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1
Sobolev, Konstantin. "Sustainable Development of the Cement Industry and Blended Cements to Meet Ecological Challenges." Scientific World JOURNAL 3 (2003): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.23.
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The world production of cement has greatly increased in the past 10 years. This trend is the most significant factor affecting technological development and the updating of manufacturing facilities in the cement industry. Existing technology for the production of cement clinker is ecologically damaging; it consumes much energy and natural resources and also emits pollutants. A new approach to the production of blended or high-volume mineral additive (HVMA) cement helps to improve its ecological compatibility. HVMA cement technology is based on the intergrinding of portland cement clinker, gypsum, mineral additives, and a special complex admixture. This new method increases the compressive strength of ordinary cement, improves durability of the cement-based materials, and - at the same time - uses inexpensive natural mineral additives or industrial by-products. This improvement leads to a reduction of energy consumption per unit of the cement produced. Higher strength, better durability, reduction of pollution at the clinker production stage, and decrease of landfill area occupied by industrial by-products, all provide ecological advantages for HVMA cement.
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Askar Zhambulovich, Aimenov, Khudyakova Tatyana Mikhailovna, Sarsenbayev Bakytzhan Kudaibergenovich, Dzhakipbekova Nagima Ormanovna, Ali Khalid Abdul Khalim Kheidar, and Alvein Yaser Mukhamed Ali. "Studying the Mineral Additives Effect on a Composition and Properties of a Composite Binding Agent." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 4 (August 20, 2018): 1945–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/3404031.
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A Portland cement is a basic initial component for concrete and reinforced concrete manufacture, which defines their technical-economic and operational properties. One of a perspective ways of increase in the efficiency of cement production without essential change of its technology is inclusion of various mineral additives influencing on a structure and properties of a cement stone. As power inputs make the most part of the costs necessary for cement manufacture, the cement industry is interested in decrease in fuel and electric power expenditures per 1 tonne of cement. To reach the decrease in power inputs and at the same time to raise the environmental safety of cement production the cement industry is recently focused on increase in output of composite cements. Composite cements not only promote optimization of the production in terms of ecology, but also can provide such technical advantages as lower hydration heat, higher chemical resistance and placeability.
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Tursunova, Gulsanam Ruzimurodovna, and Farrukh Bakhtiyarovich Atabaev. "Definition Of Puzzolanic Properties Active Mineral Additives In Portlandcement." American Journal of Applied Sciences 03, no. 03 (March 25, 2021): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue03-02.
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The article presents the results of testing the use of Angren dry remote active ash and slag in Portland cement as an active mineral additive. It was found that Portland cement with the addition of Angren dry remote active ash and slag renders karrazastoy, ekanomet clinker and it is proved that hydro removed ash and slag (2011 year) does not recommend as an active mineral additive. Therefore, dry remote active ash and slag is recommended for use as an active mineral additive in the production of cement, improving its construction and technical properties. The possibility of using Angren dry remote active ash and slag as an active mineral component for producing cements with low corrosion resistance is shown. Angren dry remote active ash and slag contributes to the formation of the structure of the cement stone, increases its density and strength against aggressive ions, causing increased resistance in aggressive environments. And save up to 30% of cement. It has been established that Portland cement with the addition of Angren dry remote active ash and slag has an intensifying effect on the formation of clinker minerals. Therefore, the Angren dry remote active ash and slag is recommended for use as a mineralizing additive in the production of cement. Use of chemical industry waste with replacement of expensive natural production and consumption waste. At the same time, an environmental problem is being addressed.
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Stefanovic, Gordana, Goran Vuckovic, Mirko Stojiljkovic, and Milan Trifunovic. "CO2 reduction options in cement industry: The Novi Popovac case." Thermal Science 14, no. 3 (2010): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci091211014s.
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The cement industry contributes about 5% to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and is thus an important sector in CO2-emission mitigation strategies. Carbon dioxide is emitted from the calcination process of limestone, from combustion of fuels in the kiln, and from the coal combustion during power generation. Strategies to reduce these CO2 emissions include energy efficiency improvement, new processes, shift to low carbon fuels or waste fuels in cement production, increased use of additives in cement production, alternative cements, and CO2 removal from flue gases in clinker kilns. Increased use of fly ash as an additive to cement and concrete has a number of advantages, the primary being reduction of costs of fly ash disposal, resource conservation, and cost reduction of the product. Since the production of cement requires a large amount of energy (about 2.9-3.2 GJt-1), the substitution of cement by fly ash saves not only energy but also reduces the associated greenhouse gas emissions. The paper evaluates the reduction of CO2 emissions that can be achieved by these mitigation strategies, as well as by partial substitution of cement by fly ash. The latter is important because the quality of the produced concrete depends on the physical-chemical properties of the fly ash and thus partial substitution as well as the type of fly ash (e.g., the content of CaO) has an effect not only on energy consumption and emissions, but also on the produced concrete quality.
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White, Claire. "Alkali-activated materials: the role of molecular-scale research and lessons from the energy transition to combat climate change." RILEM Technical Letters 4 (January 28, 2020): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2019.98.
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Alternative (i.e., non-Portland) cements, such as alkali-activated materials, have gained significant interest from the scientific community due to their proven CO2 savings compared with Portland cement together with known short-term performance properties. However, the concrete industry remains dominated by Portland cement-based concrete. This Letter explores the technical and non-technical hurdles preventing implementation of an alternative cement, such as alkali-activated materials, in the concrete industry and discusses how these hurdles can be overcome. Specifically, it is shown that certain technical hurdles, such as a lack of understanding how certain additives affect setting of alkali-activated materials (and Portland cement) and the absence of long-term in-field performance data of these sustainable cements, can be mitigated via the use of key molecular- and nano-scale experimental techniques to elucidate dominant material characteristics, including those that control long-term performance. In the second part of this Letter the concrete industry is compared and contrasted with the electricity generation industry, and specifically the transition from one dominant technology (i.e., coal) to a diverse array of energy sources including renewables. It is concluded that financial incentives and public advocacy (akin to advocacy for renewables in the energy sector) would significantly enhance uptake of alternative cements in the concrete industry.
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Bassioni, Ghada. "GLOBAL WARMING AND CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (August 3, 2015): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol2.1013.
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The manufacture of cements with several main constituents is of particular importance with regard to reducing climatically relevant CO2 emissions in the cement industry. This ecological aspect is not the only argument in favor of Portland composite cements. They are also viable alternatives to Portland cement from the technical point of view. Substitution of ordinary Portland cement (CEM I) by Portland composite cements (CEM II) and (CEM III), which clearly possess different chemical and mineralogical compositions, results in changes of their reaction behavior with additives like superplasticizers. A common admixture to CEM I in that sense is limestone (industrial CaCO3). Its interaction with polycarboxylates is ignored and its inertness is taken for granted. This study provides a systematic approach in order to better understand the interaction of these polymeric superplasticizers with CaCO3 by adsorption and zeta potential measurements. The results give some fundamental understanding in how far the cement industry can reduce the production of cement clinker by replacing it with limestone as admixture and consequently the CO2-emission is reduced, which is of high political and environmental interest.
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Kotwa, Anna. "Parameters of hardened concrete with the addition of metakaolin." MATEC Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817402007.
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There is currently no known one recipe for a concrete mix that would be suitable in all operating conditions. At present, in addition to the basic ingredients, mineral additives and chemical admixtures can be found in the formulas of concrete mixes. Each intentionally introduced addition to the concrete mix affects the rheological characteristics of the concrete mix as well as the parameters of hardened concrete. The use of mineral additives replacing cement and aggregate in a concrete mix should contribute to environmental protection in a simple and economical way. If, in addition, additives are by-products of industry, they should be managed. Alternatively, one should look for possibilities of their neutralization, eg in the concrete industry. The article applies to laboratory tests of concretes with the addition of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% metakaolin. The additive was replaced with cement in a concrete mix. The effect of the additive on compressive strength, water absorption and capillary rupture of concretes was investigated. Compressive strength was tested after 14, 28, 56 and 90 days. Water absorption and capillary rupture was tested after 28, 56 and 90 days.
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Ermilova, Elizaveta, and Zagira Kamalova. "The influence of complex additives based on calcined clays and carbonate fillers on hydration products composition of blended cement stone." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127404004.
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One of the most effective and recognizable way to solve energy and resource consumption problems in cement industry is the development of blended Portland cement with different combinations of mineral additives. The development of complex additives based on combination of calcined clays and limestone is one of the promising directions. The aim of this work was to study the influence of complex additives based on calcined kaolinitic clay with kaolinite content of 80 % and limestone with calcite content of 99 % on the blended cement stone hydration products at the age of 28 days. Using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry the composition of blended cement stone hydration products was studied. It is established that the introduction of 20 % of the complex additive based on calcined clay and limestone leads to a significant decrease of the portlandite content, increase in the number of new growths in form of low-calcium hydrosilicates and calcium hidrocarboalumosilicates, stabilization of ettringiteand calcium hydrocarbosilicates in amorphous phase, that significantly increases the compressive strength. This effect was amplified due to the additional alumina provided by calcined clay reaction.
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Krivenko, Pavel V., Myroslav Sanytsky, and Tetiana Kropyvnytska. "The Effect of Nanosilica on the Early Strength of Alkali-Activated Portland Composite Cements." Solid State Phenomena 296 (August 2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.296.21.
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Significant reduction of carbon footprint of the construction industry is achieved through the use of composite Portland cements. However, substitution levels of additives in the composite cements are limited due to slow strength development arising from low reactivity of the pozzolana compared to clinker phases especially at the early age. The aim of the study was to evaluate effect of nanosilica on formation of strength properties and structure at the early age. The Portland composite cement containing clinker, granulated blast furnace slag, zeolite tuff as natural pozzolana and limestone with additives of nanosilica, Na2SO4 and polycarboxylate ether was investigated. The results obtained with the help of PSD, XRD, DTA, TG and SEM techniques showed that addition into the cement paste of the nanosilica particles with high surface reactivity improved the composite cement microstructure and leaching of calcium became significantly lower, because nanosilica particles react with calcium hydroxide with the formation of a denser C-S-H gel at the early age of hardening.
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Larsen, Oksana, Marsel Nurtdinov, Viktoria Shvetsova, and Ekaterina Fomina. "Influence of expansive additive on formation of fresh polymer modified pastes." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823901023.
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Chemical admixtures are widely used in cement-based mixtures to reduce water demand, increase working time or accelerate strength development. The application of water-soluble polymers in building industry is increasing. The performance of cement mortars and concretes can be improved by the modification of their structure with additives of polymers. The use of polymers in cement-based compositions can decrease the intensity of hydration kinetic and increase the shrinkage deformation. Hardening of polymer-modified cement-based mixtures is associated with drying shrinkage which can significantly decrease crack resistance of cement concretes, especially in the case of polymer dispersions. The influence of polymer admixture with expansive additive on formation of cement-based pastes was investigated. Structure formation of fresh polymer modified cementitious mixtures with expansive additive was experimentally investigated by heat evolution behavior. Structure formation as a function of time and depends from initial mixture design properties such as water-cement ratio, polymer-cement ratio and content of expansive additive.
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Aras, A., M. Albayrak, M. Arikan, and K. Sobolev. "Evaluation of selected kaolins as raw materials for the Turkish cement and concrete industry." Clay Minerals 42, no. 2 (June 2007): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2007.042.2.08.
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AbstractTurkey has a long tradition (starting with prehistoric civilizations) and experience in exploring for raw clay materials and processing them into ceramic products. Many of these products, such as tiles and sanitary ware, are manufactured for domestic and export markets. Kaolin is one of the raw materials of major importance for the ceramic and paper industry, as well as for a number of auxiliary applications. There is ongoing interest in applying kaolin in the construction industry as a raw material in the production of white cement clinker and as an artificial pozzolanic additive for concrete (in the form of metakaolin). This report presents results related to search, assessment and evaluation of available resources for advanced cement and concrete additives.
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Dunuweera, S. P., and R. M. G. Rajapakse. "Cement Types, Composition, Uses and Advantages of Nanocement, Environmental Impact on Cement Production, and Possible Solutions." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4158682.
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We first discuss cement production and special nomenclature used by cement industrialists in expressing the composition of their cement products. We reveal different types of cement products, their compositions, properties, and typical uses. Wherever possible, we tend to give reasons as to why a particular cement type is more suitable for a given purpose than other types. Cement manufacturing processes are associated with emissions of large quantities of greenhouse gases and environmental pollutants. We give below quantitative and qualitative analyses of environmental impact of cement manufacturing. Controlling pollution is a mandatory legal and social requirement pertinent to any industry. As cement industry is one of the biggest CO2 emitters, it is appropriate to discuss different ways and means of CO2 capture, which will be done next. Finally, we give an account of production of nanocement and advantages associated with nanocement. Nanofillers such as nanotitania, nanosilica, and nanoalumina can be produced in large industrial scale via top-down approach of reducing size of naturally available bulk raw materials to those in the nanorange of 1 nm–100 nm. We mention the preparation of nanotitania and nanosilica from Sri Lankan mineral sands and quartz deposits, respectively, for the use as additives in cement products to improve performance and reduce the amount and cost of cement production and consequent environmental impacts. As of now, mineral sands and other treasures of minerals are exported without much value addition. Simple chemical modifications or physical treatments would add enormous value to these natural materials. Sri Lanka is gifted with highly pure quartz and graphite from which silica and graphite nanoparticles, respectively, can be prepared by simple size reduction processes. These can be used as additives in cements. Separation of constituents of mineral sands is already an ongoing process.
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Czop, Monika, and Beata Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk. "Use of Slag from the Combustion of Solid Municipal Waste as A Partial Replacement of Cement in Mortar and Concrete." Materials 13, no. 7 (March 31, 2020): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071593.
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In Europe, the use of wastes in the cement and construction industry follows the assumptions of sustainability and the idea of circular economy. At present, it is observed that cement plants introduce wastes to the cement in the form of so-called mineral additives. The most often used mineral additives are: fly ash with silica fume, granulated blast furnace slag and silica fume. The use of mineral additives in the cement is related to the fact that the use of the most expensive component of cement—Portland cement clinker—is limited. The purpose of the article is a preliminary evaluation of the suitability of slag from the municipal solid waste incineration plant for its use as a replacement of cement. In this article, slag from the municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) replaces cement in the quantity of 30%, and presents the content of oxides and elements of slag from the MSWI. The obtained results are compared to the requirements that the crushed and granulated blast furnace slag need to meet to be suitable for use as an additive of type II to the concrete. The conducted analyses confirmed that the tested slag meets the requirements for the granulated blast furnace slag as an additive to the concrete in the following parameters: CaO ≤ 18.0%, SO3 ≤ 2.5% and Cl ≤ 0.1%. At the same time, mechanical features were tested of the designed mortars which consisted of a mixture of Portland cement (CEM I) with 30% of slag admixture. The designed mortar after 28 days of maturing reached a compressive strength of 32.0 MPa, and bending strength of 4.0 MPa. When compared to the milled granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), the obtained values are slightly lower. Furthermore, the hardened mortars were subject to a leachability test to check the impact on the environment. Test results showed that the aqueous extracts from mixtures with 30% of slag admixtures slightly exceed the limits and do not pose a sufficiant threat to the environment as to eliminate the MSWI slag from economical use.
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Ez-zaki, H., A. Diouri, M. Maher, A. Aidi, and T. Guedira. "Effect of mechanical activation of fly ash added to Moroccan Portland cement." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901074.
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Nowadays, the cement industry is the largest emitter of CO2. In 2015, cement production accounts for roughly 8% of global CO2 emissions. In order to reduce this impact, cement plants are working on alternative solutions, for instance, producing cement by adding additives like fly ash known for reducing the emissions of CO2 and minimizing production costs. The thermal power stations in Morocco produce more than 500 000 tons per year. For ecological and sustainable development reasons, it is desirable to recycle these quantities according to beneficial methods to their addition in the cement. This study aims to investigate the influence of grinding fly ash on the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of fly ash blended CPJ45 cement. The addition of the fly ash particles to the grinder leads respectively to the breakage of the particles and to reduce the agglomeration effect in the balls of cement grinder. Fly ash milling was found to improve particles fineness, and increase the silica and alumina content in the cement. Furthermore, milled fly ash blended cements show higher compressive strength compared to unmilled fly ash blended cements, due to improved fly ash reactivity through their mechanical activation.
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Abbas, Ghulam, Sonny Irawan, Khalil Rehman Memon, and Javed Khan. "Application of cellulose-based polymers in oil well cementing." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 10, no. 2 (November 22, 2019): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-019-00800-8.
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AbstractCellulose-based polymers have been successfully used in many areas of petroleum engineering especially in enhanced oil recovery drilling fluid, fracturing and cementing. This paper presents the application of cellulose-based polymer in oil well cementing. These polymers work as multifunctional additive in cement slurry that reduce the quantity of additives and lessen the operational cost of cementing operation. The viscosity of cellulose polymers such as hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) has been determined at various temperatures to evaluate the thermal degradation. Moreover, polymers are incorporated in cement slurry to evaluate the properties and affect in cement slurry at 90 °C. The API properties like rheology, free water separation, fluid loss and compressive strength of slurries with and without polymer have been determined at 90 °C. The experimental results showed that the viscosity of HPMC polymer was enhanced at 90 °C than other cellulose-based polymers. The comparative and experimental analyses showed that the implementation of cellulose-based polymers improves the API properties of cement slurry at 90 °C. The increased viscosity of these polymers showed high rheology that was adjusted by adding dispersant which optimizes the rheology of slurry. Further, improved API properties, i.e., zero free water separation, none sedimentation, less than 50 ml/30 min fluid loss and high compressive strength, were obtained through HEC, CMC and HPMC polymer. It is concluded that cellulose-based polymers are efficient and effective in cement slurry that work as multifunctional additive and improve API properties and cement durability. The cellulose-based polymers work as multifunctional additive that reduces the quantity of other additives in cement slurry and ultimately reduces the operational cost of cementing operation. The comparative analysis of this study opens the window for petroleum industry for proper selection of cellulose-based polymer in designing of cement slurry.
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Wang, Zhiyong, Shijie Wang, Qi Zhang, Qingyan Fang, and Wangsheng Chen. "Influence of Environmentally Friendly and High-Efficiency Composite Additives on Pulverized Coal Combustion in Cement Industry." Journal of Combustion 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8205945.
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4 kinds of chemical reagents and 3 kinds of industrial wastes were selected as burning additives for 2 kinds of coals in cement industry. The work focused on the replacement of partial chemical reagents by industrial wastes, which not only reduced the cost and took full advantage of industrial wastes, but also guaranteed the high combustion efficiency and removed theNOXand SO2simultaneously. The experiments were carried out in DTF. The combustion residues were analyzed by SEM and XRD. The results showed that the burnout rate was increased after adding the additives; meanwhile, theNOXand SO2release concentration were reduced, but the degree of action varied for different additives and coals. The substitute of chemical reagents by industrial wastes was very effective; overall, the cold-rolled iron oxide worked better than others; the particles surface was tougher and the peaks of crystalline phase were lower than raw coal, which indicated that the additives played good roles in combustion process.
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Assi, Amel Habeeb, and Faleh H. M. Almehdawi. "An Experimental Assessment of Iraqi Local Cement and Cement Slurry Design for Iraqi Oil Wells Using Cemcade." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 22, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2021.1.1.
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This effort is related to describe and assess the performance of the Iraqi cement sample planned for oil well-cementing jobs in Iraq. In this paper, major cementing properties which are thickening time, compressive strength, and free water in addition to the rheological properties and filtration of cement slurry underneath definite circumstances are experimentally tested. The consequences point to that the Iraqi cement after special additives encounter the requests of the API standards and can consequently is used in cementing jobs for oil wells. At this research, there is a comparative investigation established on experimental work on the effectiveness of some additives that considered as waste materials which are silica fume, bauxite, and glass powder, and other conventional additives which are: (SCR -100 Retarder, HR-5, FWCA, Hollow Glass Spheres (HGS) and Halad-9) that currently used in our fields on local Iraqi cement and putting foreign cement results as a governor. Chemical analysis for Iraqi cement, imported cement, and waste materials samples was determined using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique and found minor differences in composition between those samples and depending on the results of X-ray, we selecting the appropriate additives to prepare cement slurry samples. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) results show that Iraqi Cement has a low value of silica which is about 18.63% while Omani cement about 37.58%. This research examined the potential of micro silica, bauxite, and waste glass powder to produce sustainable cement slurry. The results showed that adding micro silica and bauxite enhances the performance of Iraqi cement but also leads to a slight decrease in thickening time. To avoid this problem, Superplasticizer is used to make the process of cement pumping more easily, in other words, increase thickening time and increase compressive strength. Furthermore, adding glass powder increase the value of compressive strength. Both additives (waste and conventional) are used for the slurry design for achieving better slurry properties, but waste additives increase and enhance Iraqi cement performance than conventional additives, in other words, making it more effective than commercial cement. Depending on the results of the compressive strength test, the optimal concentration of the waste materials used in this research was found, and then the optimal concentration was used to prepare cement samples. The results showed that the use of waste materials to prepare cement slurry is a promising way to improve the efficiency of cement work and to reduce the negative environmental impact resulting from the industry. The results of the program CemCADE proved to be the sample A and C showed good performance through high cement bonding and ideal distribution of fluids designed to accomplish the cementing process.
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Salamanova, M., M. Nahaev, and B. Sarsenbaev. "DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIAL RECIPES OF BINDING COMPOSITIONS WITH IMPROVED PROPERTIES." Construction Materials and Products 3, no. 4 (November 2, 2020): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2020-3-4-5-12.
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the ecological safety of earthly civilization suffers from the accumulation of huge volumes of industrial waste, the natural resource potential is decreasing, therefore, special attention is paid to the development of less costly and low energy-intensive technologies for obtaining new building materials, the implementation of which does not require high-temperature and expensive technological processing, and will allow the use of secondary and substandard raw materials.
The work presents the results of the development of special formulations of binder compositions of alkaline activation based on cement production wastes in the form of aspiration and clinker dust from electrostatic precipitators of rotary kilns and waste from the metallurgical industry - ferrosilicon additives in the form of active silica, which will allow obtaining new building materials with improved properties.
The paper investigates the properties of an alkaline cement paste and cement stone, reveals issues related to the theoretical foundations of the formation of the structure and strength of an artificial stone based on an alkaline activator. The research results, in our opinion, are certainly of practical importance for the construction industry, as the proposed formulations of clinker-free cements can partially replace expensive and energy-intensive Portland cement, making it possible to create strong and durable concrete and reinforced concrete structures
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Belskii, Sergei S., and Maksim V. Chantsev. "Industrial Production Technology for Aluminium Paste." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.847.
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Today, the development of aluminium industry is highly dynamic. Aluminium production rightly takes top positions in the global metal market. Unique properties of aluminium mean that it is widely used in various industries. The construction industry is no exception – here, aluminium is actively used as a gassing agent for production of steam-cured aerated concrete, which is produced by mixing Portland cement, sand, water and aluminium fine powder or aluminium paste. The main disadvantage of aluminium fine powder is its high degree of dusting: at certain air concentration levels, this becomes fire-and explosion-prone. This is the reason the producers add complex organic additives into their aluminium fine powder: to ensure lower dusting levels and produce an aluminium paste, which is safer to use. This work focuses on obtaining an aluminium paste with sufficient share of organic additives to ensure the efficient performance of aluminium paste as a gassing agent in the production of steam-cured aerated concrete. A number of tests were carried out on mixing aluminium fine powder with various organic additives (fatty additive; wetting agent and gassing kinetics stabiliser; dedusting agent) in different ratios. The paper analyses the quality of distribution of organic additives inside the finished product and studies the relevant gassing kinetics.
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Mikulica, Karel, and Dušan Dolák. "Testing and Optimization of Production of Technical Foam for the Production of Cement Foam." Solid State Phenomena 276 (June 2018): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.276.254.
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In the current construction industry, great importance is given to the usage of thermally insulating building materials. One of the many such materials can be a cement foam or foam concrete, a mixture of cement mortar and technical foam. This material can be, due to its consistency right after mixing, applied to uneven horizontal surfaces where usage of conventional thermal board insulation materials would be complicated. This paper discusses the methodology of testing of the physical and mechanical properties of foaming additives such as strength, density, foaming number and half-separability of technical foams. Then this methodology was subsequently verified on the five commonly used foaming additives in the Czech Republic.
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Łach, Michał, Kinga Korniejenko, Maria Hebdowska-Krupa, and Janusz Mikuła. "The Effect of Additives on the Properties of Metakaolin and Fly Ash Based Geopolymers." MATEC Web of Conferences 163 (2018): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816306005.
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The main motivation of research work is connected with environmental issues. The production of the most important building material of the 20th century - Portland cement technology is associated with significant environmental pollution. The process requires very high temperature and it is energy consuming. During the manufacturing also takes place emission of significant amounts of carbon dioxide and highly toxic nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere These factors show that new solution in this area is required. The most promising alternative is inorganic polymer (geopolymer) technology. The main objective of the presented research work was to design a new composite for practical applications, especially in construction industry. The paper presents the results of research of geopolymer composites based on geopolymer binders made of metakaolin and fly ash with the addition of titanium oxide and aluminum-calcium cements (including mainly calcium monoglinate) in amount of 4 and 6% by weight. Research methods applied: tests for mechanical properties (compressive strength tests), scanning microscopy investigations (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results show that the addition of aluminum-calcium cements (including calcium monoglinate) significantly increases the compressive strength of geopolymers. Geopolymers based on fly ash with the addition of 6% calcium-aluminum cement with a calcium monoglinate content above 69% are characterized by compressive strength above 50 MPa, while geopolymers from metakaolin with the same additive were characterized by compressive strength above 80 MPa.
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Enzhievskaya, Irina, Cyril Odintsov, and Maxim Chekhlov. "Effect of complex modification on cement compositions." MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821201018.
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The article deals with the modification of cement compositions by a complex of modifiers, including superplasticizers and finely dispersed mineral fillers (micro fillers), based on local raw materials and by-products of the industry, as well as being capable of improving the physical and mechanical characteristics of cement concretes and solutions. The expediency of joint application of finely dispersed fillers and superplasticizers for obtaining materials with high performance characteristics is shown. The studies described in the article are aimed at expanding the raw materials base of mineral additives in combination with superplasticizers and studying their behavior in the cement system. As finely dispersed mineral additives, the following were used in the work: ground limestone from the overburden from the Mazulsky deposit, waste from sawing the jadeite of the Kashkaraksky deposit, a pulverized fraction of waste from crushing the Berezovskoye gravel, and Novosibirsk microsilica. It is shown that the introduction of the waste from sawing jadeite into the composition of the cement, along with microsilica, leads to increasing strength at bending and compression at 28 days. In the process of manufacturing a concrete and mortar mixture with the addition of limestone flour, increased gas emission was visually observed. The interaction was observed between the finely dispersed limestone flour with additives of plasticizing effect with the observed emission of complex gases, such as ammonium hydroxide, ammonium nitrate, and others.
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Smirnov, P. V., and L. V. Taranova. "APPLICATION OF MATERIALS BASED ON DIATOMITE AND OPOKASIN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2017-1-87-90.
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The paper reviews the possibilities of using of silicon opal-cristobalite rocks (diatomite and opokas) in Western Siberiain industries associated with the production and transportation of hydrocarbons, oil field construction, environmental protection in the areas of intensive technogenic influence. Also the data is summarized on the possibility of their use for the production of proppants, adsorbents, additives in cement slurries.
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Suraya Hani, A., Wan Mohd Haziman, Norwati Jamaluddin, and Nurul Hazarine Zakaria. "Performance of Recycled Aggregate Containing POFA as Additives for Cement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.249.
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Malaysia has been the largest producer and exporter of palm oil in the world, accounting for 52% of the total world oil in year 2006. The waste disposal problem from palm oil industry was increasing. In addition, the government also facing the problems when forced to allocate more landfill for the disposal of concrete waste. Nowadays, the by-product the palm oil mill has becoming potentially to be utilized as construction material in term as additives for cement. This paper discussed the water absorption and compressive strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA). There are twelve (12) series of concrete mix containing POFA and recycled aggregate (RA) were used as additives for cement that have been indicated as POFA-0%, POFA-10%, POFA-20%, POFA-30% and RA-0%, RA-50% and RA-100%. The slump test was conducted to determine the performance of fresh concrete. The hardened concrete have been tested its compressive strength and water absorption of POFA-concretes at 7 and28 days of water curing ages. The results revealed that POFA-recycled aggregate concrete has lower water absorption and higher compressive strength comparedto recycled aggregate concrete without POFA. The optimum additional of POFA was 30% for concrete made with 100% natural aggregate (NA) produced higher compressive strength and lower water absorption.
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WANG, Ting, Xiaojian GAO, and Jian WANG. "Preparation of Foamed Phosphogypsum Lightweight Materials by Incorporating Cementitious Additives." Materials Science 25, no. 3 (May 10, 2019): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.25.3.19910.
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As a byproduct of phosphoric acid industry, phosphogypsum has many environmental problems. In order to recycle phosphogypsum to manufacture lightweight building materials, cementitious additives including fly ash, ground granulate blast-furnace slag and Portland cement were added to improve strength and water-resistance and different volume of foam was added to reduce the bulk density. The results show that hydrated lime can improve mechanical strength and water resistance of PG paste and the optimal dosage of hydrated lime is 6 %. Higher addition of fly ash or ground granulated blast-furnace slag improves the fluidity and delays the setting time of PG paste. The addition of 10 ~ 20 % fly ash results in a little reducing influence and 10 % ground granulated blast-furnace slag leads to an increase of 20.7 % for 28 days compressive strength of hardened PG specimen. The higher addition of Portland cement results in the better mechanical strength and water resistance of PG specimens. The 28day compressive and flexural strength reaches 25.9 MPa and 8.9 MPa respectively for the 25 % Portland cement mixture. PG based lightweight building materials can prepared by the addition of 60 % volume of air foam, with compressive strength of 1.7 MPa, bulk density of 521.7 kg/m3 and thermal conductivity of 0.0724 W/(m·K). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.25.3.19910
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Szostak, Bartosz, and Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski. "Improvement of Strength Parameters of Cement Matrix with the Addition of Siliceous Fly Ash by Using Nanometric C-S-H Seeds." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 6734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246734.
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Modification of a cement matrix using additives and admixtures has been a common practice for many years. The use of some mineral additives as substitutes for the cement, e.g., the siliceous fly ashes (FAs), has a positive effect on reducing the energy used in cement production. On the other hand, such activities may have negative effects due to the lowering of strength parameters of composites in early stages of curing. In order to solve this problem, over the last few years, thanks to the patented "seedings" technology, a branch of industry connected with the production of admixtures that accelerate the binding process has developed significantly. Therefore, the paper presents the results of research aimed at analyzing the parameters of FA cement matrix with the nanoadmixture containing the nanometric C-S-H seeds (nanoadmixture (NA)). By using the modern NA, an attempt was made to neutralize the negative influence of the used industrial waste on the structure of the cement matrix in the early stages of its curing. The paper presents the results of strength tests for the FA cement pastes modified by NA in seven test periods, i.e., after 8, 12, 24 and 72 h, and 7, 14 and 28 days. Additionally, hydration heat tests were carried out on the analyzed material in the first 24 hours of curing.
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Reiterman, Holčapek, Davidová, Jaskulski, and Keppert. "Estimation of Hydration Degree of Blended Cements with the Help of k-Values." Materials 12, no. 15 (July 29, 2019): 2420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152420.
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The growing utilization of various mineral additives in the building industry has caused concern worldwide to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide from Portland cement (OPC) production. The present paper is focused on the determination of the degree of hydration of blended binding systems based on Portland cement. Blast furnace slag, fly ash, and ceramic powder are used in the study; they are applied by 12.5 wt.% up to 50% of OPC replacement. The evolution of the hydration process is monitored using thermogravimetry in selected time intervals to determine the degree of hydration; its ultimate value is obtained from numerical estimation using the Michaelis-Menten equation. However, due to the application of active mineral additives, the correction in terms of equivalent binder is conducted. Corrected values of the degree of hydration exhibit good fit with compressive strength.
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Perez-Garcia, Francisca, Maria Eugenia Parron-Rubio, Jose Manuel Garcia-Manrique, and Maria Dolores Rubio-Cintas. "Study of the Suitability of Different Types of Slag and Its Influence on the Quality of Green Grouts Obtained by Partial Replacement of Cement." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071166.
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This paper is part of a research line focused on the reduction of the use of cement in the industry. In this work, the study of work methodologies for the manufacture of green cementitious grout mixtures is studied. Grout is widely used in construction and it requires an important use of raw materials. On the other hand, the steel industry faces the problem of the growing generation of slag wastes due to the increase in steel manufacturing. The green grout aims to achieve the dual objective of reducing the demand for cement and improve the slag waste valorization. Slag is not introduced as an aggregate but through the direct replacement of cement and no additives. The research seeks a product where we can use steel slag intensively, guaranteeing minimum resistance and workability. Results with substitutions between a 25% to 50% and water/cement ratio of 1 are presented. In particular, the suitability of different slags (two Ladle Furnace Slag (LFS) and one Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)) in the quality of the final product are analyzed. The feasibility of replacing cement with slag and the importance of the origin and pretreatment are highlighted.
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Pinto, Carolina A., Francisco Rolando Valenzuela-Díaz, John J. Sansalone, Jo Dweck, Frank K. Cartledge, and Pedro M. Büchler. "X-Ray Diffraction Study of Particulate Tannery Waste Solidified in Cement." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.478.
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The leather industry creates a large quantity of organic and inorganic waste containing chromium. This research examines stabilization of particulate tannery waste in type II Portland cement. Several clays, Brazilian polycationic smectite modified in laboratory and commercial clays were used as additives with the aim of optimizing chromium adsorption. Tannery waste was added in quantities of 10, 15 and 20% relative to cement mass. The solidification components were analyzed separately and in combination in the solidified mixes using X ray diffraction. The analysis showed that reactions between the waste and the cement occurred, and that the tannery waste modified the final compounds of the system. Calcium sulfate present in the waste increased ettringite formation. Chromium also reacted with cement, since compounds with chromium and calcium were identified. Substitution of aluminum and silicon by chromium was also observed.
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Jaworska, B., J. J. Sokołowska, P. Łukowski, and J. Jaworski. "Waste Mineral Powders as a Components of Polymer-Cement Composites." Archives of Civil Engineering 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0045.
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The introduction of the sustainable development elements in the construction industry leads to finding new ways of using waste minerals that are difficult in storage and recycling. Coal combustion products have been already introduced into building materials as a part of cement or concrete but they have been thought insufficiently compatible with the polymer-cement binders [7]. The paper presents results of the mechanical properties of polymer-cement composites containing two types of mineral additives: waste perlite powder that is generated during the perlite expanding process, and calcium fly ash which is the byproduct of burning coal in conventional furnaces. Mechanical tests of polymer-cement composites modified with wastes were carried out after 28 and 90 days of curing. As a part of preliminary study specific surface area and particle size distribution of mineral wastes were determined.
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Al Menhosh, Adel, Yan Wang, and Yu Wang. "The Mechanical Properties of the Concrete Using Metakaolin Additive and Polymer Admixture." Journal of Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1670615.
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Environmentally friendly and high performance concrete is very import for the applications in sewage and water treatment industry. Using mineral additives such as fly ash and silica fume has been proven to be an effective approach to improve concrete properties. This paper reports a study of the effect of using both polymer and metakaolin additives together on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Different proportions of the combination using two different polymers, metakaolin, and recycled fiber reinforcement have been studied. The effects of water-to-cement ratio and the curing methods have also been compared. At last an optimized mixture and curing method has been suggested.
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Perez-Garcia, Francisca, Maria Dolores Rubio-Cintas, Maria Eugenia Parron-Rubio, and Jose Manuel Garcia-Manrique. "Advances in the Analysis of Properties Behaviour of Cement-Based Grouts with High Substitution of Cement with Blast Furnace Slags." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030561.
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This article presents a study of the main properties (consistency, workability, leaching, unsoundness, and mechanical properties) of cement grouts prepared with cement replacement by blast furnace slag (GGBS). Mixtures have been analyzed in the absence of additives and reached high replacement percentages. As shown in the different tests presented, the observed evolution of the resistance and workability of the mixtures makes them very interesting for its application. Different types of cement (CEM-I 42.5 and CEM-I 52.5 R) and different water/binder values (1 and 0.67) are used. The results present opportunities for the steel industry by the intensive valorization of slag waste. The reduction of the use of cement in construction is also one of the key aims of this line of research. Results show improvements in the mechanical response with good fresh state properties for substitution percentages up to 70%. It is verified with leaching analysis that these products have less impact on the environment.
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Latroch, N., A. S. Benosman, N. Bouhamou, B. Belbachir, Y. Senhadji, H. Taïbi, and M. Mouli. "Testing of Composite Mortars Based on Supplementary Cementitious Materials: Estimating Durability and Thermal Properties." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 27 (December 2016): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.27.27.
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The growing need for building material resources, and the requirements to preserve the environment, in a vision of sustainable development, has become necessary to study reinforcement techniques, using composite materials. Using local organic or inorganic materials in construction fields and public works is particularly important. Polymer mortar composites (PMC) are usually employed in the building industry as finishing materials, tile adhesive (mortar-adhesive) or façade coating. In repair applications, the addition of soluble polymer (latex) allows improving the adhesion properties of the materials used as coating. The use of mineral additives as partial substitutes for cement, in construction sites as well as in ready-to-use mortars, is an unknown practice in our country. For this reason, we thought it is crucial to study and assess the influence of these additions on the properties of cured composite. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) used in this study are silica fume and natural pozzolan, which necessarily need to be valorized.The present research work aims to use a specific experimental methodology that is able to identify the relationship between the degree of substitution by the mineral additives, the polymer and the modifications to the properties of fresh and hardened cement mixtures. Therefore, five PMC combinations were formulated from different percentages of additions, i.e. natural pozzolan (NP: 25%w), silica fume (Sf: 5%w) and polymer latex (P: 0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15%w). Their durability factors, such as the porosity accessible to water and capillary absorption rate (sorptivity), were characterized, at different maturities. An attempt was also made to determine the thermal coefficients. The results obtained were compared with those of the reference mortars, made with Portland cement (CEMI). They showed that the decrease in porosity, sorptivity and thermal conductivity depends on the pair “SCMs/polymer”. But overall, the addition of polymer latex and pozzolanic additions have a beneficial effect on the durability and thermal properties of the composite materials.
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Zagorodnuk, L. Kh, M. Yu Elistratkin, D. S. Podgornyi, and Saad Khalil Shadid Al Mamuri. "Сomposite binders for 3d additive technologies." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 18, no. 4 (September 17, 2021): 428–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2021-18-4-428-439.
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Introduction. In recent years, there has been an active development of 3D additive technologies. This trend could not but affect the construction industry. However, printing using plastics and other organic compounds differs significantly in its technological features from printing with building compounds. Concrete and mortars used in layer-by-layer printing must have a number of technological properties, such as sufficient viscosity for extrusion by an extruder, low mobility to maintain geometry after laying, high setting speed and strength after hardening. Currently, there are a number of compositions that meet these requirements, however, they, as a rule, are not distinguished by high strength and require a wide raw material base, which may not be available in field printing conditions. As a result, it is necessary to expand the range of building materials for 3D printing, suitable for the above criteria, as well as satisfying economic indicators.Materials and methods. Research has been carried out using physical and mechanical tests, X-ray phase analysis and electron microscopy on the effect of finely ground mineral additives on the microstructure and hardening processes of composite binders with various dosages of functional additives.Results. The results of studies on the production of composite binders for 3D additive technologies using Portland cement and man-made waste - waste of wet magnetic separation of the Stary Oskol electrometallurgical plant, modified with additives accelerators (Technonikol Master) and plasticizers (Polyplast PK-R) using mathematical planning and construction of mathematical models for composite binders with different hardening times are pesented.Conclusion. The efficiency of using the obtained composite binder has been proven, the use of which provides an increase in rheological properties, and also makes it possible to save expensive portland cement.
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Zulu, Bernard A., Shingo Miyazawa, and Nobukazu Nito. "Properties of Blast-Furnace Slag Cement Concrete Subjected to Accelerated Curing." Infrastructures 4, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4040069.
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Accelerated curing is used for mass production in the precast concrete industry. Autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage occur in concrete, during and after accelerated curing. Thus, thermal cracks may occur in concrete due to both heating and cement hydration at early age, whereas drying shrinkage causes cracks after demolding. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag cement (GGBS), a byproduct in steel manufacture, has been used to improve concrete strength development during accelerated curing but poses a challenge of increased shrinkage. In this paper, two types of granulated blast-furnace slag cements were used to study mechanical and shrinkage properties of water cured and concrete subjected to accelerated curing. Limestone powder and gypsums, with two different types of fineness, were other additives used. An accelerated one day curing cycle was adopted that consisted of a 3 h delay period, heating to 65 °C, a peak temperature maintained for 3 h, and, finally, cooling. The results indicated that increment in gypsum fineness increased concrete expansion at one day for both sealed and accelerated cured concrete. In drying condition, similar shrinkage was observed. The addition of gypsum provided slightly lower shrinkage, and this may help to reduce cracking of concrete. Limestone powder improved concrete strength at early age. The difference in blast-furnace cement fineness did not have significant differences in compressive strengths, especially at 28 days.
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Abdelkader, Bougara, Ezziane Karim, and Kadri Abdelkader. "Prédiction des résistances du ciment au laitier durcissant sous une temperature variable." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l01-017.
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The prediction of concrete strength has become a major concern that is forcing the construction industry to look closely at determining the appropriate time when to strip the form work or to apply prestress forces to new concrete. Normal concrete has different constitutions and can be subjected to different curing methods depending on the means available. Its characteristics are defined by the presence of mineral additives used to improve its efficiency. This has led us to establish a work plan to predict the strength of slag concrete, tested at different temperatures, from the data obtained from some control specimens of normal concrete, made only from clinker and subjected to a constant temperature of 20°C. The slag material was obtained from El-Hadjar (Algeria).Key words: slag, activation, temperature, finesse, thermal treatment, prediction, equivalent time, mortar, compression, cement, additives.
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ΒΑΣΙΛΑΤΟΣ, Χ., Κ. ΜΠΑΡΛΑΣ, Μ. ΣΤΑΜΑΤΑΚΗΣ, and Σ. ΤΣΙΒΙΛΗΣ. "Wolframite - stibnite mineral assemblages from Rizana Lachanas, Macedonia, Greece and their possible use as flux agent in the manufacturing of clinker." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17086.
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In the current study it is investigated the possibility of use of wolframite and stibnite ore from Lachanas area, Northern Greece, as flux agent in the production of cement. The stibnite and wolframite deposits of that area are typical of the Sb-W type of mineralization. The Sb ore occurs more massive and volumetrically more extended than W ore. The ore bodies have been partially altered to secondary minerals of oxidation zone. The neoformed minerals have affected the original Sb and W content of the ore. However the oxidation of the deposit does not affect its use as flux agent in cement industry. It is well known that the most energy demanding stage in the cement industry is the sintering process. It has been found that certain additives may accelerate the sintering reactions and improve the reactivity of the cement raw mix. The minerals, iron rich wolframite, stibnite and a wolframite-stibnite assemblage were selected in order to introduce W, Sb and S in the cement raw mix. One reference sample and 12 test samples prepared by mixing the reference sample with the above minerals in 0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0% w/w were studied. The effect on the reactivity of the raw mix is evaluated on the basis of the un-reacted lime content in samples sintered at 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1350, 1400 and 1450°C. It is concluded that minerals containing Sb promote the consumption of the free lime, in the most effective way. The XRD studies, performed in samples that were burned at 1450°C, showed that the diffraction patterns correspond to a structure of a typical clinker, obtained at the above temperatures.
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Konovalova, Natalia, Elena Rush, Dmitry Bespolitov, and Pavel Pankov. "Soil concrete based on waste of heat power engineering and siftings of rock grinding." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 05015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914005015.
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The possibility of recycling large-tonnage waste of heat power engineer-ing and mining industry in road construction is shown. Compositions of road-building materials were researched, containing siftings of rock grinding, fly ash, Portland cement, modified with a stabilizing additive of polymeric nature. X-ray phase analysis showed availability of quartz in fly ash, calcite, feldspars, goethite and X-ray amorphous phase, what is consistent with the data of infrared spectroscopy. By atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma it was revealed that fly ash is latent-active and can be disposed in compositions in the presence of a stabilizing additive. The X-ray phase analysis of grinding siftings showed that it contains quartz, feldspars, chlorite, calcite and dolomite. The specific activity of natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, 40К) of fly ash and grinding siftings was 248 and 110 Bq/kg, which allows using such waste in construction without restrictions. It was revealed that the initial mineral raw materials belong to multiphase polymineral systems; therefore, when modifying them with stabilizing additives, binding of finely divided particles should be taken into account. It was revealed that the optimal content of Portland cement and fly ash in samples is 8 and 10 wt.%. It was found that an increase in the mass fraction of fly ash in the composition of soil-concrete up to 30 wt.% leads to softening of the samples and a decrease in their strength characteristics.
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Mousa, Elsayed, Mania Kazemi, Mikael Larsson, Gert Karlsson, and Erik Persson. "Potential for Developing Biocarbon Briquettes for Foundry Industry." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 4, 2019): 5288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245288.
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The foundry industry is currently facing challenges to reduce the environmental impacts from application of fossil fuels. Replacing foundry coke with alternative renewable carbon sources can lead to significant decrease in fossil fuel consumption and fossil CO2 emission. The low bulk density, low energy density, low mechanical strength and the high reactivity of biocarbon materials are the main factors limiting their efficient implementation in a cupola furnace. The current study aimed at designing, optimizing and developing briquettes containing biocarbon, namely, biocarbon briquettes for an efficient use in cupola furnace. Laboratory hydraulic press with compaction pressure of about 160 MPa and stainless-steel moulds (Ø = 40 mm and 70 mm) were used for compaction. The density, heating value, energy density, mechanical strength and reactivity of biocarbon briquettes were measured and evaluated. The compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of biocarbon briquettes were measured by a compression device. The reactivity of biocarbon briquettes was measured under controlled conditions of temperature and gas atmosphere using the thermogravimetric analysis technique (TGA). Different types of binders were tested for the compaction of commercial charcoal fines with/without contribution of coke breeze. The effect of charcoal ratio, particle size, binder type, binder ratio, moisture content and compaction pressure on the quality of the biocarbon briquettes was investigated. Molasses with hydrated lime and cement were superior in enhancing the biocarbon briquettes strength and energy density among other tested binders and additives. The briquettes’ strength decreased as the biocarbon content increased. The optimum recipes consisted of 62% charcoal fines, 20% molasses, 10% hydrated lime and 8% cement. Cement is necessary to develop the tensile strength and hot mechanical strength of the briquettes. The charcoal with high ash content showed higher strength of briquettes but lower heating value compared to that with low ash content. Dispersion of silica suspension on charcoal particles during the mixing process was able to reduce the reactivity of biochar in the developed biocarbon briquettes. The biocarbon briquettes density and strength were increased by increasing the compaction pressure. Commercial powder hydrated lime was more effective in enhancing the briquettes’ strength compared to slaked burnt lime. Upscaling of biocarbon briquettes (Ø = 70 mm) and testing of hot mechanical strength under load indicated development of cracks which significantly reduced the strength of briquettes. Further development of biocarbon briquettes is needed to fulfil the requirements of a cupola furnace.
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Ibrahim Aminu Inuwa and Abubakar Musa Yola. "Modification of concrete mortar using polyurethane resin." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2021.2.2.0041.
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This paper presents an experimental investigation carried out to study the effects of non-water soluble Polyurethane Resin used in the modification of concrete mortar. The non-water soluble Polyurethane Resin (PU) was obtained from Fursa Industry and Tech Limited. The non-water soluble PU was used for this study do to its availability and low cost. Additives such as; Sulphur and Calcium Oxide responsible for binding and curing were used. Concrete mortar cubes of 50 x 50 x 50 mm respectively were produced with grade 42.5 Ordinary Portland Cement from Dangote Cement Limited. The ordinary Portland Cement was partially replaced with 0% (control), 15%, 25% and 35% non-water soluble Polyurethane Resin respectively. The influence of partial replacing Ordinary Portland Cement with non-water soluble Polyurethane was checked by testing the concrete mortar cubes for compressive strength testat7, 14 and 28 days respectively after casting and curing. It was observed that the addition of Polyurethane Resin as OPC partial replacement leads to considerable increase in compressive strength at 25% and 35% in comparison to the compressive strength of the control sample. The improvement in compressive strength was not significant beyond 35% Polyurethane replacement of OPC and was there accepted as the optimum percentage replacement.
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Bechar, Soumia, and Djamal Zerrouki. "Improvement and Control of Cement Slurry Formulation Resistant to the Critical Conditions HPHT." Advanced Materials Research 1105 (May 2015): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1105.339.
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The ambition of the world oil industry is currently directed toward the deepest traps of oil and gas, despite the very high temperatures. The objective of this study is to improve and control a conventional formulation of cement slurry that meets the critical conditions during the cementing of 7" liner on high pressure/high temperature (HPHT) gas well at 5570m depth, located at Hassi Berkine in the southern Algeria. Under the influence of high temperature, the characteristics of the cement slurry changed. We carried out several tests on various samples in order to revise the design by using equivalent substitutions of the additives to obtain a better profile. The use of a new, very powerful, synthetic retarder (SR-31L) instead of liquid, modified sodium lignosulfonate (R-15 L) led us to obtain a significant thickening time but decreased the rheological properties as well as fluid loss and free water. We also provided a gas block by introducing latex-styrene-butadiene with a specific stabilizer (LS-1) in combination with a compatible bonding agent (amorphous silica) in aqueous suspension (BA-58L). The study determined one of the best cement slurry designs practicable on different down-hole applications in HPHT wells.
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Krivenko, P. V., І. І. Rudenko, О. P. Konstantynovskyi, and О. V. Boiko. "ENHANCEMENT OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT PROPECTION IN ALKALI-ACTIVATED SLAG CEMENT CONCRETE MIXED WITH SEAWATER." Bulletin of Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 83 (June 4, 2021): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2415-377x-2021-83-67-76.
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Modern trends in construction industry in terms of efficient use of raw materials and energy, implying a responsible attitude to environment, predetermine application of alkali-activated slag cement concrete (further, AASC concrete). It’s well-known the increased risk of steel reinforcement corrosion is caused by mixing concretes with seawater, presented by chlorides and sulfates. One of the benefits of AASC concrete is possibility to be mixed with seawater. The aim of this research was the enhancement of AASC concrete’s protective properties, mixed with seawater, to steel reinforcement due to modification by complex of additives (further, CA), including portland cement, calcium aluminate cement and clinoptilolite. Kuzel’s salt (3CaO∙Al2O3∙0,5CaCl2∙0,5SO4∙10H2O) was fixed in hydration products of AASC, modified by proposed CA, after 180 d of hydration. Formation of mentioned salt is due to chemical binding of Cl- and SO42- ions by calcium hydroaluminate 3CaO∙Al2O3∙10H2O, formed by co-acting of Portland cement and calcium aluminate cement during hydration process. Clinoptilolite enhances occlusion function of hydrates presented by alkaline hydro-alumina-silicates. State of steel reinforcement, evaluated according to DSTU B V.2.6-181:2011, confirms the effectiveness of CA in plasticized AASC concrete, mixed with seawater. Mass loss of steel rebars, which were reached from AASC concrete, modified by high-plasticizing additive of sodium lignosulphonate, was in compliance with mandatory requirements (no more than 10 g/m2). This fact is evidence of corrosion absence. Obtained results confirm mitigation of steel reinforcement corrosion risk in plasticized AASC concrete, modified by CA and mixed with seawater. This phenomenon is caused by binding of Cl- and SO42- ions due to chemical adsorption by gel-like phases, chemical binding in Kuzel`s salt as well as their occluding by zeolite-containing admixture and alkaline hydro-alumina-silicates. In addition, increased strength of AASC concrete, while mixing with seawater, is caused by both water-reducing effect of salts of strong acids and densification of artificial stone microstructure under their influence.
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Olofinnade, Oluwarotimi M., Anthony N. Ede, Julius M. Ndambuki, and Gideon O. Bamigboye. "Structural Properties of Concrete Containing Ground Waste Clay Brick Powder as Partial Substitute for Cement." Materials Science Forum 866 (August 2016): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.866.63.
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With the increasing concerns on the impact of cement production on the environment and the need to protect the environment, the use of mineral additives as cementitious material to partially substitute cement is being considered as an effective option. One of such material is fired clay brick which can be sourced as generated waste from clay brick industry. This has an added advantage of reducing industrial waste and preserving the natural resources. The experimental objective of this study is to examine the possibility of utilizing clay brick waste as partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete. The clay brick was finely ground into powder size, and after grinding, the morphological characterization of the powder materials was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the chemical composition of the brick material was determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the workability, split tensile and compressive strength properties of the concrete with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% partial replacement of cement with ground clay brick (CB). From the test results, the chemical composition of the brick powder meets the standard requirements for pozzolanic material, with the SEM revealing an amorphous solid mass. The workability of the concrete reduces with increase in brick powder content. A significant improvement of the split tensile and compressive strength of the concrete was achieved at 10% cement replacement, after which a decrease in strength with increasing ground clay brick content was recorded. The use of ground clay brick of not more than 15% was recommended for concrete production.
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Baghban, Mohammad Hajmohammadian, and Reza Mahjoub. "Natural Kenaf Fiber and LC3 Binder for Sustainable Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composite: A Review." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010357.
Full textAbstract:
Low impact on the environment and low cost are the key drivers for today’s technology uptake. There are many concerns for cement production in terms of negative environmental impact due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, deficiency of raw materials, as well as high energy consumption. Replacement of the cement by appropriate additives known as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) could result in reduction in GHG emission. Limestone-calcined clay cement (LC3) is a promising binder in the concrete sector for its improvements to environmental impact, durability, and mechanical properties. On the other hand, the advantages of fiber-reinforced concrete such as improved ductility, versatility, and durability have resulted in increasing demand for this type of concrete and introduction of new standards for considering the mechanical properties of fibers in structural design. Thus, using natural fibers instead of synthetic fibers can be another step toward the sustainability of the concrete industry, which is facing increasing demand for cement-based materials. This review studies the potential of natural Kenaf fiber-reinforced concrete containing LC3 binder as a step toward green cementitious composite. While studies show that energy consumption and GHG emission can be reduced and there is a significant potential to enhance mechanical and durability properties of concrete using this composition, adjustment of the mix design, assessing the long-term performance and standardization, are the next steps for the use of the material in practice.
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Yadava, Shalini, B. Chakradharb, and Anil Sharmac. "Recycling Process for the Management of E-Waste from Colour Picture Tubes of TV in Manufacturing Building Materials." Advanced Materials Research 341-342 (September 2011): 859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.341-342.859.
Full textAbstract:
E-waste released from Television colour picture tube manufacturing process is hazardous in nature and its worldwide disposal has become major concern to safe guard the environment and ecology. The solid wastes generated from the picture tube manufacturing process contain significant quantity of compounds of lead, nickel, cobolt, iron etc. The presence of toxic substances and their characteristic nature made these wastes hazardous and pose serious problems in their disposal resulting in major environmental concerns. In the present study an attempt has been made to develop a new cost effective process for immobilizing and recycling e-waste released from electronic industry in developing non-hazardous building material using additives and binders. Detoxification /immobilization of e-waste was achieved in making composite products using cement and sand as additives through solidification/stabilization process. Further strength and stability of solidified composite products was achieved through curing process. The quality and suitability of the S/S cured composite products were tested and assessed for their Engineering properties (compressive strength, water absorption, density), Toxicity leachate characteristics, Mineralogical studies, Morphological studies for their use in engineering applications, application as construction materials like bricks, blocks, aggregates and confirmed their environmental significance.
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Barberán, A., D. Chávez, A. Cajas, MC Egas, M. Criollo, J. Pineda, JM País, and LE Trujillo. "A new area of application and research in bio-processes: Biotechnologies in civil construction." Bionatura 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 1072–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2020.05.01.11.
Full textAbstract:
Construction Biotechnology is a new scientific and engineering discipline that has been developing exponentially during the last decade. The main directions of this discipline are 1- the selection of adequate microorganisms, 2- development of micro-processed construction bioprocesses as well as 3- the development of new biotechnologies to produce construction biomaterials. Products resulting in construction biotechnologies are low-cost, sustainable, and environmentally friendly microbial biocements for the improvement of the construction terrain. The bioagents used in construction biotechnologies are pure or enrichment cultures of native microorganisms or microorganisms isolated and activated from the soil. Biotechnologically produced construction materials and microbial mediated construction technologies have many advantages compared to conventional construction materials and processes. The current technological landscape offers an objective vision and perspective of how microbes are used in the construction industry as additives for cement and concrete so that these new technologies be used in different provinces of Ecuador. In that sense, the current situation of cement and concrete production in Ecuador is briefly described to have an overview of the applicability of the new methods based on biogenic materials and the environmental advantages of the creation of construction biomaterials over conventional production.
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Ivanova, Tatiana N., and Michał Zasadzień. "Technological Capabilities of Well Cementing." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2021-0042.
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Abstract Cementing of casing string is a final operation before the next stage of well construction; it provides maximum operational life of the well. Cementing of casing string is carried out with the use of technology, based on squeezing of the whole volume of drilling mud by special grouting composition. The main purposes of cementing include isolation of water-bearing horizon, strengthening of borehole walls in unconsolidated and unstable rocks. Well cementing process is divided into five subsequent operations. Firstly, grouting mixture is prepared in concrete mixers (cementing units) with necessary water-to-cement ratio and additives. Secondly, prepared grouting solution is injected in a well. Thirdly, the solution is squeezed into the space between the casing pipes and wellbore walls. Then it is necessary to wait until the cement sheath is hardened. And at last, quality control is carried out. For convenient transportation, the equipment for well cementing is installed on the truck chassis (KAMAZ, URAL and etc.). All components are poured in concrete mixer, then the water is added and everything is being mixed until formation of uniform mass, which is later pumped in a well. Oil and Gas Industry Safety Regulations say that «calculated endurance of casing string cementing should not exceed 75% of time of cement thickening, established by laboratory tests». Therefore, it is necessary to carry out all operations of injection of fluids into the well as soon as possible without any incompliances of the cementing technology. With cementing material used and its water-to-cement ratio of 0.5, the average time of cement thickening is 120 minutes, according to laboratory tests. Therefore, a set of operations of injection of fluids should not exceed 90 minutes.
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Vouk, D., D. Nakic, N. Štirmer, and A. Baricevic. "Effect of lime addition during sewage sludge treatment on characteristics of resulting SSA when it is used in cementitious materials." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 4 (December 8, 2016): 856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.554.
Full textAbstract:
Final disposal of sewage sludge is important not only in terms of satisfying the regulations, but the aspect of choosing the optimal wastewater treatment technology, including the sludge treatment. In most EU countries, significant amounts of stabilized and dewatered sludge are incinerated, and sewage sludge ash (SSA) is generated as a by product. At the same time, lime is one of the commonly used additives in the sewage sludge treatment primarily to stabilize the sludge. In doing so, the question arose how desirable is such addition of lime if the sludge is subsequently incinerated, and the generated ash is further used in the production of cementitious materials. A series of mortars were prepared where 10–20% of the cement fraction was replaced by SSA. Since all three types of analyzed SSA (without lime, with lime added during sludge stabilization and with extra lime added during sludge incineration) yielded nearly same results, it can be concluded that if sludge incineration is accepted solution, lime addition during sludge treatment is unnecessary even from the standpoint of preserving the pozzolanic properties of the resulting SSA. Results of the research carried out on cement mortars point to the great possibilities of using SSA in concrete industry.
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Belbachir, B., A. S. Benosman, H. TaÏbi, M. Mouli, Y. Senhadji, and M. Belbachir. "Durability of mortars modified by the effect of combining SPA polymers and supplementary cementitious materials." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901091.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, the major concern of professionals in the field of building materials is to improve the properties induced by the addition of different additives (polymers) and mineral additions (Supplementary Cement Materials SCMs) and to eventually adapt them to a particular application. This race towards performance has resulted in mortar formulations that are increasingly complex and rich in diversified additions. This is an industry-friendly practice since it generally yields a mortar modified by the combination of a polymer and SCMs, at low cost and low environmental impact, with an improved sustainability in the long term. In order to improve the durability of SCM-modified repair mortars, it seemed interesting to evaluate the influence of adding the styrene polyacrylic (SPA) Latex on the properties of these mortars when exposed to aggressive media such as acids. Composite mortars based on pozzolanic mineral additions, containing different levels of 0.5%, 1% and 2%w latex, were stored in acid solutions, for various periods of immersion. The analysis of the microstructure of these mortars, after exposure to acid attack, was carried out by FTIR spectroscopy. The results obtained allowed to demonstrate the beneficial effect of adding the SPA polymer and the pozzolanic additions to the modified materials and to show their improved resistance to acid attacks, such as HNO3 and H3PO4 solutions at 8%. The best durability properties of the mortars modified by the combination of the polymer and the additional cementitious materials observed in this study indicate a longer service life of the repaired structure when using this type of Latex-modified repair materials.
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Mikhailova, Olesia, Hana Šimonová, Libor Topolář, and Pavel Rovnaník. "Influence of Polymer Additives on Mechanical Fracture Properties and on Shrinkage of Alkali Activated Slag Mortars." Key Engineering Materials 761 (January 2018): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.761.39.
Full textAbstract:
Alkali-activated slags represent an alternative to ordinary Portland cement due to reducing the environmental impact of the building industry. In spite of the numerous advantages of alkali activated slag mortars, alkali-activated aluminosilicates have big disadvantage – high value of shrinkage followed by formation of microcracks. This effect is caused by both autogenous and drying shrinkage and it finally results in volume contraction, microcracking and deterioration of the mechanical fracture properties. Therefore, using various types of polymer admixtures can overcome these problems. The aim of this paper is to present the effect of shrinkage-reducing admixture Peramin® SRA 40, polymer polyethylene glycol 1000 and polypropylene glycol on shrinkage and mechanical fracture characteristics of alkali-activated slag mortars. These admixtures were used in amount 0–2.0% weight of slag. The results showed that with increasing content of admixtures compressive and flexural strength decreased. Fracture tests with acoustic emission activity during this testing were carried out. Addition of 2% Peramin® SRA decreased shrinkage by 55%, but with 1% of Peramin® SRA the shrinkage was reduced only by 10%. Specimen with 1% of Peramin® is the most durable material, but more brittle compared to specimens with 1 and 2% of polypropylene glycol.