Journal articles: 'Cellulose fillers'

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Tumawong, Praonapa, Ekrachan Chaichana, and Bunjerd Jongsomjit. "Effect of Immobilization Methods on the Production of Polyethylene-cellulose Biocomposites via Ethylene Polymerization with Metallocene/MAO Catalyst." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 15, no. 3 (2020): 752–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.15.3.8735.752-764.

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Polyethylene-cellulose biocomposites were synthesized here via the ethylene polymerization with metallocene as a catalyst along with methylaluminoxane (MAO) as a cocatalyst. The immobilization method in which the catalyst or cocatalyst is fixed onto the catalytic filler (cellulose) can be classified into 3 methods according to the active components fixed onto the filler surface: 1) only metallocene catalyst (Cellulose/Zr), 2) only MAO cocatalyst (Cellulose/MAO) and 3) mixture of metallocene and MAO (Cellulose/(Zr+MAO)). It was found that the different immobilization methods or different fillers altered the properties of the obtained composites and also the catalytic activity of the polymerization systems. It was found that Cellulose/MAO provided the highest catalytic activity among all fillers due to a crown-alumoxane complex, which caused the heterogeneous system with this filler behaved similarly to the homogeneous system. The different fillers also produced the biocomposites with some different properties such as crystallinity which Cellulose/Zr provided the highest crystallinity compared with other fillers as observed by a thermal gravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC). Nevertheless, the main crystal structure indicated to the typical polyethylene was still observed for all obtained biocomposites with different fillers as observed by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

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Španić, Nikola, Vladimir Jambreković, Milan Šernek, and Sergej Medved. "Influence of Natural Fillers on Thermal and Mechanical Properties and Surface Morphology of Cellulose Acetate-Based Biocomposites." International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (June 27, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1065024.

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In the present study, the influence of adding natural fillers to a cellulose acetate (CA) matrix, in order to develop biocomposites, on the properties of the achieved materials has been investigated. Extracted wood flour, holocellulose, and alpha cellulose were used as appropriate fillers. The results of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the fillers and biocomposites suggested the importance of the degree of degradation of filler properties, induced by the chemical treatment necessary for the preparation of the fillers, with emphasis on the content of lignin and the degradation of cellulose. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mechanical analysis revealed that the matrix-filler ratio had a major effect on the prepared CA-based biocomposites, since polarity differences between the two major components caused the reduction of attractive forces in the matrix-filler relation, subsequently altering the properties of the developed materials.

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Michael, Elmer Surya, and Halimatuddahliana. "DAYA SERAP AIR DAN KANDUNGAN SERAT (FIBER CONTENT) KOMPOSIT POLIESTER TIDAK JENUH (UNSATURATED POLYESTER) BERPENGISI SERAT TANDAN KOSONG SAWIT DAN SELULOSA." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 2, no. 3 (2013): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v2i3.1443.

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This study was aimed to investigate the effect of empty fruit bunch palm oil and cellulose content as filler in water absorption and fibre volume fraction of the unsaturated polyester composites. The composites were made by hand-lay up method by mixing unsaturated polyester with the composition of each fillers (empty fruit bunch palm oil and cellulose) of 5,10,15,20 wt%. The parameter which was carried on the prepared samples was water absorption for each sample every 24 hours until the composites have constant absorption. It was found that the addition of fillers to the matrix caused the water absorption of composites increased at each of composition of fillers (empty fruit bunch palm oil and cellulose) and the fibre volume fraction increased as the filler content increase.

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Mansor, Mohd Khairulniza, and Ruslimie Che Ali. "Properties Evaluation of Micro-Crystalline Cellulose and Starch as Bio-Filler in Rubber Compounding." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.593.

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Effects of filler loading on the mechanical properties of Epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) filled with bio-fillers were studied. The compounds with different filler loadings (0, 30, 50, 70 phr) were prepared in a Haake internal mixer. Result showed that the viscosity of the compounds increased with filler loading and exhibited longer cure time with higher loading of the bio-filler. The mechanical properties of starch-filled vulcanisates present better tensile strength at 50 phr when compared to micro-crystalline cellulose (MCC) filled vulcanisates at similar filler loadings. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tensile fracture surface of 50 phr starch-filled vulcanisates illustrated a homogenous distribution in comparison with MCC-filled compounds.

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Števulova, Nadežda, Viola Hospodárova, and Adriana Eštoková. "Study of Thermal Analysis of Selected Cellulose Fibres." GeoScience Engineering 62, no. 3 (2016): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2016-0020.

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Abstract This paper provides the investigation of thermal analysis of cellulose fibres which will be used into building materials as a partial filler replacement. Cellulosic fibres come from two various sources: bleached wood pulp and unbleached waste paper whereas these natural fibres have different cellulose contents and another manufacturing process. Natural fibres have been widely used as reinforcing fillers in composite materials in recent years. As a result, they are subjected to thermal degradation during composite processing. It is thus of practical significance to understand and predict the thermal decomposition process of natural fibres and the knowledge will help better design the composite process and estimate the influence on composite properties by the thermal decomposition of natural fibres. The results obtained from the thermal analysis of cellulosic fibres showed differences in their thermal decomposition and also differences in the weight loss due to their chemo-mechanical treatment, the presence of impurities and CaCO3 originating from filler in paper making.

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David, Grégoire, Nathalie Gontard, and Hélène Angellier-Coussy. "Mitigating the Impact of Cellulose Particles on the Performance of Biopolyester-Based Composites by Gas-Phase Esterification." Polymers 11, no. 2 (2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020200.

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Materials that are both biodegradable and bio-sourced are becoming serious candidates for substituting traditional petro-sourced plastics that accumulate in natural systems. New biocomposites have been produced by melt extrusion, using bacterial polyester (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)) as a matrix and cellulose particles as fillers. In this study, gas-phase esterified cellulose particles, with palmitoyl chloride, were used to improve filler-matrix compatibility and reduce moisture sensitivity. Structural analysis demonstrated that intrinsic properties of the polymer matrix (crystallinity, and molecular weight) were not more significantly affected by the incorporation of cellulose, either virgin or grafted. Only a little decrease in matrix thermal stability was noticed, this being limited by cellulose grafting. Gas-phase esterification of cellulose improved the filler’s dispersion state and filler/matrix interfacial adhesion, as shown by SEM cross-section observations, and limiting the degradation of tensile properties (stress and strain at break). Water vapor permeability, moisture, and liquid water uptake of biocomposites were increased compared to the neat matrix. The increase in thermodynamic parameters was limited in the case of grafted cellulose, principally ascribed to their increased hydrophobicity. However, no significant effect of grafting was noticed regarding diffusion parameters.

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Manhas, Navdeep, K. Balasubramanian, P. Prajith, Prashant Rule, and Sunil Nimje. "PCL/PVA nanoencapsulated reinforcing fillers of steam exploded/autoclaved cellulose nanofibrils for tissue engineering applications." RSC Advances 5, no. 31 (2015): 23999–4008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra17191h.

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The process of extraction of cellulose nanofibrils by steam explosion followed by electrospinning with biodegradable polymers to yield PCL/PVA nanoencapsulated cellulosic reinforcing fillers for tissue engineering applications.

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Surya, Elmer, Michael, Halimatuddahliana, and Maulida. "Impact and Thermal Properties of Unsaturated Polyester (UPR) Composites Filled with Empty Fruit Bunch Palm Oil (EFBPO) and Cellulose." Advanced Materials Research 896 (February 2014): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.896.310.

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In this research, the impact properties of unsaturated polyester (UPR) composites filled with empty fruit bunch palm oil (EFBPO) and cellulose were investigated. The composites were made by hand-lay up method by mixing UPR with the content of each fillers (EFBPO and cellulose) of 5,10,15,20 wt.%. The parameter which was carried out on the prepared samples was impact test. It was found that the addition of fillers to the matrix caused the impact strength of composites increased at 10% addition of EFBPO and 5% addition of cellulose. The results were confirmed by fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) and supported by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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Leelachai, Kritsanachai, Supissara Ruksanak, Tarakol Hongkeab, Supakeat Kambutong, Raymond A. Pearson, and Peerapan Dittanet. "Effect of Cellulose Functionalization on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin." Key Engineering Materials 757 (October 2017): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.757.62.

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In this study, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) cured cycloaliphatic polyamine was modified with functionalized celluloses for improved thermal and mechanical properties. Three different types of surface-modified cellulose, polyacrylamide-g-cellulose (PGC), aminopropoxysilane-g-cellulose (SGC), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), were investigated and used as reinforcing agents in epoxy resins. The storage modulus of these modified epoxy systems was found to significantly increase with addition of cellulose fillers (up to 1 wt. % cellulose content). An improved fracture toughness (KIC) was also observed with increasing cellulose loading content with PGC and SGC. Among the surface-modified celluloses, epoxy modified with SGC was found to have the highest fracture toughness followed by PGC and CMC at 1.0 wt.% cellulose addition due to the chemical surface compatibility. The toughening mechanisms of the cellulose/epoxy composites, measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealed that fiber-debonding, fiber-bridging, and fiber-pull out were responsible for increased toughness.

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Senthil Muthu Kumar, T., N. Rajini, K. Obi Reddy, A. Varada Rajulu, Suchart Siengchin, and Nadir Ayrilmis. "All-cellulose composite films with cellulose matrix and Napier grass cellulose fibril fillers." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 112 (June 2018): 1310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.167.

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Choi, YongJae, and John Simonsen. "Cellulose Nanocrystal-Filled Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanocomposites." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 3 (2006): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.132.

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Polymer nanocomposites are one of the important application areas for nanotechnology. Naturally derived organic nanophase materials are of special interest in the case of polymer nanocomposites. Carboxymethyl cellulose is a polyelectrolyte derived from natural materials. It has been extensively studied as a hydrogel polymer. Methods to modify the mechanical properties of gels and films made from CMC are of interest in our lab and in the commercial marketplace. The effect of nano-sized fillers on the properties of CMC-based composites is of interest in the development of novel or improved applications for hydrogel polymers in general and CMC in particular. This project investigated cellulose nanocrystals (CNXLs) as a filler in CMC and compared the effects to microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The composite material was composed of CMC, MCC or CNXL, with glycerin as a plasticizer. CNXL and MCC concentrations ranged from 5% to 30%. Glycerin concentrations were kept constant at 10%. CNXLs improved the strength and stiffness of the resulting composite compared to MCC. In addition, a simple heat treatment was found to render the nanocomposite water resistant.

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Trufakina, Lyudmila, Elena Berezina, and Alexandra Kuchevskaya. "Influence of Fibrous and Solid Fillers on the Rheological and the Surface Properties of Polymer Composition." Key Engineering Materials 670 (October 2015): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.670.21.

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The influence of fibrous and solid granulated fillers on the rheological and surface properties of the polymer compositions on the basis of polyvinyl alcohol and Na-carboxymethyl cellulose is demonstrated. The polymer complexes with Na-carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium tetraborate additions and the compositions filled with polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and quartz sand are obtained and comparative assessment of the properties of studied polymer composites have been made. Polymer compositions with quartz sand, synthetic and plant fibrous fillers increase the effective viscosity, elasticity modulus and decrease the adhesive strength of all compositions based well on carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol. The sodium tetraborate introduction promotes the formation of the composites surface with the lesser adhesive strength.

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Czyzewski, Jan, Andrzej Rybak, Karolina Gaska, Robert Sekula, and Czeslaw Kapusta. "Modelling of Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composites Filled with Core-Shell Fillers." Materials 13, no. 23 (2020): 5480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235480.

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An effective model to calculate thermal conductivity of polymer composites using core-shell fillers is presented, wherein a core material of filler grains is covered by a layer of a high-thermal-conductivity (HTC) material. Such fillers can provide a significant increase of the composite thermal conductivity by an addition of a small amount of the HTC material. The model employs the Lewis-Nielsen formula describing filled systems. The effective thermal conductivity of the core-shell filler grains is calculated using the Russel model for porous materials. Modelling results are compared with recent measurements made on composites filled with cellulose microbeads coated with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) platelets and good agreement is demonstrated. Comparison with measurements made on epoxy composites, using silver-coated glass spheres as a filler, is also provided. It is demonstrated how the modelling procedure can improve understanding of properties of materials and structures used and mechanisms of thermal conduction within the composite.

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Botta, Luigi, Vincenzo Titone, Maria Chiara Mistretta, et al. "PBAT Based Composites Reinforced with Microcrystalline Cellulose Obtained from Softwood Almond Shells." Polymers 13, no. 16 (2021): 2643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162643.

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This study explores the processability, mechanical, and thermal properties of biocompostable composites based on poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) as polymer matrix and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) derived from softwood almond (Prunus dulcis) shells (as-MCC) as filler at two different weight concentration, i.e., 10 wt% and 20 wt%. The materials were processed by melt mixing and a commercial MCC (c-MCC) was used as filler comparison. The fibrillar shape of as-MCC particles was found to change the rheological behavior of PBAT, particularly at the highest concentration. The melt mixing processing allowed obtaining a uniform dispersion of both kinds of fillers, slightly reducing the L/D ratio of as-MCC fibers. The as-MCC particles led to a higher increase of the elastic modulus of PBAT if compared to the c-MCC counterparts. Both the MCC fillers caused a drastic reduction of the elongation at break, although it was higher than 120% also at the highest filler concentrations. DSC analysis revealed that both MCC fillers poorly affected the matrix crystallinity, although as-MCC induced a slight PBAT crystallinity increase from 8.8% up to 10.9% for PBAT/as-MCC 20%. Therefore, this work demonstrates the great potential of MCC particles derived from almond shells as filler for biocompostable composites fabrication.

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Annandarajah, Langhorst, Kiziltas, Grewell, Mielewski, and Montazami. "Hybrid Cellulose-Glass Fiber Composites for Automotive Applications." Materials 12, no. 19 (2019): 3189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193189.

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: In the recent years, automakers have been striving to improve the carbon footprint of their vehicles. Sustainable composites, consisting of natural fibers, and/or recycled polymers have been developed as a way to increase the “green content” and reduce the weight of a vehicle. In addition, recent studies have found that the introduction of synthetic fibers to a traditional fiber composite such as glass filled plastics, producing a composite with multiple fillers (hybrid fibers), can result in superior mechanical properties. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of hybrid fibers on characterization and material properties of polyamide-6 (PA6)/polypropylene (PP) blends. Cellulose and glass fibers were used as fillers and the mechanical, water absorption, and morphological properties of composites were evaluated. The addition of hybrid fibers increased the stiffness (tensile and flexural modulus) of the composites. Glass fibers reduced composite water absorption while the addition of cellulose fibers resulted in higher composite stiffness. The mechanical properties of glass and cellulose filled PA6/PP composites were optimized at loading levels of 15 wt% glass and 10 wt% cellulose, respectively.

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SCHENKER, MICHEL, JOACHIM SCHOELKOPF, PATRICE MANGIN, and PATRICK GANE. "Rheological investigation of complex micro and nanofibrillated cellulose (MNFC) suspensions: Discussion of flow curves and gel stability." TAPPI Journal 15, no. 6 (2016): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.6.405.

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Micro and nanofibrillated cellulose in aqueous suspension presents many challenges when considering its use, for example, in forming nanocomposites. The inclusion of filler particles either as extender or as functional additive allows the range of strength and deformation properties to be extended. These properties, however, are linked in many cases to the rheological properties of the raw material mix. Interactions under dynamic shear or under controlled stress at low amplitude reveal the potential to generate functional interactions, not only between the cellulose components themselves but also between the cellulose and polymer additives, as well as surface modified pigment fillers. Examples are given demonstrating the action of adding cellulosic polymer in the form of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to micro and nanofibrillated cellulose (MNFC). Rheological studies show how these combinations with CMC, added either in free form or preadsorbed onto calcium carbonate filler particles, lead to a variety of responses. Dispersability of the MNFC is increased by the use of free CMC polymer addition, and the usually expected flocculating action on added filler is seen not to occur. Alternatively, the preadsorbed CMC on the calcium carbonate pigment filler leads to an interaction between the fibrillar cellulose and the surface modified calcium carbonate pigment filler, to which incorporation of cationic polymer leads to a reduction of interaction, provided theaddition level does not exceed the isoelectric point of the mix. The observations are viewed in the context of a combination of proposed physical contact dynamics in the form of disordered and ordered alignment.

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IBRAHIM, MAHA M., FARDOUS MOBARAK, EHAB I. SALAH EL-DIN, ABD EL-HAY E. EBAID, and MOHAMED A. YOUSSEF. "Modified Egyptian Talc as Internal and Surface Treatments for Papermaking." April 2009 8, no. 4 (2009): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj8.4.15.

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Mineral fillers have long been used in papermaking. In Egypt, talc has been used, without modifica-tion, as filler or coating for bleached rice straw pulp. For this study, talc was modified chemically with starch, car-boxymethyl cellulose, glycerol, dodecytrimethyammonium bromide, polyacrylamide and poly(vinyl alcohol). Talc is chemically inert; the modification was carried out to change the nature of the native talc. Researchers then studied the mechanical and optical properties for filled and coated papers. The results indicated that modified talc enhances the mechanical and optical properties for filled or coated handsheets. Scanning electron micrographs of the filled and coated sheets were investigated; results of the study showed that talc modification can improve filler-fiber-filler bond.

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Likittheerakarn, Suppawat, Supawadee Kurdpradid, Nanthapon Smittipornpun, and Thtitima Sritapunya. "Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites between Polybutylene Succinate/Corn Silk and Polybutylene Succinate/Cellulose Extracted from Corn Silk." Key Engineering Materials 737 (June 2017): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.737.275.

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Corn silk (CS) is agricultural wastes with high cellulose content and polybutylene succinate (PBS) now is more interesting in production of plastic products due to be biopolymer and high flexibility but it is lack of stiffness and strength. Therefore, the goal of this work was to study the possibility of cellulose extraction from CS fiber which was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) for using cellulose as a reinforcing filler in PBS. Moreover, the mechanical properties (e.g. flexural and impact testing) of PBS/cellulose biocomposite were investigated and compared with that of neat PBS and PBS biocomposite adding various amounts of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treated CS. The FTIR results showed the contents of hydroxyl (-OH) and ketone (C=O) groups in extracted CS were lower than ones of virgin CS. It was indicated that hemicellulose and lignin were more removed during extraction process, finally obtained ‘cellulose’. For mechanical testing, both cellulose and treated CS filled in PBS affect the decreased impact strength of PBS biocomposites while flexural strength and flexural modulus were increased. Furthermore, the flexural properties were reduced with enhancing filler contents from 1-15 phr for both fillers. By comparison, the flexural properties of PBS/cellulose were slightly lower than that of PBS/treated CS whereas its impact property was quite higher, especially for 10 phr cellulose loading. Therefore, cellulose can be taken more advantage for composite production by ductile property retention of PBS compared with treated CS. In addition, both cellulose and treated CS can be use as reinforcing filler for polymer to improve stiffness and strength.

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Yeong, Yin Fong, and Tou Seng Khoo. "Fabrication of Amino-Functionalized CAU-1/Cellulose Acetate Mixed Matrix Membranes for CO₂/N₂ Separation." Key Engineering Materials 797 (March 2019): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.797.39.

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In this work, a new type of mixed matrix membranes comprising of amino-functionalized CAU-1 as filler and cellulose acetate as polymer phase were fabricated for CO2 separation from N2. The crystallinity and morphology of the resultant fillers were verified by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) results showed that, sedimentation and agglomeration of fillers were found at loading of more than 5 wt%. Subsequently, the gases permeation results revealed that, an increase in CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity of 149% and 81%, respectively, were achieved for the membrane loaded with 5 wt% of CAU-1-NH2, as compared to pure cellulose acetate membrane.

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Mokhena, T., J. Sefadi, E. Sadiku, M. John, M. Mochane, and A. Mtibe. "Thermoplastic Processing of PLA/Cellulose Nanomaterials Composites." Polymers 10, no. 12 (2018): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121363.

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Over the past decades, research has escalated on the use of polylactic acid (PLA) as a replacement for petroleum-based polymers. This is due to its valuable properties, such as renewability, biodegradability, biocompatibility and good thermomechanical properties. Despite possessing good mechanical properties comparable to conventional petroleum-based polymers, PLA suffers from some shortcomings such as low thermal resistance, heat distortion temperature and rate of crystallization, thus different fillers have been used to overcome these limitations. In the framework of environmentally friendly processes and products, there has been growing interest on the use of cellulose nanomaterials viz. cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and nanofibers (CNF) as natural fillers for PLA towards advanced applications other than short-term packaging and biomedical. Cellulosic nanomaterials are renewable in nature, biodegradable, eco-friendly and they possess high strength and stiffness. In the case of eco-friendly processes, various conventional processing techniques, such as melt extrusion, melt-spinning, and compression molding, have been used to produce PLA composites. This review addresses the critical factors in the manufacturing of PLA-cellulosic nanomaterials by using conventional techniques and recent advances needed to promote and improve the dispersion of the cellulosic nanomaterials. Different aspects, including morphology, mechanical behavior and thermal properties, as well as comparisons of CNC- and CNF-reinforced PLA, are also discussed.

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Pang, Chaowei, Robert Shanks, and Fugen Daver. "Cellulose fibre-cellulose acetate hybrid composites with nanosilica." Journal of Polymer Engineering 34, no. 2 (2014): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0168.

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Abstract Biocomposites incorporating cellulose fibres, a renewable resource, have high modulus and strength and flexibility suitable for structural applications. Solution casting, ultrasonication, and compression moulding methods were used to prepare the specimens. Results show that plasticiser indeed improved the flexibility of the composite and adding fillers further enhanced the performance of the composite.

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Chowdhury, Soumya Ghosh, Jagannath Chanda, Sreedip Ghosh та ін. "Morphology and Physico-Mechanical Threshold of α-Cellulose as Filler in an E-SBR Composite". Molecules 26, № 3 (2021): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030694.

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In the current context of green mobility and sustainability, the use of new generation natural fillers, namely, α-cellulose, has gained significant recognition. The presence of hydroxyl groups on α-cellulose has generated immense eagerness to map its potency as filler in an elastomeric composite. In the present work, α-cellulose-emulsion-grade styrene butadiene rubber (E-SBR) composite is prepared by conventional rubber processing method by using variable proportions of α-cellulose (1 to 40 phr) to assess its reinforce ability. Rheological, physical, visco-elastic and dynamic-mechanical behavior have clearly established that 10 phr loading of α-cellulose can be considered as an optimized dosage in terms of performance parameters. Morphological characterization with the aid of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) also substantiated that composite with 10 phr loading of α-cellulose has achieved the morphological threshold. With this background, synthetic filler (silica) is substituted by green filler (α-cellulose) in an E-SBR-based composite. Characterization of the compound has clearly established the reinforcement ability of α-cellulose.

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Jamaluddin, Naharullah, Yu-I. Hsu, Taka-Aki Asoh, and Hiroshi Uyama. "Effects of Acid-Anhydride-Modified Cellulose Nanofiber on Poly(Lactic Acid) Composite Films." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (2021): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030753.

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In this study, we investigated the effect of the addition of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) fillers on the performance of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Modification of the hydroxyl group of cellulose to the acyl group by acid anhydrides changed the compatibility of the CNF with PLA. CNF was modified by acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, and butyric anhydride to form surface-modified acetylated CNF (CNFa), propionylated CNF (CNFp), and butyrylated CNF (CNFb), respectively, to improve the compatibility with the PLA matrix. The effects of the different acid anhydrides were compared based on their rates of reaction in the acylation process. PLA with modified cellulose nanofiber fillers formed smoother surfaces with better transparency, mechanical, and wettability properties compared with the PLA/CNF composite film. The effects of CNFa, CNFp, and CNFb on the PLA matrix were compared, and it was found that CNFp was the best filler for PLA.

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Amri, Idral, Khairani, and Irdoni. "Studi karakteristik sintesis bioplastik menggunakan bahan dasar ubi kayu dengan variasi penambahan selulosa nanas dan pengadukan." CHEMPUBLISH JOURNAL 4, no. 2 (2019): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/chp.v4i2.7649.

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Bioplastic or biodegradable plastics are polymers that are composed of organic monomers found in starch and cellulose. The purpose of this research is to make bioplastics with use of raw material starch cassava and cellulose filler pineapple leaves, by varying the speed of stirring and the number of fillers, as well as knowing the nature of the bioplastic mechanics (Modulus Young, Elogenasi , Strong tensile), biodegradability, morphology and site. The methods on this research started from the preparation of raw materials, the manufacture of cellulose pineapple, the manufacture of cassava starch and the manufacture of bioplastics. The concentration of fillers used in the study was 0.3 grams, 0.6 grams, 0.9 grams, 1.2 grams and 1.5 grams in every 10 grams of starch, stirring variations of 200 rpm and 300 rpm. And obtained the best results in this study is bioplastic which has a strong tensile 13.24 Mpa, elongation 5.16%, modulus young 1072.83 Mpa, biodegrability of the land for 7 days, site 33.33%, obtained at a concentration of 1.5 grams cellulose and pineapple Stirring 300 rpm.

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Voicu, Stefan Ioan. "The Influence of Filler in Composite Cellulose Acetate Membranes for Proteins Recovery." Key Engineering Materials 695 (May 2016): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.695.267.

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The present work study the influence of filler in proteins recovery using cellulose acetate membranes. There were studied carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide as synthetic fillers and bone powder and inulin as natural fillers. The used proteins for work were Bovine Serum Albumin and hemoglobin. The best retention results were shown by the composite membranes with carbon nanowalls, fact that can be explained by the chemical interactions between carbon nanotubes surface and proteins molecules. Synthesized membranes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourrier Transformed infrared Spectroscopy and the proteins retention was determined by UV-Vis Spectroscopy.

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Ouajai, Sirisart, and Suttinun Phongtamrug. "Morphological, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Cellulose/ Nano-Clay Composite." Key Engineering Materials 856 (August 2020): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.856.331.

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This research has focused on the effect of modified cellulose and clay on the thermal and mechanical properties of PLA bio-nanocomposite. Cellulose was chemically modified with silane coupling agent in order to enhance compatiblization with PLA. Successful modification was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and EDX-SEM. PLA was compounded with various amounts and ratios of the modified cellulose and clay by a twin-screw extruder. Thermal properties of the bio-nanocomposites were characterized by Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Glass transition temperature of the bio-nanocomposite slightly decreased whereas melting temperature remained constant when the amount of both fillers was increased. In addition, crystallization behaviour of PLA has been influenced by the type and amount of the fillers. Clay showed a greater effect on the crystallization of PLA than the modified cellulose and unmodified one, respectively. The flexural modulus of the composite containing equal amount between clay and cellulose was increased with an increasing in fillers contents. But the flexural and impact strength of composite were gradually decreased with an increase in fillers contents. Variation of clay and cellulose ratio resulted in the change of mechanical properties. The composite containing higher ratio between clay:cellulose or cellulose:clay showed a better mechnical properties comparing to the ratio of clay:cellulose equal to 1:1.

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Zedler, Łukasz, Xavier Colom, Javier Cañavate, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Józef T. Haponiuk, and Krzysztof Formela. "Investigating the Impact of Curing System on Structure-Property Relationship of Natural Rubber Modified with Brewery By-Product and Ground Tire Rubber." Polymers 12, no. 3 (2020): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030545.

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The application of wastes as a filler/reinforcement phase in polymers is a new strategy to modify the performance properties and reduce the price of biocomposites. The use of these fillers, coming from agricultural waste (cellulose/lignocellulose-based fillers) and waste rubbers, constitutes a method for the management of post-consumer waste. In this paper, highly-filled biocomposites based on natural rubber (NR) and ground tire rubber (GTR)/brewers’ spent grain (BSG) hybrid reinforcements, were prepared using two different curing systems: (i) sulfur-based and (ii) dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The influence of the amount of fillers (in 100/0, 50/50, and 0/100 ratios in parts per hundred of rubber) and type of curing system on the final properties of biocomposites was evaluated by the oscillating disc rheometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, swelling behavior, tensile testing, and impedance tube measurements. The results show, that the scorch time and the optimum curing time values of sulfur cured biocomposites are affected by the change of the hybrid filler ratio while using the DCP curing system, and the obtained values do not show significant variations. The results conclude that the biocomposites cured with sulfur have better physico-mechanical and acoustic absorption, and that the type of curing system does not influence their thermal stability. The overall analysis indicates that the difference in final properties of highly filled biocomposites cured with two different systems is mainly affected by the: (i) cross-linking efficiency, (ii) partial absorption and reactions between fillers and used additives, and (iii) affinity of additives to applied fillers.

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DE SAN PIO, IGNACIO, KLAS G. JOHANSSON, and PAUL KROCHAK. "A novel predictive method for filler coflocculation with cellulose microfibrils." November 2019 18, no. 11 (2019): 653–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj18.11.653.

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Different strategies aimed at reducing the negative impact of fillers on paper strength have been the objective of many studies during the past few decades. Some new strategies have even been patented or commercialized, yet a complete study on the behavior of the filler flocs and their effect on retention, drainage, and formation has not been found in literature. This type of research on fillers is often limited by difficulties in simulating high levels of shear at laboratory scale similar to those at mill scale. To address this challenge, a combination of techniques was used to compare preflocculation (i.e., filler is flocculated before addition to the pulp) with coflocculation strategies (i.e., filler is mixed with a binder and flocculated before addition to the pulp). The effect on filler and fiber flocs size was studied in a pilot flow loop using focal beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and image analysis. Flocs obtained with cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) and bentonite were shown to have similar shear resistance with both strategies, whereas cationic starch (CS) was clearly more advantageous when coflocculation strategy was used. The effect of flocculation strategy on drainage rate, STFI formation, ash retention, and standard strength properties was measured. Coflocculation of filler with CPAM plus bentonite or CS showed promising results and produced sheets with high strength but had a negative impact on wire dewatering, opening a door for further optimization.

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Abidin, Nurul Aimi Mohd Zainul, Noriean Azraaie, Nur Ain Ibrahim, Nur Amira Mamat Razali, Fauziah Abdul Aziz, and Shahidan Radiman. "Study of XRD and FESEM Characterization of Cellulose from Hardwood Waste of Resak (Vatica spp.)." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.40.

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Cellulose is one of the most abundant biomass material in nature extracted from natural fibers. Its hierarchical structure allows different kinds of microfibril cellulosic fillers to be obtained known as cellulose microfibril or microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). MFC is generally prepared by either acid hydrolysis, or chemical treatments, or by a high pressure refiner. In this study, attempts have been made to extract MFC from Resak’s hardwood waste (Vatica spp.) at atmospheric pressure using single-stage peroxyacetic acid delignification and Totally Chlorine-Free bleaching methods. The morphology structure of samples were characterized using Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

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Platnieks, Oskars, Sergejs Gaidukovs, Anda Barkane, et al. "Bio-Based Poly(butylene succinate)/Microcrystalline Cellulose/Nanofibrillated Cellulose-Based Sustainable Polymer Composites: Thermo-Mechanical and Biodegradation Studies." Polymers 12, no. 7 (2020): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071472.

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Biodegradable polymer composites from renewable resources are the next-generation of wood-like materials and are crucial for the development of various industries to meet sustainability goals. Functional applications like packaging, medicine, automotive, construction and sustainable housing are just some that would greatly benefit. Some of the existing industries, like wood plastic composites, already encompass given examples but are dominated by fossil-based polymers that are unsustainable. Thus, there is a background to bring a new perspective approach for the combination of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) fillers in bio-based poly (butylene succinate) matrix (PBS). MCC, NFC and MCC/NFC filler total loading at 40 wt % was used to obtain more insights for wood-like composite applications. The ability to tailor the biodegradable characteristics and the mechanical properties of PBS composites is indispensable for extended applications. Five compositions have been prepared with MCC and NFC fillers using melt blending approach. Young’s modulus in tensile test mode and storage modulus at 20 °C in thermo-mechanical analysis have increased about two-fold. Thermal degradation temperature was increased by approximately 60 °C compared to MCC and NFC. Additionally, to estimate the compatibility of the components and morphology of the composite’s SEM analysis was performed for fractured surfaces. The contact angle measurements testified the developed matrix interphase. Differential scanning calorimetry evidenced the trans-crystallization of the polymer after filler incorporation; the crystallization temperature shifted to the higher temperature region. The MCC has a stronger effect on the crystallinity degree than NFC filler. PBS disintegrated under composting conditions in a period of 75 days. The NFC/MCC addition facilitated the specimens’ decomposition rate up to 60 days

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Leluk, Karol, Stanisław Frąckowiak, Joanna Ludwiczak, Tomasz Rydzkowski, and Vijay Kumar Thakur. "The Impact of Filler Geometry on Polylactic Acid-Based Sustainable Polymer Composites." Molecules 26, no. 1 (2020): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010149.

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Recently, biocomposites have emerged as materials of great interest to the scientists and industry around the globe. Among various polymers, polylactic acid (PLA) is a popular matrix material with high potential for advanced applications. Various particulate materials and nanoparticles have been used as the filler in PLA based matrix. One of the extensively studied filler is cellulose. However, cellulose fibres, due to their hydrophilic nature, are difficult to blend with a hydrophobic polymer matrix. This leads to agglomeration and creates voids, reducing the mechanical strength of the resulting composite. Moreover, the role of the various forms of pure cellulose and its particle shape factors has not been analyzed in most of the current literature. Therefore, in this work, materials of various shapes and shape factors were selected as fillers for the production of polymer composites using Polylactic acid as a matrix to fill this knowledge gap. In particular, pure cellulose fibres (three types with different elongation coefficient) and two mineral nanocomponents: precipitated calcium carbonate and montmorillonite were used. The composites were prepared by a melt blending process using two different levels of fillers: 5% and 30%. Then, the analysis of their thermomechanical and physico-chemical properties was carried out. The obtained results were presented graphically and discussed in terms of their shape and degree of filling.

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Alamri, Hatem, and It Meng Low. "Characterization and Properties of Recycled Cellulose Fibre- Reinforced Epoxy-Hybrid Clay Nanocomposites." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2624.

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In this paper, epoxy eco-composites reinforced with recycled cellulose fiber (RCF) and nano-fillers such as nano-clay platelets (30B) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), have been fabricated and investigated. The influences of RCF/nano-filler dispersion on the microstructure, physical and mechanical characteristics have been characterized. Results indicate that flexural strength decreased for the majority of study samples due to the poor dispersion of nano-fillers and the existence of voids within the samples. In contrast, impact toughness and fracture toughness were improved for all reinforced samples. The effect of water absorption was positive in terms of enhancing the impact toughness of the composites. Addition of nanoclay was found to increase the porosities of all nanocomposites.

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Maciejewska, Magdalena, and Anna Sowińska. "Influence of Fillers and Ionic Liquids on the Crosslinking and Performance of Natural Rubber Biocomposites." Polymers 13, no. 10 (2021): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101656.

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This work concerns the effect of fillers and ionic liquids on the cure characteristics of natural rubber (NR) compounds, as well as the mechanical and thermal properties of the vulcanizates. Three types of white filler were applied, such as cellulose, nanosized silica and hydrotalcite, to modify the performance of NR composites. Additionally, ionic liquids (ILs) with bromide anion and different cations, i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Bmi) and 1-butyl-3-methylpyrrolidinium (Bmpyr), were used to improve the cure characteristics of NR compounds and functional properties of the vulcanizates. The type of filler and the structure of ILs were proved to affect the rheometric properties and cure characteristics of NR compounds as well as the performance of the NR vulcanizates. Owing to the adsorption of curatives onto the surface, silica reduced the activity of the crosslinking system, prolonging the optimal vulcanization time of NR compounds and reducing the crosslinking degree of the elastomer. However, silica-filled NR exhibited the highest thermal stability. Hydrotalcite increased the crosslink density and, consequently, the mechanical properties of the vulcanizates, but deteriorated their thermal stability. ILs beneficially influenced the cure characteristics of NR compounds, as well as the crosslink density and mechanical performance of the vulcanizates, particularly those filled with silica. Cellulose did not significantly affect the vulcanization of NR compounds and crosslink density of the vulcanizates compared to the unfilled elastomer, but deteriorated their tensile strength. On the other hand, cellulose improved the thermal stability and did not considerably alter the damping properties of the vulcanizates.

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Ferreira, Filipe, Ivanei Pinheiro, Sivoney de Souza, Lucia Mei, and Liliane Lona. "Polymer Composites Reinforced with Natural Fibers and Nanocellulose in the Automotive Industry: A Short Review." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 2 (2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3020051.

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Environmental concerns and cost reduction have encouraged the use of natural fillers as reinforcement in polymer composites. Currently, a wide variety of reinforcement, such as natural fibers and nanocellulose, are used for this purpose. Composite materials with natural fillers have not only met the environmental appeal, but also contribute to developing low-density materials with improved properties. The production of natural fillers is unlimited around the world, and many species are still to be discovered. Their processing is considered beneficial since the natural fillers do not cause corrosion or great wear of the equipment. For these reasons, polymer reinforced with natural fillers has been considered a good alternative for obtaining ecofriendly materials for several applications, including the automotive industry. This review explores the use of natural fillers (natural fibers, cellulose nanocrystals, and nanofibrillated cellulose) as reinforcement in polymer composites for the automotive industry.

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Funabashi, Masahiro, Yoshifumi Inuzuka, and Masao Kunioka. "Poly(lactic acid) Composites Directly Molded from Lactide and Particle Fillers." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 1157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.1157.

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Polymer composite samples consisting of L-Lactic acid (LA) was reacted by ring-opening polymerization with aluminum triflate as a catalyst, glycerol as an initiator and various particles as fillers. Cellulose particles, kaolin and silica gel with different particle sizes were employed as fillers. Filler content was varied 0 to 100 wt% as ratio of filler weight to PLA weight. L-Lactide (L-LA), aluminum triflate as catalyst, glycerol as an initiator and particles were mixed at room temperature and then were put into plastic tubes. The mixture in tubes was heated and reacted at 100 oC for 6 hours. The samples were removed from tubes after cooling and were cut into the column shape specimen with diameter of 10 mm and ca. 10 mm height. By the above procedure, particles could be mixed to poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix easily and homogeneously. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of PLA matrix were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Apparent density of composite samples was calculated by using weight and sizes of column shape specimens. The mechanical properties such as elastic modulus and strength were investigated by compression tests using column shape specimens. Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution were almost constant for all the samples with and without particles. Elastic modulus and compression strength were improved by particles. For the cellulose particles filled samples, the highest values of elastic modulus and compression strength were derived at filler content of around 20 vol%. The influences of sizes and types of particles on the physical properties such as molecular weight, density and mechanical properties were investigated.

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Lai, Di Sheng, Azlin Fazlina Osman, Sinar Arzuria Adnan, et al. "On the Use of OPEFB-Derived Microcrystalline Cellulose and Nano-Bentonite for Development of Thermoplastic Starch Hybrid Bio-Composites with Improved Performance." Polymers 13, no. 6 (2021): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060897.

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Thermoplastic starch (TPS) hybrid bio-composite films containing microcrystalline cellulose (C) and nano-bentonite (B) as hybrid fillers were studied to replace the conventional non-degradable plastic in packaging applications. Raw oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) was subjected to chemical treatment and acid hydrolysis to obtain C filler. B filler was ultra-sonicated for better dispersion in the TPS films to improve the filler–matrix interactions. The morphology and structure of fillers were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TPS hybrid bio-composite films were produced by the casting method with different ratios of B and C fillers. The best ratio of B/C was determined through the data of the tensile test. FTIR analysis proved the molecular interactions between the TPS and the hybrid fillers due to the presence of polar groups in their structure. XRD analysis confirmed the intercalation of the TPS chains between the B inter-platelets as a result of well-developed interactions between the TPS and hybrid fillers. SEM images suggested that more plastic deformation occurred in the fractured surface of the TPS hybrid bio-composite film due to the higher degree of stretching after being subjected to tensile loading. Overall, the results indicate that incorporating the hybrid B/C fillers could tremendously improve the mechanical properties of the films. The best ratio of B/C in the TPS was found to be 4:1, in which the tensile strength (8.52MPa), Young’s modulus (42.0 MPa), elongation at break (116.4%) and tensile toughness of the film were increased by 92%, 146%, 156% and 338%, respectively. The significantly improved strength, modulus, flexibility and toughness of the film indicate the benefits of using the hybrid fillers, since these features are useful for the development of sustainable flexible packaging film.

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Jose, Cintil, Chin Han Chan, Tan Winie, et al. "Thermomechanical Analysis of Isora Nanofibril Incorporated Polyethylene Nanocomposites." Polymers 13, no. 2 (2021): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020299.

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The research on cellulose fiber-reinforced nanocomposites has increased by an unprecedented magnitude over the past few years due to its wide application range and low production cost. However, the incompatibility between cellulose and most thermoplastics has raised significant challenges in composite fabrication. This paper addresses the behavior of plasma-modified polyethylene (PE) reinforced with cellulose nanofibers extracted from isora plants (i.e., isora nanofibrils (INFs)). The crystallization kinetics of PE–INF composites were explained using the Avrami model. The effect of cellulose nanofillers on tuning the physiochemical properties of the nanocomposite was also explored in this work. The increase in mechanical properties was due to the uniform dispersion of fillers in the PE. The investigation on viscoelastic properties confirmed good filler–matrix interactions, facilitating the stress transfer.

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Gumus, Havva, Deniz Aydemir, Ertugrul Altuntas, Rıfat Kurt, and Erol Imren. "Cellulose nanofibrils and nano-scaled titanium dioxide-reinforced biopolymer nanocomposites: Selecting the best nanocomposites with multicriteria decision-making methods." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 7 (2019): 923–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319870842.

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The aim of the paper is to determine the effects of nano fillers such as cellulose nanofibrils and nano-scaled titanium dioxide on some properties of polyhydroxybutyrate and polylactic acid biopolymers; it also determined the selection of biopolymer nanocomposites with the optimum properties by using multicriteria decision-making methods such as multi-attribute utility theory, simple additive weighting, and weighted aggregated sum product assessment. Test results showed that the mechanical properties of the biopolymer nanocomposites generally increased with the addition of the cellulose nanofibrils and nano-scaled titanium dioxide. However, the addition of nano-scaled titanium dioxide decreased the tensile modulus. The addition of the cellulose nanofibrils had a higher effect on the tensile and flexure modulus of elasticity than the addition of the nano-scaled titanium dioxide. Thermal properties were generally found to improve with the addition of the cellulose nanofibrils and nano-scaled titanium dioxide. Melting temperature (Tm) generally decreased with the addition of the nano fillers. The scanning electron microscopic images showed that the nano fillers were dispersed as white dots in the biopolymer matrix. After accelerated weathering and decay test, outdoor performance of the biopolymer nanocomposites was found to be improved with the addition of the nano fillers. Multicriteria decision-making methods were conducted to determine the biopolymer nanocomposites having the optimum properties, and all the methods showed that the best biopolymer nanocomposites was polylactic acid with 1% cellulose nanofibrils.

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Kaushik, Anupama, and Alka Garg. "Castor Oil Based Polyurethane Nanocomposites with Cellulose Nanocrystallites Fillers." Advanced Materials Research 856 (December 2013): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.856.309.

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In this study the castor oil based polyurethane (PU) nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing the cellulose nanocrystallites (CNC) isolated from cotton linters. CNC was dispersed in PU matrix using ultrasonicator coupled with high shear homogenizer. The filler loading was varied from 0-10% of the total weight of the mixture. The PU/CNC nanocomposites were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, mechanical and barrier properties. SEM confirmed homogeneous dispersion of CNCs in polyurethane matrix with small agglomerates at certain places. Improvement in mechanical properties was observed as compared to neat PU. Diffusivity and permeability of the nanocomposites was reduced at higher loadings of CNC.

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Gandini, Alessandro, and Mohamed Naceur Belgacem. "Modified Cellulose Fibers as Reinforcing Fillers for Macromolecular Matrices." Macromolecular Symposia 221, no. 1 (2005): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200550326.

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Sirviö, Juho Antti, Miikka Visanko, Juha P. Heiskanen, and Henrikki Liimatainen. "UV-absorbing cellulose nanocrystals as functional reinforcing fillers in polymer nanocomposite films." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 17 (2016): 6368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta00900j.

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Reinforcing, surface-functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with photoactive groups were obtained from wood cellulose fibers using sequential periodate oxidation and a “click-type” reaction between aldehyde groups and p-aminobenzoic acid in an aqueous environment, followed by mechanical disintegration.

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Yang, Zhen-Yu, Wen-Jun Wang, Zi-Qiang Shao, Hai-Dong Zhu, Yong-Hong Li, and Fei-Jun Wang. "The transparency and mechanical properties of cellulose acetate nanocomposites using cellulose nanowhiskers as fillers." Cellulose 20, no. 1 (2013): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9796-z.

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De Luca Bossa, Ferdinando, Chiara Santillo, Letizia Verdolotti, et al. "Greener Nanocomposite Polyurethane Foam Based on Sustainable Polyol and Natural Fillers: Investigation of Chemico-Physical and Mechanical Properties." Materials 13, no. 1 (2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010211.

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Nowadays, the chemical industry is looking for sustainable chemicals to synthesize nanocomposite bio-based polyurethane foams, PUs, with the aim to replace the conventional petrochemical precursors. Some possibilities to increase the environmental sustainability in the synthesis of nanocomposite PUs include the use of chemicals and additives derived from renewable sources (such as vegetable oils or biomass wastes), which comprise increasingly wider base raw materials. Generally, sustainable PUs exhibit chemico-physical, mechanical and functional properties, which are not comparable with those of PUs produced from petrochemical precursors. In order to enhance the performances, as well as the bio-based aspect, the addition in the polyurethane formulation of renewable or natural fillers can be considered. Among these, walnut shells and cellulose are very popular wood-based waste, and due to their chemical composition, carbohydrate, protein and/or fatty acid, can be used as reactive fillers in the synthesis of Pus. Diatomite, as a natural inorganic nanoporous filler, can also be evaluated to improve mechanical and thermal insulation properties of rigid PUs. In this respect, sustainable nanocomposite rigid PU foams are synthesized by using a cardanol-based Mannich polyol, MDI (Methylene diphenyl isocyanate) as an isocyanate source, catalysts and surfactant to regulate the polymerization and blowing reactions, H2O as a sustainable blowing agent and a suitable amount (5 wt%) of ultramilled walnut shell, cellulose and diatomite as filler. The effect of these fillers on the chemico-physical, morphological, mechanical and functional performances on PU foams has been analyzed.

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Odalanowska, Majka, and Sławomir Borysiak. "Analysis of the Nucleation Activity of Wood Fillers for Green Polymer Composites." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 26, no. 2(128) (2018): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.5741.

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In this work, the surface of pine wood used as a filler in polypropylene/wood composites was successfully modified by the mercerization process. It is a very significant process because it removes low-molecular components, which improves interactions between the filler and matrix and leads to a better dispersion of the filler in the matrix. Unfortunately chemical treatment may affect nucleation of the lignocellulosic filler. On the basis of XRD results, the transformation of native cellulose I to cellulose II was observed. In the present study, the effect of the mercerisation of pine wood on the nucleation ability of polypropylene was investigated by means of polarising microscopy. The results showed that the chemical modification of pine wood had a significant effect on nucleation activity in polymer composites. This effect is explained by differences in the chemical compositions of wood fibres. The content of simple sugars obtained from the methanolysis and acidic hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose was determined through gas chromatography investigations. It was found for the first time that the formation of transcrystalline structures is possible for composites with a high content of glucose derived from cellulose. It is also worth emphasising that the chemical modification process can lead to cellulose depolymerisation processes and the formation of degradation products with a lower molecular weight. Knowledge of the phenomena taking place in the interphase boundary polymer/ filler is very important because it permits optimisation of the processing, leading to products of target properties.

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Engin, Merve, Nural Yılgör, and Celil Atik. "Ageing mechanisms of the papers with zeolite and PCC fillers." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 36, no. 2 (2021): 284–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2020-0090.

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Abstract This work has been conducted to investigate the effect of accelerated ageing on the filler-free (control) handsheets and the ones having Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) and Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) fillers. The diagnosis approach of this work has been based on the use of the techniques of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The FT-IR technique has allowed identifying the changes in cellulose components of handsheets. Likewise, the XRD technique has provided to diagnose the changes in crystallinity of the handsheets and fillers. The results found out that PCC and Zeolite fillers could be easily added to the structure of the paper network by changing various experimental variables. The loss of C−O functional groups and the formation of carbonyl groups in handsheets has been analysed by accelerated ageing. The spectroscopy results confirmed that usage of zeolite filler has a retarding and structurally improving effect on the glycosidic linkages. Recent findings have been provided new insights into the role of the synergistic effect of the combination of PCC and zeolite fillers in the decelerating of certain ageing mechanism.

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Darni, Yuli, Febrina Yohana Dewi, and Lia Lismeri. "Modification of Sorghum Starch-Cellulose Bioplastic with Sorghum Stalks Filler." Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 12, no. 1 (2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.23955/rkl.v12i1.5410.

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This study evaluated the feasibility of bioplastics production by various ratio of sorghum starch and cellulose from red seaweed Eucheuma spinossum, and the use of glycerol as plasticizer and sorghum stalks as filler. Solid-liquid matrix transition should be far over the operating temperature of gelatinization and extracted at 95oC in order to avoid the loss of conductivity. The analyzed variables were starch and cellulose seaweed Eucheuma spinossum and the addition of variation of filler. Sorghum stalk could be expected to affect the mechanical and physical properties of bioplastics. A thin sheet of plastic (plastic film) was obtained as a result that have been tested mechanically to obtain the best condition for the formulation of starch-cellulose 8.5:1.5 (g/g). From the result of morphological studies, the fillers in the mixture composites were more randomly in each product and the addition of filler can increase mechanical properties of bioplastics. Chemical modiﬁcation had a major effect on the mechanical properties. The phenomena of degradation and thermoplasticization were visible at chemical changes that can be observed in FTIR spectrum test results.

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Hassan, Azman, Reza Arjmandi, and M. K. Mohamad Haafiz. "Cellulose Nanowhiskers Reinforced Green Nanocomposites: Some Recent Development." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.217.

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Cellulose is the most abundant biomass material in nature. Due to their abundance, high strength and stiffness, low weight and biodegradability, cellulose materials serve as promising candidates for bio-composites production. Extracted from natural fibres, its hierarchical and multi-level organization allows different kinds of cellulosic fillers to be obtained; microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW). Because of the high aspect ratio and nanoscopic size, CNW has shown to be an effective reinforcement to many polymers. The use of CNW as reinforcements in nanocomposites is becoming increasingly attractive leading to green nanocomposites; biodegradable and renewable. Among the green polymers, polylactic acid (PLA) acid has shown to be very popular due to the good mechanical properties. This paper will provide a review of recent studies on the use of CNW in various green polymers with greater emphasis on PLA. Comparison between the effects MCC and CNW in the nanocomposites will also be discussed.

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Kablov, V. F., I. N. Khlobzheva, and Yu S. Sherbatih. "RESEARCH OF PROPERTIES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER COMPOSITIONS BASED ON POLYETHYLENE." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 5(240) (May 19, 2020): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2020-5-240-93-98.

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The article is devoted to the study of the properties of biodegradable polymer compositions based on polyethylene with natural fillers based on cellulose-containing polymer materials. A comparative analysis was carried out between various natural fillers used in the formulation of the compositions.

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Melo, Pamela T. S., Caio G. Otoni, Hernane S. Barud, Fauze A. Aouada, and Márcia R. de Moura. "Upcycling Microbial Cellulose Scraps into Nanowhiskers with Engineered Performance as Fillers in All-Cellulose Composites." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 41 (2020): 46661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c12392.

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Jaycock, Michael J., Joseph L. Pearson, Raymond Counter, and Frederick W. Husband. "Effect of cellulose fibre fines on the retention of fillers." Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 26, no. 1 (2007): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5020260154.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cellulose fillers'

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