre-malignant lesion leading to esophageal adeno-carcinoma, where presence of Barrett's carries a seven fold increase in risk of developing cancer. The histology of Barrett's esophagus is diverse, containing squamous, gastric, and intestinal features, and the origin of the lesion is still under considerable debate. Professor Lu's research group aims to define the molecular features underlying the Barrett's lesion and elucidate the functional origin of the lesion. Because pathogens and commensals have previously been reported to be important in other cancers of the upper gastro-intestinal tract, we also aim to explore the role of microbes and viruses in Barrett's esophagus. We sequenced 3069 single cell RNA samples from endoscopic biopsies of the Barrett's lesion and relevant normal tissue in the upper gastro-intestinal tract and positive and negative controls. In order to draw meaningful conclusions from these single cell RNA data concerning the functional origin of Barrett's, we needed to identify robust relationships between single cell observations across tissue types. However, technical variance is a major confounding factor in single-cell RNA sequencing and could distort any such observed relationships. Therefore, I developed BEARscc, a tool that evaluates cluster robustness to noise by simulating experiment-specific technical replicates. I demonstrate that the tool improves the unsupervised classification of cells and aids the interpretation of single-cell RNA-seq experiments. I apply BEARscc to our single cell RNA-sequencing cohort and find striking similarity between the esophagus submucosal glandular ducts and a subset of Barrett's cells with undi erentiated characteristics. Using BEARscc, I also provide a robust description of the substructure of normal esophageal, gastric, and duodenal tissues. In order to characterize any microbial or viral presence in the microenvironment of Barrett's, I developed a pipeline, poshTitan, to identify pathogens and commensals in next generation sequencing data. I demonstrate that the poshTitan identifies pathogens with known associations in nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma whole tissue RNA-sequencing and gastric adenocarcinoma whole genome sequencing data. I apply the poshTitan to whole tissue and single cell RNA-sequencing samples of Barrett's esophagus and normal controls and find no clear pattern of pathogen or commensal association with disease.
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Marozzi, E. C. "The cellular and molecular characterisation of context representation in entorhinal cortex." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1418414/.

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The hippocampus forms a representation of spatial context. Hippocampal place cells respond to contextual changes by “remapping”. Co-recorded place cells respond heterogeneously, with the majority responding in a conditional manner, whereby the response to one contextual cue (e.g. colour) is modulated by the presence of another (e.g. odour), suggesting contextual information is combined upstream. This thesis explored whether this combination occurs upstream in grid cells in medial entorhinal cortex. These cells have multiple receptive fields that span the environment in a triangular array and are thought to encode distance information. In Experiment 1, grid cells were recorded while rats explored geometrically equivalent boxes that differed only in their colour and odour. Results revealed grid cells remap to contextual changes via a translation but not a rotation of the grid fields. The majority of grid cells remapped conditionally, suggesting contextual cues are combined elsewhere. Unlike place cells, co-recorded grid cells responded in a homogeneous manner. Experiment 2 explored where colour and odour information is combined in the brain using two related phenomena. First, the time course of nuclear versus cytoplasmic Arc RNA accumulation is distinct, allowing neurons activated at two distinct time epochs to be visualised. Second, the decay of Arc, independent of electrophysiological activity, back to baseline levels after 2 hours in a familiar environment, known as electro-transcriptional decoupling (ETD), was also exploited. Animals were placed in boxes and experienced a colour change followed by an odour change (or vice versa). Arc activity was measured in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Surprisingly results showed the time course of ETD was different in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex than expected. Nevertheless, both structures were responsive to contextual changes compared to home cage controls. Overall, it is clear that the entorhinal cortex responds to non-spatial, contextual information, in additional to spatial information.
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Rutter, Brian D. "Contents and Functions of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Plants." Thesis, Indiana University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13808326.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, lipid compartments that function in the long-distance transport of proteins, nucleic acids and other metabolites. In mammals, EVs are important vehicles of intercellular communication and play a crucial role in modulating immune responses. Plant cells also secrete EVs, particularly in response to infection, but the contents of these vesicles have not been analyzed and their function is unknown. To better understand plant EVs and their roles in defense and signaling, I first pioneered methods for isolating and purifying EVs from the intercellular wash of Arabidopsis leaves. Secondly, I examined the protein and RNA contents of purified EVs. Proteomic analyses revealed that Arabidopsis EVs are enriched for defense- and stress-related proteins. Consistent with this finding, EV secretion was enhanced in response to biotic stress. Furthermore, a collaboration with Blake Meyer’s laboratory at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center identified several species of small RNA in purified EV samples, as well as a surprising enrichment for tiny RNAs (tyRNAs) 10 to 17 nt long. Finally, by examining the interactions between Arabidopsis EVs and the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum, I discovered that plant EVs associate with fungal structures and affect developing fungal morphology. Combined, my research represents a significant advancement in the field of plant EV research. It provides strong evidence for the involvement of plant EVs in the immune response and suggests they are capable of trafficking proteins and RNAs into invading pathogens.

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Diakhate, Cheikh. "Propagation channel modeling at centimeter–and–millimeter–wave frequencies in 5G urban micro–cellular context." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLT017/document.

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L’émergence des nouvelles applications et services mobiles, nécessitant de plus en plus de débits de communications, contribue à une explosion massive du trafic de données au sein du réseau. Pour faire face à ce challenge, les systèmes millimétriques sont une des technologies identifiées pour les futurs réseaux 5G en raison de la bande passante accrue disponible dans cette plage du spectre. Toutefois, pour tirer pleinement profit de tels systèmes, la connaissance des caractéristiques liées à la propagation des ondes radio dans ces bandes de fréquence est primordiale. Ainsi, dans cette thèse, l’attention est portée sur l’évaluation de la dépendance en fréquence des caractéristiques principales du canal de propagation, généralement décrites par les paramètres dits « large scale parameters (LSPs) ». Ceux–ci incluent les pertes de pénétration, l’étalement temporel ou angulaire du canal et l’affaiblissement moyen du canal. Les études sont basées sur des campagnes de mesures réalisées à Belfort, dans des scénarios de déploiement 5G typiques comme la pénétration à l’intérieur des bâtiments et la propagation en milieu urbain extérieur, entre 3 et 60 GHz
The advent of bandwidth–demanding mobile applications and services has led to a massive explosion of the network data traffic. In order to alleviate this issue, millimeter–Wave communications systems are a promising technology for future 5G systems thanks to the large amount of bandwidth available in this frequency range. However, in order to take full advantage of this technology, knowledge of the radio propagation channel characteristics in these frequency bands is paramount. Therefore, in this thesis, the objective is to study the frequency–dependence of the propagation channel large scale parameters (LSPs), which describe the main channel characteristics. These LSPs include the building penetration losses, the channel delay spread, the channel azimuth spread and the propagation path–loss. The studies are performed thanks to measurement campaigns conducted in Belfort, in typical 5G deployment scenarios such as outdoor–to–indoor and urban outdoor environments, between 3 and 60 GHz
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Rabie, Erika. "Methylglyoxal content in Southern African honey : antibacterial and cellular effects." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/56945.

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The clinical benefits of honey based wound dressings have been established. Methylglyoxal (MGO) containing honey, such as Manuka honey does have numerous beneficial effects, however, concern has been expressed related to the safety of this honey in patients with diabetes. In addition Manuka honey is unique to New Zealand and its use in South Africa is limited due to the cost of importation. Southern Africa has a well described floral biodiversity and the possibility exists that an indigenous honey type with similar or greater wound healing properties than Manuka honey can be found. The aims of this study were to develop a rapid and inexpensive colorimetric method for the quantification MGO in southern Africa honey. Secondly to evaluate the antibacterial and cellular effects of MGO in vitro and to determine whether MGO levels that effectively kills bacteria is cytotoxic to several cell lines. The MGO levels as found in southern Africa honey will be extrapolated to the findings of this study related to the antibacterial activity and cellular effects. Using a newly developed colorimetric method for the quantification of MGO, MGO levels in a selection of southern Africa honey was found to be from 692.59 1261.23 mM MGO which is slightly higher than that found in UMF15 honey. It was determined that MGO had antibacterial effects on both Gram positive and negative bacteria. The IC50 range of MGO on B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa (Gram positive) was between 0.2 0.4 mM MGO and its MIC was at 0.4 1.2 mM. For S. aureus and E. coli (Gram negative) the IC50 range was from 0.2 1.0 mM MGO and the MIC was at 0.8 1.2 mM MGO. With scanning electron microscopy (SEM) it was observed that MGO prevented the formation of fimbriae and flagellae and at higher concentrations caused lysis. Three cell lines were exposed to 0.0003 324.7294 mM MGO for 48 hours. A hormetic effect was observed for all cell lines from a MGO concentration of 0.0003 3.2473 mM while at concentrations >32.473 mM toxicity was observed. At the bacterial MIC concentrations from 0.4 1.2 mM a hormetic effect was observed in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages and Caco-2 colon carcinoma cells while the SC-1 fibroblast cell line exhibited normal growth. The MGO levels found in southern Africa honey was generally not cytotoxic. With SEM morphological changes were only observed at 324.7294 mM. At this concentration the RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages showed signs of activation and differentiation. The Caco-2 cells became more compacted and spheroid in shape while the SC-1 cells were more spindle-shaped and grew extensions and filopodia at higher concentrations and several large cells, probably myofibroblasts, were observed. In conclusion at the concentration range where MGO was found to effectively kill Gram positive and negative bacteria, MGO was not cytotoxic to cells in vitro. Southern Africa honey contains MGO and levels were generally not cytotoxic. In an endeavour to develop local honey based wound healing products the findings of this study provide important preliminary information on the MGO levels in southern Africa honey. The antibacterial activity of MGO was confirmed and this is the first study to describe the hormetic effects of MGO in several cell lines. In conclusion at the concentration range where MGO was found to effectively kill Gram positive and negative bacteria, MGO was not cytotoxic to cells in vitro. Southern Africa honey contains MGO and levels were generally not cytotoxic. In an endeavour to develop local honey based wound healing products the findings of this study provide important preliminary information on the MGO levels in southern Africa honey. The antibacterial activity of MGO was confirmed and this is the first study to describe the hormetic effects of MGO in several cell lines.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Anatomy
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Nassif, Amal Roujeau Jean-Claude. "Caractérisation phénotypique et fonctionnelle des lymphocytes T contenus dans le liquide de bulles au cours de syndrome de Lyell." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2007. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:8080/theses-npd/th0394964.pdf.

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Thèse doctorat : Sciences de la vie et de la santé : Paris 12 : 2003.
Version électronique uniquement consultable au sein de l'Université Paris 12 (Intranet). Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. : 119 réf.
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Balenci, Laurent. "Etude de la protéine IQGAP1 dans un contexte physiologique de la neurogenèse adulte et dans un contexte pathologique de tumeurs cérébrales." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00129290.

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Les cellules souches/progénitrices sont douées d'une forte plasticité cellulaire qui leur permet de développer, de maintenir et de régénérer organes ou tissus dans lesquels elles résident. Ces processus requièrent l'intégration de signaux moléculaires et environnementaux qui influencent leur comportement et leur devenir. La perturbation de l'un de ces mécanismes régulateurs aboutit à une perte de contrôle des cellules souches/progénitrices pouvant entraîner le développement de pathologies cancéreuses. De ce fait, la connaissance des éléments cellulaires et moléculaires régulant la biologie des cellules souches/progénitrices est nécessaire pour l'emploi éventuel de ces cellules en médecine régénérative et pour une avancée dans les traitements anti-cancéreux.
La protéine IQGAP1, que nous avons étudiée dans le cerveau dans un contexte physiologique et pathologique, s'est révélée être un nouveau marqueur de cellules souches/progénitrices normales et tumorales. A travers une étude comparative de souris sauvages et iqgap1-/-, nous avons analysé les propriétés et le comportement in vivo comme in vitro des cellules souches/progénitrices neurales. Nous avons démontré qu'IQGAP1 joue un rôle dans la neurogenèse adulte en régulant la migration des cellules progénitrices neurales en réponse au VEGF, facteur pléïotropique intervenant notamment dans la neurogenèse et l'angiogenèse tumorale. D'autre part, dans un contexte tumoral de gliomes humains et chimio-induits chez le rat, la caractérisation de cette protéine dans des cellules souches/progénitrices tumorales au sein de tumeurs malignes a permis d'attribuer un rôle putatif à la protéine IQGAP1 dans l'expansion tumorale par la dissémination de ces cellules cancéreuses. L'identification et la caractérisation de tous les mécanismes environnementaux régulant la motilité et la migration des précurseurs neuraux normaux pourraient s'avérer utile pour la compréhension des mécanismes d'invasion tumorale et pour le développement de thérapies anti-cancéreuses plus efficaces.
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Zapata, Garin Claire-Alix. "Glycogen regulates cellular proliferation in the context of aging, tumorigenesis, and hepatic regeneration." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667163.

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Glycogen is a branched polysaccharide that serves as an intracellular store of glucose that can be mobilized to maintain homeostasis or to fuel cellular processes. Glycogen is synthesized by glycogen synthase, which is present in two different isoforms: liver glycogen synthase (LGS) is mainly expressed in the liver, while muscle glycogen synthase (MGS) is expressed everywhere else. Recent studies are starting to uncover new roles for glycogen besides just being a glucose depot. Importantly, glycogen metabolism has been implicated in the normal aging process in species ranging from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to humans. However, the implication of glycogen in senescence, a hallmark of aging, is less well understood. Senescence is a tumor suppressive response that results in an irreversible cell cycle arrest, and can be induced by a variety of cellular stressors. Glycogen has previously been shown to accumulate in the context of senescence, however the significance of this remains unclear. Taking this into account, we aim to elucidate the role of glycogen in proliferation specifically in the context of aging, tumorigenesis and hepatic regeneration. To achieve this, we used two knock-out (KO) models where glycogen synthesis is disrupted: 1) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from MGS KO embryos and, 2) LGS KO mice which lack hepatic glycogen. These two models allowed us to test what occurs in proliferative contexts when glycogen is absent both in vitro and in vivo. First, we subjected WT MEFs to replicative senescence (RS), where MEFs were passaged every time the plate reached confluence, until cells entered a growth arrested state (senescence). We determined that glycogen accumulates, and further observed that MGS is activated during senescence. To test whether the presence of glycogen affects the senescent response, we subjected glycogen-free MEFs to RS, and observed that they exhibit various markers of senescence: flattened cell morphology, positive senescence- associated B-gal staining, and an increased expression of senescence protein markers. Interestingly, MGS KO MEF overcome the senescent phase faster than WTs by becoming immortalized at an earlier time point. After transcriptomic analysis, we determined that MGS WT MEFs show an enrichment of the TGF-b pathway during senescence, while MGS KO MEFs are depleted. Furthermore, we found that the transcriptional signatures of senescent MGS KO MEFs are transcriptionally more similar to actively proliferating cells than to senescent WT MEFs. These results suggest that in the absence of glycogen, MEFs enter a pseudo-senescent state allowing them to immortalize faster than wild type counterparts. Once immortalized, MGS KO MEFs continue exhibiting a proliferative advantage over wild types, in addition to increased migratory and clonogenic capacities. Furthermore, we tested the metabolic consequence of removing glycogen by performing live cell analysis, which reveals a metabolic shift towards glycolysis. These results bring the Warburg effect to mind, suggesting that glycogen-free cells reprogram their metabolism to satisfy their energetic needs. Lastly, we question whether glycogen is important in proliferative contexts in vivo. For this, we used LGS KO mice and subjected them to two hepatic proliferative challenges: hepatic regeneration through partial hepatectomy (Phx) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induction. After Phx, we showed that there is a higher proportion of LGS KO hepatocytes in the S phase of the cell cycle which suggests that glycogen is an important regulator of hepatocytic proliferation. In the pathological proliferative context of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN), we showed that LGS KO mice present higher mortality and tumor burden than controls. Therefore, our results suggest that glycogen is playing a protective role in animals exposed to DEN. In conclusion, our results indicate that glycogen is an important modulator in the context of cellular proliferation and aging, and positions this polysaccharide as a novel target for therapeutic interventions to combat aging and possibly, cancer.
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Lorant, Judith. "Cellules souches adultes MuStem : phénotype, myogénicité, immunomodulation et contexte immunologique d'administration in vivo." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ONIR090F/document.

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La dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne (DMD) est une pathologie récessive liée au chromosome X qui résulte d’une mutation sur le gène de la dystrophine aboutissant à l’absence complète de la protéine. Elle correspond à la plus fréquente des dystrophies musculaires et reste aujourd’hui sans traitement curatif. L’UMR a fait la preuve de concept de l’administration systémique d’une population de cellules souches adultes résidentes du muscle, les cellules MuStem canines chez le chien dystrophinopathe, modèle cliniquement pertinent de la DMD. L’objectif de la thèse a consisté à caractériser la population humaine (hMuStem) en terme de phénotype, myogénicité, immunomodulation et de contexte immunologique d’administration in vivo. La population hMuStem se compose de progéniteurs myogéniques précoces d’origine mésenchymateuse-périvasculaire. Elle se définit par une forte capacité proliférative, une oligopotence et une participation à la régénération musculaire après administration dans un muscle lésé. Elles présentent des propriétés immunomodulatrices en interagissant avec l’immunité adaptative et innée par inhibition de la prolifération lymphocytaire et du complément via un ensemble de molécules de surface et/ou de facteurs sécrétés. Enfin, un traitement immunosuppressif restreint à la période d’injection in vivo de la population allogénique s’avère nécessaire mais suffisant pour éviter une réaction immune de l’hôte. L’ensemble de ces résultats aboutit à une meilleure compréhension de l’identité et des modalités d’action de la population MuStem
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a X-linked recessive disorder that results from mutation in the dystrophin gene leading to a total lack of the protein. It is the most frequent muscular dystrophy with no curative treatment. The lab made a proof of concept of the systemic delivery of a muscle-derived adult stem cell population called MuStem cells in dystrophic dog, the clinically relevant DMD model. The aim of my Ph.D. was to characterize the human population (hMuStem) in terms of phenotype, myogenicity, immunomodulation and immunological context of in vivo delivery. hMuStem cell population is composed of myogenic progenitors with mesenchymal/perivascular imprint. It exhibits a high proliferative capacity, an oligopotency and a participation to muscle regeneration after transplantation into injured muscle. It displays immunomodulatory properties by interacting with adaptive and innate immunity with inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and complement thanks to expression of surface molecules and/or secreted factors. At last, an immunosuppressive regimen restricted to the allogeneic injection period is necessary but sufficient to avoid host immune response. Collectively, these results allow a better understanding of identity and action modalities of MuStem cell population
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Lansiaux, Pauline. "Mécanismes d'action moléculaires de l'hydroxycarbamide dans les cellules endothéliales dans le contexte de la drépanocytose." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077209.

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L'hydroxycarbamide (HC) est le seul médicament ayant montré une action bénéfique chez les patients drépanocytaires en diminuant la fréquence des crises vaso-occlusives. Il est maintenant reconnu que l'HC possède d'autres cibles cellulaires que les globules rouges et notre équipe se focalise sur son action dans les cellules endothéliales vasculaires (CEV). Elle a ainsi montré que l'HC augmentait l'expression de nombreuses molécules inflammatoires et diminuait l'expression de la molécule d'adhérence VCAM-1 et du vaso-constricteur ET-1. L'objectif de cette thèse était dans un premier temps d'identifier de nouvelles molécules d'adhérence cibles de l'HC et dans un second temps de rechercher les intermédiaires moléculaires à l'origine de son action. Nous avons ainsi montré qu'en plus de VCAM-1, l'expression de TSP-1, de vWF'et de PECAM-1 était diminuée par l'HC dans les CEV. Guidés par nos données transcriptomiques, nous avons ensuite testé l'implication des facteurs de transcription GATA comme intermédiaires moléculaires à l'HC dans les CEV. Les résultats montrent que L'HC diminue l'expression de GATA-2 et GATA-6, et que cette répression est en partie à l'origine de l'action de l'HC sur VCAM-1, PECAM-1 et vWF. Enfin, nous avons démontré que la voie NO-GCs-GMPc était un intermédiaire de la réponse à l'HC d'IL-8, de PECAM-1 et de vWF. La compréhension du mécanisme d'action de l'HC est indispensable pour identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques plus spécifiques et plus sures. Nous démontrons ici l'implication des facteurs GATA et de la voie NO-GCs-GMPc dans la modulation par l'HC de plusieurs molécules engagées dans la physiopathologie de la drépanocytose
Hydroxycarbamide (HC) is the only effective drug by reducing vaso-occlusive crisis in sicle cell disease patients. It is now admitted that HC acts on additional target cells than red cells and our team focuses on its mechanism of action in vascular endothelial cells (VEC). We showed that HC increases the expression of mimerons inflammatory molecules and decreases the expression of the adhesion molecule VCAM-1 and the vasoconstrictor ET-1. The aim of this thesis is: firstly to identify new adhesion molecules targeted by HC and secondly to find out molecular intermediates controlling HC action. We found that besides VCAM-1, the expression of TSP-1, vWF and PECAM-1 was decreased by HC in VEC. Guided by our transcriptomic data, we tested the involvement of GATA transcription factors as molecular intermediates of HC action in VEC. Results show that HC reduces the expression of GATA-2 and GATA-6, and that this decrease is partly responsible of VCAM-1, PECAM-1 and vWF response to HC. Finally, we found that NO-sGC-cGMP pathway was an intermediate of IL-8, PECAM-1 and vWF modulation by HC. Understanding HC mechanism of action is necessary to identify more specific and safer therapeutic targets. We demonstrate here the involvement of GATA transcription factors and NO-sGC-cGMP pathway in HG-response of several molecules involved in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease
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Guipouy, Delphine. "Exploration fonctionnelle de l'activité cytotoxique de lymphocytes T humains en contexte de pathologie et de thérapie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30263/document.

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Plusieurs populations de cellules immunitaires possèdent une activité cytotoxique permettant l'élimination de cellules altérées. Cette fonction cellulaire est ainsi déterminante dans le contrôle des infections, des processus tumoraux, ou encore des maladies inflammatoires chroniques. Mon projet de thèse se concentre sur des aspects fondamentaux de l'activité lytique de deux populations de lymphocytes T cytotoxiques : les lymphocytes T CD8+ et les lymphocytes T CD4+ régulateurs de type 1. Pour cela, l'exploration des mécanismes de cette activité a été conduite au travers de deux modèles, pathologique et thérapeutique, à différentes échelles biologiques : au niveau de la population ou de la cellule individuelle, mais aussi différentes échelles d'organisations moléculaires : cellulaire et nanoscopique. Nous avons pu démontrer que l'activité de lyse de lymphocytes T CD8+ cytotoxiques face à un excès de cellules cibles est efficace sur des temps prolongés, reposant sur une capacité individuelle fortement hétérogène à effectuer une lyse multiple. L'importance de cette activité de lyse soutenue a été renforcée par l'identification d'un défaut lytique particulièrement prononcé sur le long- terme chez des lymphocytes T CD8+ issus de patients atteints du syndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich. Ce défaut est lié à une activation réduite de l'intégrine LFA-1 et un délai dans la délivrance du coup létal. De plus, la protéine WASP permet de restreindre LFA-1 de haute-affinité en nanoclusters denses ainsi que de permettre l'organisation en un ring de LFA-1 et la localisation des granules lytiques à l'intérieur de celui-ci. Par ailleurs, les lymphocytes T CD4+ régulateurs de type 1 développés dans le cadre d'une thérapie cellulaire (Ovasave(r)) démontrent une capacité de lyse envers les cellules myéloïdes, en complément d'une activité immunosuppressive sur les lymphocytes T conventionnels. Cette activité est mise en place sur du long-terme, jusqu'à atteindre une efficacité optimale, lié à un délai dans la délivrance du coup létal. De manière surprenante, malgré une spécificité pour l'ovalbumine, l'activité cytotoxique semble être indépendante de l'activation du TCR. En outre, la lyse est granzyme-dépendante mais perforine-indépendante. Ainsi ces lymphocytes T thérapeutiques manifestent une activité cytotoxique alternative. Pour conclure, mon projet de thèse a permis de caractériser une activité de lyse soutenue basée sur une capacité individuelle hétérogène. Cette habilité à soutenir une lyse sur du long-terme implique une stabilité de la synapse, où WASP joue notamment un rôle clé pour l'activation et l'organisation de LFA-1. Les lymphocytes T régulateurs thérapeutiques démontrent aussi une activité de lyse soutenue, cependant les acteurs moléculaires sont non conventionnels. De manière générale, une activité de lyse soutenue permettrait de calibrer une réponse cytotoxique prolongée en rapport à la taille de la population cible, ainsi que le partage avec d'autres fonctions cellulaires comme la sécrétion de cytokines
During different pathological conditions such as infections, tumoral processes or chronic inflammation diseases, altered cells are eliminated through a cytotoxic activity mediated by several immune cell populations. This cellular function is therefore crucial for carrying out the action of the immune system. My thesis project focuses on fundamental aspects of the lytic activity of two cytotoxic lymphocyte populations: CD8+ T cells and type-1 CD4+ regulatory T cells. To explore the mechanisms of this activity, this study has been driven on two cases, pathological and therapeutic models, at the population and single-cell levels and also at the cellular and nanoscopic scales of the molecular organisation. We have been able to demonstrate that the CD8+ T cell lysis activity against an excess of target cells is effective over prolonged periods, relying on a highly heterogeneous individual capacity to perform multiple lysis. The importance of this sustained cytotoxic activity was reinforced by the identification of a lytic defect, particularly pronounced on a long time period, of CD8+ T cells from Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome patients. This defect is related to a reduced activation of the LFA-1 integrin and delay in the lethal hit delivery. In addition, the WASP protein allows to restrict high affinity LFA-1 to dense nanoclusters as well as the assembly of LFA- 1 ring and the localization of the lytic granules inside this ring. Moreover, type-1 CD4+ regulatory T cells from a cellular therapy (Ovasave(r)) demonstrated a cytotoxic activity toward myeloid cells, additionally to an immunosuppressive activity on conventional T cells. This activity is implemented over long time periods, until reaching optimal efficiency, and is related to a delay in the lethal hit delivery. Surprisingly, despite a specificity for ovalbumin, the cytotoxic activity measured in absence of the antigen suggests a TCR independence. In addition, lysis is not mediated by perforin but is exclusively granzyme-dependent. Thus, these therapeutic T cells exhibit an alternative cytotoxic activity. To conclude, my thesis project permits to characterize a sustained lysis activity relying on a heterogeneous individual capacity. This ability to sustain a lytic activity involves stability of the synapse, where WASP plays a key role towards the activation and organization of LFA-1. The therapeutic regulatory T lymphocytes also demonstrated a sustained cytotoxic activity, however the molecular actors are unconventional. On the whole, sustained lytic activity would be key to the calibration of cytotoxic responses in relation to the size of the target population, as well as sharing with other cellular functions such as cytokine secretion
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Marotel, Marie. "Défauts fonctionnels des cellules NK en contexte de stimulation chronique." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1234/document.

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Les cellules NK sont des lymphocytes de l’immunité innée qui ont un rôle majeur dans le contrôle précoce des infections virales et dans l’immunosurveillance des tumeurs. Cependant, en cas de stimulation chronique, un état d’anergie, où les cellules NK n’exercent plus leur fonction a été mis en évidence. Les mécanismes conduisant à cette perte de fonction demeurent mal caractérisés et s’il s’agit d’une cause ou d’une conséquence de la chronicité n’est pas non plus déterminé. Cibler les cellules NK constitue une perspective thérapeutique de choix mais nécessite une meilleure compréhension de ces aspects. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse s’articule autour de trois points. Premièrement, nous avons généré un modèle tumoral murin sensible aux cellules NK permettant l’étude de la réponse anti-tumorale et l’établissement d’une stimulation chronique. Deuxièmement, l’utilisation de ce modèle a permis d’investiguer les mécanismes conduisant à la perte de fonctionnalité des cellules NK et de tester des stratégies de restauration. Enfin, nous avons mené une étude parallèle, chez l’homme, par analyse d’une cohorte de patients chroniquement infectés par le virus de l’Hépatite B dans le but de déterminer le phénotype des cellules NK et d’identifier les causes conduisant à leur perte de fonction dans ce contexte
NK cells are innate lymphocytes which play a crucial role in the early control of viral infection and in tumor immunosurveillance. However, a state of tolerance, where NK cells are poorly functional, occurs in the context of chronic stimulation. The mechanisms leading to this process remain poorly understood and whether this is a cause, or a consequence of chronicity is unknown. Targeting NK cells appears to be a potent therapeutic strategy but requires further investigation. With the lack of clarity in the field this work had three main objectives. First, we engineered a tumoral mouse model that was strongly immunogenic for NK cells and thus allowed us to study the anti-tumoral response of NK cells and to trigger chronic stimulation. Then, we used this model to investigate the mechanisms driving NK cell loss of function and to test potential therapeutic strategies to reverse this state. Finally, in the context of human chronic infection we analyzed samples from HBV infected patients in order to determine the phenotype, function and signaling capacity of NK cells to identify the drivers of NK cell dysfunction
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Tamaki, Sakura. "SS18-SSX, the Oncogenic Fusion Protein in Synovial Sarcoma, Is a Cellular Context-Dependent Epigenetic Modifier." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215458.

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Misiak, Jan. "The interactions of stromal cells and follicular helper T cells resulting in a B-cell supporting, IL4-producing phenotype in the context of follicular lymphoma." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B030.

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Un microenvironnement riche en IL-4 a été mis en évidence dans le lymphome folliculaire (FL). Cette IL-4 impliquée dans la croissance tumorale a été démontrée comme principalement secrétée par les lymphocytes T follicular helper (Tfh). Dans cette étude, nous étudions l’interaction bidirectionnelle entre les cellules fibroblastiques réticulaires (FRC) dont le réseau est augmenté dans le FL et les lymphocytes Tfh par analyse des profils d’expression génique, et co-culture in vitro des lymphocytes Tfh primaires avec des cellules fibroblastiques humaines de type FRC-like. Nous démontrons que les cellules FRC-like augmentent in vitro la croissance des sous-populations de Tfh. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence une augmentation spécifique de la sécrétion d’IL-4 par les précurseurs Tfh (pre-Tfh) co-cultivés avec les cellules FRC-like, augmentation d’IL-4 impliquant les voies Notch et ICAM1/LFA1. Cette observation est particulièrement intéressante dans le contexte du FL car les lymphocytes pre-Tfh de FL comparés à des lymphocytes pre-Tfh d’amygdales non tumorales sont caractérisés par un profil d’expression génique enrichi en gènes des voies Notch et des intégrines en plus d’une surexpression d’IL-4. En conclusion, notre description de l’interaction entre les cellules stromales et les sous-populations Tfh démontrent une modification du profil cytokinique des Tfh au stade précurseur qui pourrait expliquer le profil cytokinique retrouvé dans le microenvironnement du FL, et apporter de nouveaux éléments pour la mise en évidence de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques
The enrichment of the microenvironment with tumor-promoting interleukin 4 (IL4) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma (FL) and was found to be conferred mainly by T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. In this study, we investigated the bidirectional crosstalk of fibroblastic reticular cells that are expanded in FL and Tfh cells with the analysis of gene expression profiles of the respective, and an in-vitro co-culture model of human induced FRC-like cells. We demonstrated that FRC-like cells enhance the growth of Tfh cell subsets in vitro. Crucially, we uncovered a specific upregulation of IL-4 secretion by precursor Tfh (pre-Tfh) cells co-cultured with FRC-like cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that Notch and ICAM1/LFA1 are two pathways involved in IL-4 secretion following FRClike cell / Tfh cell crosstalk. This observation was particularly interesting in FL context, because FL pre-Tfh cells display an enriched Notch and integrin gene expression profile as well as an overexpression of IL-4, compared to their tonsil counterpart. Altogether, we described new interactions between stromal cells and Tfh subsets and uncovered a specific cytokine profile modification at pre-Tfh stage after contact with FRC-like cells that could explain the high levels of IL-4 in FL and provide a novel target for therapy
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Gueltzer, Corinne. "Atopy in dogs: analysis of a cellular assay to detect allergic manifestations /." [S.l : s.n.], 1996. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Tengler, Rita Silvia. "Monitoring of cellular antigen recognition by measurement of oxygen-derived and oxygenated products /." Bern, 1991. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Charbon, Jean-Luc. "Cellular reactions in the small intestine of rats after infection with Fasciola hepatica /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1990. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Buencamino, Raphael Hector Domingo. "Novel roles of actin binding proteins in Listeria monocytogenes actin-based motility revealed within a cellular context." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3297798.

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Pham, Michael N. "Erythropoietin Stimulation of Mitochondrial Protein Content - A Potential Mechanism through Direct Binding of Erythropoietin Receptor and AMP-Activated Protein Kinase." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321354.

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Proliferating cells have unique metabolic requirements beyond those of quiescent cells. Specifically, blood forming hematopoietic stem cells, during periods of severe blood loss, switch from a quiescent glycolytic state to a state dependent on mitochondrial metabolism during differentiation and proliferation. This dissertation attempts to define some of the signaling details of this switch by using erythropoietin receptor signaling as a model. In cytokine-dependent Ba/F3 cell line expressing the receptor for erythropoietin (EpoR) (Ba/F3-EpoR), chemical inhibition of mitochondrial function by rotenone decreases in erythropoietin(Epo)-stimulated proliferation. This observation led to the examination of whether Epo could stimulate mitochondrial function. To further assess the role of mitochondria in cell proliferation and the metabolic functions of Epo, levels of oxidative phosphorylation markers and signaling molecules important for mitochondrial biogenesis were measured. Western blotting scans showed increased protein levels of cytochrome oxidase subunit IV (CoxIV) and Complex III core protein 2 following 24 hours of Epo treatment. Interestingly, inhibition of Janus Kinase 2 (Jak2), the tyrosine kinase associated with Epo receptor, by AG490 elicited a similar decrease in CoxIV to Epo withdrawal even in the presence of Epo. In addition, Epo increased the levels of the mitochondrial biogenesis regulator AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) in a Jak2-dependent manner within Ba/F3 cells. Both total and phosphorylated (activated) AMPKα were increased following Epo stimulation. Treatment with the AMPK inhibitor Compound C decreased Epo stimulation of CoxIV, suggesting a linear signaling cascade from Jak2 to mitochondrial biogenesis through AMPKα. Examining potential mechanisms, direct binding of AMPKα to (EpoR) and Jak2 were observed through immunoprecipitations of transfected lysates in a manner exclusive to AMPK regulator subunits β and γ. Furthermore AMPKα was found to be tyrosine phosphorylated in an Epo and Jak2 dependent manner. Taken together, data in this dissertation suggests a role for Epo in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis in cytokine dependent cells through a potential mechanism of forming a signaling complex between EpoR, Jak2, and AMPKα. This signaling complex may provide intersection between Epo's signaling in cell proliferation and metabolism through AMPKα.
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Di, Domizio Jeremy. "Place des cellules dendritiques plasmocytoïdes dans l'immunité innée anti-tumorale : de leur activation par des ligands de TLR à leur fonctionnalité en contexte de mélanome." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439353.

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Plusieurs stratégies thérapeutiques innovantes dans le traitement du cancer ciblent les Toll-like receptor (TLR) par l'utilisation d'agonistes synthétiques dont les plus utilisés ciblent les TLR7 et -9. Ces TLR sont exprimés de façon prédominante par les cellules dendritiques plasmocytoïdes (pDC). Les pDC produisent de grandes quantités d'IFN de type I et peuvent cross-présenter des antigènes, permettant de faire le lien entre l'immunité innée et adaptative. Ces cellules sont donc un sujet d'investigation pour le développement de nouvelles immunothérapies anticancéreuses. Cependant, les voies de signalisation exactes induites après engagement du TLR7 chez les pDC humaines restent à être déterminées. Pour cela, nous avons étudié dans une première partie les voies de signalisation induites par des ligands de TLR7 dans les pDC humaines. Cette étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence une nouvelle voie de signalisation conduisant à l'expression rapide des gènes induits par l'IFN (ISG) et ce de façon indépendante de l'IFN de type I. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons déterminé si cette voie particulière peut être induite dans les pDC après stimulation du TLR9 et nous nous sommes intéressés à identifier les facteurs signalétiques responsables de l'activation de cette voie de signalisation. Enfin, nous avons caractérisé les cellules dendritiques circulantes chez les patients porteurs de mélanome afin de savoir si ces cellules sont mobilisables et activables dans l'optique de la mise en place d'une immunothérapie ciblant les TLR. Ces travaux renforcent l'idée que les pDC constituent une cible de choix pour le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques anti-tumorales.
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BERGMANN, ETIENNE. "Etude du facteur tfiih dans le contexte cellulaire des syndromes de transcription/reparation." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR13234.

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Le complexe multiproteique tfiih participe a la transcription des genes de classe ii et a la reparation de l'adn par le mecanisme d'excision-resynthese de nucleotides (ner). Deux de ses neuf sous-unites, xpb et xpd, possedent une activite helicase et interviennent notamment dans l'ouverture de la double-helice d'adn autour du promoteur et des lesions. Des mutations dans les genes correspondant a ces deux proteines sont responsables de l'apparition de maladies genetiques recessives qualifiees de syndromes de reparation et caracterisees par une hypersensibilite aux uv : le xeroderma pigmentosum (xp), dont les symptomes peuvent etre associes au syndrome de cockayne (xp/cs), et la trichothiodystrophie (ttd). La predisposition au developpement de cancers cutanes est typique du xp et n'est pas retrouvee dans le tableau clinique du cs ou de la ttd. Une alteration de la transcription a ete suggeree comme explication des problemes neurologiques et de developpement, difficilement imputables au simple defaut de la reparation. Nos etudes ont permis de mettre en evidence une deficience plus ou moins prononcee dans l'ouverture du promoteur chez les patients xp/cs du groupe xp-b ainsi qu'une transcription moins efficace chez certains patients xp-d suite a la dissociation partielle du complexe tfiih. Par ailleurs, tfiih a pu etre implique dans le groupe de complementation ttd-a dont l'origine genetique reste a ce jour indeterminee. Bien que le complexe semble actif chez les patients ttd-a, une diminution de sa concentration cellulaire est liee a l'apparition du phenotype ttd et affecte essentiellement la reparation alors que la transcription basale semble peu reduite.
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Babel, Laura [Verfasser], Tobias [Akademischer Betreuer] Meckel, and Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Thiel. "Integrin β1 cluster stability in the context of cellular mechanosensing and radiosensitivity / Laura Babel ; Tobias Meckel, Gerhard Thiel." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1147968462/34.

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Nemitz, Sabine [Verfasser], Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Finke, Stefan [Gutachter] Finke, and Karl-Klaus [Gutachter] Conzelmann. "The Cellular Context of Rabies Virus Replication / Sabine Nemitz ; Gutachter: Stefan Finke, Karl-Klaus Conzelmann ; Betreuer: Stefan Finke." Greifswald : Universität Greifswald, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1179914244/34.

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Nemitz, Sabine [Verfasser], Stefan Akademischer Betreuer] Finke, Stefan [Gutachter] Finke, and Karl-Klaus [Gutachter] [Conzelmann. "The Cellular Context of Rabies Virus Replication / Sabine Nemitz ; Gutachter: Stefan Finke, Karl-Klaus Conzelmann ; Betreuer: Stefan Finke." Greifswald : Universität Greifswald, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1179914244/34.

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Nemitz, Sabine [Verfasser], Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Finke, Stefan Gutachter] Finke, and Karl-Klaus [Gutachter] [Conzelmann. "The Cellular Context of Rabies Virus Replication / Sabine Nemitz ; Gutachter: Stefan Finke, Karl-Klaus Conzelmann ; Betreuer: Stefan Finke." Greifswald : Universität Greifswald, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:9-opus-25295.

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Paddock, Troy N. "Genetic manipulation of NADPH: Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase content in Arabidopsis reveals essential roles in prolamellar body formation and plant development." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1211899658.

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Belouanas, Salah-Eddine. "Dissémination de contenus populaires et tolérants au délai dans les réseaux cellulaires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066230/document.

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Les ressources cellulaires sont précieuses et doivent être préservées dès que possible. Dans cette thèse, nous abordons le problème de la dissémination de contenus dans un réseau cellulaire surchargé. La première partie présente SCoD (Scheduled Content Delivery), une stratégie de dissémination purement cellulaire qui exploite la mobilité des utilisateurs ainsi que leur tolérance aux délais afin d’effectuer des transmissions différées. SCoD attend que les utilisateurs se rassemblent autour d’un minimum de points d’accès afin que le nombre total de transmissions soit réduit. Pour déclencher des transmissions, SCoD repose sur différentes fonctions de décision qui déclenchent aux instants opportuns une transmission en multicast. La deuxième partie de cette thèse traite également le problème d’économie de ressources cellulaires, mais en l’attaquant sous un autre angle. Nous exploitons des communications D2D que nous associons au multicast pour réduire la charge sur l’infrastructure. Nous analysons les avantages des communications opportunistes dans le contexte d’un service de diffusion de contenus basé sur les abonnements des utilisateurs. Nous présentons nos résultats pour deux cas de figure. Tout d’abord, nous illustrons le bénéfice des communications D2D dans le cadre d’un processus de diffusion, où le coût d’une transmission opportuniste est négligeable par rapport à celui d’une transmission cellulaire. Nous considérons ensuite le cas où les utilisateurs doivent être indemnisés pour leur participation au processus de diffusion, et où il y a donc un compromis à trouver. Nous fournissons des lignes directrices dans ce sens et nous montrons la variation d’un tel compromis en fonction de plusieurs paramètres du réseau
Cellular resources are valuable and must be saved whenever possible. In this thesis, we address the problem of content dissemination within an overloaded cellular network. Firstly, we propose SCoD (Scheduled Content Delivery), a purely cellular dissemination strategy that exploits the mobility of users and their delay tolerance in order to postpone transmissions. SCoD waits for users to gather around a minimum number of access points so that the total number of transmissions is reduced. To trigger transmissions, SCoD relies on different decision functions which launch, if necessary, a multicast transmission. The second part of this thesis deals with the same problem of saving cellular resources, but from another angle. We use D2D (Device-to-Device) communications with multicast to mitigate the traffic load on the infrastructure. We study the benefits of opportunistic communications in the context of a content distribution service based on user subscriptions. We present our results in two ways. First, we illustrate the benefits of D2D communications in a content dissemination process where the cost of opportunistic transmission is negligible compared to that of cellular transmission. Then, we consider the case where users must be compensated for their participation in the dissemination process. Therefore, there is a tradeoff to be found, we thus provide guidelines in this direction and show the variation of such a tradeoff as a function of several network parameters
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Maheux, Catherine. "Influence de l'expression du CD103 et du CD34 sur la fonction de cellules immunitaires au poumon en contexte inflammatoire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30788.

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L’environnement pulmonaire est en contact constant avec des agressions extérieures qui peuvent causer une inflammation pulmonaire. Cette inflammation peut être aigüe ou chronique et elle est caractérisée par plusieurs types de cellules immunitaires. Ces cellules expriment à leur surface plusieurs molécules qui sont essentielles à leur fonctionnement. Les rôles de certaines molécules dont le CD103 et le CD34 demeurent très peu étudiés. Les cellules dendritiques (DCs) CD103+ résident au poumon et y exercent plusieurs fonctions régulatrices et inflammatoires. Notre équipe a démontré que la présence de lipopolysaccharide ou de facteur de nécrose tumorale (TNF) empêche l’augmentation du CD103 par le facteur de stimulation des colonies de granulocytes et de macrophages. Toutefois, l’impact de la modulation de l’expression du CD103 sur les fonctions des DCs demeure inconnu. L’asthme est caractérisé par une hyperréactivité bronchique (HRB) qui consiste en une réactivité exagérée du système respiratoire en réponse à divers broncho-constricteurs. Les mastocytes et éosinophiles sont centraux dans le développement de l’asthme. Le CD34 est exprimée par ces cellules et il est impliqué dans la pathologie de l’asthme puisque les souris Cd34-/- démontrent une perte d’HRB en contexte d’asthme. Cependant, l’impact du CD34 sur la fonction de dégranulation des mastocytes et des éosinophiles dans l’asthme reste inconnu. Les objectifs principaux de ce projet étaient de déterminer l’impact de la modulation de l’expression du CD103 sur certaines fonctions des DCs dans l’immunité innée et de déterminer l’influence de l’expression du CD34 sur certaines fonctions des mastocytes et des éosinophiles dans l’immunité de l’asthme. Des marqueurs de fonctions ont été analysés par cytométrie en flux à la suite de la modulation du CD103. Les fonctions qui ont été analysées sont la capacité d’activer les lymphocytes T, la migration et l’adhésion à l’épithélium. La modulation du CD103 altère l’expression de l’E-Cadhérine ce qui favorise une population activée et non adhérente. L’impact du CD34 sur la dégranulation des mastocytes et des éosinophiles a été étudié à l’aide de souris Cd34-/- et de cultures dérivées de la moelle osseuse. Le CD34 influence la dégranulation des mastocytes et semble affecter la production de certains lipides. En conclusion, l’impact de la modulation du CD103 sur l’adhésion des DCs pourra être utilisé dans différents contextes comme les infections et le cancer et le CD34 semble une cible intéressante dans le traitement de l’asthme puisqu’il est impliqué dans plusieurs composantes de l’asthme, dont l’hyperréactivité et l’inflammation chronique.
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Kühn, Clemens [Verfasser], Edda [Akademischer Betreuer] Klipp, Hermann-Georg [Akademischer Betreuer] Holzhütter, and Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Tamás. "Modeling and analysis of yeast osmoadaptation in cellular context / Clemens Kühn. Gutachter: Edda Klipp ; Hermann-Georg Holzhütter ; Markus Tamás." Berlin : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1015016952/34.

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Högger, Katharina Elisabeth Magdalena. "MMP-19 : cellular localization of a novel metalloproteinase within normal breast tissue and mammary gland tumours /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Hamada, Attoumani. "Les propriétés immunitaires des cellules souches de la pulpe dentaire dans un contexte infectieux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0660/document.

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Les cellules souches de la pulpe dentaire humaine (DPSCs) sont des cellules souches mésenchymateuses (MSCs) isolées de la pulpe dentaire. Les DPSCs sont capables de s’auto-renouveler et se différencier en plusieurs types cellulaires tel que les odontoblastes, les ostéoblastes, les chondrocytes, les neuroblastes et les adipocytes. Les propriétés immunitaires des DPSCs sont de plus en plus étudiées, elles hébergent des récepteurs de types Toll à la surface, possedent une activité immuno-modulatrice.Cependant, les propriétés immunitaires comme celles décrites dans les cellules immunitaires professionnelles telles que la phagocytose, la production de composés anti-microbiens et le nouveau concept « Trained immunity » pourraient être étudiées. une brève revue a été élaborée pour mettre en évidence l'ensemble des propriétés immunitaires des DPSCs décrites dans la littérature. Ensuite, expérimentalement, nous avons montré que les DPSCs pouvaient internaliser le pathogène bactérien Bartonella quintana. En outre, nous avons décrit la capacité des DPSCs à développer une immunité entrainée “trained immunity”. Il s’agit d’une mémoire inflammatoire concernant deux cytokines IL-6 et MCP-1. La stimulation des DPSCs avec le ligand bactérien LPS ou PGN induit une augmentation de l’expression et de la production de l'IL-6 et du PGN après un second stimulus. Dans l'ensemble, l'étude des propriétés immunitaires des DPSCs montre que ces dernières peuvent agir comme des cellules immunitaires
Dental pulp Stem cells (DPSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the dental pulp. DPSCs are able to self-renew and differentiate into several cell types such as odontoblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, neuroblasts and adipocytes.The immune properties of DPSCs are being studied more and more, they harbor Toll-like receptor on the surface and have an immunomodulatory activity.However, immune properties such as those described in professional immune cells such as phagocytosis, production of antimicrobial compounds and the new concept "Trained immunity" could be studied.A brief review has been developed to highlight the set of immune properties of DPSCs described in the literature. Then, experimentally, we showed that DPSCs could internalize the bacterial pathogen Bartonella quintana.In addition, we have described the ability of DPSCs to develop trained immunity. It is an inflammatory memory concerning two cytokines IL-6 and MCP-1. Priming DPSCs with the bacterial ligand LPS or PGN induces an increase in the expression and production of IL-6 and PGN after a second stimulus.Overall, the study of the immune properties of DPSCs shows that DPSCs can act as immune cells
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Picard, Émilie. "Etude phénotypique et fonctionnelle des cellules NK dans un contexte de cancer et d'inflammation." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCE022.

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Les cellules NK sont des lymphocytes de l’immunité innée, impliquées dans la reconnaissance et l’élimination de cellules infectées ou tumorales. Leur activité cytotoxique est finement régulée par un ensemble de récepteurs activateurs et inhibiteurs. Cependant, l’expression de ces récepteurs ainsi que les fonctions des cellules NK peuvent être modifiées selon l’environnement dans lequel elles se trouvent. Au cours de ma thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modulation du phénotype et des fonctions des cellules NK, ainsi qu’à leur relation avec les LT CD4, dans une cohorte de patients atteints de NSCLC ou dans un contexte inflammatoire sous l’influence de l’IL-21. La première étude a mis en évidence une augmentation du taux circulant de la population de cellules NK CD56dim CD16- simultanément à une diminution du taux de la population CD56dim CD16+ chez les patients. L’analyse ex vivo du phénotype des cellules NK a mis en évidence un groupe spécifique de patients avec une altération globale de l’expression des NCR et de NKG2D par toutes les sous-populations de cellules NK. La principale modulation correspond à la diminution des cellules NK exprimant NKp46 et nous avons montré une corrélation négative entre la survie des patients et le pourcentage de cellules NK NKp46+. De manière intéressante, la neutralisation de NKp46 sur les cellules NK est associée à une meilleure réponse T CD4 anti-tumorale. La seconde étude a montré que l’IL-21 engendre la différenciation d’une population spécifique de cellules NK co-exprimant CD86/HLA-DR et CD86/CD30. Alors que l’activation des cellules NK via CD30 entraîne leur forte dégranulation et leur sécrétion d’IFN-γ, les cellules NK activées par l’IL-21 produisent également MIF. Ce facteur soluble apporte un signal de co-stimulation lors de l'initiation de l'activation des LT CD4 naïfs, induisant leur différenciation en LT centraux mémoires. De telles cellules NK MIF+ ont été identifiées dans des appendices humains inflammés suggérant qu'elles pouuraient activer des LT CD4 in vivo. Ces études ont permis de mettre en évidence une modulation différente du phénotype de cellules NK selon leur environnement, pouvant impacter le cross-talk NK-LT. Ces données supportent ainsi le rôle régulateur des cellules NK dans la mise en place des réponses immuntaires adaptatives
NK cells are innate lymphocytes involved in the recognition and elimination of infected or tumor cells. Their cytotoxic activity is finely regulated by a set of activating and inhibitory receptors. However, receptors expression and NK cell functions may be modified according to environment. Here, we were interested in NK cell-phenotype and function modulations and their relationship with CD4 T cells, in NSCLC patients and under IL-21 influence in inflammatory context. The first study highlighted an increase circulating rate of CD56dim CD16- NK cell subset concomitantly with a decrease rate of CD56dim CD16+ NK cell subset in NSCLC patients. Ex vivo analysis of NK cell phenotype highlighted a specific group of patients with an overall altered expression of NCRs and NKG2D on NK cell subsets. The main defect was the decrease of NK cells expressing NKp46 and we showed a negative correlation between the patients’ survival and NKp46+ NK cell percentage. Interestingly, NKp46 neutralization on NK cells was associated with a better antitumor CD4 T cell response. The second study showed that IL-21 promotes the differentiation of a specific NK cell subset coexpressing CD86/HLA-DR and CD86/CD30. While NK cell activation via CD30 promotes a high degranulation and IFN-γ secretion, IL-21-activated NK cells also produce MIF. This soluble factor provide costimulatory signaling during naïve CD4 T cell priming inducing the differentiation of uncommitted central memory T cells. Such HLA-DR+ MIF+ NK cells were identified in inflammatory human appendix suggesting that they could activate CD4 T cells in vivo. Altogether, these studies highlighted a different modulation of NK cell phenotype accordingg to envoronment which could impact the crossstalk NK-T celles. thus, these findings support a regulatory role of NK celles in adaptive immune responses
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Héricher, Gaultier. "Étude du rôle de l’ARN Tuna dans le contexte de pluripotence des cellules souches." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66709.

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Le développement embryonnaire est un processus complexe finement régulé spatio-temporellement par de nombreux acteurs, qu’ils soient ADN, ARN ou protéines. De récents résultats suggèrent un rôle clef dans le développement et les maladies pour une sous-catégorie des ARNs impliqués dans ces mécanismes, les longs ARNs non-codants (lncRNAs). Caractérisés par leur incapacité à produire des protéines, ils sont difficiles à étudier par leur manque de conservation en séquence et leur expression tissu-spécifique. Ici, nous étudions un lncRNA conservé, Tuna (Tcl1 Upstream Neuron-Associated lncRNA), nécessaire au maintien de l’état pluripotent des cellules souches et essentiel à leur différenciation en neurones. Toutefois, les mécanismes dans lesquels cet ARN est impliqué restent inconnus. Pour y répondre, nous avons analysé des données de séquençage d’ARN de différenciation neuronale d’ESCs murines. Nous avons identifié deux nouvelles isoformes spécifiquement exprimées dans les ESCs, sht.Tuna et alt.Tuna. Cette dernière est le résultat de l’épissage alternatif de l’exon 1 de Tuna. Cet épissage alternatif est également observé chez l’humain, démontrant une conservation du traitement de l’ARN entre la souris et l’Homme. Ces deux isoformes sont plus courtes d’environ 1,5kb à l’extrémité 3’ que le transcrit prédit de Tuna (full.Tuna). En effet, l’isoforme full. Tuna n’a pas pu être détectée dans les ESCs, et la surexpression de sht.Tuna a permis d’améliorer la reprogrammation vers l’état pluripotent. Ceci suggère que le rôle de Tuna est mécanistiquement différent dans les ESCs et les neurones. D’autre part, Tuna présente une région hautement conservée (~200bp) contenant un potentiel cadre de lecture pour un peptide de 48 acides aminés, détectable par surexpression de constructions tagguées FLAG. La mutation du codon AUG de cette séquence codante a abrogé l’effet de l’ARN sur la reprogrammation. Ceci implique un rôle du peptide dans l’acquisition de la pluripotence. Par ailleurs, Tuna a été détecté dans les fractions poly-ribosomales et cytoplasmiques d’ARN, supportant son éventuel potentiel codant. Ensemble, ces résultats démontrent que l’épissage alternatif et le potentiel codant d’un locus propre à un lncRNA est complexe et que cet ARN pourrait avoir de multiples fonctions dépendantes de l’état cellulaire
Embryonic development is a complex process finely regulated in time and place by numerous actors such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. Emerging evidence suggests a key role in development and disease for a subcategory of RNAs implicated in those mechanisms, the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Characterized by their incapacity to produce proteins, they have proven to be challenging to study due to the lack of sequence conservation and their tissue-specific expression. Here, we focus on a conserved lncRNA, Tuna (Tcl1 Upstream Neuron-Associated lncRNA), that is required for maintaining embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in an undifferentiated state but is also essential for their differentiation towards a neuronal cell fate. However, the mechanism behind this dual role remains largely unknown. To address this, we analyzed available RNA-seq data on mouse ESC differentiation towards neurons. We identified two novel isoforms specifically expressed in ESCs, sht.Tuna and alt.Tuna. The latter isoform was the result of alternative splicing of the exon 1 of Tuna. This alternative splicing was also observed in human ESCs demonstrating a conserved processing of the RNA between mouse and human cells. Both new isoforms were ~1.5kb shorter at the 3'-end than the predicted full transcript of Tuna (full.Tuna). In fact, we failed to detect the full.Tuna isoform in ESCs, and overexpression of sht.Tuna isoform enhanced reprogramming to a pluripotent stem cell state. This suggests that the role of Tuna is mechanistically different in ESCs than in neurons. Besides, Tuna also contains a highly conserved region (~200bp) harboring a predicted 48-amino-acids coding sequence that is detectable upon overexpression if FLAG-tagged. Mutating the start codon of this peptide's coding sequence abrogated the enhanced reprogramming effect. This infers a role for the peptide in the acquisition of a pluripotent state. Moreover, Tuna was detected in poly-ribosomal and cytoplasmic RNA fractions further supporting a peptide coding potential. Taken together, our results demonstrate that alternative splicing and coding potential of a particular lncRNA locus is complex and that a lncRNA may have multiple functionality depending on cell state.
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Mossu, Adrien. "Régulation de la survie des cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes dans un contexte inflammatoire non viral." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA3011/document.

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Les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) sont spécialisées dans la lutte antivirale, notamment grâce à leur capacité à sécréter des IFN de type I. Néanmoins, elles sont aussi impliquées dans Pactivation des réponses immunitaires adaptatives, et des lymphocytes T (LT) en particulier. C'est pourquoi, lors d'épisodes inflammatoires chroniques ou incontrôlés, les pDC sont à l'origine de l'initiation ou du maintien de syndromes inflammatoires et du développement de pathologies auto-immunes. Il doit donc exister des mécanismes permettant de contrôler l'activité de ces cellules. À l'aide d'un modèle in vivo d'inflammation non virale induite par l'injection d'un anticorps anti-CD3 (Ac aCD3), nous avons observé une apoptose des pDC dans différents organes lymphoïdes, et ce de façon dépendante de l'activation des lymphocytes T. De plus, nous avons pu observer que la diminution de la survie des pDC dans ce contexte inflammatoire n'était pas associée à l'orage cytokinique induit par l'efièt mitogénique de l'Ac aCD3. En revanche nos résultats montrent que les LT CD8* et la voie cytotoxique de la perforine dans ce contexte inflammatoire aigu sont responsables de la déplétion des pDC. Nous avons également étendu ces résultats à d'autres situations inflammatoires stériles comme lors de la maladie du greffon contre l'hôte. Ces données suggèrent que cette voie de régulation pourrait être utilisée à des fins thérapeutiques, afin de contrôler la survie des pDC impliquées dans la physiopathologie de syndromes auto-immuns comme le lupus érythémateux disséminé, le psoriasis, la sclérose en plaques ou encore le diabète de type I
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are specialized in type I interferons (IFN-I) secretion to control viral infections. However, these cells can also activate adaptive immune responses, and polarize T cells. Indeed, during chronic or uncontrolled inflammatory episodes, pDC can induce or maintain inflammatory syndromes and autoimmune diseases. So some mechanisms should exist to control the fonction of these cells. In an in vivo modcl of non viral inflammation induced by the injection a CD3-specific antibody (aCD3 Ab), we could observed pDC's apoptosis dependent of T cell activation in different lymphoid organs. Moreover, we could observe that this depletion of pDC was not associated with the cytokinic storm induced by the mitogenic effect after aCD3 Ab treatment. On the other hand our data shovved that CD8+ T cells and the perforin pathway in this acute inflammatory context are responsible for pDC depletion We also obtained the same results in other non viral inflammation settings such as graft versus host disease. Overall, these data suggesi that this regulation pathway could be used for therapeutic purposes, to control pDC survival and avoid their involvement in the physiopathology of autoimmune disorders like systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis or type I diabetes
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Semiari, Omid. "Context-Aware Resource Management and Performance Analysis of Millimeter Wave and Sub-6 GHz Wireless Networks." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86482.

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Emerging wireless networks are foreseen as an integration of heterogeneous spectrum bands, wireless access technologies, and backhaul solutions, as well as a large-scale interconnection of devices, people, and vehicles. Such a heterogeneity will range from the proliferation of multi-tasking user devices with different capabilities such as smartphones and tablets to the deployment of multi-mode access points that can operate over heterogeneous frequency bands spanning both sub-6 GHz microwave and high-frequency millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies bands. This heterogeneous ecosystem will yield new challenges and opportunities for wireless resource management. On the one hand, resource management can exploit user and network-specific context information, such as application type, social metrics, or operator pricing, to develop application-driven, context-aware networks. Similarly, multiple frequency bands can be leveraged to meet the stringent and heterogeneous quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of the new wireless services such as video streaming and interactive gaming. On the other hand, resource management in such heterogeneous, multi-band, and large-scale wireless systems requires distributed frameworks that can effectively utilize all available resources while operating with manageable overhead. The key goal of this dissertation is therefore to develop novel, self-organizing, and low-complexity resource management protocols -- using techniques from matching theory, optimization, and machine learning -- to address critical resource allocation problems for emerging heterogeneous wireless systems while explicitly modeling and factoring diverse network context information. Towards achieving this goal, this dissertation makes a number of key contributions. First, a novel context-aware scheduling framework is developed for enabling dual-mode base stations to efficiently and jointly utilize mmW and microwave frequency resources while maximizing the number of user applications whose stringent delay requirements are satisfied. The results show that the proposed approach will be able to significantly improve the QoS per application and decrease the outage probability. Second, novel solutions are proposed to address both network formation and resource allocation problems in multi-hop wireless backhaul networks that operate at mmW frequencies. The proposed framework motivates collaboration among multiple network operators by resource sharing to reduce the cost of backhauling, while jointly accounting for both wireless channel characteristics and economic factors. Third, a novel framework is proposed to exploit high-capacity mmW communications and device-level caching to minimize handover failures as well as energy consumption by inter-frequency measurements, and to provide seamless mobility in dense heterogeneous mmW-microwave small cell networks (SCNs). Fourth, a new cell association algorithm is proposed, based on matching theory with minimum quota constraints, to optimize load balancing in integrated mmW-microwave networks. Fifth, a novel medium access control (MAC) protocol is proposed to dynamically manage the wireless local area network (WLAN) traffic jointly over the unlicensed 60 GHz mmW and sub-6 GHz bands to maximize the saturation throughput and minimize the delay experienced by users. Finally, a novel resource management approach is proposed to optimize device-to-device (D2D) communications and improve traffic offload in heterogeneous wireless SCNs by leveraging social context information that is dynamically learned by the network. In a nutshell, by providing novel, context-aware, and self-organizing frameworks, this dissertation addresses fundamentally challenging resource management problems that mainly stem from large scale, stringent service requirements, and heterogeneity of next-generation wireless networks.
Ph. D.
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Yue, Yujia. "INFLAMMATION ALTERS ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELL-DERIVED EXOSOME CONTENTS AND THERAPEUTIC EFFECT ON MYOCARDIAL REPAIR." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/559194.

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Biomedical Sciences
Ph.D.
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and Myocardial Infarction (MI) and subsequent heart failure remains the leading cause for death. Despite the improvement in prognosis and treatment of acute MI patients, the underlying causes including loss of cardiomyocytes and microvasculature remain potential risk and lack proper and efficient solutions. Stem cell-based therapies for repair and regeneration have evolved and have been applied in clinical trials. Different types of stem cells, including Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC), Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC), induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) and cardiac progenitor cells etc. have been used for potential long term recovery and cardiac regeneration. However, results from the clinical trials have been largely disappointing and improvement in cardiac functions have been modest likely due to the limitations of cell therapy including low integration in myocardium, poor survival, cellular dysfunction and limited differentiation ability. It is therefore necessary and urgent to develop cell free alternatives as next generation regenerative therapies. There is a consensus that the beneficial effect of stem cell therapy is largely due to paracrine effects. Exosomes have recently emerged as important functional units mediating stem cell paracrine effects. Exosomes are the family of extracellular vesicles (EV) which are 30-150nm in size, secreted by almost all types of cells and responsible for cell-cell communication via delivering their cargo including RNAs and proteins to host cells. Studies from our and other labs have shown that exosomes mimic parental stem cell in improving post-MI functions. The essential feature of exosome is decided by their cargo including RNA and protein, which are subject to dynamic changes depending on the environment of parental cells. Our studies were focused on Endothelial Progenitor Cell (EPC)-derived exosomes. EPCs are generated in bone marrow, and home to the site of tissue injury and orchestrate neovascularization and tissue repair. Patients with ischemic heart disease, are usually accompanied with comorbidities such as systemic inflammation, aging, diabetes, etc. which are known to compromise EPC functions. We hypothesized that EPCs under inflammatory stress produce dysfunctional exosomes with altered RNA and protein content, leading to impaired cardiac reparative properties. We chose interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10KO) mice as a model of systemic inflammation. EPCs were isolated from IL-10KO and wild-type (WT) mice, and their exosomes (Exo) were compared for their reparative properties both in vitro and in vivo. Our in vitro studies showed WT-EPC-Exo treatment attenuated recipient cell apoptosis, enhanced cell mobilization and tube formation, whereas IL-10KO-EPC-Exo were functionally deficient or even had detrimental effects. We used MI mouse model to compare the in vivo function of two groups of exosomes and found WT-EPC-Exo treatment significantly improved left ventricular (LV) cardiac function, inhibited cell death, promoted angiogenesis and attenuated cardiac remodeling; while these cardioprotective effects were lost in IL-10KO-EPC-Exo treated group. Both in vitro and in vivo studies proved that even the same progenitor cell type (EPCs), under inflammatory stimulus (IL-10KO), secretes exosomes with different reparative properties. Next, we explored whether the observed difference in exosome function is caused by altered exosome content. Using Next Generation RNA Sequencing (NGS RNAseq) and mass spectrometry we found RNA and protein expression patterns were drastically different in wild type and IL-10 knockout EPC derived exosomes. This evidence leads to the conclusion that alteration in exosome content is fundamental for exosome function. We picked two candidates that are highly enriched in IL-10KO-EPC-Exo for further study, miR-375 and Integrin-Linked Kinase (ILK). We treated IL-10KO-EPC with anti-miR against miR-375 and siRNA against ILK separately, and successfully decreased the expression of miR-375 and ILK in both EPCs and EPC derived exosomes. Then we explored the function of those miR and protein ‘modified exosomes’ with similar in vitro and in vivo experiments as previously described. Compared to IL-10KO-EPC-Exo, miR-375 knockdown exosomes showed enhanced angiogenesis and inhibited cell apoptosis, while ILK knockdown in exosomes rescued functions in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. These results suggested the possibility that exosome manipulation of identified factors may partially rescue their reparative functionality. In summary, our studies revealed that stem cell derived exosomes are capable for independent cardiac repair in ischemic heart disease, however, parental stem cells under pathological stimulus secrete dysfunctional exosomes with altered RNA and protein content. Exosome function can be rescued or enhanced through RNA and protein content modification.
Temple University--Theses
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46

Makanga, Dhon Bérenger Roméo. "Contribution à l'étude des fonctions anti-tumorales des cellules Natural Killer (NK) : Implication en greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques et dans le contexte des Immunothérapies." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT1031.

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La greffe de Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques (CSH) haplo-identiques non-T déplétées avec utilisation de Cyclophosphamide Posttransplant (PTCy) pour la prophylaxie de la maladie du greffon contre l’hôte (GvHD) est indiquée pour le traitement des leucémies aigües en l’absence de donneurs HLA identiques. Ces greffes présentent des incompatibilités HLA de classe I entre le donneur et le receveur propices aux alloréactivités des cellules Natural Killer (NK) qui ont une fonction anti-leucémique importante. Cependant, le rôle des cellules NK dans cette modalité de greffe reste à l’heure actuelle peu documenté. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré que les incompatibilités KIR/HLA entre le donneur et le receveur étaient associées à plus de GvHD aigüe et moins de rechute après greffe-PTCy, participant à l’activation et la différentiation plus précoce des cellules NK. Par la suite, nous avons montré que l’association du PTCy avec l’antithymoglobuline (ATG) réduit l’incidence de GvHD aigüe sans augmenter la rechute après greffe-PTCy. Dans le but d’identifier les sous-populations NK avec une forte potentialité anti-leucémique, nous avons défini 9 souspopulations NK sur la base de marqueurs de différentiation des cellules NK et réalisé des études in vitro du potentiel fonctionnel de chacune de ces populations NK contre des cibles leucémiques. Nos résultats montrent que les souspopulations NK NKG2A+ sont les plus efficaces contre les leucémies aigües lymphoïdes (LAL) et représentent les sous-populations NK les plus fréquentes du répertoire de cellules NK. En revanche, les sous-populations NK CD57+ et/ou KIR+, faiblement représentées dans le répertoire de cellules NK, sont les plus efficaces contre les leucémies aigües myéloïdes (LAM). La reconstitution rapide de certaines sous-populations NK, comme celles exprimant le récepteur NKG2A par exemple, semble être associée à la réduction de rechute après greffe-PTCy. Par ailleurs, nous avons développé une autre étude mettant en évidence que le faible nombre de ligands KIR chez des patients atteints de lymphomes Non- Hodgkiniens (LNH) favorise une bonne réponse des cellules NK dépendante du rituximab. En conclusion, nos données peuvent aider, d’une part, à optimiser la sélection de donneurs de CSH et, d’autre part, à renforcer la prédiction des réponses au rituximab chez les patients atteints de LNH en prenant en compte les paramètres immunogénétiques KIR/HLA
T cell-replete haplo-identical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT), using Post-transplant Cyclophosphamide (PTCy) as a treatment for Graft-versus- Host-Disease (GvHD), constitute a potential curative treatment for leukemic patients without identical HLA donor. These graft modalities presentHLA class I incompatibilities between donor and recipient that could sustain Natural Killer (NK) cell alloreactivity with an important anti-leukemic function. However, the role of NK cells in this modality of transplantation remains poorly understood. In this work, we showed that KIR/HLA incompatibilities between donor and recipient were associated with more acute GvHD and less relapse after PTCy-HSCT, participating in the activation and earlier differentiation of NK cells. Subsequently, we showed that the association of PTCy with Anti-thymoglobulin (ATG) could reduce the incidence of acute GvHD without increasing relapse after PTCy-HSCT. In order to identify NK cell subsets with high anti-leukemic potential, we defined 9 NK cell subsets based on NK cell differentiation markers and performed in vitro studies of the functional potential of each of these NK populations against leukemic targets. Our results show that NKG2A+ NK cell subsets are the most effective against acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) targets and represent the most frequent NK cell subsets in the NK cell repertoire. In contrast, CD57+ and/or KIR+ NK cell subsets, poorly represented in the NK cell repertoire, were the most effective against acute myeloid leukemia (AML) targets. The rapid reconstitution of certain NK cell subsets, such as those expressing NKG2A for example, seems to be associated with the reduction of relapse after PTCy-HSCT. Furthermore, we have investigated the influence of KIR/HLA interactions on Antibody Dependant Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) modulation, showing that the low number of KIR ligands in lymphoma patients favors a good rituximab-dependent NK cell responses. In conclusion, our data may help to optimize the selection of HSC donors and improve the prediction of rituximab responses in lymphoma patients by taking into account immunogenetic KIR/HLA parameters
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47

Serem, June Cheptoo. "An exploratory investigation into the physicochemical, antioxidant and cellular effects of a selection of honey samples from the Southern African region." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24881.

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The unique floral biodiversity of Southern Africa would be reflected in the phenolic acid and flavonoid composition as well as the antioxidant activity of honeys from this region. In this exploratory investigation the total polyphenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content, antioxidant activity as well as the cellular protective effects of a selection of honeys collected in this region was evaluated. Thirteen honey samples representative of the Western Cape (WCa, WCb and WCc), Eastern Cape (ECa, ECb and ECc), South East Mozambique (SEMa, SEMb and SEMc) and Agricultural: A-E (Eucalyptus) (A-E1 and A-E2), A-L (Litchi) and A-O (Orange) were collected. These samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis, the antioxidant content (TPC and TFC) and both enzymatic (catalase activity) and non-enzymatic activity, using the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) assays was determined. From the DPPH, TEAC and ORAC data the Relative Antioxidant Capacity Index (RACI) was calculated. To determine whether high antioxidant activity translates into significant cellular protection, biological and cellular assays were undertaken. Using the pBR322 plasmid assay and the erythrocyte haemolysis assay the ability of honeys to protect against 2,2’-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) oxidative damage was evaluated. Further evaluation was undertaken in the SC-1 fibroblast cell line and the physiologically more relevant Caco-2 cell line. Toxicity and antioxidant effects were evaluated in the SC-1 cell line while antioxidant effects were only evaluated in the Caco-2 cell line. The long-term mitogenic and toxic effects were determined in the SC-1 cell line using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Neutral Red (NR) and Crystal Violet (CV) assays. Short term, total- and intracellular antioxidant effects were determined in both cell lines using the dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay (DCFH-DA) assay. For all cellular experiments honey at concentrations of 0.01% and 1% were used. The physiochemical properties of the honeys evaluated fulfilled the regulatory standards compiled in the Codex Alimentarius (CODEX STAN12-1981 revision 2001). The results were as follows: SEMb had the highest TPC (167.96 mg GAE/100g) and TFC (51.60 mg CE/100g) while A-E2 had the highest catalase (38.48 µmol H2O2/g) activity. RACI revealed that WCb had the highest antioxidant activity.SEMc showed the highest protection of plasmid DNA against oxidative-induced strand breaks while SEMa showed the highest protection of erythrocytes against AAPH-induced haemolysis. Although correlations were found between antioxidant content and antioxidant activity assays, no correlation was found these parameters and the biological assays. For the long-term cytotoxicity assay, AAPH showed significant cytoxicity at 0.78mM, 1.56mM and 0.28mM when measured using the MTT, NR and CV assays, respectively. Some honeys 4/13 and 3/13 showed a mitogenic effect at a concentration of 0.01% and 1% respectively. Toxic effects, were observed for 1/13 and 8/13 at 0.01% and 1% honey respectively. Toxicity after 72 h exposure varied from 10-30% (CV assay). The same concetrations of honey was used to determine the short-term, 2h, antioxidant effects in both the SC-1 and Caco-2 cell lines. No oxidative effect was found for all honeys at these concentrations. For the DCFH-DA assay using the SC-1 cell line at 1%, 12/13 and 7/13 honeys showed total and intracellular protection respectively. The highest extracellular protection was for SEMa (% Protection (%P) = 95) and SEMb (%P = 93). Intracellular protection was the highest for SEMc (%P = 21) and A-L (%P = 20). At 0.01%, 7/13 and 8/13 honeys exhibited total and intracellular protection, respectively. For both the highest protection was found for SEMc (%P = 43, total and %P = 30, intracellular). For the Caco-2 cell line at 1%, 11/13 and 4/13 showed total and intracellular protection, respectively. Of these the highest extracellular protection was for SEMb (% Protection (%P) = 90). Intracellular protection was the highest for ECa (%P = 28) and WCc (%P = 26). At 0.01%, 4/13 and 8/13 honeys showed total and intracellular protection respectively. The highest extracellular protection was found for SEMc (%P = 62) and intracellular protection was ECc (%P = 28). The SC-1 cell line was found to be the most sensitive to the antioxidant effects of honey compared to the Caco-2 cell line. The honeys SEMa, SEMb and SEMc showed protection against oxidative damage in both cell lines. In conclusion, the antioxidant activity of honeys from Southern Africa is of a high quality. The WC, SEM and EC honeys showed the highest antioxidant effects and could provide health benefits against diseases associated with oxidative stress as indicated by these results. Copyright
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Anatomy
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48

Schertenleib, Pierre. "Carcinome neuroendocrine cutané ou à cellules de Merkel /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1992. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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49

Vallese, Denis. "In vivo behaviour of human precursors into a dystrophic context." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066191.

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La Dystrophie Musculaire de Duchenne (DMD) est une maladie létale récessive liée à l’X, causée par des mutations dans le gène de la dystrophine, sans aucun traitement efficace disponible. Le développement de thérapies efficaces nécessite l'utilisation de modèles animaux dystrophiques et immunotolérants pour les cellules humaines. En collaboration avec James Di Santo à l'Institut Pasteur, une nouvelle souche mutante de souris a été créée: le modèle Rag2−Il2rb−Dmd−. Ce nouveau mutant ne présente plus de cellules T et B, ni de cellules NK. Il porte également une mutation dans le gène de la dystrophine. Cette étude porte sur la caractérisation morphologique et immunohistochimique du phénotype musculaire de cette nouvelle souris mutante, sa comparaison avec le modèle murin DMD le plus utilisé (mdx) et son utilisation potentielle pour évaluer le potentiel régénératif de progéniteurs myogéniques humains. Les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse ont montré que le phénotype dystrophique est similaire entre les deux modèles. L’analyse de la régénération musculaire a donné des résultats très prometteurs. La souris Rag2−Il2rb−Dmd− montre un pic de régénération spontanée entre 10 et 16 semaines, ce qui fait 6 semaines de régénération intense. Les données obtenues après transplantation de myoblastes humaines ont confirmé que le nouveau modèle est très bien adapté à la greffe des cellules myogéniques, qui participent de façon efficace à la régénération musculaire. Cet aspect est très important car il permet d’étudier le comportement de cellules souches humaines à potentiel myogénique dans un contexte dystrophique naturel
The Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal recessive X-linked disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, no effective treatment is available up to date. The development of effective therapies requires the use of animal models both dystrophic and immunotolerant for human cells. In collaboration with James Di Santo at the Pasteur Institute, a new mutant strain of mice was created: the Rag2−Il2rb−Dmd−. This mutant lacks T and B cells, as well as NK cells. It also harbours a mutation in the dystrophin gene. This study focuses on the morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of the muscle phenotype of the new mutant mouse, its comparison with the most used DMD model (mdx) and its potential use to evaluate the regenerative potential of human myogenic progenitors. The results obtained in this thesis have shown that the dystrophic phenotype is similar between the two models. Analysis of muscle regeneration has yielded very promising results. The Rag2−Il2rb−Dmd− mouse shows a peak of spontaneous regeneration between 10 and 16 weeks, which is six weeks of intense regeneration. Results obtained after transplantation of human myoblasts have confirmed that this new model is very suitable for myogenic cells transplantation, which can effectively participate in muscle regeneration. This is very important because allows to study the behaviour of human myogenic stem cells in natural dystrophic context
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50

Rose, France. "Analysis of phenotypic and spatial cellular heterogeneity from large scale microscopy data." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEE057.

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La robotique et l’automatisation des microscopes ont ouvert la voie aux cribles cellulaires à haut contenu : des marqueurs fluorescents ciblant l’ADN ou d’autres composants sont utilisés pour imager des centaines de milliers de cellules dans différentes conditions. Il a été montré que les cribles cellulaires sont efficaces pour découvrir des médicaments de nouvelles classes thérapeutiques, cad ceux qui agissent sur une nouvelle cible. Les cribles permettent d’identifier des composés prometteurs et de les caractériser en leur associant des annotations fonctionnelles, comme leur cible moléculaire ou leur mécanisme d’action (MOA).J’ai étudié l'hétérogénéité des réponses cellulaires à différents niveaux et comment cette hétérogénéité phénotypique peut être exploitée pour mieux caractériser les composés. Au premier niveau, j’ai étudié l'hétérogénéité entre patients. Nous avons montré qu’utiliser différentes lignées cellulaires dérivées de patients augmente la probabilité de prédire la cible moléculaire du composé testé. Le second niveau correspond à la diversité des réponses cellulaires de la même lignée cellulaire soumise au même traitement. Des méthodes de clustering appropriées peuvent être utilisées pour clarifier cette complexité et pour grouper les cellules en sous-populations. Les proportions de chaque sous-population par traitement permettent de prédire le bon MOA. Le troisième niveau regarde comment les sous-populations cellulaires sont organisées spatialement. J’ai trouvé que les cellules voisines s’influencent les unes les autres et affichent un phénotype similaire plus fréquemment qu’attendu par chance. Ces résultats obtenus sur une centaine de traitements montrent que des cellules génétiquement identiques ne sont pas identiques et indépendantes mais sont à l’origine d’une hétérogénéité spatiale par le lignage cellulaire et les interactions. En utilisant l’information spatiale ainsi que l'hétérogénéité phénotypique, les méthodes à noyaux de graphes améliorent la classification en MOA sous certaines conditions. Parallèlement, comme l’analyse spatiale peut s’appliquer à n’importe quelle image de microscopie, j’ai développé une librairie d’analyse Python, PySpacell, pour étudier l’aléatoire spatial de marqueurs quantitatifs et qualitatifs
Robotics and automated fluorescence microscopes have promoted high-content cell-based screenings: fluorescent probes targeting DNA or other major components are used to image hundreds of thousands of cells under many different conditions. Cell-based assays have proven to be efficient at discovering first-in-class therapeutic drugs, i.e. drugs acting on a new target. They allow to detect promising molecules and to profile them, by associating functional annotations to them, like their molecular target or mechanism of action (MOA). I studied heterogeneity of cell responses at different levels and how this phenotypic heterogeneity can be leveraged to better profile drugs. The first level is about studying heterogeneity between patients. We showed that using different patient-derived cell lines increases the chance of predicting the correct molecular target of the tested drug. The second level corresponds to the diversity of cell responses within the same cell line under the same treatment. Appropriate clustering approaches can be used to unravel this complexity and group cells into subpopulations. The proportions of each subpopulation per treatment allow to predict the correct MOA. The third level looks at how the cell subpopulations are spatially organized. I found that neighboring cells influence each others, and display a similar phenotype more frequently than expected at random. These results assessed across a hundred of treatments, show that even genetically identical cells are not all alike and independent, but create spatial heterogeneity via cell lineage and interaction. Using spatial information as well as phenotypic heterogeneity with graph kernel methods improves the MOA classification under some conditions. Alongside, as spatial analysis could be applied on any cell microscopy image, I developed a Python analysis package, pySpacell, to study spatial randomness from quantitative and qualitative cell markers
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