Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines (hiPSC)'
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Hafner, Anne-Laure. "Étude des progéniteurs adipeux dérivés des cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4062.
Full textIn mammals, two types of adipose tissue coexist: the white (WAT) wich is involved in energy storage and the brown (BAT) which is specialized in energy expenditure. Beige adipocytes have recently been described as brown –like adipocytes and represent a third type of adipocytes that are recruited in WAT. The molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of these different types of adipocytes remains unknow in humans, mainly because of the lack of appropriate in vitro cellular models. The human induced Pluripotent Stem (hips) cells are a good model to study the earliest steps of human adipogenesis. We have shown that the generation of white and brown adipocytes progenitors (AP) is regulated by acid retinoic signaling pathway during hips cells differentiation. Functional experiments indicated that the transcription factor Pax3 is a molecular mediator of the brown phenotype. During this study, we could see that AP derived from hips cells display a low adipogenic capacity as compared to progenitors derived from adult adipose tissue. We show in this work that treatment with TGFβ pathway inhibitor SB431542 together with ascorbic acid, hydrocortisone and EGF promoted differentiation of non- genetically modified hiPSCs-BAPs at a high rate. During preliminary results, we have analyzed the role of the transcription factor Hoxc8 on PA differentiation. The surexpression of this factor lead to distinct answers on the phenotype and differentiation between hiPSCs-AP and adult-derived AP
Hafner, Anne-Laure. "Étude des progéniteurs adipeux dérivés des cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4062.
Full textIn mammals, two types of adipose tissue coexist: the white (WAT) wich is involved in energy storage and the brown (BAT) which is specialized in energy expenditure. Beige adipocytes have recently been described as brown –like adipocytes and represent a third type of adipocytes that are recruited in WAT. The molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of these different types of adipocytes remains unknow in humans, mainly because of the lack of appropriate in vitro cellular models. The human induced Pluripotent Stem (hips) cells are a good model to study the earliest steps of human adipogenesis. We have shown that the generation of white and brown adipocytes progenitors (AP) is regulated by acid retinoic signaling pathway during hips cells differentiation. Functional experiments indicated that the transcription factor Pax3 is a molecular mediator of the brown phenotype. During this study, we could see that AP derived from hips cells display a low adipogenic capacity as compared to progenitors derived from adult adipose tissue. We show in this work that treatment with TGFβ pathway inhibitor SB431542 together with ascorbic acid, hydrocortisone and EGF promoted differentiation of non- genetically modified hiPSCs-BAPs at a high rate. During preliminary results, we have analyzed the role of the transcription factor Hoxc8 on PA differentiation. The surexpression of this factor lead to distinct answers on the phenotype and differentiation between hiPSCs-AP and adult-derived AP
Jung, Laura. "Optimisation de protocoles de reprogrammation de cellules somatiques humaines en cellules souches à pluripotence induite (hiPSC)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ066.
Full textIn 2006 and 2007, Yamanaka and Thomson teams achieved the reprogramming of mouse and human somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells through the transfection of two cocktails of genes: OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, cMYC (OSKM) and OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, LIN28 (ONSL). The generated cells, called induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) share the same fundamental properties of ESC : self-renewing, pluripotency maintenance and capacity of differentiation into the three germ layers and suggest the same application potential in basic research (developmental and epigenetic biology) as well as in therapy (regenerative medicine, disease modeling for drug development). One of the major advantages of iPSC lies in their non-embryonic origin. Indeed, the use of iPSC resolves the ethical constraints and offers the possibility to work with extensive cell types directly from the patient to treat. Stéphane Viville’s research team aims to develop a hiPSC bank from patient suffering from genetic or other diseases which will be available for the scientific community. We are experienced in human primary fibroblasts reprogramming especially with the use of two polycistronic cassettes: ONSL encoding Thomson’s cocktail and OSKM encoding Yamanaka’s cocktail separated with 2A peptides. Thanks to the combination of RV-ONSL and RV-OSKM retroviral vectors (developed with Vectalys) we are yielding more than 2% of reprogramming efficiency in a highly reproducible way. Indeed, we demonstrated the reprogramming synergy of ONSL and OSKM combination. We are now focusing our effort on non-integrative strategies (ie mRNA) which are more appropriate for clinical usage
Lahlou, Hanae. "Génération de progéniteurs otiques dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines (hiPSC) : application à la thérapie cellulaire dans l'oreille interne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0245/document.
Full textNeurosensory hearing loss is associated to inner ear disorders and degeneration of hair cells (HCs). Unfortunately, this process is irreversible in mammals. Currently, no curative treatment allows these cells to regenerate. For this reason, the development of cell therapy arose new hopes for the treatment of neurosensory hearing loss. Stem cells, either of embryonic or adult origin, seem able to differentiate in vitro into otic progenitors and to partially restore auditory functions in vivo. However, current protocols for in vitro differentiation of stem cells into HCs are unsatisfactory, and the signals that control this phenomenon remain poorly understood. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to study in vitro HC differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). We were particularly interested in two major signaling pathways involved in vivo in inner ear development, the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways.In a first part, we demonstrated that Notch inhibition during late otic differentiation enhances hiPSC differentiation into hair cell-like cells. In a second part, we studied the role of the Wnt signaling pathway during otic induction and HC specification. Our results indicate that Wnt inhibition during early otic induction promotes the expression of otic placode markers and initiate HC specification. The work presented here thus propose improved protocols to obtain HCs from hiPSCs, and suggest that this cell type is perfectly adapted for the treatment of neurosensory hearing loss
Badja, Cherif. "Optimisation de la différenciation neuronale et musculaire de cellules pluripotentes induites humaines pour la modélisation des maladies rares : exemple du syndrome de DiGeorge." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5027/document.
Full textThe DiGeorge syndrome also known as 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome, is the most common deletion in humans. This deletion is linked to a non-allelic homologous recombination that occurs during meiosis and involves sequences called LCRs for "Low Copy Repeats". Depending on the LCRs involved, different deletions are observed, inducing the loss of approximately 40 genes. The absence of genotype/phenotype correlation in patients and the phenotypical differences regardless of the size of the microdeletion suggests the involvement of additional parameter. The hypothesis of epigenetic changes associated with the onset or variability of symptoms has been suggested but never investigated. In order to tackle this question, we decided to focus our attention of the role of the HIRA histone chaperone encoded by a gene located in the 22q11.2-deleted region. HIRA is involved in the deposition of the H3.3 histone variant, one of the main histone in the brain. In order to determine whether HIRA is implicated in the neurological manifestations in DiGeorge patients and particularly in schizophrenia, we developed and optimized a new protocol for the direct differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs) into neural progenitors, cortical and dopaminergic neurons. In parallel, we developed a new protocol for hiPSCs differentiation toward the skeletal muscle lineage and the production of multinucleated muscle fibers. Altogether, these results open new perspectives for the modeling of a large number of pathologies, and in the context of our laboratory, the exploration of epigenetic mechanisms associated with phenotypic variability in different genetic diseases
Paiva, Solenne. "Facteurs environnementaux et épigénétiques impliqués dans la différenciation cardiaque de cellules souches humaines pluripotentes induites MiRroring the Multiple Potentials of MicroRNAs in Acute Myocardial Infarction Acellular therapeutic approach for heart failure: in vitro production of extracellular vesicles from human cardiovascular progenitors." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS457.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to evaluate some physical and epigenetic parameters involved during cardiac differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Environmentally, an often undervalued physical parameter remains, the stiffness defined by the Young’s modulus. Commonly stem cells are cultured and adapted to in vitro rigidities ranging between 1-10 GPa very far from physiological values, for instance 10-15 kPa for the heart. The impact of soft culture substrates with 3 kPa, 12 kPa and 25 kPa was studied on the initial stem cells. Globally, results indicated that rigidities lower than 25 kPa were not suited for total pluripotency maintenance after 6 passages. Also, cellular colonies started to grow in 3D suggesting that softness drove them to build their own microenvironment. Epigenetically, the exact role of one of the first discovered microRNAs, the let-7 family has not yet been fully elucidated. Throughout differentiation its expression was characterized by an early transient peak at the time of mesoderm formation, after which their expression extinguished to only gradually re-increase later in the course of cardiomyocytes maturation. Modulation experiments involving mimics or inhibitors of the let-7 family on different cellular contexts suggested that initially let-7 acted on future cardiac specification but later, this family had to be repressed in order for cardiac progenitors to emerge. Oppositely, the cardiac specific miR-1 always contributed to their progression into cardiomyocytes. Together these researches contribute to fundamental research on human heart development and to applied research on human engineered cardiac tissues
Louis, Jeanne. "Syndrοme de Li-Fraumeni : apprοches fοnctiοnnelles visant à appréhender la variabilité génοtypique et phénοtypique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025NORMR002.
Full textLi-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) predisposes carriers of pathogenic TP53 variants to a wide spectrum of cancers throughout life. The phenotypic variability of LFS complicates patient management and can be partly attributed to the type of TP53 variant, as well as the influence of genetic modifier factors. To evaluate these modifier factors, it is essential to develop suitable functional tests.The activity of p53 isoforms suggests that they may act as modifier factors in LFS. Consequently, we developed assays for analyzing alternative transcripts, as presented in the first part of this work. While our results demonstrated that these assays were not well-suited to addressing this specific hypothesis, they nevertheless led us to the discovery of a novel physiological transcript not previously described in the literature. This transcript was found to be increased in a patient carrying a variant located at the splice acceptor site of TP53’s last exon, revealing an alternative splicing event involving TP53’s final exon and an alternative terminal exon located more than 2 kb downstream.To facilitate the classification of TP53 variants, our laboratory evaluates p53’s transcriptional activity in the patient’s specific genetic context. However, this approach does not allow us to fully disentangle the potential influence of individual genetic modifier factors. Therefore, in the second part of this work, we developed a human-induced pluripotent stem cell model to study TP53 variants introduced by CRISPR-Cas9 within a standardized genetic background. Our findings highlight the importance of physiological TP53 expression, particularly for studying variants with lower penetrance compared to "hot-spot" variants. Additionally, we show that in-frame variants exert differential impacts on p53’s functional activity, depending on the protein domain in which they are located. The advantage of our model also lies in its heterozygosity for PEX4, into which we were able to insert a second variant, in this case, the p.(Pro47Ser) polymorphism, inserted in trans with a pathogenic variant. Our results highlight the importance of the genetic context in the analysis of TP53 variants. This thesis work emphasizes the necessity of studying p53 transcriptional activity in a physiological context, without overexpression, with the aim of improving our understanding of this syndrome and optimizing the management of LFS patients
Lemonnier, Thomas. "Modélisation de maladies neurodégénératives à l’aide de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T074/document.
Full textReprogramming technology of somatic cells in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) now offers the opportunity to model neurodegenerative diseases and to study patient’s neurons. We used this technology for generating two models of neurodegenerative diseases: the muccopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPSIIIB) and the ALS2 form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the MPSIIIB model, we have shown that iPS and neurons of patients had characteristic defects of the disease such as the accumulation of storage vesicles. Alterations of the Golgi apparatus in these cells were also highlighted. Transcriptome analysis of MPSIIIB neural precursors showed transcriptional changes involving particularly genes implicated in cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Thus, in a subsequent study, alterations of migration and orientation of MPSIIIB mutant mouse cells and MPSIIIB patients’ cells have been demonstrated. These alterations may be responsible for the disruption of neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in sick children. In the ALS2 model, we have shown that patients’ neurons had defects including decreased endosomes’ surface and abnormal neurite outgrowth. As there was previously no relevant cellular model reproducing the disease, this model will now allow the study of physiopathological processes involved in the disease. In conclusion, the generation of iPS cells allows to model neurodegenerative diseases and to study associated physiopathological processes on cultured human neurons. These cell models could allow in the near future the screening of molecules of potential therapeutical interest
Lemonnier, Thomas. "Modélisation de maladies neurodégénératives à l'aide de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00806699.
Full textSleiman, Yvonne. "Modélisation des ryanopathies avec des cardiomyocytes patient-spécific issus de cellules souches pluripotentes induites." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT049.
Full textDespite major advances in the field of research, the cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiac arrhythmias are mainly the results of channelopathies which are normally caused by mutations occurring in genes coding for ion channels. Mutations of the cardiac ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) lead to arrhythmogenic disorders such as the catecholamine polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) and sudden cardiac death under stress conditions. The association of RyR2 mutations with the short-coupled polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (SC-PMVT) at rest is unclear. Moreover, the implication of the RyR2 in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) leading to ventricular arrhythmias was also reported. However, the knowledges in the cardiac physiology and physiopathology have been significantly made using either the heterologous expression or transgenic mouse models which do not always recapitulate the phenotype observed in patients. Therefore, the human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) offer great opportunities to work with human somatic cells, to elucidate important mechanisms driving cardiac disease and to test novel therapeutic compounds.The main aim of my PhD thesis was to model the SC-PMVT using patient-specific hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) and CRISPR/Cas 9 technologies to go beyond the work achieved by Cheung, Meli et al., in 2015 with the novel RyR2-H29D mutant channels. My work contributed to elucidate that the RyR2-H29D mutant channels exhibit abnormal intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, abnormal contractile and electrical properties and RyR2 macromolecular complex remodeling. These abnormalities were fully abolished when reversing the RyR2-H29D mutation with CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Moreover, we found that the Flecainide and RyR2 stabilizer S107 are potent to prevent the abnormal release of Ca2+ in RyR2-H29D hiPSC-CMs while Verapamil and Propanolol do not.My second thesis objective was focused on modeling the DCM associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) using patient-specific hiPSC-CMs exploited from a local cohort of DMD patient. Our preliminary results suggested that 3 independent dystrophin mutations induce sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak and abnormal contractile properties in DMD hiPSC-CMs under both physiological and stress conditions.My thesis work contributed to validate the use of patient-specific hiPSC-CMs to model ryanopathies directly induced by single-point mutations and indirectly by other pathophysiological conditions. Overall, my thesis work highlighted the increasing interest in patient-specific hiPSC-CMs to decipher the pathophysiological mechanisms behind ryanopathies and orientate toward personalized medicine
Faye, Pierre-Antoine. "Cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSc) différenciées en motoneurones spinaux : vers des modèles cellulaires de neuropathies périphériques d'origine génétique." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0051/document.
Full textInduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) are a highly interesting tool to create and observe the behavior of specific and unattainable cells from a patient. Our team is interested in genetic peripheral nerves disorders and especially in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). One of our objectives is the development of motor neurons models from patients using the iPSc strategy in order to better understand the pathophysiology of GDAP1-related neuropathies. This gene was found in 1998 to be mutated in an axonal form of CMT and encodes a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, which function remains unclear. We first obtained dermal fibroblasts (DF) from skin biopsies of a healthy person and of a homozygous patient carrying GDAP1 non-sense mutation (p.Gln163*). Then, we reprogrammed DFs into iPSc using non-integrative plasmids (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and l-Myc). After amplification, all quality controls were performed to conclude that our iPSc had the same properties and capacities than embryonic stem cells and a normal karyotype. Finally, we optimized protocols to successfully differentiate these iPSc into rosettes (structures full of neural progenitors), then into neurons and finally into motor neurons for control and GDAP1 patients. The first differences between control and patient cells were observed during the rosette formation, where a lot of patient cells were full of lipid droplets, and the rosette proportion was lower than the control cells. Mitochondria morphology was totally different in motor neurons between control and patient, where mitochondria had the same morphology than the mitochondria observed in patient nerve biopsies (round and accumulated). In order to reduce the time of differentiation, a cell sorting method was used (SdFFF). It allowed us to sort different progenitors (neural / endothelial). Generation of motor neurons using axonal CMT-patient-derived iPSc was a first crucial step to better understand the role of GDAP1 in this pathology. This cellular model of CMT4A should ultimately allow us to perform preclinical drug screening in order to identify candidate pharmacological treatments for CMT patients
Lay, Russo Nadège. "Différenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires murines et des cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines en cellules dendritiques : cellules d'intérêt pour les tests de toxicologie." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4077.
Full textThe seventh amendment in the European cosmetic directive imposes an abandonment of the tests on animals to measure the allergenic or irritant effects of some compounds used in cosmetic. The allergenic response in animals ‘models includes five aspects but in the in vitro test each aspect is studied separately. Among the in vitro tests of toxicity which are envisaged, dendritic cells, which are antigen presenting cells, were revealed as cells of choice for study one of these aspects. However today it is difficult to obtain a reliable and strong source of dendritic cells allowing working out a reglementary test. The aim of my thesis project was to propose an alternative model in these tests on animals. For it we set up the conditions allowing generating dendritic cells derived of stern cells. For it we have two sources of stem cells (hiPS) which having all the characteristics of the embryonic stem cells without raise ethical problems. These two types of cells allowed having an inexhaustible and plentiful source of dendritic cells. We set up one protocol allowing generating and purifying a population of dendritic cells from mouse embryonic stem cells. Cells were characterized by gene expression like CD45, CD86. Furthermore we realized as functional test that consists to measure the dextran-FICT endocytosis and the answer of this cellular population to allergenic reference molecules such as MCI/MI or TNBS. We also tried to generate “dendritic-like” cells from human iPS based to expression of specifics markers as CD45, CD34, CD1a, CD14, CD209, CD207, CD86 and HLA-DR. Several protocols were envisaged. However dendritic-like cells obtained represent a low percentage of differentiated cells and the protocol is in the course of optimization. Increasingly tests use keratinocytes cells for evaluate another aspect of allergenic response. So we were interesting also to these cells and we will present first steps differentiation of hiPS that will allow generating keratinocytes
Hiriart, Emilye. "Modélisation cellulaire des étapes précoces de la valvulogenèse à partir d'un modèle de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines, et étude de l'implication d'Oct4 dans le phénomène de transition endothélio-mésenchymateuse lors de la formation des coussins endocardiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE011.
Full textHeart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, nearly 30% of deaths each year are attributable to such diseases; this incidence has also greatly increased in the last century (WHO).Heart disease can be classified into several subgroups of cardiovascular disease based on the tissue affected by the pathology. It thus differs diseases affecting vessels, cardiac muscle, rhythm (fabric pacemaker and conduction) and heart valve disease. Heart valve disease can be caused by defects of innate and acquired or valves represent about 30-40% of heart defects identified. The percentage of patients with valvular heart disease patients increases with age of the patient, in addition, valvular heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity in adults and children in developed countries.These defects may be of genetic origin, congenital, toxicological, with ischemic influence of various risk factors both genetic and environmental, in some cases they can even be caused by medications, if the Benfluorex (Mediator®) are probably the most known. The defects in the valves can have serious consequences on the functioning of the heart. In 2008, the United States, it was necessary to proceed with the replacement of nearly 82,000 heart valves in adult patients.If the replacement heart valves remains a major advance for patients with valvular heart disease, the use of prostheses and transplants valves nevertheless have limitations, including: no growth prostheses, the occurrence of thrombosis and releases in cases of allo-transplantation of gene valves taken from brain dead donors. Thus, it is necessary to study the mechanisms involved early embryonic development, mechanisms that could have a deleterious effect more or less long term leading the development of valvular disease in children or young adults in the old person. For this the use of an in vitro cell model used is a remarkable achievement. This model would both elucidate a number of biological mechanisms during development or pathology, but also hope the development of a protocol for the clinical use of autologous cells reprogrammed to the therapy of patients with valvular tissue or even a therapy including an endogenous repair
Terray, Angélique. "Développement de modèles in vitro de rétinites pigmentaires à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066614/document.
Full textRetinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal diseases characterized by a loss of photoreceptors. We focused specific forms of autosomal dominant RP with mutations in the rod visual pigment RHODOPSIN, the ubiquitous splicing factor PRPF31 and the transcription factor involved in the development of photoreceptors NR2E3. Fibroblasts from skin biopsies of patients were reprogrammed into iPS cells by a non-integrative approach. After stabilization of iPS cell lines, we verified their pluripotency property and the absence of karyotype abnormalities. Based on the retinal differentiation protocol, iPS cells carrying a mutation in the RHODOPSIN gene have been differentiated in the photoreceptor lineage. Our results showed that the photoreceptors expressing the mutated form of RHODOPSIN summarizing the process of degeneration observed in RP patients. We show that retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells derived from iPS cells carrying a mutation in the PRPF31 gene lack basal membranes and have cell adhesion disorders. Consequently, their phagocytic activity is disturbed, suggesting that a malfunction of the RPE could be the primary step of the development of RP caused by mutation Cys294X in the PRPF31 gene. The models developed from specific-patient iPS cells have enabled us to better understand the processes underlying the pathogenesis of some RP. These models associated with screening protocols could be used to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of new pharmacologic compounds but also used to validate new gene therapy approaches
Ahmed, Engi. "Modélisation de l'épithélium bronchique par les cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines dans la Bronchopathie Pulmonaire Chronique Obstructive (BPCO)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT070.
Full textCOPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a major public health problem and will be the 3rd leading cause of death in the world in 2030. Age, smoking, and air pollution through the exposure to particulate matter but also domestic pollution - mostly represented by domestic biomass combustion - are well-identified risk factors for the development of COPD. To date, there is no cure that can interfere with the natural history of the disease.Pluripotent stem cells, including induced pluripotent human stem cells (hiPSCs), are defined by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into all cell types in our body. They offer an unprecedented opportunity to model the normal and pathological human development of the respiratory system.This research project aimed to model in vitro the trajectories of COPD, related to a developmental origin (pediatric roots) and / or susceptibility to tobacco. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of COPD and tobacco susceptibility, we established two extreme groups: i) 4 patients with a severe form of COPD, the "highly susceptible" group, ii) 4 patients who are free of COPD or other tobacco-related comorbidity despite heavy smoking, called as "highly resistant" to tobacco.We have used two different but complementary in vitro cell culture models: hiPSCs and human bronchial primary epithelial cell cultures (HBECs) grown in ALI condition (Air Liquid Interface).First of all, we generate hiPSCs cell lines by reprogramming cells from peripheral blood of a healthy subject (control), and three highly characterized severe COPD patients. In a second step, the directed differentiation of hiPSCs allowed to recapitulate the early pulmonary development (NKX2.1 generation of bronchial progenitors) by the development of a robust and reproducible directed differentiation protocol of several hiPSCs lines. The maturation of these bronchial progenitors in 2D or 3D culture allows the generation of epithelial structures expressing markers of KRT5 + basal cells , CSSP + Club cells and FOXJ1 + ciliated cells. In a second step, these epithelia will be exposed to tobacco (CSE-cigarette smoke extract) in order to induce a "COPD-like" phenotype. Finally, ALI culture of HBECs of severe COPD patients was performed in unexposed and exposed condition (CSE). Transepithelial resistance, ciliary motility, secretory profile, and RNA diversity were collected.This work allowed to put in place the necessary tools to reproduce the in vitro trajectories of COPD and to clarify the origins of this pathology. The high throughput sequencing tools (transcriptomic in our study), will allow the discovery of new candidates, that represent potential targets for future pharmacological screening
Rossiaud, Lucille. "Modélisation et compréhension de la glycogénose de type III grâce à l'utilisation de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. https://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2024/interne/2024UPASL091.pdf.
Full textGlycogen storage disease type III (GSDIII) is a rare genetic disorder caused by glycogen debranching enzyme (GDE) deficiency, leading to an accumulation of glycogen accumulation in the liver, heart and skeletal muscles. While liver damages predominate in childhood, muscle impairments progress and become predominant in adulthood. The lack of human models hinders our understanding of the disease and the development of treatments.In this context, my first objective was to create in vitro human pathological models from induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). I generated five pathological hiPSC lines: four lines derived from patients by reprogramming and one line genetically modified by CRISPR/Cas9. These cells were then differentiated into myocytes and hepatocytes, the two relevant cell types for the study of GSDIII. I confirmed that these cells express muscle and liver specific markers respectively, and recapitulate the glycogen accumulation phenotype under glucose starvation conditions compared to healthy cells.The second objective was to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of GSDIII and to identify new biomarkers of the disease. I first focused on muscle, for which I identified genes differentially expressed between healthy and pathological cells by RNA sequencing of hiPSC-derived myocytes. Comparative analysis with RNA sequencing data from triceps biopsies of healthy and GSDIII mice revealed overexpression of a common gene encoding galectin-3, a marker of damaged vesicles. This overexpression was validated in mutated myocytes derived from hiPSCs, as well as in the triceps of GSDIII mice and in patient biopsies. In parallel, a similar approach on hiPSC-derived hepatocytes identified potential liver biomarkers, paving the way for a better understanding of the mechanisms of liver damage.The final objective was to use these in vitro human pathological models to test new therapies. I demonstrated that treatment of mutated myocytes with AAV vectors expressing complete or truncated human GDE, previously validated on in vivo GSDIII mouse and rat models, reduced glycogen accumulation to levels comparable to those of healthy cells. These experiments confirmed the value of developing these new in vitro models.Taken together, this work has led to the identification of new biomarkers for GSDIII, providing a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms in muscle and liver. The creation of these new in vitro models also opens up new therapeutic prospects for GSDIII, particularly by facilitating drug screening
Rabesandratana, Oriane. "Les cellules ganglionnaires rétiniennes dérivées de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines : de la caractérisation à la transplantation." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS322.
Full textAmong the different treatments for optic neuropathies, cell therapy using transplantation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) is one of the most promising strategy. In this project, we validated the optimized production of RGCs from retinal organoids derived from four different hiPSC lines. Our methodology included a double selection process, comprising the culture of retinal dissociated cell in adherent conditions and a magnetic sorting protocol, based on the expression of surface antigen CD90/THY1. We identified enriched RGCs resulting from this double protocol, according morphological, molecular and functional properties. These results were validated for all four hiPSC lines, including a ubiquitous fluorescent reporter cell line, using Crispr/Cas9 strategy. Intravitreal injection of reporter hiPSC line-derived RGCs into an optic nerve crush mouse model led to a partial integration of surviving cells into the host retina establishing the possibility to performed RGC transplantation. This work will be continued in order to explore the capacity of hiPSC-derived RGCs to reconnect with both retinal partners and with the different targets in the brain
Denis, Jérôme Alexandre. "Applications médicales et pharmaceutiques des cellules souches pluripotentes : vers un changement de paradigme ?" Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00637075.
Full textDianat, Noushin. "Cellules souches pluripotentes humaines et modélisation de maladies hépatiques : l'hypercholestérolémie familiale et les cholangiopathies." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA114810.
Full textCell therapy can be an alternative to liver transplantation in some cases such as severe metabolic diseases. However, the shortage of organ donors implies the need to find new sources of liver cells such as hepatocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells that can be amplified and differentiated extensively into any cell type. Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) generated from somatic cells of patients and then differentiated into hepatocytes represent a potential source of transplantable hepatocytes. These cells now make it possible to consider the transplantation of genetically modified autologous hepatocytes as an alternative to liver transplantation for the treatment of genetic diseases of the liver.Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the receptor for Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLR), which is the cause of high blood cholesterol in these patients. Homozygous patients should purify their serum LDL-apheresis on average twice a month starting at a young age to avoid fatal myocardial infarction occurring in childhood.Human hepatocytes differentiated from patient’s induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allow assessing the feasibility to transplant genetically modified autologous hepatocytes as treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia.During the liver development, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, the two types of hepatic epithelial cells, derive from bipotent hepatic progenitors (hepatoblasts). Although cholangiocytes, forming intrahepatic bile ducts, represent a small fraction of the total liver cell population (3%), they actively regulate bile composition by secretion and reabsorption of bile acids, a process that is important in cholestatic liver diseases. In the first part of this study we developed an approach to differentiate pluripotent stem cells (hESC and hiPSC) into functional cholangiocytes. These cells could be used for the modeling of genetic biliary diseases. In the second part, we generated FH patient specific iPSCs (HF-iPSC), differentiated them into hepatocytes and tried to correct the disease phenotype by lentiviral introduction of LDLR cDNA cassette in HF-iPSC
Roudaut, Méryl. "Les cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines : un modèle innovant pour la découverte d’une nouvelle fonction de PCSK9 et la mise en place d’organoïdes de foie." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT1023.
Full textHuman induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) offer an attractive alternative to study novel functions linked to diseases and to setup innovative models. In this context, we studied a key player of the hepatic cholesterol metabolism regulation, PCSK9. Upon hiPSC differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells, we found an unexpected role of PCSK9 in undifferentiated cells. Using tools such as overexpression, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene invalidation, and hiPSC derived from a patient carrying PCSK9 loss of functions mutations, we found a regulatory effect of PCSK9 on the TGFß pathway. This effect is mediated by DACT2, a negative regulator of the TGFßR subunit R1. Through DACT2 modulation by PCSK9, the SMAD2 phosphorylation is impacted, thus hiPSC proliferation. In parallel, to enhance hepatic cells functions generated from hiPSC, we setup a new simplified procedure to obtain liver organoïdes. hiPSC are cultured in a modified hydroscaffold, BIOMIMESYS®, produced by HCS Pharma in a 96-well format suitable for molecular screening. Our procedure, recapitulating key steps of liver development, allowed us to generate liver organoids including not only hepatocytes but also, biliary-, stellate- and endothelial-cells. Functional characterizations showed enhanced cytochrome activities compared to HLC and excellent pharmacological responses with lipid accumulation upon amiodarone or ethanol treatments and LDL-bodipy uptake upon statin treatments. As our model can be personalized and automatized, if offers a new perspective for high content molecular screening
Frank, Elie. "Modélisation du Syndrome d'Alström à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines pour l'identification de cibles moléculaires d'intérêt thérapeutique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASQ041.
Full textAlström syndrome (AS) is a monogenic recessive multi-systemic disease characterized by hearing and vision loss, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiomyopathy and progressive liver and kidney failure. Symptoms affecting vision develop in the first few weeks after birth and gradually lead to total loss of sight. At present, there is no cure for this disease, and only solutions that reduce the effects of the symptoms can be proposed.The aim of this thesis is to develop a cellular model of AS with a view to understanding the molecular mechanisms driving the disease and identifying therapeutic targets.We obtained different clones with pathological or de novo mutations using genome-editing systems associated with CRISPR/Cas9. We characterized these model clones by seeking to identify specific phenotypic markers within the hiPSCs. The mutations generated did not change the properties of these cells.In a second step, still with the aim of identifying a pathological phenotype, we differentiated the model iPSC lines into RPE cells.Again, no specific phenotypic marker was identified. Finally, we differentiated our model hiPSC lines into neuroretinal organoids to study retinal cells development within these structures with a particular focus on photoreceptors. We were able to observe the absence or reduced expression of opsins characteristic of cones and rods in organoids derived from ALMS1-mutant hiPSCs. In addition, these organoids showed increased cell death compared with organoids derived from healthy hiPSC lines. This suggests that photoreceptors degenerate during differentiation within organoids. The mechanisms by which mutations in ALMS1 lead to this degeneration remain unclear.The cellular models of AS presented in this thesis therefore reproduce a pathological phenotype and will be invaluable tools for understanding the mechanisms responsible for the visual symptoms of the disease, and pave the way for screening strategies aimed at identifying new therapeutic targets
Bourguignon, Chloé. "Modélisation de l’effet de la pollution atmosphérique sur l’épithélium bronchique : les cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines, une nouvelle voie d’étude de l’exposome ?" Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT018.
Full textABSTRACTAir pollution is one of the largest environmental cause of disease and every year, 7 millions of premature deaths are attributable to air pollution worldwide. Ambient fine particulate matter plays a major role in the development of chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. Recently, several studies have highlighted pediatric roots in the trajectories of these diseases. However, only few preclinical models are available to study these early developmental stages yet critical in respiratory health. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) are able to differentiate into all cell types of human body. Thus, they offer a great opportunity to recapitulate lung development in vitro, especially bronchial airway development.Thanks to our differentiation protocol of hiPSC into functional airway epithelium, we can mimic in vitro key bronchial development steps: definitive endoderm, anterior foregut endoderm, lung progenitors towards functional epithelial cells such as ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells, club cells and neuroendocrine cells. PM2.5 exposure performed at different steps of the protocol showed high doses related cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. An effect on differentiation process was also observed with a decrease of anterior foregut endoderm and lung progenitors markers along with a modification in differentiated cells proportion.These results open new possibilities to study air pollution impact on lung development. Thanks to hiPSC self-renewal property, high scale exposure studies of environmental factors impact on lung development could emerge by adding new cell types to this model, developing new exposure systems and modifying genetic background of hiPSC
Mery-Bories, Julie. "Utilisation des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines pour avancer dans la compréhension des atteintes neuromusculaires associées à la Dystrophie Myotonique de type 1 Building neuromuscular junctions invitro." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. https://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2021/interne/2021UPASL012.pdf.
Full textMyotonic Dystrophy type I (DM1) is a rare neuromuscular disease that is mainly characterized by myotonia, progressive muscle weakness and wasting. DM1 is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expanded CTG repeat in the 3' UTR of DMPK gene. This abnormal expansion leads to a toxic gain-of-function of the mutated mRNAs which aggregate within the nucleus in association with different RNA binding proteins such as the MBNL family proteins. Several studies suggest the involvement of motoneurons and the neuromuscular junction in the muscular defects observed in DM1 patients. However, the mechanisms by which this intercellular system might be affected in DM1 is still poorly understood. The aim of this project was to decipher the direct and indirect consequences of the DMPK mutation and the impact of MBNL sequestration in the pre-synaptic compartment and determine the pathological contribution of motorneurons in DM1 physiopathology. Thanks to the recent development by the team of a protocol allowing the efficient conversion of human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), our results demonstrated that DM1 hiPSC-derived motoneurons exhibit a defective neuritic arborization that can be mimicked by the depletion of MBNL proteins. To further evaluate the functional consequences of these findings, we developed a humanized cellular model based on the coculture of hiPSC-derived motoneurons and micropatterned human primary skeletal muscle cells. Our results demonstrated that expression of DM1 mutation only in the pre-synaptic compartment led to functional defects at the post-synaptic level. Interestingly, similar results were obtained with the specific depletion of MBNL proteins in the pre-synaptic compartment.Thanks to a transcriptomic approach, we identified a panel of deregulated genes involved in synaptic plasticity which may affect function or stability of the neuromuscular junction. Altogether, these findings hold several new implications for DM pathogenesis
Bizy, Alexandra. "Sélection des myocytes atriaux et ventriculaires dérivés des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines induites basée sur l’expression des isoformes de chaînes légères de myosine." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066590.
Full textLes protocoles de différentiation des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (CSPi) humaines en cardiomyocytes (CMs) aboutissent à la présence concomitante de cellules atriales, ventriculaires et nodales, ce qui limite leur utilisation. Pour surmonter cette limitation, nous avons construit des adénovirus avec le gène de la GFP sous le contrôle des promoteurs des chaînes légères de myosine atriale et ventriculaire MLC-2a et MLC-2v. Nous montrons que ce système de marquage à la GFP associé à la technique de cytometry en flux est efficace pour la purification de CMs présentant les caractéristiques structurales et fonctionnelles de cellules atriales et ventriculaires humaines. Cependant, si MLC-2v est un marqueur robuste pour purifier les cellules ventriculaires, promouvoir la maturation des CMs dérivés des CSPi renforcerait la spécificité du promoteur MLC-2a pour les cellules atriales. Une autre barrière à l’utilisation des CMs différenciés est leur phénotype immature. Plusieurs études ont démontré l’importance de la matrice extracellulaire dans la maturation des cellules. Nous avons donc testé l’influence de différents types de matrices sur la maturation des CMs dérivés CSPi et avons identifié des matrices extracellulaires en 2 et 3 dimensions favorisant le développement des CMs vers un phénotype adulte. Purification et maturation des CMs dérivés des CPSi constituent des avancées importantes pour leur utilisation en recherche fondamentale et clinique
Raïs, Célia. "Analyse histologique et fonctionnelle du développement de précurseurs neuraux dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines greffés dans le cortex de la souris." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2019SORUS333.pdf.
Full textNeurodevelopmental abnormalities underlie psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia or autism, among others. However, the genetic heterogeneity of human beings makes it difficult to establish a link between a given genome and development programs that can lead to a disease. To address this problem, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are an ethical and effective tool. They are able to develop and differentiate into functional neurons, using a mechanism similar to in vivo development. I studied a model enabling the integration and migration of neural precursors from human iPSCs into the mouse cortex. By labelling the cells grafted by immunofluorescence, I was able to show that they differentiate mainly into upper layer cortical neurons. I have studied the relationship between host and grafted cells , and show that mouse cells participate in the development of the graft, providing vascularization, and myelinating developing human neurons. Finally, I followed the functional development of human neurons using a cell line expressing a calcium indicator, GCaMP6f, and chronically observing injected mice under a 2-photon microscope. This activity changes over time, and reflects a prenatal human brain. This model offers new possibilities for in vivo modelling of human cortical development, particularly in the study of the impact of genetic alterations in the context of psychiatric diseases
Merien, Antoine. "Étude de la fonction des protéines MBNL au cours du développement à l’aide de cellules souches humaines induites à la pluripotence." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. https://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2021/interne/2021UPASQ015.pdf.
Full textAlternative splicing has emerged as a fundamental mechanism not only for the diversification of protein isoforms but also for the spatiotemporal control of development. Therefore, a better understanding of how this mechanism is regulated has the potential not only to elucidate fundamental biological principles, but also to decipher pathological mechanisms involved in diseases where normal splicing networks are mis-regulated. As part of this thesis, we took advantage of human pluripotent stem cells to decipher during human myogenesis the role of MBNL proteins, a family of tissue-specific splicing regulators whose loss of function is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1), an inherited neuromuscular disease. Thanks to the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) depleted in MBNL proteins and evaluated the molecular and functional consequences of this loss on the generation of skeletal muscle cells. Our results indicated that MBNL proteins are specifically required for the late myogenic maturation but not for early myogenic commitment. By a transcriptomic analysis, we were able to highlight the molecular pathways regulated by these proteins during myogenesis, as well as the compensatory effects between MBNL paralogs. This study also allowed us to identify a new alternative splicing defect in DM1, regulated by MBNL proteins, which leads to structural abnormalities of the muscular post-synaptic compartment. Together, our results reveal the temporal requirement of MBNL proteins in human myogenesis and allow the identification of new molecular pathways regulated by these proteins that could be involved in the development of DM1. In the longer term, the tools developed in this study should also facilitate the identification of new therapeutic strategies capable to cope with the loss of function of these proteins
Martineau, Sabrina. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de l'épidermolyse bulleuse simple à partir de cellules souches humaines induites à la pluripotence." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASQ020.
Full textEpidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a skin disorder caused mainly by dominant mutations in genes coding for keratin 5 (KRT5) or 14 (KRT14) genes. It is characterized by the presence of blisters caused by epidermal detachment, and by other complications such as cutaneous inflammation. From a genetic point of view, the mutations will alter the assembly of the keratin intermediate filament network in basal keratinocytes of the epidermis, leading to cell cytolysis and the formation of intra-epidermal blisters. Currently no effective therapeutic approach it is available. Understanding of the disease and the development of therapies have been hampered by the lack and limitations of relevant human cell and mouse models.So, the general aim of my thesis was to exploit the properties of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSc) to modelling EBS. For this purpose, we generate hiPSc-derived keratinocytes from EBS patients carrying KRT5 mutations (Ker-EBS), and from healthy patients (Ker-WT). Comparison of Ker-EBS and Ker-WT enabled to show that Ker-EBS recapitulates the main phenotypes associated with EBS, namely decreased cell proliferation, increased cell migration, altered signalling pathways (ERK and JNK), as well as aggregates of intermediate keratin filaments in the cytoplasm, as observed in primary EBS keratinocytes. These results demonstrate that our hiPSc-derived cell model is relevant for study EBS.In order to identify new molecular mechanisms, a trancriptomic analysis comparing Ker-EBS with Ker-WT revealed 138 deregulated genes, revealing an enrichment in processes linked to the extracellular matrix, DNA packaging and the inflammatory response. As the inflammatory component in EBS has been poorly described, my next step was to study the pro-inflammatory cytokine phenotype. Thus, we were able to demonstrate increased expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), CXCL5, CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL5 in Ker-EBS, at RNA level under basal or IFNy-stimulated conditions to mimic a pro-inflammatory context. Only the chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL11 are secreted at high concentrations in the culture supernatants of stimulated and unstimulated Ker-EBS, demonstrating the involvement of these cytokines in EBS.In parallel, in order to avoid biases due to genetic background, gender, patient age and epigenetics, we generated an isogenic Ker-EBS line (corrected Ker-EBS) using the CRISPR-Cas9 technique. We were thus able to demonstrate that the corrected Ker-EBS line showed a restoration of the expression level of the pro-inflammatory cytokines mentioned above, to a level close to that of Ker-WT, confirming a direct link between mutations in the KRT5 gene and the pro-inflammatory signature.In conclusion, our new cellular model enabled us to reproduce the pathological phenotypes known in the literature, and to demonstrate deregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in EBS, notably CXCL10 and CXCL11. Taken together, these results make this model a relevant tool to allow a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the pathology, particularly the inflammatory component, paving the way for new therapeutic approaches
Roux, Clémence. "Activité immunosuppressive des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses dérivées de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines : induction de lymphocytes T régulateurs in vitro et in vivo et expression de PD-L1." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4226.
Full textThe mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) present many features that render attractive as therapeutic cells. Their phenotype, multipotency and immunosuppressive properties are well described. Nevertheless, major restriction for their clinical use is due to the limited in vitro expansion and low quantity of cells that can be collected from adult tissues. The originality of my project consisted in the generation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). These huiPS-MSCs could fulfill some of the specification required to improve MSCs use in therapeutic approaches: welldefined and unlimited number of cells with reproducible functional characteristics. In a first approach, I characterized the huiPS-MSCs generated in the laboratory. My results highlight the immunosuppressive activity in vitro of the huiPS-MSCs on T-cell stimulation that induces a switch in T-cell cytokine polarization toward the generation of Treg cells. Secondly, in a more therapy-oriented approach, I analyzed in vivo immunosuppressive activity of huiPS-MSCs in a xenogeneic graft versus host model (NSG immunodeficient mice injected with human T lymphocytes). My data showed significantly reduced percentages of human-differentiated T cells producing Th1 inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα). By contrast, T cells producing IL-10 and FoxP3+ Treg cells, absent in nontreated animals, were detected in huiPS-MSCs treated mice, confirming the in vitro results of a tolerizing process. The end of my work was to characterize the molecular regulation of the expression of PDL1, an immunoregulatory molecule expressed by the MSCs. Comparing bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) from healthy donors and our huiPS-MSCs, I showed that the huiPSMSCs have a constitutive expression of PD-L1, which is absent on BM-MSCs. Analysing microRNAs that could limit the expression of PD-L1, I could identify several microRNAs which expression is inverse to the expression of PD-L1. For the first time, my results highlight the immunosuppressive activity of huiPS-MSCs on human T-cell stimulation with a concomitant generation of human Treg cells in vivo and characterize the regulation of PD-L1 expression, an immunosuppressive molecule expressed by the MSCs. They may favor the development of new tools and strategies based on the use of huiPS cells and their derivatives for the induction of immune tolerance
Roux, Clémence. "Activité immunosuppressive des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses dérivées de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines : induction de lymphocytes T régulateurs in vitro et in vivo et expression de PD-L1." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4226/document.
Full textThe mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) present many features that render attractive as therapeutic cells. Their phenotype, multipotency and immunosuppressive properties are well described. Nevertheless, major restriction for their clinical use is due to the limited in vitro expansion and low quantity of cells that can be collected from adult tissues. The originality of my project consisted in the generation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). These huiPS-MSCs could fulfill some of the specification required to improve MSCs use in therapeutic approaches: welldefined and unlimited number of cells with reproducible functional characteristics. In a first approach, I characterized the huiPS-MSCs generated in the laboratory. My results highlight the immunosuppressive activity in vitro of the huiPS-MSCs on T-cell stimulation that induces a switch in T-cell cytokine polarization toward the generation of Treg cells. Secondly, in a more therapy-oriented approach, I analyzed in vivo immunosuppressive activity of huiPS-MSCs in a xenogeneic graft versus host model (NSG immunodeficient mice injected with human T lymphocytes). My data showed significantly reduced percentages of human-differentiated T cells producing Th1 inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα). By contrast, T cells producing IL-10 and FoxP3+ Treg cells, absent in nontreated animals, were detected in huiPS-MSCs treated mice, confirming the in vitro results of a tolerizing process. The end of my work was to characterize the molecular regulation of the expression of PDL1, an immunoregulatory molecule expressed by the MSCs. Comparing bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) from healthy donors and our huiPS-MSCs, I showed that the huiPSMSCs have a constitutive expression of PD-L1, which is absent on BM-MSCs. Analysing microRNAs that could limit the expression of PD-L1, I could identify several microRNAs which expression is inverse to the expression of PD-L1. For the first time, my results highlight the immunosuppressive activity of huiPS-MSCs on human T-cell stimulation with a concomitant generation of human Treg cells in vivo and characterize the regulation of PD-L1 expression, an immunosuppressive molecule expressed by the MSCs. They may favor the development of new tools and strategies based on the use of huiPS cells and their derivatives for the induction of immune tolerance
Khedher, Ahmed. "Utilisation de technologies d'édition du génome afin de générer des cardiomyocytes matures à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines induites CtIP Fusion to Cas9 Enhances Transgene Integration by Homology-Dependent Repair." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL002.
Full textHuman induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are a very promising model for several scientific and therapeutic applications ranging from disease modeling to drug discovery, and from predictive toxicology to regenerative medicine. Despite numerous efforts, current protocols do not yet lead to a maturation phenotype equivalent to adult human myocardium. Indeed, key features of hiPSC-CMs remaining closer to fetal stages of development, such as gene expression, electrophysiology and function. Transcriptome analysis performed at Sanofi have confirmed these findings at the genome-wide level. Indeed, KCNJ2 and CASQ2 which are implicated in the two major physiological characteristics of cardiac cells, their electrophysiological behavior and calcium handling, respectively, were expressed at very low levels in hiPSC-CMs in comparison with adult cardiomyocytes. This thesis aimed to improve the maturation of hiPSC-CMs by using genome editing technologies. We generated stable hiPSC-CMs with inducible expression of KCNJ2, or CASQ2 or both genes (KCNJ2-CASQ2 hiPSC-CMs) and studied their functional and electrophysiological phenotype by several complementary methods. Upon doxycycline induction of KCNJ2 and CASQ2, KCNJ2-CASQ2 hiPSC-CMs displayed phenotypic benefits expected from previous studies of each maturation gene, including a drastic reduction of spontaneous beating, hyperpolarized resting membrane potential, shortened action potential duration and enhanced calcium transients. In addition, co-expression of the two genes enhanced Na+ spike slope of extracellular field potential and Ca2+ handling. We tested four reference drugs and observed signatures of known cardiac effects in KCNJ2-CASQ2 hiPSC-CMs, including arrhythmias induced by QT prolonging drug (E-4031), which were more easily detected than in control hiPSC-CMs. Therefore, KCNJ2-CASQ2 hiPSC-CMs exhibited a more mature phenotype than hiPSC-CMs and such genetically engineered hiPSC-CMs could be useful for testing cardiac toxicity of novel candidate drugs
Geryk, Michelle. "Cardiac Structural and Functional Consequences of the Desmin p.R406W Mutation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU1002.
Full textDesmin related myopathy, or desminopathy, is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the intermediate filament desmin. Desmin interconnects several components of the cell including the contractile apparatus and positions organelles within cells, including the nucleus and mitochondria. Desminopathy is most often associated with skeletal and/or cardiac myopathy and is commonly associated with intracellular aggregate formation. Over 70 mutations have been reported along the desmin gene that codes for the filaments 470 amino acids. Although many studies have focused on these mutations over the years, the precise mechanism of the structure-function relationship of desmin within cardiomyocytes has yet to be elucidated. Genetic testing of a patient presenting with a complex cardiac history, including sudden cardiac death, a persistent depression of the ST-segment on the ECG and arrhythmic storms revealed a desmin mutation at position p.R406W. The challenge of this study was to use the patient's induced pluripotent stem cells and isogenic cell lines to understand the genotype-phenotype relationship at hand. Furthermore, a 3-dimensional model of engineered heart tissue was applied. The underlying electrical consequences of this mutation were analyzed using the patch-clamp technique, revealing abnormal repolarization. Simultaneously, we performed proteomic and transcriptomic studies to investigate the complex mechanisms at play, which revealed mitochondrial and conduction defects. Subsequently, electron microscopy revealed structural changes within cells. In conclusion, this work combined functional and molecular approaches to facilitate our understanding of desminopathy
Giethlen, Colette. "Etude de la régulation transcriptionnelle de la différenciation des cellules entéroendocrines dans un modèle d'organoïde intestinal humain." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ002.
Full textHormone-producing enteroendocrine cells represent 1% of the intestinal epithelium but are key regulators of the energetic metabolism and alteration of their differentiation is associated with severe metabolic disorders. Enteroendocrine differentiation is governed by a transcriptional regulatory cascade that is poorly described, especially in humans. This thesis project aimed to evaluate the implication of several transcription factors, previously identified in mice (NGN3, RFX6, ARX, PAX4), in human enteroendocrine differentiation. To do so, these genes were disrupted with the CRISPR/Cas9 system in human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which were then differentiated in intestinal organoids (HIOs). Preliminary analysis of NGN3-deficient HIOs did not allow a firm conclusion regarding NGN3 implication in enteroendocrine differentiation but showed a tissue regionalization alteration. RFX6 seems important for the differentiation/function of enteroendocrine cells, although its precise function is still to be determined
Mianné, Joffrey. "Thérapie génique par CRISPR/Cas9 pour corriger des épithéliums bronchiques dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSCs) de patients atteints de dyskinésie ciliaire primitive (DCP) : une preuve de concept." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT045.
Full textPrimary Ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare and heterogeneous genetic disorder affecting the structure and function of motile cilia. In the airway epithelium, impaired ciliary motion results in chronic airway infections responsible for progressive and definitive decline of lung functions. There is currently no effective treatment for PCD, and research is limited by the lack of convenient models to study this disease and investigate innovative therapies.In this context, the main goals of this thesis are: 1) to develop a new in vitro PCD model based on the directed differentiation of patient-derived or genetically-engineered induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into multiciliated airway epithelium, and 2) to use this model to investigate the potential of an innovative CRISPR/Cas9 gene therapy approach.To this aim, we have derived two iPSC lines, one from an healthy individual and a second from a PCD patient harbouring compound heterozygous mutations in the CCDC40 gene. Using the “healthy” iPSC line and the CRISPR/Cas9 technology we have generated isogenic knock-out controls for three PCD genes including CCDC40, DNAH5 and MCIDAS. In parallel, using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology and the homology directed repair approach, we have corrected the patient-derived iPSC line. By applying our optimized differentiation protocol to these cell lines, we are efficiently generating functional multiciliated airway epithelium recapitulating the ciliary phenotypes in function of the genotype. Furthermore, this new model has allowed us to investigate the potential of a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated reframing gene therapy approach to rescue ciliary phenotype in the patient line.In conclusion, the new model developed in this work could represent a major tool for in vitro PCD modelling. This model will be of particular interest for investigating the feasibility and efficacy of personalized therapies directly on the relevant human tissue. Our pipeline could therefore accelerate the development and translation of new therapeutics for PCD and other lung diseases
Annab, Karima. "Etude de l’expression génique de différents syndromes progéroïdes en utilisant le modèle des cellules souches à pluripotence induite." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0101.
Full textProgeroid syndromes are a group of pathologies characterized by accelerated and early aging. One of the most studied of these diseases is HGPS, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 8 millions birth making it an extremely rare disease. We focused our attention on three different progeroid syndromes including classic HGPS, a HGPS-like and an atypical progeroid syndrome. These pathologies share many symptoms, including osteolysis, lipodystrophy, and cardiovascular alterations. These 3 syndromes are caused by 3 different mutations in the LMNA gene that encodes A- and C-type lamins, inducing production of a truncated Lamin A in HGPS and HGPS-like and production of a mutated Lamin with a p.T528M substitution in APS. We produced hiPSCs to create a model of these different diseases and investigate in vitro the physiopathology of these syndromes by comparing them to control cells. Cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells being the most impaired type of tissue, we established in vitro models in order to study the differentiation of hiPSCs into MSCs. In addition given the massive cardiovascular defects in these patients, we also investigated differentiation toward the VSMCs. Cell phenotypes were carefully characterized and we compared the transcripttomic profile of the different cell types. We identified dysregulation in genes involved in oxidative stress response and in DNA repair in progeroid cells. In addition, pathways essential for cell survival and proliferation are also modified when comparing progeroid and controls cells. Altogether, these results might explain some of the symptoms observed in progeroid patients but also reveal pathways involved in ageing
Pasquier, Nicolas. "Integrin-mediated regulation of apicobasal polarity, cell states and cancer progression." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL048.
Full textIntegrins regulate cell adhesion, migration and architecture which play a role both in development of healthy tissues and disease. While integrins have been widely studied amongst models, the way their availability acts on polarity, spreading and cell capacitation is not fully understood.Here we investigate the role of integrins, and mainly integrin-β1, on polarity establishment as well as cell spreading in cancer models. We also decipher their action on cell states by studying their role in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) capacitation.This thesis reveals a newly described SorLA, HER2 and HER3-dependent Integrin-β1 recycling loop, allowing colon cancer cells to sense the matrix and orient their polarity accordingly. We also go deeper in cancer cell spreading on matrix, by identifying two matrix compositions (collagen + laminin and laminin + tenascin C) allowing osteosarcoma cancer cells and fibroblasts to spread in a stiffness-independent fashion through an increased amount of integrin-β1-positive molecular clutches. We also investigate the role of Integrin-β1 on the capacitation process of stem cells and show that inhibition of integrin-β1 maintains a naïve-like phenotype in hiPSCs.Taken together, these data highlight the importance of integrins, and mainly integrin-β1, in many cell processes amongst models, thus explaining its key role in cell adhesion, cancer cell architecture and cell state establishment
Corbineau, Sébastien. "Génération de progéniteurs hépatiques dérivés de cellules souches : application à l’hypercholestérolémie familiale." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA114821/document.
Full textHepatocyte transplantation represents an alternative to liver for the treatment of metabolic diseases including familial hypercholesterolaemia. Embryonic stem cells (ES) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) represent new sources of hepatic cells. We have developed an approach to differentiate human stem cells into hepatic cells and thus we have generated hepatic cells derived from iPS of familial hypercholesterolaemia patients
M'Callum, Marie-Agnès. "Hépatocytes matures dérivés de cellules souches in vitro : améliorer la différenciation des cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines en copiant l’organogénèse hépatique." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21608.
Full textLong, Valérie. "Mécanismes électrophysiologiques responsables de l'augmentation de la fréquence cardiaque induite par les œstrogènes lors de la grossesse." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23996.
Full textAn increased heart rate (HR) is observed in pregnant women. In fact, in the last trimester, in average, the HR increases by 15%, which is a known risk factor to developing cardiac arrhythmias or exacerbating pre-existing arrhythmias. This can lead to major consequences for both the mother and fetus. However, the mechanisms underlying this increased HR remain largely unexplored. Our laboratory recently demonstrate that pregnancy is associated with an increased density of the pacemaker current (If) and the L-type calcium current (ICaL) as well as changes in calcium homeostasis of mouse sinoatrial node (SAN) cells. Knowing that estrogens are increased during pregnancy and that these sex hormones can modify cardiac electrophysiological properties, we hypothesized that estrogens play a key role in the pregnancy-induced increased HR and regulate the SAN electrophysiological properties. Our research project aims to determine the role of 17β-estradiol (E2) on the pregnancy-induced increased HR, to determine if these effects are regulated through estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and/or beta (ERβ) and to study the E2 underlying mechanisms on SAN electrophysiology. Non-pregnant female mice (2-4 months) lacking ERα (ERKOα) or ERβ (ERKOβ) received a chronic E2 treatment (30 μg twice daily for four days) mimicking E2 concentrations found in late pregnancy (23.3 ± 5.0 nM). Surface electrocardiogram analysis showed a significant increased HR in ERKOβ mice (ERKOβ: 511 ± 15 bpm; ERKOβ +E2: 580 ± 10 bpm; n = 10; p<0.001) following E2 administration. However, the HR remains unchanged in ERKOα mice (ERKOα: 520 ± 16 bpm; ERKOα +E2: 530 ± 21 bpm, n = 7, p = 0.114). Following E2 treatment, current-clamp method demonstrates an increase SAN cells automaticity in ERKOβ mice, resulting in an increase in the spontaneous action potential frequency (ERKOβ : 284 ± 24 bpm, n = 8; ERKOβ +E2 : 354 ± 23 bpm, n = 15, p = 0.0395), associated with a steeper diastolic depolarization slope (ERKOβ : 82 ± 12 mV/s, n = 8; ERKOβ +E2 : 140 ± 14 mV/s, n = 15, p < 0.003), a major determinant of cardiac automaticity. In line with these results, voltage-clamp data showed an increased If density in SAN cells of ERKOβ mice treated with E2 (at -90 mV: ERKOβ: -6.6 ± 0.7 pA/pF, n = 12-15; ERKOβ +E2: -11.0 ± 1.3 pA/pF, n = 9-11, p < 0.05). Nevertheless, If density was similar in E2-treated ERKOα mice. E2-treated nodal-like human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (N-hiPSC-CM) also showed an increased spontaneous action potential frequency (CTL : 69 ± 5 bpm, n = 12; +E2 : 99 ± 6 bpm, n = 14, p < 0.001) and If density (at -90 mV: CTL: -0.95 ± 0.14 pA/pF, n = 7-10; +E2: -1.62 ± 0.17 pA/pF, n = 13-14, p < 0.05). Following E2 administration, the rate of calcium transient was similar in SAN cells from ERKOα (139 ± 15, n = 13-14; +E2 : 142 ± 14, n = 15-16, p = ns) and ERKOβ (142 ± 11, n = 14-15; +E2 : 147 ± 13, n = 15-16, p = ns) mice. In line with these results, no modification was seen on ICaL density in E2-treated N-hiPSC-CM (at 0 mV: CTL: -14.0 ± 1.3 pA/pF, n = 12-13; +E2: -14.5 ± 1.4 pA/pF, n = 22, p = ns). In conclusion, the increased cardiac automaticity observed during pregnancy is, in part, explained by an increased If density. This mechanism is mediated by the E2-ERα pathway. In the other hand, calcium homeostasis changes detected during pregnancy appear to be mediated by an E2-independent mechanism. Finally, results obtained on N-hiPSC-CM are consistent with our observations on mouse SAN cells, demonstrating the human applicability of our results. This study provides novel insight on the effects of female sex hormones on the SAN functions. Ultimately, this information can lead to improved management of arrhythmias associated with female hormone fluctuations and/or pregnancy-induced arrhythmias.