Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cellules osseuses – Propriétés électriques'
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Meng, Shiyun. "Préparation d'un substrat biodégradable et multifonctionnel et modulation électrique des fonctions cellulaires des osteoblasts = : Preparation of multifunctional biodegradable substrate and electrical modulation of osteoblast cellular functions." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21934.
Full textBoussaad, Salah. "Effet de la température sur les propriétés électriques et photo-électriques des cellules A1 | Chla | Ag." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1991. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5394/1/000589225.pdf.
Full textShi, Guixin. "Modulation électrique des fonctions cellulaires par le biais d'un nouveau bioconducteur dégradable." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25547/25547.pdf.
Full textBelkhaoua, Abdellah. "Contribution à la modélisation des cellules solaires au silicium polycristallin." Toulouse, INPT, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPT024H.
Full textLajeunesse, Francis. "Modélisation de l'intégration des entrées synaptiques excitatrices chez les cellules thalamocorticales." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28114/28114.pdf.
Full textThalamocortical (TC) cells from the ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus relay the somatosensory inputs (excitatory lemniscal synapses at proximal dendrites) to the corresponding cortical area, but also receive feedback excitatory inputs from the cortex (corticothalamic synapses at distal dendrites). The goal of this study was to compare the synaptic integration of inputs coming to proximal vs. distal dendrites. A multicompartmental model was drawn from fully reconstructed cells of the VPL nucleus. Dendrites were spatially discretized in multiple segments associated to interconnected RC circuits. We were able to characterize the impact of neuronal size and dendritic diameter on the amplitude and on the time course of the somatic response. We also compared the synaptic integration for different distributions of proximal or distal inputs under different conditions of membrane potential and active properties. In all cases, the summation of proximal inputs was independent of their distribution, while the response induced by distal inputs saturated when those inputs were located at the same branches. The results obtained in this study suggest a physiological explanation of the synaptic pattern at TC cells.
Dassier, Patrick. "Incidence de la protection myocardique dans la survenue des troubles de la conduction après chirurgie coronarienne." Nantes, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NANT3461.
Full textLeoni, Anne-Laure. "Modèles murins en rythmologie expérimentale." Nantes, 2006. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=538b454d-5553-4cc8-8af0-c8f22d052097.
Full textCardiac impulse originates from the sinus node and propagates through the cardiac conduction system to depolarise atrial and ventricular myocardium. The work exposed herein reveals the implications of two ion channel subunits in sinus node automaticity and in cardiac electrical conduction by the use of mouse models. The first model confirms the hypothesis implicating the calcium channel subunit Cav3. 1 in sinus node automaticity, and shows its implication in atrioventricular (AV) conduction. The second model shows that heterozygous invalidation of Nav1. 5 sodium channel subunit (Scn5a+/- mice) induces sinus node dysfunction, impaired AV conduction and delayed intramyocardial conduction. These cardiac abnormalities are similar to the phenotype observed in patients with SCN5A mutations. Moreover, Scn5a+/- mice showed phenotype heterogeneity, just as in patients, revealing the importance of modulator genes or environment in the phenotype of genetic disorders. Finally, as cardiac rhythm modulation is of major interest in cardiac therapeutics, we have shown that chronic inhibition of HCN channels induces a complex ionic remodelling in the sinus node, but has little impact on ion channel expression in the mouse ventricle
Lacampagne, Alain. "Participation du canal calcique dans le couplage excitation-contraction des cellules cardiaques : modifications chimiques du canal et leurs effets sur le courant ionique et les mouvements de charges intramembranaires." Tours, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOUR4007.
Full textBrette, Fabien. "Couplage excitation-contraction des cardiomyocytes isolés de mammifères : effet du gonflement cellulaire et étude du rétrocontrôle du courant calcique dans les microdomaines." Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR4021.
Full textPignier, Christophe. "Régulation de l'expression fonctionnelle des canaux calciques par les catécholamines au cours du développement in vitro des cardiomyocytes ventriculaires de rats nouveau-nés." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2326.
Full textNaud, Patrice. "Régulation transcriptionnelle des canaux ioniques : implication dans la plasticité et le remodelage électriques cardiaques." Nantes, 2009. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=4a0dce7f-4326-45e4-8dba-20c21e036c9b.
Full textOur genomic approaches have shown that the cardiac cells adapt their electrophysiological properties to physiological or pathological situations by modifying gene expression levels of networks of the ionic channels sub-units. These modifications are generally consistent with the electrophysiological properties of the cardiac cells and are precisely regulated. However, the fundamental mechanisms implicated in this transcriptional regulation are not much known. To better understand these mechanisms, I developed an integrative approach which allows investigating this question in a global way. It consists in: 1/ defining expression pattern of all the cardiac transcription factors ; 2/ correlating these profile with those of ion channel to identify transcription factors and channels that share a similar pattern ; 3/ predicting using bioinformatics transcription factor binding site on ion channels of the same cluster ; 4/ invalidating or surexpressing transcription factors in neonatal cardiomyocytes in vitro , and in studying their molecular effects on ion channels transcription, and their functional effects on their activity by patch-clamp. During my PhD. I was concerned in identifying physiological mechanisms responsible of cardiac electrical activity evolution with aging, and the physiopathological mechanisms during electrical remodeling in the failure heart. The first results suggest that transcription factor Mef2d could regulate ion channel gene SCN5A. The perspectives of this work are to keep on validating in vitro the supposed excitation-transcription coupling mechanisms of the cardiac electrical activity suggested by my results, using transgenic models
Porre, Olivier. "Etude de traitements à l'aluminium sur les propriétés électriques de plaquettes et de cellules solaires au silicium multicristallin." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30064.
Full textDesormeaux, André. "Propriétés photovoltaiques et électriques de cellules à base de chlorophylle a, chlorophylle b et d'une porphyrine de zinc." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1989. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6776/1/000577631.pdf.
Full textNader, Laurence. "Etude in vitro de l'effet autocrine-paracrine du peptide natriurétique de type B, BNP, sur les cardiomyocytes normaux et hypertrophiés de rats adultes." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Nader-Laurence/2008-Nader-Laurence-These.pdf.
Full textThe existence of hormonal systems in the heart tissue especially that of natriuretic peptides, has conferred to the heart its property of endocrine gland in addition to its function of pump. The BNP is the second member of natriuretic peptides, mainly secreted by the ventricles in response to pressure overload or volume. This peptide is currently regarded as the hormonal marker of cardiac decompensation. In the cardiomyocyte, the BNP appears to be involved in modulating calcium homeostasis, regulating the contractile function of the heart. The purpose of our study is to assess on normal and hypertrophied cardiomyocites, the plasma concentration of BNP, the role of ventricular calcium channels in its secretion and the expression of this peptide and that of its receptors(NPR-A,-B and C). Similarly, we studied the autocrine effect of BNP on the rate of intracellular calcium, the density of the L-type calcium current(lcal) and the action potential(AP) in normal cardiomyocytes. By using different approaches, combining the techniques of ELISA, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, cytofluorimetry and patch-clamp, we were able to show that L-type calcium channels modulates the secretion of BNP, that there is an over-expression of the NPR-A and NPR-C in cardiac hypertrophy, and that the BNP modulates the release of intracellular calcium, alters the AP and reduces the density of lcal in normal cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, this study has identified a reciprocal relationship between the BNP and calcium homeostasis, which could be responsible for autocrine and paracrine effects of BNP on normal cardiac function and myocardial remodelling in response to hemodynamic stress
Wahbi, Karim. "Physiopathologie de l'atteinte cardiaque de la maladie de Steinert : étude de l'implication d'une dysfonction du canal sodique cardiaque." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066196.
Full textMyotonic dystrophy type (DM1) is a genetic disorder which may be associated with cardiac conduction defects, arrhythmias and dilated cardiomyopathy. DM1 is related to the expansion of CTG-triplet repeats in the 3’UTR non-coding region of the DMPK gene. The sequestration of mutant DMPK mRNAs in the nucleus causes abnormal splicing of multiple pre-mRNAs. Cardiac manifestations of loss-of-function mutations in SCN5A, the gene encoding the α-subunit of Nav1. 5, the cardiac sodium channel, are very similar to those observed in DM1. Our objective was to determine whether Nav1. 5 dysfunction and SCN5A missplicing may be involved in the pathophysiology of DM1. We identified in DM1 patients a high prevalence of type 1 Brugada electrocardiographic pattern, which is very specific to Nav1. 5 dysfunction. We identified SCN5A missplicings in hearts from a DM1 patient and DMSXL transgenic mice reproducing the mutant RNAs toxic effect, with overexpression of fetal isoforms of Nav1. 5 specific to both species, Nav1. 5e and Nav1. 5a respectively. Sodium current dysfunction had been previously reported for Nav1. 5e. Patch clamp studies in DMSXL mice showed abnormal gating properties of the sodium channel which were consistent with those previously reported for Nav1. 5a. Our findings suggest a link between SCN5A missplicing and abnormal sodium current properties. The implication of these abnormalities in cardiac arrhythmias associated with DM1 has to be confirmed by additional studies
Chen, Chen. "Les propriétés électriques des cellules somatotropes de rat en culture primaire et leur modulation par la somatostatine et la somatocrinine." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR22017.
Full textPopoff, Michka. "Étude à l’échelle du nanomètre des propriétés mécaniques et électriques de systèmes biologiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10220/document.
Full textThe atomic force microscope (AFM) is a powerful tool for the study of biological systems. In this work, I was interested in the correlation of four types of microscopies: the atomic force microscopy, the high resolution fluorescence microscopy, the electron microscopy and the kelvin force microscopy (KFM). The correlation of the three first types of microscopies gave birth to the CLAFEM approach (Correlative Light Atomic Force Electron Microscopies). This technique allowed me to detect intracellular organelles, like the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. Actin tails due to the infection of cells by the Shigella flexneri bacterium, and the entry site of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis bacteria were imaged with this approach. In parallel to this experimental part, I developed a software, called pyAF, for the analysis of force curves and the correlation of the different types of microscopies. In a second part, I measured electrical properties by KFM and explored the possibility to use KFM in liquid. Electrical properties of tobacco mosaic viruses were studied in air, using conventional cantilevers. I also used a new type of probe, called Kolibri, which is a quartz resonator oscillating at 1 MHz, in air and in liquid
Raba, Adam. "Modélisation et simulation des réponses électriques de cellules solaires organiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAD012/document.
Full textThe main objective of this work is to study bulk heterojunction organic solar cells with a specific two dimensional model that takes into account an intermediate state specific to organic materials. The model is solved numerically by a finite element software. After its validation, it is compared to two existing approaches in the literature. The large number of parameters needed to describe the complex charge generation mechanism requires a robust parameter extraction algorithm, based on the operation of Markov chains, in order to extract these physical parameters from experimental characterizations. The model and the parameter extraction method are then used to study the charge dissociation mechanism of a cell with a newly synthesized molecule. Finally, the temperature evolution of P3HT : PCBM solar cells are simulated and compared to experimental measurements
Simard, Christophe. "Implication du canal cationique non-sélectif TRPM4 dans l'activité électrique cardiaque." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN3144.
Full textThe TRPM4 protein, is a member of the larger family "Transient Receptor Potentiel" channels, and supports a nonselective cationique current activated by intracellular calcium (NSCCa). TRPM4 presents a large tissular distribution. In the heart, it is present in the atrium (human, rat and mouse) and sinus node (mouse), but it is only slightly expressed in the ventricle. However its ventricular expression is increased in case of cardiac hypertrophy (SHR rat). While TRPM4 cardiac mapping is well established, its implication in the cardiac activity was still unknown. Our work had for objective to estimate the implication of the TRPM4 channel in the cardiac activity, by using electrophysiological technics (intracellular microelectrode and patch-clamp). We combined a pharmacological approach, using two inhibitors of the TRPM4 (the acid flufénamique and 9-phénanthrol) and an approach of transgenesis, by using mice invalidated for the TRPM4 gene. We observed that TRPM is implied in the mice atrial action potential duration (APD), because its inhibition decreases the APD, and TRPM4-/-transgenics mice present a shorter AP than TRPM4+/+ mice. TRPM4 channel also participates in ventricular arrhythmias. We developed a model of hypoxia-reoxygenation to produce arrhythmias. The application of TRPM4 inhibitors eliminates these arrhythmias. Finally we established a link between TRPM4 mutations and Brugada syndrome. In particular, the mutation K914X giving an unfunctional channel, was identified in a patient affected by Brugada Syndrome. Our study identifies, TRPM4 as a new promising pharmacological target in the prevention of cardiac electrical disturbance
Perrier, Emeline. "Origine des altérations électrophysiologiques lors du remodelage et de la défaillance cardiaque : exemple de l'aldostérone." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20035.
Full textLemaire, Stéphanie. "Physiopathologie des canaux calciques activés par le voltage dans les cellules cardiaques humaines." Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON1T004.
Full textNsengiyumva, Salvator. "Propriétés photovoltaïques et électriques de cellules à base de films Langmuir-Blodgett de chlorophylle ® et de mélanges chlorophylle ®- sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1996. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6815/1/000623625.pdf.
Full textDrouelle, Sylvie. "Troubles de conduction post-opératoires précoces aprés chirurgie des rétrécissements aortiques calcifiés de l'adulte." Caen, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CAEN3046.
Full textOueriagli, Amane. "Étude des propriétés électriques des cellules photovoltaïques à base de films de chlorophylle a microcristalline à l'aide de la caractéristique courant-tension(I-V)." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1993. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6796/1/000598073.pdf.
Full textBaëtens, Tiffany. "Développement d'un microsystème étirable pour l'étude de l'activité électrique de cellules neuronales sous contrainte mécanique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I100.
Full text50 million people suffer from head trauma each year worldwide. The shock (external mechanical stress) acting on neural networks insided the brain can lead to the appearance of traumatic brain injuries (TBI). In the short term and long term, this process can lead to neuroinflammation and the manifestation of pathologies such as Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease. This thesis aims to develop a stretchable microsystem for the electromechanical study of neural networks in vitro. Such a microsystem must integrate insulated electrodes which are mechanically robust on the stretchable support. The first part of this work consisted in studying the direct metallization on PDMS using physical masking. Next, a patterned photoresist (SU-8) thin film was then used between the PDMS and the metals. The stiff SU-8 shields the metallization from strain—which now occurs in the adjacent PDMS. In order to avoid cracks under mechanical stress, the architecture and orientation of the electrodes has been studied and validated by a physical model. The second part was the fabrication of a PDMS/SU-8/Cr-Au/Parylene stretchable microsystem by photolithography using a planar process developed during the thesis work. The microsystems is compatible with MultiChannel System© commercial device which allows the visualization and recording the nerve impulses of a mature neural network. A microfabrication process has been developed with 3 photolithography steps on a PDMS substrate. The functionality of the microsystem has been validated by the visualization of electrical responses of neural network at 12 days in vitro (DIV). In addition, this microsystem demonstrates a signal/noise ratio comparable to commercial MultiElectrode Array (MEA)
Genevée, Pascal. "Synthèse de couches minces à base de sulfures et d'oxydes par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur à flux alternés (ALCVD) pour applications photovoltaïques dans les cellules à base de diséléniure de cuivre, d'indium et de gallium (CIGS)." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066581.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study the deposition of oxide and sulfide thin films using the atomic layer chemical vapor deposition (ALCVD) method. These materials are used to make copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) based thin film solar cells. First, indium sulfide, zinc sulfide and zinc indium sulfide thin films were deposited at 200 °C. The growth mechanisms of these materials were studied using the quartz crystal microbalance technique showing important desorption mechanisms taking place during purges and exchange reactions between diethylzinc and indium sulfide. Thin film characterizations and their use as buffer layers in solar cells showed that the material properties vary from the properties of indium sulfide to the one of zinc sulfide. The best solar cell reaches an efficiency of 11,2 % (reference buffer layer 12,3 %) and an open circuit voltage 15 mV higher than the one of the reference cell. Other materials based on zinc oxysulfide (Zn(O,S)) (Zn(O,S):In, Zn(O,S):Al) were studied as buffer layers but the performance reached were below those obtained with zinc indium sulfide buffer layers. Secondly, growth studies of zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) thin films at 160 °C showed the influence of purge durations on the electrical properties of the layers. The comparison between ZnO:Al layers deposited by ALCVD and sputtered layers demonstrated that, when used as a window layer in solar cells, this material can reach equivalent or better performance. Finally, copper indium disulfide (CuInS2) thin films were obtained using a two stage process involving diffusion processes. A layer thinner than 300 nm was used as a solar cell absorber allowing an efficiency of 2,8 %
Fernandes, Sarah. "Thérapie cellulaire cardiaque : instabilité électrique du myocarde après greffe de myoblastes autologues." Nantes, 2006. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=80b5aa94-0996-4729-99cb-d1bd55f61ce8.
Full textSmall scale clinical trials suggested the feasibility and the efficacy of myoblast transplantation. However, these trials were hampered by unexpected episodes of arrhythmia. Using a rat model we showed that myoblast transplantation can facilitate ventricular tachycardia occurrence whereas vehicle or bone marrow cells injection did not alter cardiac electrical stability. We also showed that transplanted myoblasts contract without synchrony with host cardiomyocytes. However, following connexin43 overexpression (the main gap junction protein in cardiomyocytes) in myoblasts, both cell types can contract in synchrony. This work suggests the importance of electromechanical cell coupling for the safety and the efficacy in cardiac cell therapy
Charifi, Hicham. "Structure et propriétés optiques et électriques de nitrure de silicium obtenu par CVD assisté par plasma : Application à la passivation des cellules photovoltaïques en silicium." Strasbourg 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13170.
Full textThis work of thesis, registered within the framework of a national project of research applied to industry labellized `PHARE'. The work has been proposed for the purpose of better apprehending the optical, structural and passivating properties hydrogenated silicon nitride films (SiN:H) elaborated by a prototype reactor PECVD, Roth & Rau, with respect to various technological parameters and to optimize them for the use of silicon-based solar cells. A broad range of refractive index (1. 9
Meeus, Anne de. "Génétique des troubles de conduction cardiaque." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON11044.
Full textBourgé, Anne. "Un modèle de la maladie de Lenègre, les souris Scn5a+/- : étude du canal ionique Nav1.5 et des miRNAs régulateurs." Nantes, 2010. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=a0c4d08b-7c58-4729-8de5-d86231760d07.
Full textMany mutations in Scn5A gene encoding Nav1. 5 cardiac sodium channel, were identified in patients suffering from cardiac channelopathies such as Lenegre disease or the Brugada syndrome, responsible for sudden death. Nav1. 5 plays a key role in the generation of the cardiac action potential and in its propagation. To understand the role of Nav1. 5 in these syndromes, we are using a mouse model invalidated for Scn5a at the heterozygous state (Scn5a+/-). Interestingly, littermates Scn5a+/- mice develop either severe or mild conduction defects. In addition, mice with severe conduction defects develop fibrosis with aging, as do patients with Lenègre disease. To explain these different phenotypes I analyzed Nav1. 5 biosynthesis. Using metabolic labeling in pulse chase experiments I determined a half-life of 3h50 for neo-synthesized Nav1. 5 and showed that the presence of β1 auxiliary subunit did not influence Nav1. 5 synthesis and stability. On the other hand, using biochemical analysis and membrane biotinilation experiments I showed that, once expressed in the plasma membranes, Nav1. 5 was very stable and exhibited little endocytosis. I also analyzed the cardiac miRNA expression profiles of Scn5a+/- mice. Among the 117 miRNAs identified, I showed that miR-574-3p was over-expressed in adult Scn5a+/- mice with severe conduction defects whereas miR-23a was under-expressed in young Scn5a +/- mice. Altogether, these data open new avenues of research to understand the mechanisms of Lenègre disease
Praporscic, Iurie. "Influence du traitement combiné par champ électrique pulsé et chauffage modéré sur les propriétés physiques et sur le comportement au pressage de produits végétaux." Compiègne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005COMP1551.
Full textDifferent physical, chemical or biological treatments are used in food industry to modify the properties of the raw material within the framework of various chains of transformation. In this work we have studied an original process in order to improve the pressing of plants by pulsed electric field (PEF). The first objective of this thesis was to optimize the parameters of electric treatment and pressing (intensity of the PEF, treatment duration, moment of PEF application, pressure, size of particles, properties of treated product). This optimization was carried out for two ways of pressing: at constant pressure and at constant speed. The feasibility of pressing combined with PEF was checked at semi-industrial scale. It shows that the PEF improves the juice yield and the quality of the products extracted while reducing the power consumption. The second objective was to study the influence of a moderate thermal treatment combined to PEF on the mechanical and electro-physical properties of vegetable tissue and on its pressing behavior. Conductimetric and rheological tests proved that a moderate thermal treatment softens the tissue structure without damaging the quality of extracted products. The thermal treatment, followed by a non-thermal PEF treatment drastically increases the kinetics of pressing. The application of PEF at moderate temperature (50-55°C) reduces the threshold of the electropermeabilization and allows the use of fields with reduced intensity (< 100 V/cm). An ohmic heating at low intensities could be used as an alternative electric treatment; indeed, it permeabilizes electrically the membranes and softens thermally the cellular walls
Gress, Steeve. "Toxicités cardiaques et gonadique d'un herbicide à base de glyphosate chez des mammifères." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN2053.
Full textVeirman, Jordi. "Effets de la compensation du dopage sur les propriétés électriques du silicium et sur les performances photovoltaïques des cellules à base de silicium solaire purifié par voie métallurgique." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00701561.
Full textRezgui, Béchir. "Etude des propriétés optiques, électriques et structurales de nanoparticules de silicium insérées dans une matrice diélectrique et étude de leur intégration pour des cellules photovoltaïques à haut rendement." Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0090/these.pdf.
Full textSilicon nanoparticles (Si-Np) embedded in dielectric matrix have received attention as promising materials for optoelectronic applications. More specifically, bandgap engineering of new materials based on Si-Np has been proposed for possible application in an "all-silicon" tandem solar cell within the field of "third generation" photovoltaics. Such an application would require nanoparticles to exhibit quantum confinement whereby the optical and electrical properties of a film could be tuned by controlling the size of these nanostructures. This thesis investigates the structural, optical and electrical properties of Si-Np grown in-situ or via solid phase crystallisation in different host matrices. A study of the relevant plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) parameters for the formation of Si-Np in amorphous silicon nitride was carried out and the optimization of each deposition parameters, for obtaining best material quality, is presented. Structural techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray reflectivity were employed to gather structural information about the Si-Np-SiNx structures. A case study on the effect of annealing temperature on the size and density of Si-Np is demonstrated. Size dependent photoluminescence and absorption is presented for SiO2/SiOx/SiO2 multilayer structures embedded with Si-Np. A similar multilayers based on silicon nitride material, grown by PECVD, are also investigated. Photogenerated current of these structures, extracted from the photocurrent measurements is investigated in the present work in order to expand the understanding of engineering electrical injection in laterally active paths. In addition, the effect of boron doping of gas-phase silicon nanoparticles on the light emission and structural properties is studied. These observations may be important for future photovoltaic applications
Richard, Sylvain. "Étude électrophysiologique du couplage excitation-contraction du myocarde par utilisation de molécules photosensibles." Tours, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985TOUR4005.
Full textBelmeguenai, Amor. "Contrôle neurotensinergique des cellules mélanotropes de l'hypophyse de grenouille : caractérisation pharmacologique des récepteurs et étude du mécanisme de transduction." Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUES008.
Full textNeurotensin (NT) is a tridecapeptide present in the hypothalamic-pituitary complex. NT stimulates both the electrical and secretory activities of frog melanotrophs via activationt of Gq/11 protein-coupled receptors whose pharmacological profile exhibits similarities with those of mammalian NTR1 and NTR2. Activation of receptors stimulates inositol trisphosphate production that induces a Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores. Increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration provokes release of a-melanocyte stimulating hormone, chloride efflux through Ca2+-sensitive Cl- channels inducing membrane depolarization and consecutive action potential discharge, activation of PKC that reduces the L- and N-type Ca2+ currents and genesis of calcium-sensitive potassium current involved in hyperpolarizing post-potentials necessary to maintain the cell excitability
Fu, Yi. "Conception, fabrication et expérimentation de systèmes microfluidiques de CULTU." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1165/document.
Full textIn this PhD project, two in vitro cell culture devices were developed via microfabrication technologies, which provided entirely new levels of controls over the cell culture microenvironment. The applications of the developed devices in cancer and neurobiology researches were demonstrated, specifically for the fundamental study of cancer metastasis and neural axonal pathfinding. The microfluidic transmigration chip used microchannel structures to mimic the tissue capillaries along the path of cancer cell metastasis. The transparent optical qualities of the device allowed good observation of the deformation and migration of cells in the artificial capillaries. Results showed that deformation of the stiff cell nucleus were the most time-consuming steps during the transmigration process. The physical restrictions not only changed the morphology of the cells, but also significantly affect their migration profile. Further studies on the molecular contents and biological properties of the transmigrated cells showed that blocking the histone modifications by specific drug can inhibit the transmigration of cancer cells in the microchannel, which might have implications on cancer prevention and treatment. The microfluidic chip can also be used to evaluate cell deformability, which is a potential prognostic marker for cancer diagnosis. The neural culture chip integrated microfluidic cell culture and protein patterning techniques. The somas and axons of neurons cultured in the device can be polarized into different fluidically isolated environments for long period, and the extension of the axons can be guided by proteins immobilized on the glass substrate into specific patterns. The oriented axon growth can be further modulated by localized drug treatment. Studies on the underlying molecular mechanism revealed that these processes were closely associated with the proteins synthesized locally in the tips of growing axons
Cayemitte, Pierre Emerson. "Électro-activation de solutions aqueuses de lactate et ascorbate de calcium et étude de leurs effets antibactériens sur les cellules végétatives et spores de Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69246.
Full textSince the popularization of concepts like globalization, the agri-food sector has experienced a huge expansion and a ceaseless craze for the marketing of food between the peoples worldwide. This phenomenon, contributing significantly to the economic growth ofthe markets, is not without risk, however. Meanwhile, microbiological hazards, including pathogens, are carried through food matrices and travel from one country to another,increasing the risk of contamination for consumers. Consequently, we are also witnessing an increase in cases of food allergies, foodborne illnesses and outbreaks, with etiological agents coming from all over the world. Thus, regulatory organisms such as Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Health Canada, United States Food and Drug Administration(USFDA) or competent international authorities like Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) are stepping up efforts to put in place regulatory standards and policies in order to help the food industry to strengthen controls from the processing to the marketing of foods. Microbiological hazards from pathogens like Bacillus cereus remain a major public health risk that must be controlled in order to ensure consumers protection. Although many techniques of control(e.g., food additives, high hydrostatic pressure, ionizing radiation, thermal processes, etc.) have been developed and used to ensure the safety and security of foods, in some instance this has not allowed to produce food products that are completely free of bacteria responsible for degradation/spoilage of food and pathogens causing food poisoning as is the case with B. cereus. Indeed, this pathogenic bacterium is ubiquitous, aerobic and facultative anaerobic. It is able to produce, in a wide variety of foods and ingredients such as spices,highly resistant spores as well as different types of toxins that can cause diarrhea, nausea,vomiting, and even death. In this context, and given the great difficulty in controlling the contamination of food caused by this pathogen, the general objective of this research was touse the electro-activation technology, an applied branch of electrochemistry which is particularly interested in the reactivity of aqueous solutions, as an alternative and potentially effective method to fight against B. cereus in order to produce safer foods with high nutritional and organoleptic values. To achieve this, aqueous solutions of organic acid salts of calcium lactate, calcium ascorbate and their equimolar mixture were electroactivated in a reactor subjected to a direct electric current with intensities of 250, 500 and 750 mA for a maximum time of 30 minutes in a bid to produce the respective conjugated organic acids, lactic acid and ascorbic acid. In the first part of this research work, the physicochemical characteristics (e.g.,pH, titratable acidity, pKa) of the electro-activated solutions (EAS) were studied and their molecular profiles compared to those of respective standard acids using different techniques (e.g., FTIR, HPLC, DSC, DPPH), which helped to confirm the production of conjugated organic acids from the respective salts used. These EAS had a very low pH, ahigh titratable acidity, particularly for the calcium ascorbate and the mixture. In addition, a high antioxidant activity was observed for the electro-activated calcium ascorbate solution and the mixture In the second part of the study, the EAS treated at 250, 500 and 750 mA for 10,20 and 30 min were selected to be brought into contact with vegetative cells of Bacilluscereus ATCC 14579 under model conditions (direct contact) in order to evaluate their antimicrobial effects on this pathogen. The cells were tested in direct contact with the EASfor 5, 30 and 60 seconds. The same treatment was also carried out by direct contact with standard organic acids (lactic, ascorbic) for 5, 30, 60, and 120 seconds in order to make comparisons. The EAS and the corresponding standard organic acids had the same titratable acidity values. There after, the cells were observed under microscope (Methyleneblue and fluorescence) to evaluate the inhibitory / destructive effects of these solutions.Also, the EAS were diluted with distilled water to obtain solutions with 10 to 90% of the initial titratable acidity (strength) to be tested against B. cereus cells. The results demonstrated that all the EAS made were highly effective against the vegetative cells of B.cereus. Also, even at dilution rates averaging 20% of the EAS initial strength, the antimicrobial effect was very high for the different solutions. In addition, the microscopic observation of B. cereus has confirmed the lethal effects of EAS. In this part with the vegetative B. cereus cells, the efficacy of the EAS was estimated to a reduction of 4–7 logCFU/mL. In addition, the antibacterial power of the EAS has been shown to be significantly higher than that of the standard (conventional) lactic and ascorbic acids.In the third part of the study, electro-activated solutions of calcium lactate,calcium ascorbate and their equimolar mixture at 750 mA for 30 min were selected and used against the spores of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 under model conditions and in fresh Atlantic salmon. The treated spores were analyzed using scanning and transmission electron microscopes to evaluate the sporicidal effects of EAS. The results obtained clearly showed a great sporicidal power of the EAS used on B. cereus spores with a reduction of 7to 9 log using an initial spore population of 109 CFU/mL, depending on the conditions assessed; namely: in direct contact (2–30 min), in salmon used as a food matrix (2–7 min),as well as in combination with moderate heat of 60, 70, 80 and 90 ℃ for 0.5–2 min. Also, it was observed that the sporicidal capacity of the EAS increased with temperature and contact time. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the EAS could cause the total destruction of B. cereus cells, including perforation of the membranes(cortex and coat), as well as the reflux of different components of the structure of B. cereus spores. Taking into account the results obtained in this study, we can conclude that the electro-activated solutions made with calcium lactate, calcium ascorbate and their mixture,especially those electro-activated at 750 mA–30 min, could be of a great contribution to reinforce the capacity of the food industry to control B. cereus ATCC 14579 and produces afer foods for the consumer.
Amendola, Julien. "Développement postnatal d'un modèle murin de sclérose latérale amyotrophique : Acquisitions sensori-motrices, fonctionnement des réseaux lombaires et caractérisation des propriétés électriques et morphologiques des motoneurones." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537888.
Full textAviles, Thomas. "Etude du dépôt par pulvérisation cathodique des matériaux pour la réalisation de cellules photovoltaïques couche mince à base de CIGS ou CZTS." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10126.
Full textThin film photovoltaic cells based on CIGS and CZTS materials has been initiated in this work. Environmental and economic issues have been taken into account to define an original strategy. We aim to substitute all the toxic and rare materials by abundant and non-toxic materials. In order to simplify the fabrication process, we also decide to deposit all layers using sputtering technique. The molybdenum back contact has been developed on a soda lime glass (SLG) substrate, with adequate electrical properties and good adhesion to the substrate even after thermal treatments similar to those used during the absorber formation. We have verified the required sodium migration from the SLG substrate to the molybdenum surface. A bibliographic study has been done to evaluate a single-target sputtering method to form CIGS and CZTS films. CZTS thin film deposition from a single target has been studied, with unsatisfactory results. We finally suggest an original multi-target method. Then, a bibliographic study has been done to evaluate the relevance of a sputtered Zn(S,O) buffer layer to replace the CBD-CdS conventional buffer layer. A study of RF-sputtered AZO films has been carried out, but we didn’t obtain the required electrical conductivity. We finally study RF-sputtering of ITO films. We developed amorphous ITO thin films with excellent electrical and optical properties. We suggest using this material as the window layer of solar cells
El, Zein Loubna. "Étude des voies de conduction cardiaque : identification des gènes spécifiquement exprimés et impliqués dans des troubles de conduction." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00521428.
Full textDefontaine, Antoine. "Modélisation multirésolution et multiformalisme de l'activité électrique cardiaque." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00121024.
Full textLes notions de cardiologie et d'électrophysiologie ainsi qu'une synthèse de modèles du système cardiovasculaire sont présentées dans la partie 1.
La partie 2 reprend les contributions du travail qui concernent:
– la proposition d'un cadre formel à la modélisation prenant en compte les exigences de la multirésolution et une volonté de structuration des outils utilisés pour une meilleure portabilité;
– la proposition d'une librairie générique de modélisation et simulation multiformalisme développée sous forme objet et permettant une définition standardisée des modèles et simulateurs;
– l'intérêt de la librairie est illustré sur des applications physiologiques et cliniques.
Un chapitre prospectif et présentant une réflexion pour une considération multirésolution clôt ce mémoire et ouvre des perspectives intéressantes.
Blocquel, Laurence. "Troubles de la conduction sous interféron : à propos d'une observation." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2M097.
Full textNgo, Thanh Tuan. "Contribution à la mesure de bioimpédance électrique de cellules biologiques par micro-capteurs interdigités : optimisation, conception et validation de capteurs." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0077/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the design and realization of interdigitated sensors for the electrical characterization of the biological medium within the frequency range: 100 kHz - 10 MHz. The main objective of this thesis is to optimize the geometry of the sensor structure according to the specificities of the interdigitated electrodes structure. This optimization leads to widen the measurement frequency range by reducing the effects of polarization at low frequency. The first chapter synthesizes the basics and fundamentals relative to the electric behavior of biological tissues as well as to their electric properties. The second chapter concerns a theoretical approach for the optimization of the sensor to widen the useful frequency band of measurement; this chapter also presents a new method to determine the parameters of the double layer at the contact interface between the electrodes and the biological medium. A three-dimensional modelling of the system, the electrodes being loaded with a biological medium, is implemented using ConventorWare® software and the results discussed in the third chapter. The results obtained allow us to evaluate the influence of the geometrical parameters of the interdigitated structure of the sensor as well as the dielectric properties of the medium on the bioelectric impedance. In the fourth chapter, the devices developed during this thesis are described. The design and the manufacturing of components are presented. The last chapter deals with the experimental measurements obtained with very small volumes of the different solutions (standard solutions, human blood) using five micro sensors that we built in the laboratory. The measurements as well as the validation of the theoretical approach are discussed. Finally we have compared our results with published values in the literature and validated our experimental and theoretical approaches developed in this work
Pirog, Antoine. "An embedded system for the multiparametric analysis of biological signals : application to the pancreatic biosensor of insulin demand." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0836/document.
Full textExtracellular recording of electrical activity is a widespread technique in neurosciences, but only recently has it been applied to pancreatic islets and beta cells. The ease of use of Microelectrode Arrays (MEAs) has opened new perspectives for the electrophysiology of pancreatic cells, including screening methods for clinics and biosensor approaches for the artificial pancreas. This thesis is a contribution to the design and characterization of a hybrid biosensor composed of pancreatic cells cultured on an MEA and dedicated processing electronics. This device is the product of multi-disciplinary projects conducted at IMS (Bioelectronics group), partnered with CBMN (Cell biology and Biosensors team), both at the University of Bordeaux. Projects also involved the endocrinology service of university hospitals in Bordeaux, Montpellier, Grenoble, and Geneva.The covered projects include:- ISLET-CHIP (French ANR 2013-PRTS-0017), investigating a method of evaluating the quality of a preparation prior to its transplantation in type-I diabetic patients.- BIODIA (EU FEDER), characterizing islet electrical response to glucose, hormone, and drug stimuli for screening, cell differentiation, and closed-loop approaches.- DIAGLYC (French regional grant 2017 1R30 226), investigating the use of the hybrid biosensor as an artificial pancreas front-end sensor.The thesis tackles the biosensor in both its electronic and biological aspects, its integration in applicative experimental setups, and experimental results. It also addresses the modeling of a closed regulation loop for type-I diabetic patients.First, the electronic processing platform is described. It is a custom board performing multichannel acquisition and digital signal processing. It is built around an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) that makes its processing architecture versatile and evolutive. It is capable of measuring, displaying and storing multichannel data. Computation was optimized for low-processing latencies compatible with closed-loop configurations. Both its processing algorithms and architecture are detailed.Then, experimental results using this system and its algorithms are shown to illustrate islet response to glucose, drug, and hormone stimuli. Islet activity is quantified by analyzing Action Potentials (APs), and more importantly Slow Potentials (SPs), a novel electrical signature exclusively measured on pancreatic islets. These measurements in both steady state and dynamic regime help characterize the biosensor response, but also shed light on the endogenous algorithms of islets of Langerhans.Finally, approaches for integrating the biosensor in an artificial pancreas are investigated. The measured glucose and hormone responses are modeled and simulated in a full-body glucose-insulin system. This concept is novel in that the sensor in charge of measuring insulin demand in the body is not only sensitive to glucose, but also to blood hormones
Alnjiman, Fahad. "ZnSnN2 thin films for photovoltaic applications." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0296/document.
Full textZinc tin nitride (ZnSnN2) thin films have been deposited by reactive magnetron co-sputtering at room temperature. The stoichiometry of the films has been controlled by optimizing the deposition conditions such as the voltage applied to the metallic targets, the deposition pressure and the composition of the gas mixture. By using the optimized parameters, the deposited films are highly crystallized on the different used substrates. A special attention has been devoted to the determination of the film structure. Among the various structures reported in the literature, we have shown by transmission electron microscopy that the films crystallised in a hexagonal structure. Nevertheless, the structure of our films does not fit with that reported in the literature for the hexagonal ZnSnN2 material. In addition to this structural study, we have performed fine characterization using conversion electron Mossbauer spectrometry and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Both methods show that the optimized films contain Sn4+ ions in tetrahedral configuration. Nevertheless, oxygen contamination at the column boundaries has been evidenced. The electrical and optical properties of the films have been determined has a function of the film composition. The results obtained in this PhD work clearly evidence that ZnSnN2 is a suitable material for photovoltaic applications
Solinhac, Ganne Patricia. "Les troubles de la conduction au cours des myopathies : à propos de 2 observations." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2M110.
Full textCollin, Annabelle. "Analyse asymptotique en électrophysiologie cardiaque : applications à la modélisation et à l'assimilation de données." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066198/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at developing innovative mathematical tools to improve cardiac electrophysiological modeling. A detailed presentation of the bidomain model - a system of reaction-diffusion equations - with a fixed domain is given based on the literature and we mathematically justify the homogenization process using the 2-scale convergence. Then, a study of the impact of the mechanical deformations in the conservation laws is performed using the mixture theory.As the atria walls are very thin and generally appear as thick surfaces in medical imaging, a dimensional reduction of the bidomain model in a thin domain to a surface-based formulation is studied. The challenge is crucial in terms of computational efficiency. Following similar strategies used in shell mechanical modeling, an asymptotic analysis of the diffusion terms is done with assumptions of strong anisotropy through the thickness, as in the atria. Simulations in 2D and 3D illustrate these results. Then, a complete modeling of the heart - with the asymptotic model for the atria and the volume model for the ventricles - allow the simulation of full electrocardiogram cycles. Furthermore, the asymptotic methods are used to obtain strong convergence results for the 3D-shell models.Finally, a specific data assimilation method is proposed in order to «personalize» the electrophysiological models. The medical data assimilated in the model - using a Luenberger-like state filter specially designed - are the maps of electrical activation. The proposed methods can be used in other application fields where models (reaction-diffusion) and data (front position) are very similar, as for fire propagation or tumor growth
Zaraket, Jean Gerges. "Étude de la fiabilité des structures silicium employées dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables suite à leur fonctionnement sous conditions extrêmes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0244/document.
Full textThe objective of this work aim to study the performance, reliability of semiconductor structures after their operation under extreme conditions, during and after electrical stress, thermal stress, and combined electro thermal stresses. The studied semiconductor structures are photovoltaic cells for applications in the field of renewable energies. These devices have been exposed to several types of degradation generating localized defects in the structures. The I (V) and C (V) characteristics and electrical parameters have been studied before and after each stress case. The Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) was used as advanced technique for tracking the defects created at the interface and in the bulk structures. The DLTS technique allows identifying and locating these defects within the devices, by determining their activation energy and their capture cross-Section
Delgado, Betancourt Sandra. "Cardioprotection contre les lésions d’ischémie-reperfusion par réduction de la fréquence cardiaque." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONT3512.
Full textAcute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the major cause of cardiovascular mortality worlwide. Early reperfusion is the only treatment recommended to reduce infarct size, a major determinant of morbidity and mortality. However, reperfusion leads to reperfusion injury that precipitates in death the cells that survived the ischemic insult. To date, there is no therapy targeting ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury to limit the extent of the infarcted area. Heart rate (HR) is a main determinant of cardiac pathology. Most ischemic episodes are triggered by an increase in HR inducing an imbalance between myocardial oxygen delivery and consumption. HR reduction results in a lengthening of the ventricular diastole, allowing better coronary perfusion and optimal oxygenation of the myocardium at rest and during exercise. Thus, it seems clear that a controlled reduction of HR may limit the effort and the vulnerability of the myocardium during the whole IR episode, which would represent a challenge in the treatment of AMI but also a major interest to public health.β-blockers have been extensively studied in this context and have shown beneficial effects in terms of reduction of post-AMI mortality. However, they also exert deleterious effects on myocardial coronary blood flow and contractile function. This finding highlights the importance of selective HR reduction through inhibition of ion currents responsible for cardiac automatism. The If current and the ICa,L and ICa,T calcium currents (mediated by Cav1.3 and Cav3.1 channels, respectively) are important accelerators of cardiac rhythm. Clinical trials have shown the beneficial effects of selective HR reduction by ivabradine, an inhibitor of the If current, in the context of coronary artery disease and heart failure. However, recent studies have shown that treatment with ivabradine may involve an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and infarct. These results underscore the need to develop new therapies aimed to selectively control HR without adverse effects on the myocardium and prognosis of patients.The goal of this thesis is to study the role of HR during myocardial IR and to validate in murine models of bradycardia the hypothesis that HR reduction is able to limit IR injury. Our work strategy is based on a genetic approach with the use of knockout mice for Cav1.3 and Cav3.1 calcium channels. In a first time, pharmacological HR reduction by ivabradine induces infarct size decrease in control mice, validating the concept in our in vivo mouse model of IR. Genetically-modified mice in which these channels have been ablated have reduced heart rate and show a reduction in infarct size after the IR protocol, confirming the involvement of HR in cardioprotection. There is a direct relationship between infarct size and HR during each phase of IR and independently of the animal model. Surprisingly, this relation is suppressed when the parasympathetic nervous system is inactivated. Secondly, HR acceleration in an ex vivo model of cardiac IR generates deleterious effects on the myocardium, including infarct size increase and coronary flow reduction during reperfusion.These results confirm the cardioprotective effect of HR reduction against IR injury and allow us to consider a clinical application in the treatment of ischemic diseases