Academic literature on the topic 'Cement clinkers'

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Journal articles on the topic "Cement clinkers"

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Žibret, Lea, Katarina Šter, Maruša Borštnar, Mojca Loncnar, and Sabina Dolenec. "The Incorporation of Steel Slag into Belite-Sulfoaluminate Cement Clinkers." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041840.

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The potential use of steel slag from treated steel slag in belite-sulfoaluminate cements was investigated in this study. Cement clinkers with two phase compositions were synthesized, allowing the incorporation of different amounts of steel slag. The phase composition and microstructure of cement clinkers at three different sintering temperatures were studied by X-ray powder diffraction and the Rietveld method, as well as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry. The results showed that the targeted phase composition of clinkers was achieved at a sintering temperature of
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Enríquez, M. K., J. I. Tobón, and J. H. Ramírez. "Use of industrial wastes for the synthesis of belite clinker." Materiales de Construcción 70, no. 339 (June 26, 2020): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2020.14219.

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The synthesis of belite clinker was studied using industrial wastes: paper sludge, cement kiln dust and rice husk ashes, as substitutes for natural raw materials. Wastes were characterized by XRF, XRD and TG analysis. Different formulations were prepared to produce clinker at 1300, 1350 and 1400 °C. The clinker obtained was characterized using optical microscopy, XRD and f-CaO content determined by ethylene glycol method. Finally, the hydration of prepared cements with the clinkers was evaluated by isothermal microcalo­rimetry. It was found that by mixing paper sludge, cement kiln dust and ric
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Taimasov, B. T., B. K. Sarsenbayev, T. M. Khudyakova, A. S. Kolesnikov, and N. N. Zhanikulov. "Development and Testing of Low-Energy-Intensive Technology of Receiving Sulphate-Resistant and Road Portlandcement." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 19, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj683.

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The article presents the obtaining results of clinkers of sulfate resistant and road cement during the production tests process. The usage of man-made wastes such as lead slag, coal mining waste as well as clay component and additives. X-ray, chemical analyzes of starting materials, clinkers and obtained cements were carried out. The regularities of charge compositions, saturation coefficient, modules, burning regimes on chemical and mineralogical composition and quality of clinkers and cements, improvement of rotary kiln operation, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption ar
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Shen, Yan, Xi Chen, Jiang Li, Peifang Wang, and Jueshi Qian. "Preparation and Performance of Ternesite–Ye’elimite Cement." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 4369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124369.

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Ternesite–ye’elimite (TCSA) cement is a new type of environmentally advantageous binder prepared by introducing ternesite, a reactive phase, into belite calcium sulfoaluminate cement clinker. This paper reports the laboratory production of TCSA cement by the addition of minor elements to achieve the coexistence of ternesite and ye’elimite. The influence of dopants on the mineralogical composition of clinkers and the clinkering conditions for the preparation of TCSA cement clinkers were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties and hydr
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Bădănoiu, Alina, Adriana Moanță, Ovidiu Dumitrescu, Adrian Ionuț Nicoară, and Roxana Trușcă. "Waste Glass Valorization as Raw Material in the Production of Portland Clinker and Cement." Materials 15, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 7403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207403.

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The paper presents experimental results regarding the synthesis of Portland clinker starting from raw mixes based on two types of clayey precursors, i.e., clay and marl (the most common types of raw materials used in the cement industry), with and without glass waste content. The soda-lime glass waste addition (5.36–5.59 wt %), used to control the silica ratio of the raw mix, improved the raw mix burnability and decreased the calcination temperature (by 20 °C), leading to a decrease in fuel consumption and contributing to the reduction in CO2 emissions associated with clinker and cement produc
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Samchenko, Svetlana, and Dmitriy Zorin. "Electricity costs for grinding of cement with expanding additives." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.23 (April 20, 2018): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.11930.

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The most popular building material, including on transport facilities, is cement. Cement production is associated with the electricity costs. The biggest cost item is the consumption for the cement clinker grinding. It is known that disperse characteristics of cements, such as fineness of grinding, specific surface, coarseness of grading, largely determine their hydraulic properties, and for expanding cements - the deformation ones. In the paper, the issues of electric power consumption were considered when grinding extender expanders: aluminous slag, sulfoaluminate, sulfoferrite and sulfoalum
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Dolenec, Sabina, Katarina Šter, Maruša Borštnar, Klara Nagode, Andrej Ipavec, and Lea Žibret. "Effect of the Cooling Regime on the Mineralogy and Reactivity of Belite-Sulfoaluminate Clinkers." Minerals 10, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100910.

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This study investigated the influence of different cooling regimes on the microstructure and consequent reactivity of belite-sulfoaluminate clinkers. The cement clinkers were synthesized by incorporating secondary raw materials, such as titanogypsum and bottom ash, to the natural raw materials. Clinker phases were determined by Rietveld quantitative phase analysis, while the distribution morphology and the incorporation of substitute ions in the phases were characterized by scanning electron microscopy using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Clinker reactivity was studied using i
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Luo, Li, Yimin Zhang, Shenxu Bao, and Tiejun Chen. "Utilization of Iron Ore Tailings as Raw Material for Portland Cement Clinker Production." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1596047.

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The cement industry has for some time been seeking alternative raw material for the Portland cement clinker production. The aim of this research was to investigate the possibility of utilizing iron ore tailings (IOT) to replace clay as alumina-silicate raw material for the production of Portland cement clinker. For this purpose, two kinds of clinkers were prepared: one was prepared by IOT; the other was prepared by clay as a reference. The reactivity and burnability of raw meal, mineralogical composition and physical properties of clinker, and hydration characteristic of cement were studied by
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Orazimbetova, Gulistan, Umid Turdialiev, and Laura Biniyazova. "Composition of raw mixes for portland cement clinkers using andesic basalt rock." E3S Web of Conferences 452 (2023): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345206001.

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This article studies, calculation of compositions of raw mixes and development of clinker production technology on the basis of using local raw materials of Karakalpakstan, is an effective solution to the problem of covering the needs of the construction industry of the autonomous republic in cement. As well as component composition of raw mixes with different values of saturation coefficient (SC), silicate (n) and alumina (p) modules, calculated chemical and mineralogical composition of clinker on the base of new raw mixes. Some properties of clinkers and Portland cements based on them have b
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León-Reina, L., A. G. De la Torre, J. M. Porras-Vázquez, M. Cruz, L. M. Ordonez, X. Alcobé, F. Gispert-Guirado, et al. "Round robin on Rietveld quantitative phase analysis of Portland cements." Journal of Applied Crystallography 42, no. 5 (September 8, 2009): 906–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889809028374.

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Interlaboratory studies on the precision and accuracy of Rietveld quantitative phase analysis (R-QPA) of mixtures of crystalline phases have already been carried out. However, cement-related materials are samples of variable complexity, ranging from three phases in white Portland clinkers to more than eight phases in grey cements, that need to be specifically investigated. Here, the results are reported from a round robin on the R-QPA of cement-related materials from laboratories with experience in this type of analysis. The aim of the work was to evaluate the levels of precision and accuracy
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cement clinkers"

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Peterson, Vanessa Kate. "Diffraction investigations of cement clinker and tricalcium silicate using Rietveld analysis /." Electronic version, 2003. http://adt.lib.uts.edu.au/public/adt-NTSM20040830.173127/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Technology, Sydney, 2003.<br>"Submited for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Technology, Sydney, Dept. of Chemistry, Materials and Forensic Sciences, August 2003" Bibliographic references: leaves 224-232.
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Skalamprinos, Solon. "Hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cements." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=234036.

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The necessity to reduce CO2 emissions has increased the driving force for the cement research community to develop alternatives to traditional Portland cement (PC). One of the alternative cements being investigated is calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CS ̅A), first developed commercially in China in the 1970's. CS ̅A cements are produced by clinkering together limestone, bauxite, clay and calcium sulfate to produce mainly ye'elimite (C4A3S ̅) and belite (C2S). Due to the presence of ye'elimite, SO3 content is typically between 6 – 10 wt%. The abundance of elemental sulfur arising from the desulfu
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Swart, Dustin W. "The utilization of alternative fuels in the production of Portland cement." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/07M%20Theses/SWART_DUSTIN_26.pdf.

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Akkapeddi, Srikanth Schindler Anton K. "Alternative solid fuels for the production of Portland cement." Auburn, Ala., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1432.

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Wilson, William S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Grinding of cement clinkers : linking multi-scale fracture properties to system chemistry, mineralogy and microstructure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82861.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 162-172).<br>Growing environmental concerns encourage the cement industry to improve its environmental performance, which in turn renews the interest in clinker grinding efficiency. Current knowledge on clinker grinding was built over the past decades, but contributions from fracture mechanics remained limited. This research aimed to contribute to this field by investigating industrial clinkers with
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Puthur, Jayapalan Amal Raj. "Properties of cement-based materials in the presence of nano and microparticle additives." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49104.

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Cement clinker production is a highly resource and energy intensive process and contributes substantially to annual global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. One potential pathway to reduce the environmental footprint of cement-based materials is through the reduction of clinker content in concrete by partial replacement of cement with fillers. In this investigation, the partial replacement of cement with chemically inert nano and microsized fillers of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and limestone was examined. The effects of nano and micro fillers on early-age properties, long-term properties, p
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Van, Rompaey Gilles. "Etude de la réactivité des ciments riches en laitier, à basse température et à temps court, sans ajout chloruré." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210780.

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Le ciment Portland est de loin le liant hydraulique le plus connu et utilisé depuis de très nombreuses années tant dans le secteur de la construction civile qu’au niveau du stockage des déchets (barrières ouvragées ou matériau de confinement). Le processus industriel qui donne naissance au clinker, constituant de base du ciment Portland, n’a pas subi de modifications depuis des décennies. <p>Par ailleurs, au cours de ces dernières années, certaines considérations telles que le réchauffement climatique et le développement durable ont mis à mal les industries qui émettent des gaz à effets de ser
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Boulot, Karine. "Les éléments mineurs dans le procédé cimentier." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL149N.

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Du potassium, sodium, soufre et chlore passent en phase gazeuse dans les fours de cimenterie. Ils circulent alors a contre courant de la matière, se condensent dans les zones plus froides du four, sont repris par le circuit matière et retournent en zone chaude. Ils constituent une charge circulante perturbant la cuisson. Or, il devient économiquement intéressant d'utiliser des matières et combustibles à fortes teneurs en éléments volatils. Il s'avère alors nécessaire d'en maitriser la recirculation. - introduction : mise en évidence des problèmes industriels lies a la recirculation. - éléments
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Champenois, Jean-Baptiste. "Etude de l’hydratation des ciments sulfo-alumineux par des solutions de borate de sodium : de la spéciation du bore au retard à l'hydratation." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20252/document.

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Dans le circuit primaire des réacteurs nucléaires à eau pressurisée, le bore participe au contrôle des réactions de fission. Le traitement de cette solution génère des déchets aqueux contenant une forte concentration en bore (de 1 à 3 mol/L). Le conditionnement de ces déchets à l'aide d'un ciment silico-calcique est compliqué par le fort pouvoir retardateur des ions borate sur l'hydratation du liant. Un traitement des déchets à la chaux est nécessaire pour précipiter les ions borate sous forme d'hexahydroborite. Cette stratégie, si elle limite le retard d'hydratation, ne le supprime pas. Par a
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Krour, Hichem. "Recyclage du ciment dans le ciment : incorporation des déchets de construction et de démolition dans le cru cimentier." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0008.

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Le projet Européen « SeRaMCo » vise à la fabrication d’éléments préfabriqués en béton contenant des granulats recyclés et du ciment « recyclé ». Ce ciment est fabriqué en incorporant des déchets de construction et de démolition dans le cru cimentier, notamment la fraction fine qui est la plus riche en pâte de ciment durci. Cette thèse de doctorat a permis de mieux comprendre l’impact de la variabilité chimique et minéralogique des granulats recyclés sur le taux d’incorporation et sur la proportion des autres constituants du cru. Les synthèses en laboratoire et caractérisations associées ont pe
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Books on the topic "Cement clinkers"

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Sprung, S. Technological problems in pyroprocessing cement clinker: Cause and solution. Düsseldorf: Beton-Verlag, 1985.

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B, Khydyrov M., Dmitrievskiĭ A. N, and Turkmenskiĭ nauchno-issledovatelʹskiĭ geologorazvedochnyĭ institut, eds. Alinitovye vi͡a︡zhushchie. Ashgabat: Ylym, 1992.

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Bikbau, M. I͡A. Alinitovyĭ t͡sement. Moskva: Stroĭizdat, 1989.

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Krcmar, Wolfgang. Untersuchungen über das Verhalten der Spurenelemente bei der Zementherstellung. Karlsruhe: Universität Karlsruhe, 1991.

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United States International Trade Commission. Certain calcium aluminate cement and cement clinker from France. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1993.

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United States International Trade Commission. Certain calcium aluminate cement and cement clinker from France. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1994.

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United States International Trade Commission. Certain calcium aluminate cement and cement clinker from France. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1993.

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Rickert, Jörg. Zum Einfluss von Langzeitverzögerern auf der Basis von Phosphonsäure auf die Hydratation einzelner Klinkerphasen, Portlandzementklinker und Portlandzemente. Düsseldorf: Bau + Technik, 2004.

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United States International Trade Commission, ed. Portland hydraulic cement and cement clinker from Colombia, France, Greece, Japan, Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Spain, and Venezuela: Determinations of the Commission in investigations nos. 731-TA-356 through 363 (preliminary) under the Tariff Act of 1930, together with the information obtained in the investigations. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1986.

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Campbell, Donald H. Microscopical examination and interpretation of portland cement and clinker. Skokie, Ill: Construction Technology Laboratories, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cement clinkers"

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Aranda, Miguel A. G., Angeles G. De la Torre, and Laura Ledn-Reirta. "5. Rietveld Quantitative Phase Analysis of OPC Clinkers, Cements and Hydration Products." In Applied Mineralogy of Cement & Concrete, edited by Maarten A. T. M. Broekmans and Herbert Pöllmann, 169–210. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501508356-007.

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Kurdowski, Wieslaw. "Portland Cement Clinker." In Cement and Concrete Chemistry, 21–127. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7945-7_2.

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Kurdowski, Wieslaw. "Hydration of Clinker Phases." In Cement and Concrete Chemistry, 129–203. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7945-7_3.

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Sengupta, Prasunjit. "Coating and Burnability of Clinker." In Refractories for the Cement Industry, 185–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21340-4_8.

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Mishin, D. A., S. V. Kovalev, S. I. Antsiferov, A. V. Karachevtseva, and N. S. Lubimyi. "White Cement Clinker Roasting Intensification." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 336–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20459-3_42.

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Huang, G., Y. Zhuge, T. Benn, and Y. Liu. "Optimisation of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement Based on Response Surface Method." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 103–12. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_13.

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AbstractLimestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is a new type of cement that contains Portland cement, calcined clay, and limestone. Compared with traditional cement clinker, LC3 reduces CO2 emissions by up to 40%, and is a promising technology for the cement industry to achieve its emission target. We used a numerical approach to predict the optimum composition of LC3 mortar. The experiments were performed using central composite rotational design under the response surface methodology. The method combined the design of mixtures and multi-response statistical optimization, in which the 28-day compressive strength was maximized while the CO2 emissions and materials cost were simultaneously minimized. The model with a nonsignificant lack of fit and a high coefficient of determination (R2) revealed a well fit and adequacy of the quadratic regression model to predict the performance of LC3 mixtures. An optimum LC3 mixture can be achieved with 43.4% general purpose cement, 34.16% calcined clay, 20.6% limestone and 1.94% gypsum.
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Stutzman, Paul E. "3. Microscopy of Clinker and Hydraulic Cements." In Applied Mineralogy of Cement & Concrete, edited by Maarten A. T. M. Broekmans and Herbert Pöllmann, 101–46. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501508356-005.

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Krishnan, Sreejith, Arun C. Emmanuel, and Shashank Bishnoi. "Effective Clinker Replacement Using SCM in Low Clinker Cements." In RILEM Bookseries, 517–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9939-3_64.

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Krishnan, Sreejith, and Shashank Bishnoi. "High Level Clinker Replacement in Ternary Limestone-Calcined Clay-Clinker Cement." In Advances in Structural Engineering, 1725–31. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2187-6_131.

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Shen, Dejian, and Xin Wang. "Simulation on Mixed-Control of Dissolution and Diffusion Mechanisms of Tricalcium Silicate." In Simulation on Hydration of Tricalcium Silicate in Cement Clinker, 39–64. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4598-6_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cement clinkers"

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Krivoborodov, Yury. "THE USE OF SULPHATE WASTE FOR MODIFYING CEMENT CLINKERS." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/6.2/s26.039.

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Alex, Aleena, B. S. Sindu, and Saptarshi Sasmal. "Uniaxial Tension and Compression Studies on Cement Clinkers Using Molecular Dynamic Simulations." In 5th International Congress on Computational Mechanics and Simulation. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-09-1139-3_054.

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El Fami, Nisrine, Hind Agourrame, Nacer Khachani, Ali Boukhari, and Adeljebbar Diouri. "Influence of the Variability of Limestone and Fly Ash on the Setting and Mechanical Properties of a Moroccan Composite Cement." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.549.

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The Moroccan cement industry is looking for new processes to effectively minimize the high energy costs associated to cement manufacturing. This work presents the effect of three types of limestone with different chemical compositions and different CaCO3 contents on the physical and mechanical properties of resulting composite cements by the addition of fly ash in the proportions by weight of: 5 % and 10 %. The samples are studied in order to evaluate the interaction between different types of limestone and fly ash. Ternary cements based on fly ash-limestone-clinker induce a significant prolon
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El-Shafey, Ramadan E., Mohamed Heikal, Hatem El-Dsoky, Gehad Mohamed Saleh, and Ahmed Abubakr Omar. "Geochemical and Experimental Investigations of some Egyptian Volcanic Tuffaceous Rocks as Natural Supplementary Cementitious Materials." In 15th International Conference on Sustainable Green Construction and Nano-Technology "Advances in Fire Safety, HVAC-R, and Built Environment". Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-1q2wab.

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Supplementary cementitious materials are additives that are used to improve the qualities of Portland cement while also reducing its environmental impact. The production of such blended cements relies on the regional availability of additional components. Despite the prevalence of volcanic tuffs in the Eastern Desert and South Sinai encountered in Egypt, there is a scarcity of knowledge regarding experimental research on cement manufacture. The main objective of this study is to analyze the geochemical and experimental characteristics of several volcanic tuffaceous rocks exploited as natural a
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Cohen, S. M. "Fluid Bed Cexent Clinker Applications." In IEEE Cement Industry Technical Conference. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/citcon.1992.687633.

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Bohan, R. P., and J. P. Kline. "Breakthrough in Clinker grinding." In 2013 IEEE-IAS/PCA Cement Industry Technical Conference. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/citcon.2013.6525273.

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Amin, A. B., and J. M. Kutz. "Hydraulic drive systems for Clinker coolers." In 2013 IEEE-IAS/PCA Cement Industry Technical Conference. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/citcon.2013.6525263.

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Taylor, H. F. W. "Sulfates in Portland clinker and cement." In International RILEM Workshop on Internal Sulfate Attack and Delayed Ettringite Formation. RILEM Publications SARL, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/2912143802.001.

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de Oca, P. M. "Quality of clinker related to preheater performance." In 2012 IEEE-IAS/PCA Cement Industry Technical Conference. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/citcon.2012.6215698.

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Scheinherrova, Lenka, Michal Benes, Milan Steffek, Jitka Krejsova, and Robert Cerny. "THE EFFECT OF CALCINATION TEMPERATURE AND DURATION ON THE COMPOSITION AND MORPHOLOGY OF SYNTHESIZED C3A." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s26.72.

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Green building materials are gaining attention for achieving carbon neutrality in civil engineering. To reduce CO2 emissions from cement, using low-cement or cement-free materials with local supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) is promising. Blended cements with SCMs enhance long-term strength, but low-clinker blends often have low early strength. To address this, understanding the hydration of ordinary Portland cement is crucial. While C3S has been studied, the role of C3A, the most reactive component of cement, has been explored less. This study aims to produce C3A in laboratory condi
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Reports on the topic "Cement clinkers"

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Stutzman, Paul E. X-ray powder diffraction analysis of three portland cement reference material clinkers. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4785.

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Stutzman, Paul E., Jeffrey Bullard, and Pan Feng. Quantitative Imaging of Clinker and Cement Microstructure. National Institute of Standards and Technology, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1877.

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Matar, Walid, and Doaa Filali. Alternative Fuels for Saudi Cement Manufacturing with Time-varying Carbon Pricing. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2022-dp12.

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After cement production in Saudi Arabia surged in the first half of the 2010s due to the country’s rapid economic development, it has slowed measurably in recent years as economic growth has declined. This is shown in Figure 1, along with the evolution of the Kingdom’s real gross domestic income (RGDI). Still, it ranks among the top 10 countries for existing cement kiln capacity. The Saudi cement industry has relied on Arab Heavy crude oil, heavy fuel oil (HFO), and natural gas to produce clinker, a key cement ingredient.
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Struble, L., and H. Kanare. Cooperative calibration and analysis of cement clinker phases. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.89-4164.

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Stutzman, Paul, and Alan Heckert. Certification of standard reference material SRM2687a, Portland cement clinker. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.260-195.

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Stutzman, Paul, Laura Mundy, and Alan Heckert. Certification of Standard Reference Material® 2686b Portland Cement Clinker. National Institute of Standards and Technology, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.260-204.

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Bullard, Jeffrey. MicroChar: An Application for Quantitative Analysis of Cement and Clinker Microstructure Images. National Institute of Standards and Technology, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1876.

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Stutzman, Paul E., and Leslie Struble. Instructions in Using GSAS Rietveld Software for Quantitative X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Portland Clinker and Cement. National Institute of Standards and Technology, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1884.

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Habert, Guillaume, and Francesco Pittau. Joint synthesis “Sustainable Concrete Structures” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.5.en.

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All structures in Switzerland - that is, all buildings, roads, infrastructure constructions and so on - consume over their entire life cycle around 50 % of Switzerland's final energy requirement. They are also responsible for around 30 % of emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2. In recent decades, the energy requirements and CO2 emissions resulting from the use of such structures have fallen sharply. However, the grey energy contained within the structures as well as the CO2 emissions associated with the construction, renovation and demolition of buildings, remain high. There is great potential
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Quantitative x-ray powder diffraction methods for clinker and cement. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5403.

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