Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cellules interstitielles de valves'
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Bouchard, Martel Joanie. "Caractérisation des cellules interstitielles des quatre différentes valves cardiaques chez le porc." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25315/25315.pdf.
Full textRosa, Mickael. "Athérosclérose et sténose valvulaire aortique : implication des macrophages et des cellules interstitielles de valve dans les calcifications cardiovasculaires." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S046.
Full textCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most often outcome of atherosclerosis processes. CVD are the first leading cause of death rate with an increasing incidence due to ageing populations and expansion of risk factors such as diabetes mellitus or obesity. Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is the most frequent valvulopathy in developed countries sharing common points with vascular atherosclerosis. More than only risk factors, valvular and vascular lesions share common pathophysiological processes implicated in the development of the disease such as inflammation, fibrosis, angiogenesis and calcification. This last process appears in late stages of atherosclerosis diseases and play critical roles via implication in plaque stability or thickening of the aortic valve. Macrophages are cells deriving from infiltrated monocytes, playing an important role in the inflammatory state of lesions via classical (M1) or alternative phenotypes (M2) phenotypes. Nevertheless, this dichotomy does not reflect completely the variety of their plasticity and different phenotypes induced by the microenvironment of monocytes/macrophages (lipid riche zone, iron riche zone or calcium rich zone). In the aortic valve, valvular interstitial cells (VIC) are the most prominent cell type found in the aortic valve. These cells play a major role not only in the valve tissue homeostasis but also in the calcification processes leading to AVS. In a first part, the aim of this thesis is to elucidate the ability of macrophages to differentiate into osteoclasts, cell type responsible for bone matrix remodeling, inside atherosclerosis plaques. In a second part, this work will focus on the calcification processes occurring in the aortic valve via the study of the role of leptin in valvular calcification (association study) and then in a transcriptomic analysis of VIC isolated from calcified versus non calcified aortic valves (genome-wide expression study). Our results about macrophages show that ex vivo cell surrounding vascular calcification are alternative M2 macrophages. In vitro, these cells are no able to differentiate into true osteoclasts nor to resorb calcium deposits. Concerning the role of leptin on VIC, the results show that serum leptin is higher in patients with AVS, leptin and its receptors are expressed in the aortic valves and leptin enhances the osteoblast différenciation of VIC in an Akt and ERK dependant manner. Finally, the transcriptomic analysis allowed to highlight a new pathway deregulated in VIC. This enzyme is underexpressed in VIC isolated from calcified aortic valves and in the calcified zonesAbstract4of stenosed aortic valves. Otherwise, treating VIC with the product of this enzyme in a procalcifying medium inhibits calcification processes.This thesis highlights new insights into the calcification processes occurring in atherosclerosis lesions and calcified aortic valves. These results describe that M2 macrophages cannot differentiate into osteoclasts and reverse calcification formation inside atherosclerosis plaques. In parallel, it would be interesting to study the macrophages phenotypes surrounding calcium deposits in stenosed aortic valves. Then, it will be interesting to decipher the origin of leptin and its precise mechanism of action on VIC. Finally this work points out a new metabolic pathway implicated in the development of valvular calcification which could be a medical treatment of SVA
Lavisse, Charlotte. "Implication des macrophages M1/M2 dans les pathologies vasculaires et valvulaires humaines." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S063/document.
Full textCardiovascular disease, as a result of atherosclerosis, are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and see their incidence and severity increase with the expansion of their major risk factors, such as age, obesity and diabetes. Aortic valve stenosis, valve disease most frequently encountered in Western countries mainly in the old subject, shares strong similarities with vascular atherosclerosis. Indeed, atherosclerotic plaques and valvular lesions are the site of inflammation, angiogenesis, fibrosis and calcification processes. Macrophages, from monocytes infiltrated tissue differentiation, play a key role in the development of vascular atherosclerotic lesions and their future. Their role in the inflammatory state of the lesions is now well established with recent publications that report on plastic properties of macrophages, according to their microenvironment. Two major subtypes of macrophages have been described in the atherosclerotic plaques, classically (M1) or alternatively (M2) activated macrophages. Their respective role in thrombogenicity, proteolysis and angiogenesis processes involved in plaque instability, have been less studied. In contrast, macrophages are not disclosed in the valve, compared to the valvular interstitial cells (VIC), which are crucial for the maintenance of homeostasis and the valvular function and are involved in the fibrosis and rigidity of the valvular leaflets. My thesis aims to study the roles of macrophages M1/M2 in vascular and valvular pathologies in humans. We focused on their roles in the instability of atherosclerotic plaque (haemostatic or clotting process and vascular remodeling) and valvular fibrosis and their phenotypic modulation by other cell types present in the lesions, neutrophils (PNN) in the plaque or VIC in the valve.Our results suggest that the M1 and M2 macrophages may differently modulate major pathophysiological processes of atherosclerosis. In addition, M1 macrophages from diabetic patients have a deleterious phenotype that could explain the increased vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques observed in these subjects. About valvular pathology, after characterized histologically M1/M2 in human aortic valves, we have shown that the M1 macrophages are involved in the progression of fibrosis through the modulation of their secretory repertoire by VIC.This work provides new clues about the pathophysiological processes involved in vascular and valvular diseases. It focuses on the deleterious role of M1 macrophages in diabetic subjects in vascular pathology and also identifies an unknown function of M1 in the progression of fibrosis associated with "cross-talk" with VIC. It will be necessary later to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions, which is expected to consider new therapeutic approaches to modulate the effect of this cell subtype in these diseases
Arbesu, Y. Miar Anais. "Cellule interstitielle de valve et sténose aortique : impact de la voie du facteur tissulaire." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S062/document.
Full textDefined as the narrowing of the aortic valve, aortic stenosis (AS) is the third cardiovascular pathology in industrialized countries. Affecting mainly people aged over 65 years, AS represents a major public health problem because of the aging of the population. After initially been considered as a passive degenerative process, it is now established that AS is an "atherosclerosis-like " disease characterized by the processes of inflammation, fibrosis, neo-angiogenesis and calcification. Some proteins of the coagulation pathway such as tissue factor (TF) are known to have a pro-fibrotic role and actively participate in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Their implication in AS seems, therefore, probable and remain to be identified.Prevalent cellular component of the aortic valve, VICs have five distinct subpopulations: embryonic progenitor cells (EPCs), progenitor cells (pVICs) quiescent (qVICs), activated (aVICs) and osteoblastic (obVICs). During the valvulogenesis, EPCs allow the cellularization of the valve, differentiating into qVICs. These cells maintain the valvular homeostasis and, in case of damage, are activated (aVICs) to effectively repair the valve tissue. The valvular inflammation and VICs activation initiate the secretion of pro-calcifying proteins inducing the differentiation of aVICs into obVICs. Finally, pVICs, naturally present within the valve (called resident) or from the blood circulation (called hematopoietic), seem to promote cell renewal and may be involved in the angiogenic and osteoblastic processes.Although described, these subpopulations have never been studied longitudinally, in respect to their behavior in vitro. Our first objective was to perform this investigation. Our second objective was to study the potential role of TF pathway in the deleterious mechanisms of AS.As part of the longitudinal follow-up of VICs from control and pathological human aortic valves to the in vitro culture performed on plastic and collagen, we first showed that different subpopulations were present in these valves with different locations and proportions according to the pathophysiological state of the tissue. After enzymatic digestion, all subpopulations are found but, in culture, hematopoietic pVICs disappeared, whichever the support. Thus, we validated the primary culture model of VICs while highlighting its limitations: lack of hematopoietic pVICs, spontaneous osteoblastic differentiation and activation of VICs in culture.As part of the study the involvement of FT in the AS development, we showed its colocalization with thrombin and calcifications of pathological valves. We showed that the expression and activity of TF were constitutively more important in VICs from fibrocalcified valves than control ones and that IL-1β for pathological VICs and that its expression could be induced by IL1 beta. In addition, TF activation in the by its ligand FVII, induced, directly and via the PAR-2 receptor, different signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and the processes of fibrosis and calcification. Thus, our findings suggest that the FT expressed by VICs mediates fibrocalcific processes of aortic stenosis
Baldo, Marjolaine. "Rôle des cellules interstitielles de Cajal dans l'activité autorythmique du tractus gastro-intestinal." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10197.
Full textThe interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) which are mesenchymal cells located in the gastrointestinal tract are mainly involved for the generation of electrical slow waves. Here we studied the mechanism of slow waves generated by ICC and whether disruption of ICC networks can lead to dysrhythmias. Our results show that slow wave frequencies were constant throughout wild-type (WT) mice gastric muscle sheets containing corpus and antrum. Separating the antrum from the corpus caused a significant drop in antral slow wave frequencies indicating that gastric slow waves originate from a dominant pacemaker site in the orad corpus. ICC networks were disrupted in the corpus of WN-Jv mice. Antral pacemaker frequency in ICC from WN-Jv stomachs was the same as in corpus ICC. Chronic depletion of ICC networks disrupts the proximal-to-distal frequency gradient, and emergence of ectopie pacemakers in the antrum may be caused by reprogramming of the ICC pacemaker apparatus. Disruption of ICC networks lead in the generation of motility disorders. The aim of the second study was to determine if there is an abnormality in the density or distribution of ICC from patients with Crohn's disease. Tissues from Crohn's disease patients showed an almost complete abolition of ICC within the external muscle layers and a significant reduction in numbers at the level of the myenteric and deep muscular plexuses. The disturbance of intestinal motility in Crohn's disease may be a consequence of the loss of specifie ICC. Our findings strengthen the role of ICC in electrical pacemaking and suggest that ICC are potentially important target for the study of new treatments of gastrointestinal motor disorders
Mornex, Jean-François. "Physiophathologie des affections interstitielles pulmonaires analyse de l'expression génique et antigénique des cellules alvéolaires /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376081655.
Full textMornex, Jean-François. "Physiopathologie des affections interstitielles pulmonaires : analyse de l'expression génique et antigénique des cellules alvéolaires." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO1H067.
Full textPorcher, Christophe. "Caracterisation morpho-fonctionnelle des cellules interstitielles de cajal dans le tractus gastro-intestinal chez l'homme." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30093.
Full textCailliau, Katia. "Métabolisme calcique des cellules gliales et interstitielles : étude cytophysiologique chez les mollusques marins Aplysia et Mytilus." Nice, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NICE4592.
Full textDaems, Caroline. "MEF2 (Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2) un nouveau facteur de transcription clé pour la cellule de Leydig." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25712.
Full textLeydig cells are the main steroidogenic cells in the testis. Steroidogenesis is an essential mechanism for the development of male characteristics during embryogenesis and puberty and their maintenance throughout adulthood. Therefore, steroidogenesis is tightly regulated by the hypothalamo-pituitary axis, but also directly within the Leydig cell. One mechanism that occurs in Leydig cells is the regulation of steroidogenic gene expression by transcription factors. During my PhD, I have identified MEF2 as new transcription factors present in Leydig cells. These factors are member of the MEF2 family of transcription factors which contains four members: MEF2A, 2B, 2C and 2D. MEF2 factors and more specifically MEF2A and MEF2D factors are present in the MA-10 Leydig cell line and they activate Nr4a1 and Star gene expression. NR4A1 is known as a key regulator of several steroidogenic genes and STAR is essential for the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis. Furthermore, MEF2 was found to regulate expression of these genes in cooperation with CAMKI, cAMP or forskolin. These molecules are known to mimic the LH activation pathways. Moreover, MEF2 is present in the testis throughout embryonic development and into adulthood whereas MEF2 expression was not detected at any stage in the ovary. This suggests broad roles for MEF2 factors in male gonadal formation and function. To better understand the role(s) of MEF2, microarray experiments were performed using Leydig cells in which MEF2 expression was downregulated by siRNA. These experiments lead to the identification of several new MEF2 target genes in Leydig cells. In conclusion, during my doctoral work, I was able to identify a novel transcription factor in Leydig cells and to characterize its role in these cells.
Laguë, Eric. "Modèle in vitro pour l'étude de l'expression d'INSL3 en présence de perturbateurs endocriniens." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26601.
Full textDi-Luoffo, Mickaël. "Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) : un facteur impliqué dans le maintien des fonctions stéroïdogéniques des cellules de Leydig." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26389.
Full textIn male, the Leydig cells are the main producer of steroid hormones in the testis. These steroids, including testosterone, DHT and DHP, are essential for spermatogenesis, for the development of primary and secondary male sexual characteristics and for the maintenance of male fertility. The steroid levels produced by these cells must be tightly regulated throughout fetal and adult life. In addition to synthesizing steroids, steroidogenesis produces a significant amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn disrupt steroid production. Our lab has recently identified the presence of a novel transcription factor, myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), in the mouse testis, throughout fetal and adult life. MEF2 factor is an important regulator of organogenesis and cell differentiation in various tissues and was first identified in the heart and the brain. Initially, my Ph.D. work highlights the key role of MEF2 factor in the regulation of gene expression in the MA-10 Leydig cell line. Secondly, my work characterized the role of MEF2 in the regulation of genes involved in cellular detoxification mechanisms, which seek the elimination of ROS produced by steroidogenesis. The transcription factor MEF2 regulates, alone or in cooperation with the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I (CAMKI), the expression of Gsta1 gene that encodes for an antioxidant enzyme, glutathione S-transferase A1. Furthermore, MEF2 is not the sole transcription factor present in Leydig cells and the cooperation between different transcription factors allows for proper regulation of steroidogenic gene expression. Thereby, the third part of my Ph.D. work highlighted a new cooperation between two transcription factors, MEF2 and COUP-TFII in MA-10 Leydig cells. In these cells, MEF2 and COUP-TFII cooperate to regulate Akr1c14 gene expression. This gene encode for a 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that regulates the bioavailabilities of DHP and DHT, which are potent steroids. In conclusion, my work identifies novel important roles for MEF2 factor in the expression of genes involved in the maintenance and regulation of Leydig cell functions.
Giner, Xavier. "Caractérisation du promoteur Insl3 de souris dans les cellules de leydig." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26557/26557.pdf.
Full textMendoza, Villarroel Raifish Eduardo. "Rôles et mécanismes d'action du récepteur nucléaire COUP-TFII dans la régulation de l'expression des gènes Star et InsI3 dans les cellules de Leydig." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25701.
Full textThe study of the molecular mechanisms that control Leydig cell differentiation and function is crucial to better understand male sexual development and fertility. Currently, few transcriptional regulators involved in these mechanisms are known. A role for the nuclear receptor COUP-TFII in Leydig cell differentiation and function has been suggested after its conditional knockout in male mice. However, no target gene for COUP-TFII had been identified in these cells. In this regard, during my PhD research project I was interested in elucidating the roles and mechanisms of action of COUP-TFII in Leydig cells. Here in my thesis, I report that Insl3 and Star genes are targets of COUP-TFII in these cells. Indeed, COUP-TFII directly activates the Insl3 and Star promoters by binding to the response elements DR0-like and DR1-like located at -97 bp and -106 bp of each promoter, respectively. Mutation of these elements decreases the activation of these two promoters by COUP-TFII. Also, a reduction of COUP-TFII expression in Leydig cells by siRNA decreases Insl3 gene expression and basal Star gene expression but does not affect the hormone-dependent activation of the latter. I also found that COUP-TFII cooperates with GATA-4, SP1 and SF-1 for Star promoter activation but only the latter cooperates with COUP-TFII on the Insl3 promoter. Cooperation between COUP-TFII and CAMKI was also observed on the Star promoter but it was not observed on the Insl3 promoter. Finally, I have identified, by transcriptomic analysis, several genes that are down-regulated in COUP-TFII knockdown Leydig cells. By real time PCR, I confirmed the decreased expression of three important genes for reproductive function: Hsd3b1, Inha and Amhr2. Thus, these results provide new insights into the function of COUP-TFII in Leydig cells and represent a significant advance in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate male sexual differentiation and fertility.
Hébert-Mercier, Pierre-Olivier. "RÔLE DU FACTEUR STAT5B DANS LA TRANSCRIPTION DES GÈNES STAR ET CYP11A1 DANS LES CELLULES DE LEYDIG." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26027/26027.pdf.
Full textVanderwinden, Jean-Marie. "Distribution des cellules interstitielles de Cajal et de l'innervation nitrergique dans la sténose hypertrophique du pylore et la maladie de Hirschsprung." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212295.
Full textHiriart, Emilye. "Modélisation cellulaire des étapes précoces de la valvulogenèse à partir d'un modèle de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines, et étude de l'implication d'Oct4 dans le phénomène de transition endothélio-mésenchymateuse lors de la formation des coussins endocardiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE011.
Full textHeart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, nearly 30% of deaths each year are attributable to such diseases; this incidence has also greatly increased in the last century (WHO).Heart disease can be classified into several subgroups of cardiovascular disease based on the tissue affected by the pathology. It thus differs diseases affecting vessels, cardiac muscle, rhythm (fabric pacemaker and conduction) and heart valve disease. Heart valve disease can be caused by defects of innate and acquired or valves represent about 30-40% of heart defects identified. The percentage of patients with valvular heart disease patients increases with age of the patient, in addition, valvular heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity in adults and children in developed countries.These defects may be of genetic origin, congenital, toxicological, with ischemic influence of various risk factors both genetic and environmental, in some cases they can even be caused by medications, if the Benfluorex (Mediator®) are probably the most known. The defects in the valves can have serious consequences on the functioning of the heart. In 2008, the United States, it was necessary to proceed with the replacement of nearly 82,000 heart valves in adult patients.If the replacement heart valves remains a major advance for patients with valvular heart disease, the use of prostheses and transplants valves nevertheless have limitations, including: no growth prostheses, the occurrence of thrombosis and releases in cases of allo-transplantation of gene valves taken from brain dead donors. Thus, it is necessary to study the mechanisms involved early embryonic development, mechanisms that could have a deleterious effect more or less long term leading the development of valvular disease in children or young adults in the old person. For this the use of an in vitro cell model used is a remarkable achievement. This model would both elucidate a number of biological mechanisms during development or pathology, but also hope the development of a protocol for the clinical use of autologous cells reprogrammed to the therapy of patients with valvular tissue or even a therapy including an endogenous repair
Péloquin, François. "Régulation fine du promoteur Nr4a1 de souris chez les cellules de Leydig MA-10 et MTLC-1." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30336.
Full textMehanovic, Samir. "Molecular mechanisms of nuclear receptor COUP-TFII action in the regulation of Amhr2 and identification of additional target genes in MA-10 Leydig cells." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69443.
Full textIt is estimated that about 5 million American men have low testosterone levels, hypogonadism, and infertility problems. Leydig cells are the primary producers of testosterone and insulin-like 3 hormones in males, both essential for male sex differentiation, reproductive roles, and overall health. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to various DNA sequences to control DNA transcription. Chicken ovalbumin upstream promotertranscription factors II (COUP-TFII) belongs to the steroid/thyroid hormone nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors. COUP-TFII is expressed in the cells that give rise to fully functional steroidogenic Adult Leydig cells in the testis and plays an important role in their function and differentiation. Steroid synthesis is reduced in COUP-TFII-depleted Leydig cells, suggesting that this protein plays a vital role in steroidogenesis. However, the mechanisms of action of COUP-TFII in Leydig cells were largely unknown. The analysis of microarray data from COUP-TFII-depleted MA-10 Leydig cells identified 262 differentially expressed genes, including Hsd3b1, Cyp11a1, Prlr, Pdgfra, Shp, Ear1, Amhr2, Fdx1, Inha, and Gsta3. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which is expressed in Sertoli cells, is essential for the regression of the Müllerian ducts during male embryonic development. In Leydig cells, AMH signals through the anti-Müllerian hormone type II receptor (AMHR2). In male mammals, mutations affecting AMH or AMHR2 expression cause Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS), characterized by infertility, inguinal hernias, cryptorchidism, and reduced serum testosterone levels. COUP-TFII was found to cooperate with specificity protein 1 (SP1) and GATA-binding factor 4 (GATA4) in the regulation of the Amhr2 promoter using reporter promoter assays. COUP-TFII and GATA4 were found to be recruited to the same region of the Amhr2 gene via chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP), further strengthening their cooperative roles in the regulation of this gene. Furthermore, COUP-TFII and GATA4 were found to associate in the Leydig cells molecularly. The results presented in this thesis provide a better understanding of the mechanism of COUP-TFII action in Leydig cells, and additional evidence strengthening the importance of COUP-TFII in steroidogenesis, androgen homeostasis, cellular defense, and differentiation.
Tyre, Madeline. "Répression de l'expression du gène Insl3 par les estrogènes dans les cellules de Leydig." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29813/29813.pdf.
Full textTremblay, Maxime. "Rôles de KLF6 dans l'expression de INSL3 dans la cellule de LEYDIG." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27078/27078.pdf.
Full textMartin, Luc J. "Implication du récepteur nucléaire NUR77 dans la stéroïdogenèse au niveau des cellules de Leydig." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20397.
Full textBergeron, Francis. "Caractérisation du promoteur du gène platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) de rat dans les cellules de leydig." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27165/27165.pdf.
Full textMarinval, Nicolas. "Fucoïdanes extraits de l'algue brune ascophyllum nodosum : effets pro-angiogéniques in vitro et régénération de valves pulmonaires acellularisées." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD014/document.
Full textFucoidans are marine sulfated polysaccharides carrying various biological activities comparable to endogenous glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).Their use as therapeutic agents in cardiovascular diseases treatment is considered. The structural heterogeneity linked to their natural diversity and to the extraction and purification methods induce variation in their physico-chemical properties and biological activities. The aim of this study is first to etablish a structure-function study of fucoidans extracted from the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum on their in vitro pro-angiogenic effects (cell migration and vascular network formation by human endothelial cells, HUVECs) and the role of the endogenous GAGs ; and the study of the regenerative potential of the application of a biofilm of fucoidan/VEGF on acellular porcine heart valves. In the first part, our results show the fractionated low molecular weight fucoidan (LMWF, 4900 g/mol) induces higher pro-angiogenic effects than medium molecular weight fucoidan (MMWF, 26700 g/mol) on HUVECs. LMWF kept a pro-angiogenic potential with GAG-free HUVECs and is mainly endocyted in a clathrin-dependant pathway in which GAGs could be partially involved. In our second study, our data demonstrated that the application of the biofilm fucoidan/VEGF on acellular porcine pulmonary valves induce antithrombotic potential and allow the adhesion and survival of HUVECs. This work suggest that this method allows re-endothelialization of acellular heart valve and could be used to develop self-regenerative valve bioprosthesis
Enangue, Njembele Annick Niquaise. "Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la répression de la stéroïdogenèse des cellules de Leydig par les plastifiants et les organochlorés." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30596/30596.pdf.
Full textDuring past decades, a decline in male reproductive health has been observed in many industrialized countries as illustrated by a decrease in sperm quality, and an increased incidence of testicular cancer, hypospadias and cryptorchidism. These symptoms are grouped under the name of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). It has been hypothesized that TDS is the result of a disruption of embryonic programming and gonadal development during fetal life. Environmental endocrine disruptors were suggested to be partly involved in the aetiology of TDS. Therefore, during my doctoral work I was interested in the impact of two families of environmental endocrine disruptors: phthalates and organochlorines on Leydig cell steroidogenesis. I demonstrated that these two families of compounds affect Leydig cells steroidogenesis at least through two pathways: cholesterol transport (via STAR for both compounds) and the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone (via ADXR for both compounds and via CYP11A1 for organochlorines). I also highlighted that these two compounds have different effects on STAR, at the transcriptional level for phthalates and post-transcriptional/post-translational level for organochlorines. Finally, another of my goals was to validate the absence of toxicity of new plasticizers as alternatives to phthalates in Leydig cells. I revealed two potential green plasticizers C6DB and DOS that do not cause adverse effects in different Leydig cell lines.
Curtil, Alain. "Contribution au développement d'un nouveau type de substitut valvulaire biologique : recolonisation de matrices porcines lyophilisées par des cellules humaines autologues." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T309.
Full textMoisan, Vanessa. "Étude de l'expression des homéoprotéines LBX2 et PBX1 dans le système reproducteur." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27058/27058.pdf.
Full textHapkova, Ilona. "Etude de l'expression et de la fonction de la protéine de liaison à l'ARN RBPMS2 dans les tumeurs stromales gastrointestinales (GISTs)." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON1T016/document.
Full textGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the GI tract. They are supposed to arise from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) or from a mesenchymal precursor cell, common of ICCs and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). GISTs are highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, a targeted therapy is now proposed. These tumors have activating mutations in two closely related genes, the KIT (75-80%) or/and the PDGFRA (5-10%). Targeting these mutated activated proteins with Imatinib mesylate, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has proven efficient in GIST treatment. However, resistance to Imatinib finally develops and new-targeted therapies are necessary. The musculature of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a highly complex structure composed of visceral SMCs, enteric neurons, fibroblast-like cells and ICCs. During the development, the splanchnic mesoderm will give rise at least to two cell types, ICCs and SMCs. Recently our laboratory showed that the RNA Binding Protein with Multiple Splicing 2 (RBPMS2) is involved into the development and remodeling of SMC.My PhD works investigate the expression and function of RBPMS2 in human GISTs. We analyzed the expression of RBPMS2 in human GISTs and we found that RBPMS2 was abnormally highly expressed in the tumoral cells of GISTs. We also analyzed the function of RBPMS2 into human adult SMC cell culture and demonstrated that ectopic expression of RBPMS2 in mature and differentiated SMC cultures increases their proliferation rate and alters their differentiation. These findings suggest that RBPMS2 could be a potential target for cancer therapy
Ayme-Dietrich, Estelle. "Implication de la sérotonine et des récepteurs 5-HT 2A/2B dans le remodelage des valves cardiaques et des bioprothèses valvulaires." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ099.
Full textSeveral studies have established an association between some cardiac valve injuries and overexpression of the serotonergic system. Valve lesions are observed following carcinoid tumours (with high blood levels of 5-HT) and during the chronic use of 5-HT2 serotonergic agonists (ergot derivatives or fenfluramines). The current dogma is based on a mitogenic effect of serotonin, by activating 5-HT2B receptors, leading to resident valvular cells proliferation, but does not explain the degeneration of acellular cardiac bioprosthesis. Our work identified endothelial progenitor cells (CD34 + / CD309 +), expressing 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors, in human aortic and mitral valve lesions, regardless of the etiology of their degeneration. Our work highlights the dual role of serotonin in valvular degeneration: 1) stimulation of the 5-HT2B receptor contributes to blood mobilization of CD34+ progenitors (recruited from the bone marrow, and migrating in the valve tissue), 2) the role of 5-HT2 receptors in the transdifferentiation of endothelial progenitor cells in activated valvular cells. The results of this work could drive to the development of 1) a predictive biomarker of cardiac valve injuries in high-risk populations, 2) a model to study heart valve disease cellular and molecular mechanisms, and 3) identify therapeutic targets around the serotonergic system, to slower the progression of the lesions and delay surgical replacement, the only current alternative
Morel, Élodie. "Étude pathophysiologique de la fibrillation atriale : approche multifacette." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00729075.
Full textEl-Asmar, Bassam. "Mécanisme d'action de l'IL-1 dans la régulation de l'expression du gène Nur77 au niveau des celllules de Leydig chez la souris." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20366.
Full textBarbarossa, Adrien. "Etude du rôle des protéines SMN et ICln dans la maturation et la production des snRNPs du Splicéosome." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20241.
Full textSmall nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) are the major components of the spliceosome, the machinery responsible for the splicing of pre-messenger RNAs. The biogenesis of snRNPs is a complex process that involves many factors such as the SMN and ICln proteins. During my thesis, I studied the role of these two proteins in the maturation and the production of the spliceosome snRNPs.The goal of the first part of my work was to characterize the internal modifications of snRNAs in SMN-deficient cells carrying disrupted Cajal bodies. Indeed, in addition to its role in the early stages of snRNPs assembly, the SMN protein is also required for the formation of Cajal bodies which are nuclear structures carrying the scaRNAs involved in the post-transcriptional modification process of RNAs. We could show that the SMN protein and Cajal bodies are not essential for the formation of 2'-O-methyl and pseudouridine residues in the major and minor snRNAs.In the second part of my work, the functional relationships between the ICln and SMN proteins were examined in vivo using the S. pombe model organism. We first identified a fission yeast homologue of the human ICln protein and found that the ICln protein is not essential but important for optimal growth of yeast cells. Our study also showed that the modulation of the activity of the ICln protein does not compensate for defects in the production of snRNPs observed in yeast cells carrying a SMN mutated allele. Finally, the use of a genome-wide approach allowed us to show that deletion of the ICln gene resulted in differential splicing defects, indicating that the choice of splice sites and the kinetics of splicing are strongly dependent on the concentration of the basic components of the spliceosome
Bouchard, Martel Joanie. "Caractérisation des cellules interstitielles des quatre différentes valves cardiaques chez le porc /." 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25315/25315.pdf.
Full textComes, Johanna. "Établissement d’un nouveau modèle de souris pour étudier les cellules valvulaires interstitielles : ADAMTS19-Cre-ert2." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24467.
Full textRésumé INTRODUCTION : Les maladies valvulaires du cœur surviennent dans 2% de la population, impliquant souvent un reflux sanguin dû au rétrécissement de la valve. Nous avons récemment identifié deux familles non apparentées étant atteintes par une sténose aortique. Le séquençage exomique des familles a révélé une mutation entrainant une perte de fonction homozygote pour le gène ADAMTS19. La relation entre la perturbation du gène ADAMTS19 et la sténose a été reproduite et donc confirmée grâce à une souris ADAMTS19-LACZ KO/KO. Cette souris montre également que ADAMTS19 est spécifiquement exprimé dans les cellules valvulaires interstitielles (VICs) dans les valves. Le rôle d’ADAMTS19 durant le développement des valves reste inconnu. Pour analyser le patron d’expression d’ADAMTS19 pendant le développement du cœur, nous avons obtenu un modèle de souris transgénique contenant une CRE-tamoxifen inductible (Cre-ERT2) qui est exprimé sous l’influence du promoteur humain ADAMTS19. HYPOTHESE/OBJECTIF : Nous émettons l’hypothèse que le promoteur humain d’ADAMTS19 inséré dans la souris ADAMTS19-Cre-ERT2 contient toutes les séquences régulatrices permettant d’exprimer le gène ADAMTS19 et que ADAMTS19 est principalement exprimé au niveau des cellules valvulaires interstitielles dans les valves. L’objectif est de caractériser le patron d’expression d’ADAMTS19 en analysant sa distribution durant le développement grâce à une souris reportrice tdTomato. Comme ADAMTS19 est spécifiquement exprimé dans les VICs, cet outil transgénique permettrait d’étudier ces cellules durant le développement. METHODE/RESULTAT : Suite à une étude in silico le promoteur ADAMTS19 est apparu comme extrêmement conservé. Par conséquent, pour analyser l’expression d’ADAMTS19 nous avons obtenu une souris BAC ADAMTS19-Cre-ERT2 contenant la séquence conservée que nous avons croisé avec une souris reportrice tdTomato. Le Tamoxifen est administré aux femelles gestantes par gavage aux jours embryonnaires E9,5, E11,5 ainsi que E13,5, et les cœurs sont extrait a E16,5. Des coupes de cœurs embryonnaires vont permettre d’identifier la localisation et la morphologie des cellules marquées. L’expression d’ADMATS19 dans les cellules valvulaires interstitielles est consistant avec le fait qu’ADAMTS19 est connu pour affecter les valves durant le développent et dans le cas de maladie valvulaire. Cependant, le patron des valves n’est pas reproductible au travers des générations. De plus, nous observons qu’ADAMTS19 est marqué dans des cellules des oreillettes et ventricule dans une lignée et dans une sous population de cellules de l’artère pulmonaire dans une autre. CONCLUSION : L’analyse des séquences de chaque lignée par séquençage permettre d’investiguer la raison de ses différents patrons et de mettre en évidence des régulateurs spécifiques.
BACKGROUND: Valvular heart disease (VHD) occurs in ~2% of the general population, often resulting in reduced or disturbed blood flow. We recently identified two unrelated families with recessive inheritance patterns of progressive polyvalvular heart disease in absence of any clear syndromic phenotype. Exome sequencing revealed homozygous, rare, loss of function (LOF) alleles in both families for the gene ADAMTS19. The relation between ADAMTS19 mutation and aortic stenosis were confirm via an ADAMTS19-LacZ KO/KO mouse model. This model also shows that ADAMTS19 is specific of VICs during valve development. The ADAMTS protein family includes 19 proteases that are involved in matrix remodeling, and tissue homeostasis in development and disease. However, the role of ADAMTS19 specifically during valve development remains unknown. We aim to characterize ADAMTS19 expression using a BAC transgenic ADMTS19-CRERT2 mouse. HYPOTHESE/OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that the BAC used to make the ADMTS19-CRERT2 mouse contains all the regulatory elements to express it and also that its expression will be specific to the VICs. The objective is to establish the ADAMTS19- CREERT2 and therefore to create a new tool to study VICs in vivo. METHODS/RESULTS: In silico analysis of the human and mouse ADAMTS19 genomic regions showed a high level of conservation. Thus, to analyze ADAMTS19 expression patterns during mouse development, we obtained a BAC transgenic mouse model containing a tamoxifen inducible Cre (CreERT2) that is expressed under the influence of the human ADAMTS19 promoter and surrounding genomic region. We crossed males from several lines created in parallel with Rosa-tdTomato reporter females to generate offspring in which expression of the fluorescent tdTomato reporter is activated in ADAMTS19-expressing cells upon tamoxifen administration. Surprisingly, whole mount imaging of embryos induced at E13.5 and isolated at E16.5 revealed strong, but distinct labelling patterns in offspring from different ADAMTS19CreERT2 sublines. Whereas one line exclusively labelled VICs, consistent with ADAMTS19 in situ RNA expression data from the Eurexpress database, another line specifically labelled cells in atrial and ventricular, but not VICs. A third line seems to label only a subset of cells in the pulmonary artery. Labeling of ADAMTS19-positive VICs is consistent with ADAMTS19 affecting valve development and VHD. In addition, we observed exclusive ADAMTS19-dependent labelling in atrial and ventricular cells or in a subset of pulmonary artery cells in two different sublines. CONCLUSION: The distinct expression patterns in offspring from different ADAMTS19-Cre-ERT2 lines indicates that although regulation of ADAMTS19 is conserved between human and mouse, expression in VICs versus other cells may be dependent on mutually exclusive regulatory mechanisms.
Hébert-Mercier, Pierre-Olivier. "Rôle du facteur STAT5B dans la transcription des gènes Star et Cyp11a1 dans les cellules de Leydig /." 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26027/26027.pdf.
Full textPiché, Jessica. "Caractérisation moléculaire du syndrome CAID : mise en évidence des rôles non canoniques de SGO1 dans la régulation de la signalisation TGF-β et de l'épigénomique." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25542.
Full textRhythmic contractions are driven by the pacemaker activity of the cardiac sinus node and the intestinal interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). We have discovered a new syndrome resulting from a combination of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO). This syndrome, which we have named Chronic Atrial and Intestinal Dysrhythmia (CAID), results from a recessive mutation in the SGO1 gene (K23E). However, the known roles of SGO1 do not explain the postnatal onset of the syndrome nor the specific pathology, suggesting that non-canonical roles of SGO1 lead to the clinical manifestations observed. This hypothesis is supported by the comparison of CAID with other cohesinopathies which mainly exhibit developmental phenotypes without or with mild cell cycle defects. This project aimed towards an unbiased discovery of noncanonical mechanisms explaining CAID using the molecular biology dogma (DNA→mRNA→protein) as a guideline. We performed multi-omic screens on skin fibroblasts from CAID patients and healthy controls. Screening results were validated by electrophysiology, study of relevant signaling pathways, immunohistochemistry, LINE-1 retrotransposon pyrosequencing, and histone marks quantification. Our multiomics analyses confirmed changes in cell cycle regulation, but also in cardiac conduction and smooth muscle function. More specifically, several potassium channels were downregulated. Electrophysiology studies confirmed a decrease in the inward rectifier potassium current (IK1). Immunohistochemistry in CAID patient’s intestinal sections confirmed overexpression of SGO1 and BUB1, a regulator of TGF-β signaling pathway. Additionally, the canonical TGF-β signaling was increased and decoupled from noncanonical signaling. At the epigenetic level, CAID patient fibroblasts have a unique signature of hypermethylation and chromatin closure. This is supported by the increased methylation of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3. In conclusion, CAID syndrome is associated with several changes that, may have a cumulative effect rather than a single deregulated signaling pathway. Our results reveal the disturbance of the IK1 current, the deregulation of TGF-β signaling, DNA hypermethylation and chromatin accessibility changes as potential conductors of intestinal and cardiac manifestations of CAID syndrome. In particular, the TGF-β pathway and epigenetic changes, may be targeted by existing drugs, thus constituting promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of CAID syndrome.