Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cellules et tissus'
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Chopinet-Mayeux, Louise. "Effets des champs électriques pulsés milli et nanosecondes sur cellules et tissus." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874040.
Full textChopinet, Louise. "Effets des champs électriques pulsés milli et nanosecondes sur cellules et tissus." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2171/.
Full textElectropermeabilization is a physical technique first developed to transfer cytotoxic drugs in tumor. It consists in the transient permeabilization of the plasma membrane following electric field application. In specific electric conditions using long pulses of several milliseconds, the membrane destabilization can allow transferring plasmid DNA into the cell, thus allowing the development of gene therapy. For now, one clinical trial has been published using gene eletro-transfer and several others are ongoing. However the efficiency of the technique remains low compared to other transfer methods. This thesis gets interested in how pulsed electric fields affect cell membranes, in the concrete situation of gene transfer by electroporation. The comprehension of electro-gene transfer process need to be well understood in order to optimize it. In this context, we focus on the 3 barriers that DNA is confronted to during its transfer: first at the cell level: plasma membrane and nuclear envelope, second at the tissue level: the complexity of a multicellular environment. I) We first studied the efficiency of gene transfer on multicellular spheroid model. This work allowed the validation of this model for electro-transfection study, and the further optimization of the technique by raising some of the failures encountered in gene transfer in tissue. Ii) The second part of the work has been dedicated to study plasma membrane destabilization due to electroporation by Atomic Force Microscopy. We used both innovating imaging modes and spectroscopy modes to analyze the effects on living cells, which resulted in the measurement of a decrease in elasticity, linked to side effects of electric fields on actin cytoskeleton destabilization. Iii) The last part has been dedicated to the effects of nanopulses (nsEP) on both plasma membrane and the second barrier encountered by gene during its transfer, namely nuclear envelope. The effects of these very short (ns) and intense (several kV/cm) pulses have been indeed shown to affect both cell membrane and internal envelope (organelles ones). We first study their effect on membrane using patch-clamp to discriminate in the implication of actin cytoskeleton in nanopores formation. We secondly aimed to study how these nanopulses affect the special structure that is nuclear envelope during gene transfer, for validating their potential use on humans, and their possible role in optimization for gene transfer. P-clamp study revealed that actin is not involved in nanopores formation, and gene transfer one that nsEP do not affect positively transfection efficiency. Altogether this thesis brings new insights in electropermeabilization mecanisms understanding and barriers for gene transfer in tissue. Methods, models and tools have been set and validated. They are now usable for investigating electric field effect on living organisms
Jeanson, Yannick. "Métabolisme redox et plasticité tissulaire des tissus adipeux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30034.
Full textA very dynamic literature daims that specific metabolic and redox profiles are associated with specific cellular states including stemness, differentiation or cell activation. Furthermore, some metabolism derivatives affect cellular behavior through the fine regulation of signaling pathways. Whereas white adipose tissue development and plasticity is highly dependent on the general metabolic context, few studies investigated the role ofmetabolism on its cell plasticity. Beside white adipocytes, some UCPI (uncoupling protein 1)-expressing adipocytes, that are distinct from classical brown adipocytes and named beige adipocytes arise among white fat in thermogenic conditions by the so-called browning process. The putative existence of different populations of precursors giving rise to the different types of adipocytes together with the transdifferentiation process appear as mechanisms at the origin of the browning process. The aim of our work was to define i) the putative existence ofmetabolic and functional heterogeneity within adipose precursors and ii) the impact ofthe metabolic environment on the browning process. First, we showed that the CD38 antigen, whose activity is linked to cell redox metabolism through NAD+ consumption, constitutes a marker for white and beige adipogenic commitment. We also demonstrated that lactate, a major redox metabolic intermediate, strongly induces browning ofwhite adipose cells through a redox-dependent increase in UCPI expression. An additional pathway involving the FGF21 growth factor also contributes to lactate induced-browning. Using different approaches of Joss and gain of function in vivo, we further showed that brown-like adioocvtes, whose development is strongly increased by lactate, constitute great consumers of this metabolite which is potentially toxic at high doses. Our works highlight a new function for brown-like adipocytes. Indeed, in addition to their thermogenic function, could they constitute cellular defense against metabolic stress?
Sollier, Kévin, and Kévin Sollier. "Fonctions et régulations des protéines Crumbs dans la morphogenèse des tissus épithéliaux." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27011.
Full textLes tissus épithéliaux recouvrent les surfaces et les cavités du corps et fonctionnent comme des barrières sélectives capables d'échanges entre les différents compartiments de l'organisme. La fonctionnalité de ces tissus repose notamment sur la mise en place et le maintien d'une asymétrie structurale des cellules épithéliales, aussi appelée « polarité épithéliale ». La modulation des mécanismes orchestrant l'asymétrie membranaire est centrale dans la formation et le maintien de l'architecture des tissus épithéliaux. Ainsi, des défauts de polarité épithéliale provoquent des anomalies morphologiques et fonctionnelles des tissus épithéliaux, qui peuvent contribuer au cancer chez l'Homme. C'est pourquoi, la compréhension des processus liés à la polarité épithéliale constitue des objectifs cruciaux dans la biologie des épithéliums et dans la santé humaine, pour assurer le développement de nouvelles thérapies liées au rétablissement des fonctions soutenues par une asymétrie membranaire. Les mécanismes de polarité épithéliale et leurs fonctions signalétiques dans la morphogenèse des tissus épithéliaux jouent un rôle central dans ma thèse et font l'objet de mon introduction. Mon projet de doctorat a consisté à caractériser la fonction et la régulation de Crumbs, un acteur clé dans la mise en place du domaine apical, dans le contrôle de la morphologie cellulaire et dans la morphogenèse des tissus épithéliaux. C'est pourquoi, l'étude de la régulation de la fonction de Crb au sein de la cellule épithéliale revêt un rôle capital dans la compréhension de la biologie des épithéliums. Dans ce cadre, nous avons d'abord permis d'approfondir les modalités d'une éventuelle fonction du domaine extracellulaire de CRB3A. De plus, nous montrons que la GTPase Rac1 permet de contrôler Crumbs dans un contexte tridimensionnel. Ainsi, nous proposons un modèle fonctionnel de Crumbs, soutenu par des approches in vitro et in vivo, dans le contrôle de la morphologie cellulaire et la morphogenèse des tissus tridimensionnels.
GOLESTANEH, NADY. "Les recepteurs mineralocorticoides et les canaux a na + des tissus epitheliaux (enac) : expression et immunolocalisation dans les tissus oculaires et les cellules non epitheliales." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066188.
Full textSallafranque, Marie-Line. "Expression et localisation de la tryptophanyl-tARN synthétase dans les tissus et cellules de bœuf." Bordeaux 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR22002.
Full textSallafranque, Marie-Line. "Expression et localisation de la tryptophanyl-tarn synthérase dans les tissus et cellules du boeuf." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601003n.
Full textDaydé, Dominique. "Bioproduction et bioconversion de saponines triterpéniques par des tissus de gypsophile et de saponaire cultivés in vitro." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT009A.
Full textRousseau, Alexandre. "Optimisation de substituts de tissus urologiques entièrement humains reconstruits par génie tissulaire avec les cellules isolées du tissu adipeux." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29958/29958.pdf.
Full textLeobon, Bertrand. "Etudes des potentiels cardiogéniques et angiogéniques in vivo des cellules dérivées des tissus adipeux." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU30218.
Full textThe transplantation of myoblasts in a myocardial infarction led to the formation of myotubes with electrophysiological properties different from those of cardiomyocytes and showed the absence of electromechanical coupling with the surrounding myocardium. We then used cardiomyogenic cells from murin adipose tissue (AD-CMG). An optimized culture procedure to obtain a large quantity of these cells. The transplantation of these cells expressing green fluorescent protein in an murin ischemic myocardium showed a cardiac differentiation. The assessment by echocardiography showed the absence of ventricular dilation and a significant stability of the left ventricular function. In addition to a mechanism of myocardial regeneration, the angiogenic assumption was investigated in a model of chronic myocardial infarction in rats, by comparing the injection of 3 types of murine cells: ADSC (adipose-derived stromal cells), AD-CMG and bone marrow mononuclear cells. Both adipose populations improved the left ventricular function on echocardiography, myocardial viability on positron emission tomography and increased capillary density. Finally, after the assessment of safety and technical feasibility, a phase Ia clinical trial on the treatment of chronic critical ischemia of the lower limb by autologous ADSC was initiated. The primary endpoints are feasibility and tolerance. Clinical benefits associated with the treatment are under investigation as secondary criteria. The promising properties of cells derived from adipose tissue in the cardiovascular field pave the way for many clinical applications in the areas of myocardial regeneration, revascularization or biomaterials
Blache, Philippe. "Etude sur la maturation post-traductionnelle du proglucagon au niveau des tissus producteurs et d'un tissu-cible, le foie." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20184.
Full textBoubaker, El Andalousi Ramzi. "Modification des caractéristiques morphologiques et fonctionnelles des muscles squelettiques après transplantation de cellules précurseurs isolées des tissus musculaire et adipeux." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20020.
Full textJourdin, Sophie. "La culture des tissus végétaux, de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle au XXe siècle." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA070061.
Full textThe history of the plant tissue culture in the second half of the XIXe century at the XXe century shows the evolution of many aspects of the evolution of plant biology and physiology, to understand how to control the vegetable parts, their needs and their capacity to survive isolated and in artificial conditions. Beyond an historical work on the development of these cultures - in the United States, in Germany and in France -the thesis is an epistemological study of the evolution of the representation of the theoretical conceptions on the potentialities of the cell and its limits. Moreover, this study insists on the very empirical character of the development of these experimental methods. We emphasize that the cultures are objects of study while being instruments of this research in biology; we study also the very close links with the physiology of the nutrition and the cellular division, implying the question of the vegetable hormones and engaging the concept of cell itself. This history being related to the genetics, biochemistry, cytology, and after the second world war, molecular biology, the study of the cellular cultures is an original problematic for studying the important transformations of contemporary biology
Li, Junjun. "Etude et exploration de microdispositifs : capture des cellules rares, criblage à haut débit, et formation de tissus cardiaques." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066251.
Full textSabri, Nai͏̈ma. "Approche biophysicochimique du transfert direct d'ADN dans des cellules et des tissus végétaux intacts par électroperméabilisation." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30291.
Full textPhulpin, Bérengère. "Modélisation de dégénérescence tissulaire radio-induite et conceptualisation de réhabilitation des tissus irradiés par thérapie cellulaire." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10064/document.
Full textRadiation therapy induced acute and late sequelae within healthy tissue included in the irradiated area. In general, lesions are characterized by ischemia, cell apoptosis and fibrosis. In this context, cell therapy using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) might represent an attractive new therapeutic approach, based partly on their angiogenic ability and their involvement in the natural processes of tissue repair. The first part of this work consisted in the development of experimental mouse model of radio-induced tissue degeneration similar to that occurring after radiotherapy. The aim was to better understand the physiopathological mechanisms of radiation-induced tissue damage and to determine the best treatment strategy. The second part of this work investigated the feasibility of autologous BMSC therapy on the murine model of radiation previously established with emphasis on two pre-requisites : the retention of the injected cells within the target tissue and the evaluation of the graft on bone metabolism. This preclinical investigation in a mouse model constitutes an essential step allowing an evaluation of the benefit of cell therapy for the treatment of radiation-induced tissue injury. Data from these studies could allow the proposal of clinical studies
Miron, Yannick. "Impact des produits de glycation avancée sur la mécanique des tissus à base de collagène et de l'endothélium." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4017.
Full textRobert, Rémi. "Étude des mécanismes contrôlant l’expression des gènes HOX et implications pour la génération in vitro de tissus humains." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS399.pdf.
Full textDuring embryogenesis, the formation of the vertebrate body plan depends on the spatial organization of different cell types along the anterior-posterior axis. This process is orchestrated by HOX transcription factors, which are differentially expressed along this axis, conferring positional identity on developing tissues. HOX patterns of expression are initiated by the sequential activation of HOX genes in axial progenitors, a population of stem cells fueling the progressive elongation of the body of developing embryos, forming notably the somites and the spinal cord. In parallel with the progressive induction of this gene family, these progenitors generate increasingly caudal structures, transforming the temporal sequence of activation into spatial domains of expression along the anterior-posterior axis. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that regulate the temporality of this induction and its transformation into spatial domains remain poorly understood, particularly in humans. To address these questions, during my thesis I generated progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells that display the molecular and functional characteristics of axial progenitors. Indeed, we have shown that these progenitors sequentially activate HOX genes and can give rise to organoids recapitulating multiple aspects of the generation and organization of the anterior-posterior axis, such as the formation of somites surrounding a neural tube along which the spatial expression patterns of several HOXs are recapitulated. Using these in vitro-produced axial progenitors, we first demonstrated that the tempo of induction of HOX genes is dynamically modulated by the graded activity of two extrinsic factors, FGFs and GDF11, which are sequentially expressed in the caudal region of vertebrate embryos during development. Then, we showed that 1) activated HOX genes are direct targets of signaling pathways downstream of these factors and 2) that the speed of activation of genes expressed later and later is determined by the duration of pathway activation in axial progenitors, a property of the pathways regulated by intrinsic negative feedback mechanisms. Overall, my results suggest a new model in which the timing of HOX gene activation is an emergent property of the dynamics of signaling pathways downstream of extrinsic factors. In parallel, my studies have led to improved cellular and tissue engineering of trunk cells from human pluripotent stem cells, culminating in protocols for generating the different motor neuron subtypes present along the body axis, and a new organoid model mimicking morphogenesis and the formation of cellular diversity along the human body axis
Fkih, m'hamed Insaf. "Etude de l'implication des miARNs dans le cancer du sein triple négatif et la régulation de BRCA1." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF1MM19/document.
Full textIn sporadic triple-negative breast cancers BRCA1 is frequently inactivated at the transcriptional level, and it has been reported that this inactivation may be brought about by promoter methylation. More recently, it was found that BRCA1 may also be regulated at the post-transcriptional level by miRNAs. Accumulating evidence indicates that miRNAs have a causal role in tumorigenesis. Our work focused on the study of microRNAs expression and functions in vitro, in silico and ex vivo.Based on our expression profiling results, four candidate miRNAs (miR-10b, miR-26a, miR-146a and miR-153) were selected as being potentially involved in triple-negative breast cancer development. Exogenous expression assays revealed that miR-10b and miR-26a, but not miR-146a, can down-regulate the expression of BRCA1 in both triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and luminal epithelial MCF7 breast cancer-derived cells, whereas miR-153 could down-regulate BRCA1 expression only in MCF7 cells. In silico analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data confirmed that miR-146a is significantly higher expressed in triple-negative breast tumors compared to other (non triple-negative) breast tumors. The ex vivo study showed that the high level expression of miR-146a and miR-26 is associated with the absence of lymph node metastasis in triple negative breast cancer. Also a correlation between the expression of the 4 miRNAs was revealed, allowing the identification of different signaling pathways involved in the triple negative breast cancer.Our work provides evidence of the involvement of specific miRNAs as potential biomarkers in breast cancer triple negative development
Berces, Sophie. "Congélation des produits végétaux : caractérisation des cellules et des tissus et influence des cinétiques de refroidissement sur la qualité des fruits." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGPT0028.
Full textLavoie, Amélie. "Localisation, quantification, dynamique et organisation des cellules souches épithéliales cutanées humaines in situ et in vitro." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26566/26566.pdf.
Full textPurbaningsih, Susiani. "Isolement et culture de protoplastes d'orchidées ("Phalaenipsis" et "Epidendrum") : implication de l'état vitreux des tissus et de l'éthylène." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20280.
Full textGeorges, Didier. "Approches biotechnologiques (cultures de tissus, cellules et protoplastes) pour l'accroissement de la variabilité génétique chez le chèvrefeuille (lonicera, caprifoliaceae)." Tours, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOUR3802.
Full textBarrieu, François. "Polypeptides intrinsèques du tonoplaste bobTIP26 des cellules de chou-fleur (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Botrytis) : clonage de deux ADNc et expression dans les tissus sous contraintes hydriques." Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOS025.
Full textRiffault, Sabine. "Induction virale d'interferon-/ : etude in vivo des cellules productrices dans les tissus lymphoides et des modifications localement induites par l'interferon." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INAP0010.
Full textGadzovska, Sonja. "Production de métabolites secondaires par les cultures de cellules et de tissus d'Hypericum perforatum L : effets de divers facteurs exogènes." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2005.
Full textFlorin, Bruno. "Étude de différentes voies de conservation d'embryons, de tissus et de cellules de végétaux cultivés in vitro : applications de l'hypoxie et de la cryoconservation." Tours, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOUR3804.
Full textKamgoue, Tchouassi Alain Caril. "Problèmes inverses en biomécanique : de la caractérisation des propriétés élastiques de cellules adhérentes à l'élaboration d'un outil de mesure des déformations locales au sein des cellules contractiles et de tissus." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10011.
Full textThe research in cell biology have been heavily marked during the last two decades by taking greater account of the mechanical properties of living cells. The remarkable development of a new discipline, the Mechanobiology, and the study of signaling pathways involved, or mechano-transduction, are tangible signs. In this context, this thesis is a contribution to the characterization of active and passive mechanical properties of adherent cells from their response to stress imposed. This approach, which is defined as a formal resolution of an inverse problem was developed in the first part of our work to identify the intrinsic modulus of adherent cells probed mechanically by optical tweezers or magnetic tweezers. These micromanipulation techniques allow in fact to distort the cytoskeleton of the cell through functionalized beads hanging from the transmembrane receptor in the cell. However, direct analysis of the solicitation/answer couple allows us to infer only the apparent modulus of the cell. The originality of our work is to offer a significant improvement of the cell Young modulus estimation through the consideration of several factors that are geometric: (i) embedding angle of the bead in cell, (ii) the height of the cell under the bead (iii) the curvature of the interface bead/cell. We propose including explicit functions of these parameters to correct the error of cell rigidity when this rigidity is estimated under the assumption of an infinite or semi-infinite medium. The second part of our work, concerns characterization, more complex, of contractile cells active mechanical properties observed by video-microscopy. In this case, the illumination of the cell is the input function, while the scope of movement observed over time is the cellular response. The inverse problem here is to infer the field of intracellular constraints at the origin of displacement observed. To better understand the dynamics of spontaneous contractile isolated cardiomyocytes, we first developed an optical flow algorithm performance based on the correlation of images, which allowed us to quantify accurately the evolution of intracellular deformation at the sarcomere level. From this spatial-temporal strain field, we were able to reconstruct originally intracellular constraints calcium-dependent governing the frequency and magnitude of the contraction of cardiomyocytes. We finally show interest in the prospect of this approach in the tissue with different results of coronary arteries elastography
Tran, Thi Nhu Hoa. "Analyse et modélisation 3D de l’organisation spatiale des tissus dans des images biologiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS457.pdf.
Full textCells within the tissue preferentially form a network that works together to carry out a specific function. Thus, the role of a tissue is affected by its cell types as well as the architecture of cellular interactions. A question is to what degree the spatial organization of these cells affects the function of the tissue. We first propose a set of methodologies to analyze the multi-cellular structure of tissues at both local and global scale. The goal is to analyze, formalize, and model the spatial organization of the tissue captured by fluorescence microscopy images. At the local scale, we investigate the spatial relationship of several structures with both direct and indirect cellular interactions. At the global scale, we apply spatial statistic approaches to investigate the degree of randomness of the cell distribution. In addition, an open source toolbox is developed which allows researchers to perform investigations of the position of different cells within a 3D multicellular structure. We apply the toolbox to study of the spatial organization of the islet of Langerhans, a special kind of tissue that plays an important role in regulating the blood glucose level. With a good segmentation accuracy, we have been able to perform our analysis of the islets of Langerhans on several different species such as mouse and monkey. We also utilize our toolbox to explore the structural-functional mechanism of the delta cell, a specific kind of cell within the islet whose role has not yet been determined, but could potentially influence the islet function, in mouse and human. Our generic toolbox is implemented with unbiased analytical capabilities in software platform ImageJ
Gueniche, Farida. "Effets de dérivés d'exopolysaccharides bactériens sur le comportement de fibroblastes et de cellules mésenchymateuses d'origine médullaire dans des tissus reconstruits à des fins d'ingénierie tissulaire." Paris 13, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA132037.
Full textExopolysaccharides (EPS) extracted from deep sea bacteria (IFREMER) are a new generation of polysaccharides heparan-mimetic. In this work, we are investigated the potential effects of native EPS and derived EPS, namely: GY785 OSDR, GY785 DROS on the performance of mesenchymal cells in 2D and 3D cultures. We demonstrated that derived EPS, GY785 DROS were able to stimulate the proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts as well as human medullary stromal cells in 2D and 3D cultures, the 3D cultures being considered as reconstructed conjonctive tissue. In our hands, with EPS GY785 DROS, medullary stromal cells were shown to adopt a mesenchymal cell phenotype. Furthermore we evidenced that derived EPS GY785 DROS was able to interact with growth factor particularly fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and that this interaction promoted the pro-proliferative effect of this later. Our results raise the possibility to use EPS for tissue engineering in order to favour tissue regeneration and also to improve graftings in man for example with severely burnst patients and or with patients suffering from epidermolysis bullosa for whom dermal covering is vital
Saade, Georges. "Les co-infections respiratoires du porc. Co-infections des cellules et des tissus respiratoires porcins par le virus de l’influenza A et le virus du syndrome dysgénésique et respiratoire porcin." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ONIR152F.
Full textRespiratory co-infections in pigs are more common than infections caused by a single pathogen. First of all, we identified the viral and bacterial porcine co-infections studies and we detailed the possible molecular consequences on the porcine host. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and the swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV), are major contributors to the porcine respiratory disease complex. SwIAV primarily infects epithelial cells while PRRSV infects cells expressing CD163 such as alveolar macrophages (AM). In order to evaluate the antiviral response of the porcine host and to study the effect of a pre-infection with PRRSV on the replication of swIAV, a series of co-infections and superinfections were carried out on tracheal epithelial cells and precision-cut lung slices. The results showed that PRRSV can interfere with swIAV infection and alter the cellular antiviral response without infecting epithelial cells. This effect of PRRSV appears to be less important following an increase in the delay between viral inoculations. Finally, a series of experiments enabled us to identify the pathogens circulating in pigs from a local slaughterhouse and to assess the effect of the various bacterial and viral infections, on the alveolar macrophages trained immunity and their ability to replicate viruses in case of superinfection. This study contributes to the understanding of porcine immune response to respiratory coinfections for a better management of respiratory diseases in swine
Maury, Florence. "Étude des conditions de culture in vitro des tissus cornéens et application à l'évaluation de biomatériaux ophtalmiques." Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD413.
Full textBadique, Florent. "Mécano-biologie de cellules cancéreuses sur surfaces à topographie et chimie contrôlées." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MULH8315/document.
Full textThe work shown in this thesis is the outcome of a successful collaboration between chemistry, physics and biology. Indeed, materials with well controlled parameters have been used in order to characterize complex cellular functions. We first introduce the creation of one tool which allow the study of cells mechanotransduction. The originality of this tool is based on its activation by stretching which allow a reversible adhesion of cells to the surface.Then, we studied the behavior of stem cells and cancerous cells on micropillared surfaces. This approach allowed us to describe a cancerous behavior of cells characterized by strong deformations of cells bodies and nuclei. We also showed that the use of such micropillared surfaces allowed us to describe cancerous cells mecanobiology. Indeed, this substrate with a well controlled topography allowed us to show that substrates chemistry and stiffness have only little effects on cancerous cells deformation while cytoskeleton components are necessary. More specifically, the deformation is impossible without the cytoskeleton. We also inhibited the nuclear envelope proteins and nuclear lamina proteins in order to evaluate their involvement in cells deformation mechanism. In the same time, a total RNA (RiboNucleic Acids) sequencing of deformed and non deformed cells have been done in order to identify an eventual modification in gene expression.These deformations of cancerous cells between micropillars have been compared to the deformation of cells during the transmigration through porous membranes (Boyden chambers). These comparisons allowed us to identify several mechanisms which lead to cells deformation and more specifically to nuclei deformation.We showed in a last part that cells can divide on micropillared surfaces. We described a non parallel like segregation of chromosomes. However, these unusual mitosis didn't lead to supernumerary troubles in cell division
Tratner, Isabelle. "Etude de la methylation des genes codant pour l'albumine et l'alphafoetoproteine dans differents tissus au cours du developpement et dans des cellules d'hepatomes chez le rat : correlation avec l'expression genique." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066651.
Full textTratner, Isabelle. "Etude de la méthylation des gènes codant pour l'albumine et l'alphafoetoprotéine dans différents tissus au cours du développement et dans des cellules d'hépatomes chez le rat corrélation avec l'expression génique /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37610306g.
Full textMorin, Nathalie. "Les Microcodium : architecture, structure et composition, comparaison avec les racines calcifiées." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20025.
Full textAtger, Claire. "Essai sur l'architecture racinaire des arbres." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20100.
Full textLongchamps, Louis. "Discrimination entre le maïs et les mauvaises herbes par la signature spectrale de fluorescence induite par UV." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23931/23931.pdf.
Full textBenchabane, Meriem. "Modifications post-traductionnelles d'une serpine humaine recombinante exprimée chez les plantes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24868/24868.pdf.
Full textGarcía, García Alejandro. "Multiscale analysis of multi-layered tissues constructs : interfaces in the musculo-skeletal system based on tissue engineered osteotendinous junctions." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2488.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was the development of a biohybrid substitute for the reconstruction of the bone-tendon continuum based on tissue engineering strategies. After an exhaustive bibliographic analysis of the native structures and their environment, we first proposed the realization of each system separately using electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds. At first, we combined electrospinning with electrospraying techniques to produce a PCL-hydroapatite scaffold with honeycomb cavities. Our hypothesis was to provide the substitute with a biomimetic structure favoring cell adhesion, spreading and differentiation. The in vitro mechanical and biological analysis performed with a progenitor cell line and withorganotypic assays confirmed our original approach. Then, the material seeded with bone marrow stem cells was successfully implanted by our collaborators in Amiens with the objective of treating a maxillofacial defect in a rodent model. In parallel, for the tendon reconstruction, we investigated several electrospinning processes, varying fibers’ size and organization (random/aligned). In a bioinspired perspective, we combined the choice of the scaffold with dynamic stretching to reproduce physical training. Under those mechanical stimulations, established first with the same progenitor cell line, we demonstrated in a second study that MSCs aligned with the stretching axis and produced extracellular matrix, which in turn allowed to keep the mechanical properties of the biohybrid scaffold all over the 2 weeks of culture. We demonstrated that cell differentiation towards tendon and bone lineage was successfully achieved in the absence of any differentiation factor, being specifically related to materials properties and mechanotransduction. Therefore, the next step consisting in the assembly of both scaffolds with a transition area should lead to this bone-tendon continuum’s reconstruction
Lacroix, Aurélie. "Etude de la localisation de l’herpèsvirus humain de type 6 (HHV-6) dans les tissus hodgkiniens : recherche de l’expression de l’oncogène viral DR7 et de ses conséquences pour la cellule." Limoges, 2008. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/45243d16-ed38-4721-8146-f2c5dd68586b/blobholder:0/2008LIMO4001.pdf.
Full textThere are two variants, A and B, of human lymphotropic herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6). The B variant is associated with Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL). However this association is contreversial in the literature because it only exists in rare cases and not in Reed-Sternberg cells (RS), the characteristic cells of HL. In the first part of our study quantitative PCR demonstrated the existence of HHV-6 alone or concommitantly with Epstein-Barr virus, known to be associated with HL, in a cohort of HL patients. We then used an anti-HHV-6 DR7B antibody produced in our laboratory to determine the cellular localization of HHV-6 and to detect its presence in large quantities in RS cells from 73. 7% of HL patients positive only for HHV-6. Furthermore, double labeling studies in patients from the cohort positive for both herpesviruses demonstrated the colocalization, notably in RS cells, of DR7B from HHV-6 and LMP1 from EBV oncoproteins, indicating a probable viral interaction. Finally, a stable transfection system was realised to adjust DR7B expression in mature B cells which are close to RS cells. In the presence of DR7B, a transcriptionnal and translational expression of Id2, an inhibitor of E2A wich is a transcription factor implicated in phenotypical reprogramming of RS cells, similar to RS cells in HL, was observed
Haj, Hassan Hawraa. "Détection et classification temps réel de biocellules anormales par technique de segmentation d’images." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0043.
Full textDevelopment of methods for help diagnosis of the real time detection of abnormal cells (which can be considered as cancer cells) through bio-image processing and detection are most important research directions in information science and technology. Our work has been concerned by developing automatic reading procedures of the normal and abnormal bio-images tissues. Therefore, the first step of our work is to detect a certain type of abnormal bio-images associated to many types evolution of cancer within a Microscopic multispectral image, which is an image, repeated in many wavelengths. And using a new segmentation method that reforms itself in an iterative adaptive way to localize and cover the real cell contour, using some segmentation techniques. It is based on color intensity and can be applied on sequences of objects in the image. This work presents a classification of the abnormal tissues using the Convolution neural network (CNN), where it was applied on the microscopic images segmented using the snake method, which gives a high performance result with respect to the other segmentation methods. This classification method reaches high performance values, where it reaches 100% for training and 99.168% for testing. This method was compared to different papers that uses different feature extraction, and proved its high performance with respect to other methods. As a future work, we will aim to validate our approach on a larger datasets, and to explore different CNN architectures and the optimization of the hyper-parameters, in order to increase its performance, and it will be applied to relevant medical imaging tasks including computer-aided diagnosis
Urbach, Valérie. "Identification et étude de la régulation des canaux K+ dans la membrane basolatérale des cellules principales de la peau de grenouille (rana esculenta)." Nice, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NICE4701.
Full textAvallone, Sylvie. "Etude de la fermentation naturelle de "Coffea arabica L. " et des mécanismes de fluidification du tissu mucilagineux." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20166.
Full textJbilo, Moulay-Omar. "Expression tissulaire des gènes de l'acétylcholinestérase et de la butyrylcholinestérase chez les mammifères. Caractérisation de la région promotrice du gène de la butyrylcholinestérase chez l'homme et le lapin." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20206.
Full textRiès, Delphine. "Etude d'une décharge hors équilibre à pression atmosphérique pour des applications biomédicales : physique de la décharge, cinétique de la production des espèces réactives lors de l'interaction avec des cellules et des tissus vivants." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2065/document.
Full textOver the past decade, a new type of non-equilibrium discharge at atmospheric pressure has attracted growing interest, given the ability to produce a plasma extending in ambient air close to room temperatures. These plasma jets, often based on a dielectric barrier discharge type of reactor, are interesting on their physicochemical property perspectives. In addition, these cold plasma jets have the advantage of allowing applications to heat sensitive materials, creating a new field of research, Plasma Medicine. At GREMI the Plasma Gun, has been developed for both the study of the physics of plasma jets and for biomedical applications particularly in the field of cancerology. In a first step, in vitro and in vivo were performed, within a rodent model of pancreatic carcinoma. The anti-tumor action of the plasma has been demonstrated as well as its benefic combination with a chemotherapeutic treatment. Based on these encouraging biomedical results, the main focus of this study is to report on the drastic influence of the application target on the plasma properties (propagation and production of reactive species) and on the strong coupling between gas jet and plasma discharge. Diagnostics such as fast, wavelength-filtered and Schlieren imaging, optical emission spectroscopy as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the plasma. A quantitative study on spatial and temporal distribution of hydroxyl radicals (OH density ranging between 5.1011 and 1.1014 cm-3) was performed by laser-induced fluorescence. The study of the OH in combination with a numerical model allowed a better understanding of the moist air penetration into the gas jet and the interaction with wet surfaces. This PhD work enlightened the complex interaction between the gas flow, the plasma and the nature of the target which has to be taken into account for further optimization of biomedical applications
Longuespée, Rémi. "Histologie moléculaire : développements et applications pour la recherche de biomarqueurs du cancer de l’ovaire." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10045/document.
Full textEpithelial ovarian Cancers (EOC) are amongst the most deadly gynecological neoplastic afflictions in western countries. As this time, there is no method for the efficient screening of the disease in its early steps of development. The topics of this PhD are based on two objectives related to biomarkers research of EOC. The first one was the development of analytical methods for MALDI Mass Spectrometry for global biomarkers screenings in different types EOC. An extraction procedure for high molecular mass proteins on tissue sections has been designed in order to push back the limits of sensitivity of the method. Then, multivariate analyses allowed us to compare spectral informations contained in histological regions of different natures. All these developments conducted to the histopathological validation of a biomarker of immunosupression associated to ovarian cancer, namely the C-terminal fragment of PA28 (Reg-Alpha). Another issue, the determination of EOC origin, has also been studied. The second goal of this PhD has been the exploration of the relative implication of the different members of proproteine convertases (PCs) in EOC, which are keys enzymes involved in the maturation of many molecular actors of tumoral progression. To do so, SKOV-3 cell lines have been knocked-down for different PCs to study the functional redundancy of these enzymes. It has then been possible to determine, in cellulo and in vivo, that PACE4 is particularly influent on ovarian cancer progression
Haj, Hassan Hawraa. "Détection et classification temps réel de biocellules anormales par technique de segmentation d’images." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0043.
Full textDevelopment of methods for help diagnosis of the real time detection of abnormal cells (which can be considered as cancer cells) through bio-image processing and detection are most important research directions in information science and technology. Our work has been concerned by developing automatic reading procedures of the normal and abnormal bio-images tissues. Therefore, the first step of our work is to detect a certain type of abnormal bio-images associated to many types evolution of cancer within a Microscopic multispectral image, which is an image, repeated in many wavelengths. And using a new segmentation method that reforms itself in an iterative adaptive way to localize and cover the real cell contour, using some segmentation techniques. It is based on color intensity and can be applied on sequences of objects in the image. This work presents a classification of the abnormal tissues using the Convolution neural network (CNN), where it was applied on the microscopic images segmented using the snake method, which gives a high performance result with respect to the other segmentation methods. This classification method reaches high performance values, where it reaches 100% for training and 99.168% for testing. This method was compared to different papers that uses different feature extraction, and proved its high performance with respect to other methods. As a future work, we will aim to validate our approach on a larger datasets, and to explore different CNN architectures and the optimization of the hyper-parameters, in order to increase its performance, and it will be applied to relevant medical imaging tasks including computer-aided diagnosis
Boytard, Ludovic. "Analyse moléculaire des types cellulaires impliqués dans l'anévrysme de l'aorte abdominale." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825204.
Full textLe, gal Rozenn. "Potentiel thérapeutique d'un agent de la matrice extracellulaire après une ischémie cérébrale : quels effets sur la protection du tissus et la récupération fonctionnelle ? : étude chez le rat et le marmouset commun Assessment of behavioural deficits following ischaemic stroke in the marmoset." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC431.
Full textCerebral ischemic stroke is a devastating neurovascular disease worldwide. It is the leading cause of adult disability and the second cause of mortality in the world, making this pathology a public health priority. Nowadays, only thrombolysis and thrombectomy therapies are available to reduce ischemic outcome. However, they are applied to a minority of patients. So far, many therapeutic approaches to ameliorate ischemic stroke have been promising in animal studies but failed when transferred to the clinical situation. In order to improve successful translation from bench to bed, comity experts encourage the integration of comorbidity factors, such as arterial hypertension, in preclinical studies, as well as the use of higher order species such as non-human primates.Here, we have evaluated the therapeutic effects of a matrix-based therapy, RGTA (ReGeneraTing Agent) on several animal models: normo- and hypertensive rats, together with common marmoset.The results demonstrate that RGTA protects brain tissue in normotensive rats following ischemic stroke. Moreover, when this treatment is combined with a cellular therapy based on mesenchymal stem cells, it confers a neuroprotection accompanied with a better functional recovery in rats with arterial hypertension. However, the therapeutic potential of RGTA, at the dose tested, was not successfully validated in common marmoset. Thus, further investigations with new parameters are required