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Maruthachalam, D., S. C. Boobalan, and M. Kaarthik. "Experimental Investigation on Grades of Cement in the Nominal and Design Concrete Mixes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (2021): 012169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012169.
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Abstract In India, the experience in the use of concrete in housing is more than seven decades old. Concrete mix is a combination of cement, water and aggregates of sand and stone. The relative merits of using 33, 43 & 53 grades of cement in the nominal and design concrete mixes are studied, by testing to destruction hundreds of cubes, cylinders and prisms made using these three grades of cement, the concrete mix having been designed as per the relevant Indian Standard code of practice. The objective of this paper is to make awareness among researchers, engineers and the public about the latest scientific and technical developments in cement, and how to achieve economy in concrete. The foremost objective of concrete mix design is to hand-pick the optimum proportions of various ingredients of the concrete to satisfy the required properties in its fresh and hardened state. As per the investigation, if concrete mixes are designed for different grades adopting separately 33, 43, & 53 grades of cements, grade 53 gives the highest 28 days cube strength, whereas 33 grade cement gives the lowest value. The relative cost of using these three grades is also discussed in the paper.
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Khan, Abdul Azeez, Sharath Babu Khedagi, and Santosh R. "Influence of Grades of Cement on Strength of Concrete as per IS 10262-2019." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (2022): 1550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46879.
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Abstract: Concrete is the most used material in the world for construction. As we know Cement is the major constituent of concrete which is produced by natural raw materials like limestone rock, clay and chalk etc. Cement is produced in various grades and types used for construction according to the requirement. According to various grades used the strength of the concrete is influenced. The present investigation deals with the development of mix design of concrete using the IS 10262 - 2019. The study mainly focuses on the discussion of strength characteristics of concrete when various grades of cements used with reduction of 5% & 10% to understand if the concrete reaches the required target strength. It also focuses on understanding as to which grade of cement would be able to reach the required strength with less cement content. Compression test and Split Tensile test were conducted for strength analysis. The research evaluates the variation in Mix Design Guidelines between IS 10262-2009 & IS 10262-2019; strength factors of hardened concrete, by using various grades of cement at different percentages for M30 grade concrete at different ages. From this study it can be concluded that, 53 grade gives the better compressive strength with lesser amount of cement content, hence it is suggested that 53 grade cement can be used wherever bulk or mass concreting is done or concrete is produced
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Malak, Irshad Ali, Tulsi Das Narwani, Bashir Ahmed Memon, Jan Muhammad Wato, Naeem Ahmed Jokhio, and Sajid Ali Mallah. "Effect of Coarse Aggregate Gradation on the Strength Properties of Bagasse Ash Concrete." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 3 (2023): 10820–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5807.
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This study investigated the coarse aggregate grades and the use of sugarcane bagasse ash as a replacement for cement to examine their effect on concrete strength. Ten concrete mixes were prepared in two groups using a 1:2:4 mix ratio and a 0.48 water-to-binder ratio. Sugarcane bagasse ash was used in 0 and 10% dosages by weight of cement. Five grades of aggregates were used: 4.75-7, 7-10, 10-13, 13-20, and 4.75-20mm. Six 6"/12" concrete cylinders were prepared for each group and cured for 28 days to test their compressive and split tensile strengths. The results showed that bagasse ash caused a reduction in strength properties in both well- and specific-graded concrete. It was also observed that 10-13mm aggregate concrete with and without bagasse ash had more strength than the respective well-graded. Although a minimum decrease in strength was observed, a 10% dosage of sugarcane bagasse ash was optimal to save cement content in both specific and well-graded aggregate concrete. This study provides a new framework for using graded coarse aggregates and replacing cement with bagasse ash.
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Fapohunda, C. A., B. I. Famodimu, B. C. Adigo, and A. S. Jeje. "Effect of Changing Cement Grade on the Properties of Structural Concrete." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 17, no. 3 (2020): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v17i3.6.
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Many research efforts have been carried out, in a quest to produce mix design information that will guide the concrete and construction industry on how to achieve different concrete strengths, using the different grades of cement available. This is with a view to arresting the rampant collapse of buildings in Nigeria. The work presented in this paper is the result of investigation carried out to determine effects of changing cement grade, while casting a structural member, on the strength behaviour of the concrete. Two types of cement grades: 32.5 R and 42. 5 R were used for this research. In this investigation, the chemical and physical properties of the cement were determined. Consistency and setting times of mortar specimens from the two cement grades were also determined. Concrete samples made from the two cement grades 32.5 R and 42.5 R were evaluated for workability, density, compressive and tensile strengths at water/cement ratios of 0.40, 0.50 and 0.60. The results showed that the cement grade 42.5 consistently developed higher densities at all the water/cement ratios considered. This may be as a result of unforeseen additional dead load at the design stage, which would now amount to underestimation of dead load and thus design load. The results also showed that at higher water/cement ratios, the cement grade 42.5 R has densities exceeding the 2400 kg/m3 recommended by BS 8110. Furthermore, the concretes produced with cement grades of 32.5 R and 42.5 R have different strength development pattern and developed different 28-day compressive strength. Thus, it can be concluded that the action of changing the cement grade during concreting, for the same structural member is not supported by the national code, and will not result in safe and durable concrete.
 Keywords: Cement grades, Compressive strength, Density, Portland limestone cement, Tensile strength, Workability
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Makarenko, S. V. "Cements with low water demand as an alternative type of binding mixture used in ready-mixed concrete." Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsii. Stroitelstvo. Nedvizhimost 13, no. 1 (2023): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2023-1-58-63.
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The paper compares Portland cement and cement with low water demand. The aim of the study was to estimate the possibility of reducing the cost of a binder and the cost of the resulting readymixed concrete, along with achieving its improved physical and mechanical properties over a short time frame. This is undoubtedly a relevant indicator, especially in winter construction, since the kinetics of concrete strength gain is one of the key factors limiting the pace of construction. The study assesses the feasibility of introducing technogenic waste and local minerals into concrete composition, as well as effectively selected structural chemistry based on polycarboxylates. Cements with low water demand of various grades were produced by grinding Portland cement and silica or carbonate filler, in the presence of the required dosage of superplasticizer and depending on the type of cement with low water demand under investigation. Based on the results of the study, the efficiency of obtaining cements with low water demand of carbonate and silica type was estimated. Kinetics of strength gain and normal density of cement-water paste of various compositions were considered. Optimal value of the specific surface area of the cement with low water demand was established. The strength dependencies of the concrete produced on the basis of low water demand cement of different grades were analyzed. The conclusions enable the effectiveness of using the binders under development to be assessed.
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Jamjoom, B., S. Patel, R. Bommireddy, and Z. Klezl. "Impact of the quantity of intradiscal cement leak on the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 99, no. 7 (2017): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2017.0083.
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Introduction We aim to assess the impact of the quantity of intradiscal cement leak during kyphoplasty on the rate of progression of degenerative changes in the affected disc. Methods Of 316 kyphoplasty procedures, we identified 32 episodes of intradiscal cement leak in 26 patients. The quantity of cement leaked was graded from I to IV. Disc degenerative changes were assessed at presentation and follow-up using radiographical scoring and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) grading systems. Data for low-grade leaks (grade I) were compared with the medium- and high-grade leaks (grades II–IV) using a chi-squared test. Results Median follow-up radiographic and MRI assessments were made at 18 and 21 months, respectively. Medium- and high-grade leaks were associated with a significantly higher radiographic disc degeneration scores compared with low-grade leaks (P = 0.04295) but no difference was found in MRI disc degeneration grades and in adjacent vertebral fracture rates. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the quantity of cement leaking into the disc space significantly influences the rate of progression of disc degeneration.
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Sanduo, T. "The Special Features of Cement Standards in China." Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates 15, no. 2 (1993): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/cca10604j.
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Abstract A large amount of blended cement, special cement, and shaft kiln manufactured cement is produced in China. These cements form the basis for China's cement standards. These standards have many special features and constitute a unique cement standard system. The standard cements are divided into three groups: common cement, special performance cement, and special purpose cement. As common cements, which include ordinary portland cement, portland blast-furnace cement, portland pozzolana cement, and portland composite slag cement, etc., the required and allowable blended materials incorporated in their specifications are somewhat like those in the European cement standard EN V 197, but some kinds of metallurgical slags are allowed into composite portland cement to make good use of industrial wastes, and a series of strength grades (including type R, which have higher early strength criteria) are stipulated for satisfying the various technical level of cement production and the different construction requirements. As to the special performance cement group, there are several series of cements such as portland cement, aluminatc cement, sulfo-aluminate cement, and ferro-aluminate cement, etc. The specifications for these cements are characteristic of their performance requirements: moderate-heat portland cement stipulates the criteria for heat of hydration; rapid-hardening aluminate cement defines criteria for strength within three days; expansive sulfo-aluminate cement requires criteria for rate of expansion; and self-stressing ferro-aluminate cements need criteria for self-stressing values, etc. In addition, oil well cement and masonry cement, etc., belong in the special purpose cement group. A graphical standards system is presented which includes fundamental standards, product standards, and test method standards. Owing to the different strength of the test methods, the cement strength value cannot be compared between different countries. The author suggests an international cooperative test program be organized for establishing the interrelation of mortar strength between different testing methods and the ISO method to facilitate international trade and to exchange information.
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Al-Jumaily, Mohammed Hasan. "Adapting of Performance Grading System for Local Asphalt Cement." Kufa Journal of Engineering 2, no. 1 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/211293.
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The General Specifications for Roads and Bridges (SCRB) don't adopt the performance grading (PG) based system suggested by Superpave program to evaluate the currently used asphalt cements for paving works. The air temperature data used in this study covers approximately 20 years time period (1982-2002) for seven Iraqi cities (Kirkuk, Mosul , Rutba , Baghdad , Kut , Najaf , and Basrah) which represent climatically unique regions in Iraq. The currently used asphalt cements with penetration grades (40-50) and (60-70) were tested by both of conventional test methods and Superpave methods to determine the equivalent performance grade for each type of the penetration graded asphalt and to evaluate the capability for these two types of asphalt cement to satisfy the required performance of pavement for each region of country. The paper results indicate the following for the required PG asphalt binders: Region Performance Graded (PG) Asphalt Binder North governorates 70-16 Middle governorates 70-10 West governorates 64-10 South governorates 76-4 The Daurah asphalt cements with penetration grade (40-50) are equivalent to PG 70-16, PG70-10 and PG76-4 while asphalt with penetration grade (60-70) is equivalent to PG 64-10. The rotational viscosity , dynamic shear rheometer and creep stiffness versus penetration relationships have been developed to estimate the some Superpave asphalt binder tests based on penetration values.
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Xing, Wanli. "Design of concrete mix ratio and the influence of high water absorption resin and water reducer on strength and working performance." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 5 (July 7, 2022): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v5i.750.
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The performance of concrete and water cement ratio, water ratio and unit water consumption has a close relationship, concrete mix ratio design is actually to determine the proportion between the three, correctly determine the proportion relationship, can make concrete meet the design requirements. This paper systematically studies the working performance of concrete with different strength grades, and then compares the experimental results with the four concrete strength grades designed. High water absorption resin process increases the tightness of the slurry, to improve the working characteristics of cement, and then improve the durability of cement function. The influence of the high absorption resin curing agent and water reducing agent on different concrete strength and working performance is studied. The test data between high water absorption resin and absorbent are used to form the change curve of various strength grades, the interaction mechanism between high water absorbent resin and absorbent is analyzed, and puts forward an important scientific basis for the study of cement mix ratio.
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Sudharsan, C. Praneeth, Sayantan Gosh, and Dr Hemant Sood. "Development of Self-Compacting Concrete of Grades M25, M30 and M35 Using Composite Cement." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (2022): 2010–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41047.
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Abstract: Both fly ash and slag are industrial by-products and their disposal has become a serious environmental problem. Considering their excellent cementitious properties, their utilization in the cement industry becomes crucial. Because of the significant contribution to the environmental pollution, over dependency on cement has to be reduced. There is a need to economize the use of cement, thus, the concept of composite cement becomes necessary. In this study, Fly Ash (FA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) were used as partial replacement of cement to improve the properties of selfcompacting concrete (SCC). Three SCC grades viz., M25, M30 and M35 were made in the laboratory. For all the three grades, two variations were considered. Case 1 included 65% Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), 15% FA and 20% GGBFS while case 2 included 85% OPC and 15% FA. In order to improve the workability of SCC, certain amount of super-plasticizer was added in the design mix. Vfunnel, L-box and slump flow tests were conducted on fresh SCC whereas compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile tests were performed on hardened SCC. The results showed that the optimum admixture content was used their respective grades and cases leading to negligible segregation. Moreover, all the design mixes satisfied the SCC workability conditions comfortably. It was concluded that by replacing cement partially with fly ash and GGBFS in percentages mentioned in cases 1 and 2, the tensile strength of SCC could improve. From the 28 days results obtained from the compressive strength test, it was inferred that 15% fly ash and 20% GGBFS could be partially replaced with cement for all the grades i.e., M25, M30 and M35. This, could help in reducing the reliance on cement, and utilizing the industrial by-products in a better way. Keywords: Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC); Ordinary Portland cement (OPC); Fly Ash (FA); Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS); Workability; V-funnel; L-box; slump flow; compressive strength test; split tensile strength; flexural strength
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Buriev, A.I., M.I. Iskandarova, and G.B. Begjanova. "Influence of a High Degree of Filling on the Properties of Pozzolanic Cement." RA JOURNAL OF APPLIED RSEARCH 09, no. 02 (2023): 60–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7602993.
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Slagash wastes of the Angren and Novo–Angren TPPs of dry selection high pozzolanic and hydraulic activity and its compliance with the requirements for State Standard of the Republic of Uzbekistan 901 for active mineral additives have been established, and therefore, it is recommended as an active mineral additive for the production of pozzolanic cements with a high degree of filling. Replacing from 25% to 50% of high–temperature portland cement clinker with dry–selection composite ash and slag waste ensures the production of pozzolanic cement grades 400–500. Concretes based on pozzolanic cements with a high content of СASW show a fairly high resistance to the aggression of sulfate salts, frost and changes in atmospheric vibrations, which makes the developed cements in demand in the construction industry of the Republic.
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Makarenko, Sergey, Oleg Khokhryakov, Eduard Kashaev, and Vadim Khozin. "Cements of low water demand is the flagship of composite low clinker cement binders in Russia and abroad." MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821201015.
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The paper provides research results on obtaining a compositional CLWD with the use of ashes from the Novo-Irkutsk Thermal Power Station and magnesites of the Savinsk deposit of the Irkutsk area. The aim of the research is to develop an effective ecological technology for producing high-quality cements. As a result of the research, the technological and physical-mechanical properties of the cement paste and cement stone were determined. The cement ND changes depending on the composition (12 to 19%), while the cement stone’s strength varies from 49.5 MPa to 77.7 MPa. The CLWD strength (of different grades according to GOST 310.4) is estimated in 1 day, 28 days, and after steaming. A comparison with ordinary Portland cement was made. It is established that the CLWD 50 (has 50% of fillers) is not inferior in its physico-mechanical properties to ordinary Portland cement. A regression analysis of the influence of a number of factors on the strength of CLWD at three time periods (1 day, 28 days, and after steaming) was carried out. The regression equation was also obtained.
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VASILIEV, A. "ASSESSMENT AND FORECASTING MAXIMUM CARBONIZATION OF CONCRETE." Herald of Polotsk State University. Series F. Civil engineering. Applied sciences 31, no. 8 (2022): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1683-2022-31-8-46-53.
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The article substantiates the need to study the carbonation of concrete and evaluate the maximum carbonization of it. The basic equation of prediction of change in time by concrete cross section of carbonate component of cement-sand fraction of concrete is given. An expression is proposed for estimating the limit value of concrete carbonation (PVC). PVC from concrete composition (amount of used cement) for concrete without additives, compressive strength classes С8/10–С50/60, mixture compositions, grades for ease of laying P1...P5 and G1...G4 for each class of concrete in terms of compressive strength and different tempering strength of concrete was investigated. The obtained PVC values were analyzed. Dependencies of PVC change on the amount of used cement for any class of concrete in terms of compressive strength and different grades of mixtures in terms of ease of laying, as well as dependence of change of limit value of carbonization of non-addition concrete on the amount of used cement for different tempering strength of concrete and grades of mixtures in terms of ease of laying are obtained.
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Yuan, Yong Quan, Xue Liang Jiang, Zhong Lin Zhu, and Jiang Chen. "Experimental Study on the Compressive Strength of Cement Mortar." Applied Mechanics and Materials 711 (December 2014): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.711.422.
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Cement mortar is an ideal similar material. In this paper,by using cement, sand and other materials to make the M5, M7.5, M10 three strength grades cement mortar, the effect of water cement ratio and cement dosage on the strength of cement mortar was studied. The changing rule of the cement mortar strength along with age was also analyzed.Through the test, the mortar mixture ratio that was consistent with the original rock mechanical properties was determined ultimately.
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Okonkwo, V. O., and I. K. Omaliko. "Evaluation of the Effects of Nigerian Portland-Limestone Cement Grades on the Strength of Concrete." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 7, no. 2 (2022): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2022.7.2.2729.
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The influence of Nigerian Portland-Limestone cement grades on the strength of concrete was investigated in this study. Three cement grades of 32.5R, 42.5R and 42.5N were adopted. A constant mix design ratio of 1:2:4 with a varying water-cement ratio of 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 was used. All of the constituents of concrete were calculated using the mass of a concrete cube specimen of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm. A total of 135 cube specimens were cast and cured for 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days accordingly in order to determine the compressive strength of the concrete. The results obtained show that concrete cube specimens produced with Portland-Limestone cement grade 42.5N had the optimum compressive strength on the 28th day of curing in each water-cement ratio. However, the optimum compressive strength on the 7th day of curing in each water-cement ratio was obtained in the concrete cube specimens produced with Portland-Limestone cement grade 42.5R. The results also show that concrete produced from cement grade 32.5 will generally produce more workable but weaker concrete than concrete produced from cement grade 42.5, irrespective of the water-cement ratio. Finally, it was concluded that the compressive strength of concrete is inversely proportional to all the water-cement ratios used in this study, irrespective of the grade of cement.
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Ramasamy, Uma, Amanda C. Bordelon, and Paul J. Tikalsky. "Properties of Different Pumice Grades Blended with Cement." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 29, no. 7 (2017): 04017040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001891.
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Madala, Vasavi, and Takkellapati Sujatha. "Experimental Investigation on Performance of Ferrock Concrete." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1280, no. 1 (2023): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1280/1/012008.
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Abstract Today, the construction of buildings and infrastructure has increased as a part of development, resulting in a significant demand for concrete and cement. The large-scale production of cement and extraction of river sand can have negative impacts on environment and depletion of natural resources. Due to the production of 1 ton of cement produces 0.9 ton of CO2 emissions. To mitigate this pollution a green substance called as FERROCK (Iron dust 60%, Flyash20%, Metakaolin 10%, Lime powder 8%, Oxalic acid 2%) is used as a partial replacement of cement with selected ratio (10%, 20%, and 30%) by weight of cement. This study includes the complete replacement of river sand with M sand (85%) and glass powder (15%) to reduce the usage of natural sand (river sand) for the selected grades of concrete M40, M60 by performing the mechanical and durability test on the designed concrete grades with selected ferrock ratios, the mechanical and durability properties were enhanced with 20% ferrock replacement by weight of cement in concrete.
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Wang, Lin, Chao Li, Chunxue Shu, Han Yong, Jianmin Wang, and Hui Wang. "Influence of Lightly Burned MgO on the Mechanical Properties and Anticarbonization of Cement-Based Materials." Coatings 11, no. 6 (2021): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060714.
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This study aims to study the influence of a lightly burned magnesium oxide (LBMO) expansion agent on the rheological properties (the slump flow, plastic viscosity and variation of shear stress) of cement-based materials. Four different mass contents (i.e., 0%, 3%, 6% and 9%) of LBMO were selected. The following compressive strength and expansion value of the corresponding cement concrete were tested. Cement concrete with two strength grades of 30 MPa and 50 MPa (C30 and C50) was selected. Results indicated that the addition of LBMO can effectively decrease the fluidity and increase the plastic viscosity of fresh cement paste. An optimum dosage (3%) of LBMO is the most advantageous to the compressive strength of cement concrete. The addition of LBMO can increase the expansion rate of cement concrete, thus preventing inside cracks. Moreover, the incorporation of LBMO led to a reduction in the fluidity of the cement paste and an increase in plastic viscosity. The addition of LBMO can increase the expansion rate of cement concrete, thus preventing inside cracks. It can be found that little difference exists in the compressive strength and the expansion rate of cement concrete with strength grades of 30 MPa and 50 MPa. Finally, the increased dosage of LBMO, curing age and compressive strength led to improving the carbonization resistance of cement concrete.
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Krivenko, Pavlo, Igor Rudenko, Oleksandr Gelevera, and Natalia Rogozina. "OBTAINING DECORATIVE ALKALINE-ACTIVATED CEMENT BY USING SLAGS WITH A HIGH CONTENT OF IRON OXIDE." Collected scientific works of Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport, no. 198 (May 12, 2022): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18664/1994-7852.198.2021.256531.
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Decorative cements have always been in high demand in the construction industryand the demand for them and the requirements for their performance are constantly growing. Butdecorative cements based on white clinker Portland cement have the same disadvantages astraditional Portland cement, namely: high energy intensity, low environmental friendliness, highprice. Not all countries produce it and have to import it, which further increases its cost. White clinkercements do not always provide sufficient stability of decorative and operational characteristics ofmaterials based on them. Therefore, an alkali-activated slag cement, obtained using industrial waste,and on the basis of which white cement can be obtained, can act as an effective alternative. Pigmentedalkali-activated decorative cement has high strength, durability and a wide range of colors andshades, high adhesion to various substrates, durability. An obstacle to the widespread use of alkaliactivated slag cements as decorative ones with high whiteness characteristics ( 70 %) is the unstablechemical composition of the slags and, first of all, the different presence of iron oxides in it. In thiswork, the optimization of the compositions of alkali-activated slag decorative cements according to the criterion of whiteness, depending on the amount of iron oxide in the slag, is carried out. Phaseanalysis of decorative alkali-activated cements was carried out. It was found that the composition ofhydrated neoplasms is represented mainly by low-basic calcium hydrosilicates, hydroaluminosilicatephases of an alkaline and alkaline-alkaline earth composition, and gel-like products. Mathematicaldependencies have been obtained that make it possible to easily and quickly calculate the amountand type of bleaching additive, taking into account the presence of iron oxide in the slag in the rangeof 0,4...2,6 %, while ensuring the whiteness of the cement stone at least 70 %. The possibility ofobtaining pigmented cements of grades / class M400...M500 / 42,5R is shown. The heat release ofdecorative alkali-activated cements, depending on their composition, is 44,0...77,4 J/g and is at thelevel of heat release of Portland cements 32,5R...42,5R.
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Xu, Lei, Xiaochuan Hu, Ruifeng Tang, et al. "Microscopic Mechanical Properties and Physicochemical Changes of Cement Paste Exposed to Elevated Temperatures and Subsequent Rehydration." Materials 18, no. 5 (2025): 1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051050.
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The effect of elevated temperatures and subsequent rehydration on the microscopic mechanical properties and physicochemical changes of cement pastes was investigated. Cement pastes with different grades (CEM I 42.5, CEM I 52.5) and different water-to-cement ratios (0.3, 0.4) were exposed to target temperatures of 300 °C, 600 °C, and 900 °C, followed by rehydration. Several characterization techniques, including the Vickers microhardness test, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, were employed to assess changes in the microscopic mechanical and physicochemical properties of the cement pastes resulting from the heating and rehydration treatments. The results indicate that the cement pastes with higher grades and a higher water-to-cement ratio exhibit better resistance to high temperatures. The heating process alters the water distribution and structure of C-S-H gel, leading to the collapse of its interlayer structure and an increase in gel porosity. Elevated temperatures (300 °C and 600 °C), followed by rehydration, enhance the Vickers microhardness of the cement pastes. However, excessively high temperatures (900 °C) weaken the micro-mechanical properties and may cause damage. Cement pastes heated to 600 °C show a more significant recovery in micro-mechanical properties compared to those heated at 300 °C, which is attributed to the rehydration of a new amorphous nesosilicate phase formed at 600 °C.
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Anya, C. U., I. C. Onyechere, J. I. Chukwu, N. L. Nwakwasi, and F. C. Njoku. "Influence of coarse aggregate grading types on the cost of concrete." Nigerian Journal of Technology 43, no. 2 (2024): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v43i2.4.
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The effects of grades of coarse aggregates on the cost of concrete was studied. Several times in real life practice, the engineer at construction site is faced with the problem of not having the required grade of coarse aggregate for a given project. . This could be caused by several reasons such as; non-availability of desired grade, the different grades of coarse aggregate being obtained as a left over from a sister project, etc. In Nigeria, coarse aggregate for concrete is very expensive and thus, the engineer will think of how to use the available grade of coarse aggregate in his concrete mix design to achieve the desired results instead of discarding it. In this study, seven different grades of coarse aggregate were investigated. The fineness modulus of the fine aggregate and bulk densities of the various grades of coarse aggregate were determined. The results were used together with tables from American Concrete Institute (ACI) code to carry out concrete mix design on all the various grades of coarse aggregate to calculate the quantities of the different elements of concrete. From the mix design, the cost of the materials for producing one cubic meter of concrete was determined. The result showed that the Well graded aggregate had the highest bulk density of 1717Kg/m3 while uniformly graded retained on 10mm sieve had the least bulk density of 1580Kg/m3. Uniformly graded aggregate retained on 10mm sieve required the highest cost of N58,278.81 to produce a cubic meter of grade 25 concrete while the cost was least at N56,242.52 when uniformly graded retained on 20mm sieve and Gap-graded without 5mm size were used. This suggests that the larger the size of coarse aggregate (within the size limits studied) the less the cement paste required and hence the less the cost.
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Kiran Kumar Poloju, Shalini Annadurai, Mallikarjuna Rao, Prabu Baskar, and K. S. Elango. "An Experimental Investigation on Nano-Enhanced Tertiary Blended Concrete Incorporating Industrial Wastes." Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 13, no. 3 (2024): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13074/jent.2024.09.243789.
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Concrete is a crucial material in the construction industry; however, its production process releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Undoubtedly, the building sector's increasing global interest unveils a challenge to its ability to withstand cement alternatives and manage the resulting outflows. Fly ash, GGBS (ground granulated blast furnace slag), Zeolite, rice husk, silica fume, metakaolin, and various industry by-products can typically replace cement. This research study aims to replace cement with multiple cementitious materials, individually and in combination, to evaluate the strength characteristics of blended concrete. The replacement percentages ranged from 0 to 30% for each substitute material, such as fly ash, GGBS, and Zeolite, and strength tests were done to assess the performance of the modified concrete after 7 and 28 days of water curing. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is used to create M30 and M50 grades of concrete. Similarly, cement was replaced with fly ash, GGBS, and Zeolite in amounts ranging from 10 to 30% for M30 and M50 grades, and their strength was evaluated after 7 and 28 days of curing. The most efficient percentage of substitution for both the concrete grades is determined, and the corresponding replacement ratio is used to produce the blended concrete, which incorporates cement, fly ash, GGBS, and Zeolite. The overall findings reveal that the composite concrete, comprising four binding materials, demonstrated superior strength for the concrete grade compared to alternative substitutes. The optimal mixture ratios for M30 concrete after 28 days consist of 20% fly ash, 20% GGBS, and 10% zeolite. Moreover, different ratios of Zeolite-10%, Fly-Ash-30%, and GGBS-20% were used to produce M50 concrete.
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Suleymanova, L. A., Inna A. Pogorelova, and K. A. Kara. "Non-Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Porosity and Factors Affecting it." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.218.
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The total volume of cellular porosity, which comprises pores, interpore partitions, and air-entrained pores, depends on the spatial packing of pores, size distribution, maximum and average size, their shape, and the thickness of interpore partitions. Interpore partitions contain gel and capillary pores, which have a significant impact on the total porosity, thus affecting the operating properties of aerated concrete. This paper presents the calculations of gel, capillary, air, and total porosity in non-autoclaved aerated concrete of average-density grades D100...D1200 for different cement hydration degrees (0.6; 0.8, and 1) and water-cement ratios (0.5; 0.6, and 0.7); calculations use the author-developed methodology. Cement consumption depends on the average-density grade as well as on cement hydration degree. Reducing the latter from 1 to 0.6 in D500 concrete raises cement consumption by 7.4 %; other grades have similar patterns. This is why aerated concrete should be conditioned to maximize the utilization of the binder by enabling its complete hydration. The amount of water in the mixture is what determines the cement consumption and the water-cement ratio, whereby the density of cement dough will not depend on the average-density grade provided that the hydration degree and the WC ratio are constant. The finding is that the ability of cement to form its own pore structure is crucial to D500 and D400 aerated concrete if the mixture has high initial water content.
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Saraswathy, Velu, Subbiah Karthick, Han Seung Lee, Seung-Jun Kwon, and Hyun-Min Yang. "Comparative Study of Strength and Corrosion Resistant Properties of Plain and Blended Cement Concrete Types." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9454982.
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The relative performances of mechanical, permeability, and corrosion resistance properties of different concrete types were compared. Concrete types were made from ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Portland pozzolana cement (PPC), and Portland slag cement (PSC). Compressive strength test, effective porosity test, coefficient of water absorption, short-term accelerated impressed voltage test, and rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) were conducted on M30 and M40 grades of concrete designed with OPC, PPC, and PSC cements for 28- and 90-day cured concrete types. Long-term studies such as microcell and electrochemical evaluation were carried out to understand the corrosion behaviour of rebar embedded in different concrete types. Better corrosion resistant properties were observed for PSC concrete by showing a minimum current flow, lowest free chloride contents, and lesser porosity. Besides, PSC concrete has shown less coefficient of water absorption, chloride diffusion coefficient (CDC), and lower corrosion rate and thereby the time taken for initiation of crack extended.
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Singh, Gurcharan, and S. K. Madan. "Quality Assessment of Concrete produced with Marble dust as Partial Replacement of Cement using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (2022): 1305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.655.
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Cement concrete is one of the most frequently used materials in the construction industry. Constant studies are being carried out to find some alternative material to save natural resources and instead make use of industrial byproducts/waste material which is otherwise polluting the environment. Marble dust which is an industrial waste obtained from sawing, shaping, cutting and polishing of different marbles, is a big environmental hazard. Around 6.8 million tonnes of marble dust is currently being dumped annually in Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in India. Although past studies have already investigated the use of this material as a substitute for fine aggregates, since its distribution of particle size is nearer to that of cement, it could be more appropriate for partial replacement of cement in concrete. Cement concrete cubes of size 150 mm were cast as control specimens for two different grades of concrete (M25 Grade and M30 Grade). Effect of marble dust on compressive strength of concrete with varying %age of marble dust as partial replacement of cement is investigated in this study. Marble dust is used as 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent partial substitute of cement by weight in concrete mixes. The compressive strength of concrete mixes is studied at age of 28 days and maximum value of compressive strength is observed at 10% partial replacement of marble dust with cement for both grades of concrete. The quality of concrete so produced is also assessed by using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (USPV) method. The ultrasonic pulse velocity is 3850, 4100, 4350 and 3710 m/s for M25 grade concrete and 3870, 4120, 4360 and 3700 m/s for M30 grade concrete for 0%, 5% and 15 % partial replacement of marble dust with cement. As per IS :13311(Part 1):1992 these values of pulse velocities represents good quality of concrete and also justified the use of marble dust in concrete up to 15 percent for both grades of concrete (M25 and M30).
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Hongjun, Li. "Application of micro expansion cement in Pavement Base." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 04048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016504048.
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Cement stabilized macadam base is widely used as a road building material in various grades of highways. Based on the law that the base cracking is mainly affected by the shrinkage of cement stabilization materials, this paper introduces the method of adding micro-expanding cement to the base that can effectively reduce the hydration shrinkage coefficient and dryness shrink factor. At the same time, it is pointed out that strict control of the amount of micro-expansion cement and the quality of the construction can also effectively reduce the occurrence of cracks in the base.
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UGORJI, H. O., M. E. EPHRAIM, and A. ADETILOYE. "EFFECTS OF VARYING WATER-CEMENT RATIOS ON DIFFERENT GRADES OF CONCRETE USING LOCALLY MATERIALS." Journal of Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology 19, no. 1 (2021): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v19i1.2102.
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This research focused on laboratory tests that was conducted using locally available 10mm washed all-in gravel, quarry dust with varying water cement ratio. The research was carried-out using 108 (150 x 150 x 150) mm standard cubes that were all tested from three designed concrete mixes. In the present study, the role of water-cement ratio in compressive strength of concrete was investigated. The mixed concrete samples with water-cement ratios of 0.3, 0.35 and 0.40 were experimented for 3, 7, 21 and 28 days of curing. The results of compressive strength experiment showed that due to increase in water-cement ratio from 0.3 to 0.40, the compressive strength improved from 22 N/mm2 to 24.33 N/mm2 for 1:1.5:3 design mix, the compressive strength improved from 22.88 N/mm2 to 24 N/mm2 for 1:2:1 design mix, while compressive strength improved from 24 N/mm2 to 25.3 N/mm2 for 1:1:2 design mix respectively. The results for compressive strength experiments showed that the 0.4 water-cement ratio resulted in the optimum compressive strength for all three design mixes.
 
 
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Hussein, Nabaz S., and Rahel Kh Ibrahim. "Fresh and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Oil-Well Cutting Material." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 11, no. 1 (2023): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10962.
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Oil-well cutting material (OWCM) is a waste generated during the process of oil-well drilling. Its disposal is costly and harmful to the environment. The chemical makeup for the material implies that it might be used as a partial cement replacement in concrete. It is high in calcium oxide, silica, and aluminum oxide, which are the main oxides found in raw materials used to produce cement. Replacing a part of cement by OWCM in concrete mixtures can directly reduce the quantity of the cement used which leads to decreasing the emission of carbon dioxide and solving the disposal problems for the OWCM as well. This process can be considered as a significant step in producing environmentally friendly concrete. This study focuses on investigating the fresh and mechanical properties of different concrete mixes that have different strength grades, containing different percentages of OWCM as a cement replacement. For this purpose, different concrete mixes containing 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%,30%, 35%, and 40% of OWCM as a cement replacement, besides the control Portland cement for the three different concrete strength grades, were prepared. After performing the slump and flow tests, cube specimens were cast and moist-cured for 3, 28, and 90 days and subjected to compression test, whereas 28-day moist-cured cylinder specimens were subjected to splitting tensile test. The test results have revealed that in spite of small reduction in strength with replacing cement by up to 20% of OWCM, the strength of the concrete remains within the designed strength grade ranges.
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Wilson, Uwemedimo Nyong. "Development of Aggregate – Cement Design Curves for the Production of Concrete Mixes for Different Grades of Concrete." Civil Engineering Beyond Limits 5, no. 3 (2024): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.36937/ebel.2024.1947.
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Developing aggregate-cement design curves tailored to different concrete grades using locally sourced materials is critical for the growth of Nigeria's construction industry. Such curves provide a systematic approach for optimizing project-specific concrete mixes, enhancing cost-effectiveness, and ensuring structural reliability. This study focuses on creating these design curves by examining the engineering properties and characteristics of raw materials commonly available in Nigeria. Trial mixes were conducted with varying aggregate-cement ratios, and compressive strength tests were performed to identify the most suitable combinations. Using river sand, single-sized aggregates (10–20 mm), and limestone Portland cement, aggregate-cement curves were developed for concrete grades ranging from 20 MPa to 35 MPa. The COREN/2017/016/RC concrete mix design method was adopted to guide the research process. The study found that a mix of 35% fine aggregate, 65% coarse aggregate, and a water-cement ratio of 0.5 achieved optimal results, providing desired compressive strengths and slump values between 40 mm and 50 mm. These findings establish a framework for producing durable and efficient concrete mixes using locally available materials. This approach supports the need for sustainable construction practices in Nigeria, offering practical solutions for meeting diverse construction demands while ensuring material availability and affordability.
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khadim, Hawraa M., and Hasan M. Al-Mosawe. "Enhancing Asphalt Mixture Performance with Crumb Rubber: A Sustainable Solution for Improved Durability and Mechanical Properties." E3S Web of Conferences 427 (2023): 03017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342703017.
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Asphalt crumb rubber is a type of pavement material formed by mixing asphalt cement with crumb rubber that is derived from recycled tires. This eco-friendly approach aids in waste reduction and promotes environmental preservation by incorporating recycled materials into pavement construction. The study aimed to examine the behavior of asphalt mixtures modified with crumb rubber, made by blending recycled tire-derived crumb rubber with asphalt cement. Adding crumb rubber improved the performance of asphalt mixtures, with 8% crumb rubber enhancing the Marshall stability by 20% and 34% for 40/50 and 50/60 grades, respectively. The moisture susceptibility of both grades also improved. Crumb rubber is a sustainable material that can improve the performance of asphalt mixtures.
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Reda, Rodolfo, Alessio Zanza, Andrea Cicconetti, et al. "A Systematic Review of Cementation Techniques to Minimize Cement Excess in Cement-Retained Implant Restorations." Methods and Protocols 5, no. 1 (2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps5010009.
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Background: The most used types of retention of implant-supported prostheses are screw-retained or cement-retained restorations. The advantages and disadvantages of both have been identified by various authors over the years. However, cement-retained implant crowns and fixed partial dentures are among the most used types of restorations in implant prostheses, due to their aesthetic and clinical advantages. When cemented prostheses are made on implants, the problem of cement residues is important and often associated with biological implant pathologies. The objective of this research was to establish to what extent the techniques to reduce excess cement really affect the volume of cement residues. Materials and Methods: This review was written following the PRISMA statement; a detailed search was carried out in three different electronic databases—PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. The inclusion criteria were prospective clinical studies, with at least 10 participants per group, and with at least 6 months of the follow-up period. Results: There have been many proposals for techniques supposed to reduce the amount of excess cement in the peri-implant sulcus and on the prosthetic components, but of these, which are exceptional in their in vitro capabilities, very few have been clinically validated, and this represents the real limitation and a great lack of knowledge regarding this topic. Three articles met the inclusion criteria, which were analyzed and compared, to obtain the information necessary for the purposes of the systematic review. Discussion: Extraoral cementation can reduce the excess cement, which, after a normal excess removal procedure, is, nevertheless, of such size that it does not affect the possibility of peri-implant pathologies developing. All these studies concluded that a small amount of cement residue is found in the gingival sulcus, and using eugenol-free oxide cements, the residues were only deposited on the metal surfaces, with a better peri-implant tissues health. Conclusion: Despite the limitations of this study, it was possible to carefully analyze these characteristics and obtain valuable suggestions for daily clinical practice. Resinous cements are considered, due to the free monomers present in them, toxic for the soft tissues. The provisional zinc-oxide cements, also eugenol-free, represent the ideal choice. The different grades of retentive forces provided by these cements do not seem to have clinical effects on the decementation of restorations.
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Abdykalykov, A., M. Dzhusupova, Nadia Antoniuk, and Aidai Talantbek Kyzy. "Ensuring Strength of Fine Grained Concrete with Mixed Cement Binders." Key Engineering Materials 864 (September 2020): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.864.134.
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The article presents the results of the evaluation of the strength of fine-grained concrete of ordinary grades on mixed cement binders with ash and slag waste of thermal power plants. To ensure the required strength, the preliminary activation of the mixed binder was envisaged, which is one of the main techniques for reducing cement consumption. Experimental-statistical models of the strength properties of fine-grained concrete was obtained, which make it possible to predict the required strength with a minimum consumption of cement and the optimal concentration of ash in the binder.
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Yang, Xinlei, and Hailiang Wang. "Strength of Hollow Compressed Stabilized Earth-Block Masonry Prisms." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (February 5, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7854721.
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Earth represents an ecological building material that is thought to reduce the carbon footprint at a point in its life cycle. However, it is very important to eliminate the undesirable properties of soil in an environmentally friendly way. Cement-stabilized rammed earth, as a building material, has gradually gained popularity due to its higher and faster strength gain, durability, and availability with a low percentage of cement. This paper covers a detailed study of hollow compressed cement-stabilized earth-block masonry prisms to establish the strength properties of hollow compressed cement-stabilized earth-block masonry. The test results for masonry prisms constructed with hollow compressed cement-stabilized blocks with two different strength grades and two earth mortars with different strengths are discussed.
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Odeyemi, S.O., E.R. Adegolu, M.O. Adisa, O.D. Ayotebi, K. Mustapha, and A.G. Adeniyi. "Mechanical Properties, Durability and Microstructure of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete Produced from Different Grades of Portland Limestone Cement." Nigerian Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 9, no. 1 (2024): 274–81. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12599723.
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<em>The need for lightweight structures and to reduce environmental waste which leads to pollution has necessitated the utilization of agro-based materials as aggregates for concrete. Notable among these wastes is the Palm Kernel Shell (PKS). This study investigated the compressive and tensile strength, durability and internal structure of PKS concrete made with 32.5N and 42.5N grades of Portland Limestone Cement (PLC). A designed mix of Grade 20 culminating into a combined ratio of 1:1:1 for cement, sand and PKS batched by volume adopting a water-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.45. The compressive and tensile strengths of the concrete were tested, the durability of the concrete was determined using a water absorption test and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was conducted to correlate the test results. The outcome of investigations showed that PKS concrete from the cement of grade 42.5N has higher compressive and tensile strengths than grade 32.5N. Microstructural images from SEM showed non-uniformly distributed voids which are higher in concrete produced from 32.5N grade cement. Hence, the PKS concrete from grade 32.5N PLC absorbed more water than the concrete made from 42.5N PLC. Therefore, cement grade affects the strength, durability and microstructure of PKS concrete</em><em>.</em>
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Gao, Peng, and Chen Yu Jiang. "Study the Relationship between the Concrete Strength Added Water Reducer and Water-Cement Ratio." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2625.
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Abstract: Efficient water reducer plays a key role in the allocation of high performance concrete. The experiment uses four grades concrete of C15, C20, C25 and C30 by setting the different water-cement ratio. Each grade is divided into adding water reducing agent and not adding.To test the concrete strength of eight groups by testing compressive strength gains the relationship between the concrete strength added water reducer and water-cement ratio. Through processing experimental data, to get the role water reducer played in conditions of different water cement ratio. What’s more, to gain the corresponding quantitative calculation formula by exerting the regression analysis.
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CHANDIO, Ali Dad, Shahid Hussain ABRO, Asif Ahmed SHAIKH, et al. "Effect of Concrete Admixtures on Structural Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Steel Reinforcements." Materials Science 27, no. 3 (2021): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.ms.26369.
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Concrete structural properties are compromised largely due to corrosion susceptibility of steel reinforcements. This results in weakening and eventual failure of structures. Several strategies have been employed in past to control corrosion and increase mechanical strength of concretes, in particular for structural applications. In this study, fly ash and polypropylene fibers were utilized as the admixtures for preparation of concrete blocks with variable water-cement (w/c) ratios i.e. 0.45, 0.5 and 0.65. Three different grades of cements were selected in this study namely OPC 43, OPC 53 and sulfate resistant one. Also, two different steel alloys were used i.e. ASTM-615 and ASTM-706, since both of them are very common reinforcement materials (rebars). The curing time of 56 consecutive days was employed before testing and characterization. The results suggest remarkable improvement in the mechanical properties of blocks upon the incorporation of admixtures. However, rebars exhibited highest corrosion rate in the presence of OPC 43 cement at w/c ratio of 0.65.
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Savenkov, Andrey, Ol'ga Yazina, Alena Ploskonosova, and Egor Stafievskiy. "STERIC EFFECT IN THE MATRIX OF THE FOAM CONCRETE." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2018, no. 1 (2020): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2020-2018-1-121-122.
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The phenomenon of the steric effect in cement mortar of a hardening matrix of foam
 concrete is considered. The amount of reduction in compressive strength in a matrix of foam concrete
 of heat-insulating grades by density.
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Akula, Vishal, M. V. S. S. Sastri, P. Mahender, and K. Jagannadha Rao. "Effect of Accelerated Curing on Strength of Quaternary Blended Cement Concrete with Recycled Aggregate." Key Engineering Materials 882 (April 2021): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.882.247.
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This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out on accelerated curing of Quaternary Blended Cement (QBC) Concrete with and without recycled aggregate. Cement is partially replaced with fly ash, micro silica and nanosilica to produce QBC Concrete. The variables of study include the grade of concrete, powder content and percentage of recycled aggregate. Two grades of concrete M-40 and M-60 were used in this investigation. Based on the earlier studies, fly ash and micro silica are kept constant as 20% and 10% respectively while nanosilica is varied as 2% and 3%. Three percentages of recycled aggregate as partial replacement of natural aggregate (0%, 50% and 75%) were used. Two methods of curing were employed; boiling water method and hot air curing. The test results are encouraging and it is observed that 90% of the design strength could be achieved in one day for both the grades of concrete by curing at 100°C for a period of 3 hours. Keywords: Quaternary Blended Cement Concrete (QBCC), Fly ash (FA), Micro silica (SF), nanosilica (NSF), Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA), Accelerated Curing.
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Suleymanov, Eldar M., Rafiq S. Ibrahimov, Sudaba Novruzova, and Shirin O. Bahshaliyeva. "Research and development of combined universal cement mortar admixture." Nafta-Gaz 79, no. 2 (2023): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2023.02.04.
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Due to the wide variety of drilling and cementing conditions, different grades of cements for different conditions need to be produced by factories. Nowadays, with the development of test methods and techniques, additional materials and substances, the trend has been to focus on some basic cement (base), which, with various additional substances or materials, can be modified according to the conditions of use. According to the technology adopted in Schlumberger, two portions of cement slurry are mainly used for the entire length of the annulus “lead” and “tail” i.e. literally the “leader” (the first portion) and the “tail’ (the second, last portion). Of course, the treatment of these portions with chemical reagents is different, and the first portion is several times larger in volume than the second portion. It is known that as a result of unsuccessful cementing, a gas-water-oil show may appear, leading to the removal of casing strings, fire, etc. As a result, this leads to the abandonment of the well. There is a time difference between the mixing of the first and subsequent portions of dry cement, especially the last ones, since while the subsequent portions of dry cement are just being mixed, the freshest ones have not yet been mixed at all, but the first portions are already finished; this portion of cement slurry in the well gradually begins to thicken under the influence of temperature and pressure. An effective reagent is needed. The optimal composition of the combined reagent should be considered as follows: CMC – 0.2%; FLS – 0.4%; Na2CO3 – 0.05%.
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Turgut, Paki. "Cement composites with limestone dust and different grades of wood sawdust." Building and Environment 42, no. 11 (2007): 3801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.11.008.
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Ikemoto, Soshi, Yuya Komagata, Shinji Yoshii, Chihiro Masaki, Ryuji Hosokawa, and Hiroshi Ikeda. "Impact of CAD/CAM Material Thickness and Translucency on the Polymerization of Dual-Cure Resin Cement in Endocrowns." Polymers 16, no. 5 (2024): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16050661.
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The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the thickness and translucency of various computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials on the polymerization of dual-cure resin cement in endocrown restorations. Three commercially available CAD/CAM materials—lithium disilicate glass (e.max CAD), resin composite (CERASMART), and a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (ENAMIC)—were cut into plates with five different thicknesses (1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.5, and 9.5 mm) in both high-translucency (HT) and low-translucency (LT) grades. Panavia V5, a commercial dual-cure resin cement, was polymerized through each plate by light irradiation. Post-polymerization treatment was performed by aging at 37 °C for 24 h under light-shielding conditions. The degree of conversion and Vickers hardness measurements were used to characterize the polymerization of the cement. The findings revealed a significant decrease in both the degree of conversion and Vickers hardness with increasing thickness across all CAD/CAM materials. Notably, while the differences in the degree of conversion and Vickers hardness between the HT and LT grades of each material were significant immediately after photoirradiation, these differences became smaller after post-polymerization treatment. Significant differences were observed between samples with a 1.5 mm thickness (conventional crowns) and those with a 5.5 mm or greater thickness (endocrowns), even after post-polymerization treatment. These results suggest that dual-cure resin cement in endocrown restorations undergoes insufficient polymerization.
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N. patel, Vimalkumar, C. D. Modhera, Mehul M. chavda, and Maulik M. Panseriya. "Effect of metakaolin on mechanical properties of different grades concretes inclusion of recycled aggregates from C& D waste and ceramic waste." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.29 (2018): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.29.18543.
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As concrete is the second highest utilized material after water in the world, the improvement in the performances of concrete is the requirement of today’s era. In addition, the use of mineral admixture like Metakaolin helps to achieve good performance of concrete even prepared by utilizing recycled construction and demolition (C&D) waste aggregate and recycled ceramic waste aggregate. In present study Ordinary Portland cement has been partially replaced by Metakaolin in different grades selected recycled aggregate concrete(RAC) and recycled ceramic waste aggregate concrete(CAC). The deficiencies in different mechanical properties of these selected concretes with respect to reference concretes has been observed experimentally and there were retained by replacing cement with Metakaolin(MK) about 7.5% by weight of cement.
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Wang, Guocheng, Wenying Qiu, Dongkai Wang, Huimin Chen, Xiaohao Wang, and Min Zhang. "Monitoring the Early Strength Development of Cement Mortar with Piezoelectric Transducers Based on Eigenfrequency Analysis Method." Sensors 22, no. 11 (2022): 4248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114248.
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Monitoring the early strength formation process of cement is of great importance for structural construction management and safety. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the eigenfrequency and the early strength development of cement mortar. Embedded piezoceramic-based smart aggregates recorded the early strength of cement mortar. An eigenfrequency analysis model demonstrated the relationship between strength and frequency. Experiments were performed by using piezoelectric transducers to monitor the early strength formation process during the testing period. Three types of specimens with different strength grades were tested, and the early strength formation processes were recorded. The experimental results demonstrate that cement mortar strength has a good linear relationship with the resonance frequency, and the average square of the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.98. The results show that structural health monitoring technology is a feasible method of assessing structural safety conditions and has a broad market in the structural construction industry.
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Dandge, Ajay L., and Vilas G. Meshram. "Investigation of few Durability Parameters of Phospogypsum Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 1778–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1778.
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Modern concrete is now common to use admixture (chemical or mineral), pozzolana’s for modifying different properties of concrete in fresh and hardened state. This paper presents the salient features of the development of Phosphogypsum(PG) Cement Concrete and discuss the improvements affected in the properties of concrete with the use of PG as an admixture compared to the plain or conventional cement concrete. This was accomplished by an experimental study by preparing different grades of cement concrete mix M20, M25 and M30 using PG as an admixture by replacing 5% of OPC and few durability parameters were investigated. This includes studying the compressive strength, workability, air entrainment and moisture movement by wetting and drying method. Study were conducted for modifying the properties of the concrete, controlling the concrete production cost, to overcome the scarcity of cement, and finally the advantageous disposal of industrial wastes.
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Sharma, Er Shubham, Dr Hemant Sood, and Sh Jasvir Singh Rattan. "Study on Development of M20 and M25 Grades of Self Curing Concrete Using Formaldehyde and Sodium Polyacrylate." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 9 (2023): 1028–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55797.
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Abstract: Self-curing concrete, a specialized solution, eliminates external curing for optimal performance in construction. It maintains internal moisture, reducing autogenous shrinkage and early-stage cracking. This innovative approach, promoting sustainable practices, is valuable for high-rise buildings and bridges. Self-Curing properties achieved in concrete through the incorporation of Sodium Polyacrylate and Formaldehyde. Extensive testing was conducted on diverse concrete samples to evaluate their properties, encompassing workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. Sodium polyacrylate which is a super absorbent polymer is added to the concrete mix of M20 & M25 grade of concrete in variations (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%) by weight of cement. Formaldehyde added to concrete mix used as shrinkage reducing agent is added 1% with water. Light weight aggregate like brick chips replaced 10% of coarse aggregate are used because bricks absorb and holds a large amount so water. So pre-saturated brick chips are also used to provide internal curing. Sand is replaced by wood powder by 5%, as it also absorbs water. The compressive strength tests were carried out on M20 and M25 grade concretes with different water-cement ratios (for M20 w/c ratio is 0.50 & for M25 w/c ratio is 0.40), adhering to BIS: 516 – 1959 standards. The results indicated that the addition of sodium polyacrylate by weight of cement up to 0.6% led to optimal compressive strength values, beyond which further additions resulted in a decline in strength. Similarly, the split tensile strength tests for M20 and M25 grade concretes showcased the highest values at 0.6% addition of sodium polyacrylate by weight of cement. Subsequent increases in the additive led to a decrease in split tensile strength. Finally, the flexural strength tests for both M20 and M25 grade concretes yielded their highest values at 0.6% sodium polyacrylate by weight of cement, with diminishing flexural strength observed with higher additive percentages. These findings offer valuable insights into enhancing the self-curing properties of concrete and optimizing its characteristics by utilizing sodium polyacrylate as an additive.
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Saad, Issa Sarsam. "Enhancing Asphalt Binder Sustainability with Nano Size Additives." Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Project Management 7, no. 2 (2024): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10851517.
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<em>The Asphalt binder usually practices changes in its physical and rheological properties throughout its service life. This can exhibit losses of the required flexibility, its cohesion and adhesion properties. Implication of Nano size additives into the asphalt cement can enhance its required quality and can extend its service life. In this work, two penetration grades of asphalt cement (60-70, and 40-50) have experience modification with Nano size additive (silica fumes and Fumed silica). The modified binders were subjected to testing for temperature susceptibility and other rheological properties. It was detected that for (60-70) and (40-50) binders, the penetration viscosity number declines by (1.2, and 2.1) % and (0.3, and 1.4) % for (fumed silica, and silica fumes) treated binders respectively. For (60-70) and (40-50) asphalt binder, the viscosity exhibit significant increase of (135.5, and 112) % and (33.4, and 54.4) % for (fumed silica, and silica fumes) treated binders respectively. However, the creep stiffness increases for (60-70) and (40-50) binders by (12.5, and 18.7) % and (25, and 35) % when the fumed silica, and silica fumes, additives were implemented. It can be concluded that the implementation of Nano size additives into both grades of asphalt cement can significantly lower the temperature susceptibility and increase the creep stiffness. Such properties are favorite for sustainable asphalt binder. </em>
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Kar, Saurav, Pritha Das, and Anup Kumar Mondal. "Performance evaluation of HVFA content in cement concrete incorporating filler additives: rheology and mechanical properties." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1282, no. 1 (2023): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1282/1/012004.
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Abstract For a better sustainable progressive world, construction industry turned wider gradually. It is well known fact that cement concrete is main component of construction for our modern civilization. Now days, fly ash is used as the most potential replacement material in cement concrete, as production of cement very badly harm our environment. Reports show that one tonne cement produces one tonne carbon dioxide in our environment and responsible for global warming. After successive research work, it is proven that replacement of high volume fly ash (above 50%) which is pozzolanic in material (consists of siliceous and aluminous compounds) in cement paste helps to achieve high strength, porosity, heat of hydration, micro structure as well as very economical and eco-friendly against normal cement paste. This paper mainly highlights on the detailed study of rheological and strength properties of high volume fly ash concrete (50%-70% replacement of cement in various grades of fly ash mixed as per IS standards) in addition with various additives and melamine based admixture. In addition to this, other properties such as consistency, hardening and stiffening, workability, mechanical properties are studied. This overall study include experimental program on various concrete specimen with varied cementitious content along with admixtures.
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Ibraimbayeva, G. B., M. S. Saduakasov, M. A. Ermukhanbet, T. B. Meyrkhanov, and A. M. Shoibekova. "THERMAL INSULATION PERLITE CONCRETE GRADES D150 and D200." Bulletin of Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Construction 88, no. 2 (2023): 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51488/1680-080x/2023.2-21.
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The article presents the results of research on the development of compositions and the study of the physico-mechanical properties of particularly light perlite concrete. It has been found that the use of foam makes it possible to dramatically increase the volume of cement dough, which makes it possible to mix the solution with brittle, weakly strong grains of expanded perlite sand. As a result of experimental studies, perlite concrete was obtained with an average dry density of 150-200 kg/m3, compressive strength of 0.32-0.43 MPa, thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.048-0.052 W / (m · ° C). The plates are designed for thermal insulation of residential and public buildings. In the conditions of Almaty, with a plate thickness of 10 cm, the required thermal protection of external structures of buildings is provided.
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Huo, Hong Yuan, Li Sha Song, Li Sun, and Chen Jie Cao. "Basic Properties of SFRC Designed by the Binary Superposition Mix Proportion Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.290.
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Test of basic properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) was carried out to further study the validity of the binary superposition mix proportion method. The strength grades of SFRC were CF40, CF50 and CF60. The key parameters of the study were the fraction of steel fiber by volume, the thickness of cement paste wrapping steel fibers and the water to cement ratio. The workability of fresh SFRC was measured firstly to satisfy the construction requirement. The compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural-tensile strength of SFRC were tested simultaneously. Based on the test data, the changes of above basic properties of SFRC are analyzed in view of the effects of the fraction of steel fiber by volume and the thickness of cement paste wrapping steel fibers. It shows that the optimum thickness of cement past wrapping steel fibers is 0.8mm. The influencing coefficients in formulas for calculating tensile strength and flexural-tensile strength of SFRC specified in the current technical specification are given out.
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Kevin, O. K., A. S. Habibu, B. O. Adejoh, and A. Mustapha. "Effect of Activated Lime and Kaolin as Partial Replacement for Cement in Concrete Structure." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 5 (2023): 1035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i5.23.
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This research presents the effect of activated lime and activated kaolin as a cement replacement on the properties of concrete. A natural clay sample known as kaolin and lime was activated through thermal activation and used to partially replaced cement. %-¾ size aggregate was used in the casting of concrete cubes using 150mm x 150mm x 150mm for grades 20 and 25, and 150mm x 150mm x 150mm mould using a mix ratio of 1:2:4 for grade 20 and 1:1 ½: 3 for grade 25. The water-cement ratio adopted for the experiment was 0.55. A preliminary laboratory investigation was conducted include; sieve analysis, bulk density, specific gravity, aggregate impact value (AIV), aggregate crushing value (ACV), flakiness test, and elongation test. Also setting time of cement and standard consistency test was carried out. A Different replacement was cast and cured for 7, 14, and 28 days, and crushed. The compressive strength was gotten and conclusion a drawn.