Journal articles: 'Cement-treated base'

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Nusit, Korakod, and Peerapong Jitsangiam. "Damage Behavior of Cement-Treated Base Material." Procedia Engineering 143 (2016): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.021.

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Mohammad, Louay N., Amar Raghavandra, and Baoshan Huang. "Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Cement-Stabilized Soil Base Mixtures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1721, no. 1 (January 2000): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1721-03.

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In-place cement-stabilized soils have served as the primary base material for the majority of noninterstate flexible pavements in Louisiana for many years. These materials are economically and easily constructed and provide outstanding structural characteristics for flexible pavements. However, these cement-treated materials crack due to shrinkage, with the cracks reflecting from the base to the surface. A laboratory study examined the performance of four different cement-stabilized soil mixtures recently used in the construction of test lanes at the Louisiana Pavement Testing Facilities. Laboratory tests included the indirect tensile strength and strain, unconfined compressive strength, and indirect tensile resilient modulus tests. The four mixtures were ( a) in-place-mixed cement-treated soil with 10 percent cement, ( b) plant-mixed cement-treated soil with 10 percent cement, ( c) plant-mixed cement-treated soil with 4 percent cement, and ( d) plant-mixed cement-treated soil with 4 percent cement and fiber reinforcement. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in performance between the plant-mixed and in-place-mixed cement-treated soil mixtures. The inclusion of fiber to the cement-treated soil mixture significantly increased the indirect tensile strain and the toughness index. Increases in compaction effort maintained or significantly increased the indirect tensile strength and unconfined compressive strength. Increases in curing period maintained or significantly increased indirect tensile and unconfined compressive strength as well as the resilient modulus of the mixtures.

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Xie, Jiawei, Limin Tang, Songtao Lv, Naitian Zhang, Tuo Huang, and Hongfu Liu. "Standardization of Fatigue Characteristics of Cement-Treated Aggregate Base Materials under Different Stress States." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091500.

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In this study, to decrease the evaluation uncertainty of the fatigue characteristics of cement-treated aggregate base materials under different test conditions, unconfined compressive, indirect tensile, flexural tensile strength tests and fatigue tests of these base materials with different cement content and at different curing times were carried out. The Weibull distribution was employed to analyze fatigue test results. The standardization model of fatigue characteristics for cement-treated aggregate base materials under different stress states was established. Based on the interval analysis theory, the fatigue characteristic model under different stress states was established using interval parameters. Results revealed that the curing time and cement content considerably affect the strength and fatigue characteristics of cement-treated aggregate base materials, and with increasing cement content and curing time, the fatigue resistance of cement-treated aggregate base materials can be improved. Clear differences between the fitting parameters a and b of the S-N fatigue equation of cement-treated aggregate base materials under different stress states were observed, which can be eliminated by using the analysis method based on the Weibull distribution and the standardization model, and a unified expression for the cement-treated aggregate base materials under different test conditions was realized. A Standardization model of fatigue characteristics based on the interval analysis new method could solve several problems such as inadequate sampling representation, low precision, and insufficient stability of test equipment; thus, the errors caused by materials, structures, the environment, and loads can be reduced, making the fatigue life interval more reasonable and scientific compared to the point numerical fatigue life. Regression parameters a and be were in intervals [9.0, 10.6] and [9.9, 11.3], respectively, and parameters a and b were similar, which improve the test accuracy and reduce the data error.

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Yu, Si Xin, Jin Cheng Wei, Xi Wei Li, and Shi Jie Ma. "Shrinkage Characteristics of Cement Treated Base Subjected to Thermal Coupled with Moisture in the Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 1621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.1621.

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Shrinkage of semi-rigid materials like cement treated base subjected to thermal coupled with moisture has raised crack in semi-rigid base, which causes reflective crack in the asphalt concrete top layer. The deformation characteristics of cement treated base subjected to thermal coupled with moisture is researched through the strain acquired by the vibrating wire string gauge installed in the cement treated base while construction. And it is found that transverse deformation is larger than longitudinal strain which may raise greater stress in longitudinal direction as the restriction is stronger.

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Guthrie, W. Spencer, and Maile A. Rogers. "Variability in Construction of Cement-Treated Base Layers." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2186, no. 1 (January 2010): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2186-09.

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Ismail, Amiruddin, Mojtaba Shojaei Baghini, Mohamed Rehan Karim, Foad Shokri, Ramez A. Al-Mansob, Ali Asghar Firoozi, and Ali Akbar Firoozi. "Laboratory Investigation on the Strength Characteristics of Cement-Treated Base." Applied Mechanics and Materials 507 (January 2014): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.507.353.

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Cement-Treated Base (CTB) is a non-conventional method used in road bases materials to improve its engineering properties due to the hardening of cement when moisture is present and extends the period of curing times. This study investigates the effects of cement additive on properties of base layer using laboratory mechanistic evaluation of stabilized soil mixtures. Laboratory tests conducted were Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), Indirect Tension test for Resilient Modulus (ITRM) and Flexure Strength (FS) tests. The results revealed that by adding Portland cement, the mechanical properties of the mixture have improved where the UCS is found to be an important quality indicator. In addition, the variables that influenced these tests, which are cement content, curing time, moisture content, and dry density, play important role to determine the performance of CTB. This paper presents the finding of a correlation conducted to analyse the influences of these variables using regression and ANOVA to establish significant models with the aim of predicting the strength base on mixture parameters. Keywords: Cement-Treated Base, Unconfined Compressive Strength, Indirect Tension test for Resilient Modulus, Flexure Strength, Moisture Content, Dry Density, Regression Analysis.

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Hou, Xiao Ying, Peng Zhang, and Ming En Zhang. "Study on Fracture Toughness of Cement Treated Aggregate." Advanced Materials Research 280 (July 2011): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.280.76.

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In order to investigate the effect of curing period and cement content of the specimen on fracture toughness of cement treated aggregate, a series of parametric tests have been conducted. By means of three-point bending method, the fracture toughness of cement treated aggregate was measured. In this study, four specimen curing periods (14 d, 28 d, 60 d and 90 d) and four different cement contents (4%, 5%, 6% and 7%) were used. The results indicate that the fracture toughness of cement treated aggregate is increasing with the increase of specimen curing period. Besides, with the increase of cement content, there is a tendency to decrease in the fracture toughness of cement treated aggregate. The higher cement content will be adverse to prevent the fine fissure inside cement treated aggregate base layer spreading further.

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8

Scullion, Tom, and Pat Harris. "Forensic Evaluation of Three Failed Cement-Treated Base Pavements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1611, no. 1 (January 1998): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1611-02.

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Three cement-treated base (CTB) pavements constructed around 1990 near Houston, Texas, showed severe pavement deterioration after 3 to 4 years. The unusual distress patterns included wheelpath alligator cracking and severe pumping. A forensic investigation was initiated to determine the cause and to recommend modifications to materials specification, design, and construction practices to avoid future problems. The primary cause was determined to be chemical deterioration that resulted in destruction of the cement matrix. In all cases water was trapped within the CTB layer. In two bases moisture flowed rapidly by capillary action through the CTB; these bases showed the most rapid deterioration. Water flow in one case was attributed to smectite clay contamination of the fine aggregate and in another to a highly absorptive sandstone coarse aggregate. Extensive ettringite was found in one material. In one case deterioration was caused by the growth of two phases exhibiting different morphologies: hydrated calcium aluminum silicate with a radiating needle morphology and ettringite, which showed a bladed morphology in these samples. Practical recommendations to prevent recurrence of the problem were ( a) moisture absorption as acceptance testing for coarse aggregate and ( b) elimination of designs placing different stabilized materials on top of one another. The laboratory suction test that was developed is recommended as a screening test for molded CTB specimens.

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Guthrie, W. Spencer, Tyler B. Young, Brandon J. Blankenagel, and Dane A. Cooley. "Early-Age Strength Assessment of Cement-Treated Base Material." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1936, no. 1 (January 2005): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193600102.

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To avoid early-age damage to cement-treated base (CTB) materials, the cement must be allowed to cure before the pavement can be opened to traffic. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the utilities of the soil stiffness gauge (SSG), the heavy Clegg impact soil tester (CIST), the dynamic cone penetrometer, and the falling weight deflectometer for assessing early-age strength gain of cement-stabilized materials. Experiments were performed at four sites on a pavement reconstruction project along I-84 in Morgan, Utah, where cement stabilization was used in conjunction with full-depth recycling. Each site was stationed to facilitate repeated measurements at the same locations with different devices and at different curing times. Because of the considerable attention from the pavement construction industry for routine quality control and quality assurance programs, the SSG and CIST were the primary focus of the research. Statistical techniques were used to evaluate the repeatability of these devices and their sensitivity to curing time. The results indicated that although the SSG was more repeatable at one site, the CIST data were markedly more sensitive to curing time than the SSG data at all cement-treated sites during the first 72 h after construction. For this reason, the data suggest that the CIST offers greater overall utility than the SSG for monitoring early-age strength gain of CTB. Further research is needed to investigate appropriate thresholds and protocols for these testing methods that ensure adequate reliability of the collected data.

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Hu, Ying De, and Mao Dong Xiong. "Experimental Research on Cement Treated Permeable Base of Expressway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 1772–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.1772.

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orthogonal test design approach is adopted to analyze and research several key factors like gravel drainage foundation layer strength, permeation coefficient, effective porosity to conclude the basic principle for indoor mixing ratio. On the basis of the indoor experimental achievements, the CTPB foundation layer of experimental road is designed and the test results show that the indexes reach the forecast effects.

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Nusit, Korakod, Peerapong Jitsangiam, Jayantha Kodikara, Ha H. Bui, and Gordon Lai Ming Leung. "Dynamic Modulus Measurements of Bound Cement-Treated Base Materials." Geotechnical Testing Journal 38, no. 3 (February 4, 2015): 20140233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj20140233.

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Chen, Xueqin, Jiawei Yuan, Qiao Dong, and Xiaokang Zhao. "Meso-scale cracking behavior of Cement Treated Base material." Construction and Building Materials 239 (April 2020): 117823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117823.

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Del Angel, Gilberto Garcia, Ali Aghajanian, Pablo Tamayo, Jokin Rico, and Carlos Thomas. "Siderurgical Aggregate Cement-Treated Bases and Concrete Using Foundry Sand." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010435.

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Cement-treated bases are soils, gravels or manufactured aggregates mixed with certain quantities of cement and water in order to improve the characteristics of a base or sub-base layer. Due to the exploitation of natural aggregates, it is a matter of importance to avoid shortage of natural resources, which is why the use of recycled aggregates is a practical solution. In this paper we studied the feasibility of the use of untreated electric arc furnace slags and foundry sand in the development of cement-treated bases and slag aggregate concrete with a lower quantity of cement. We analyzed the physical, mechanical and durability characteristics of the aggregates, followed by the design of mixes to fabricate test specimens. With cement-treated bases, results showed an optimal moisture content of 5% and a dry density of 2.47 g/cm3. Cement-treated bases made with untreated slag aggregate, foundry sand and 4% of cement content showed an unconfined compression strength at seven days of 3.73 MPa. For siderurgical aggregate concrete mixes, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and flexural strength tests were made. The results showed that the mixes had good mechanical properties but durability properties could be an issue.

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Herman, Herman, and Jon Edwar. "PENGARUH VARIASI SEMEN TERHADAP NILAI CBR BASE PERKERASAN LENTUR TIPE CEMENT TREATED BASE (CTB)." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil (JRS-Unand) 10, no. 2 (October 15, 2014): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrs.10.2.41-51.2014.

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Dalam mengantisipasi pertumbuhan volume lalu lintas kedaraan berat pada daerah industri dan pelabuhan, lapisan base tipe Cement Treated Base (CTB) merupakan alternative yang dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan perkerasan tipe Asphalt Treated Base (ATB). Untuk mengetahui pengaruh semen terhadap base, diadakanlan penelitian dilaboratorium UPTD. Balai Pengujian bahan DPU. Padang,, sampel base yang digunakan tipe Klas A diambil dari stokfile Angkasa Teknik Raya, semen digunakan semen Padang Tipe I, penambahan semen adalah 0%, 3%, 5% dan 7% dari berat kering campuran base dengan masa perawatan 3 hari. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah uji sifat fisis dan uji sifat mekanis. Uji sifat fisis terdiri dari uji berat jenis, kadar air, dan analisa saringan sedangkan uji sifat mekanis terdiri dari uji pemadatan dan uji CBR baik dengan rendaman maupun tidak terendam dengan masa perawatan 3 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukan meningkatnya persentase semen pada base, nilai kadar air optimum juga meningkat, sedangkan nilai kepadatan maksimum (γdmaks), dan CBR ( terendam dan tidak terendam) , pada awalnya nilai-nilai inimeningkat (sampai pada campuran base + 3% semen), seiring dengan peningkatan persentase semen pada base, nilai-nilai ini cenderung menurun. keywords: cement treated base, aspal treated base, stok file, CBR, optimum

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15

Feng, Decheng, Fei Yu, Chunwei Gong, and Sutao Zhan. "Evaluation Method of Reasonable Cement Slurry Consistency of Cement Treated Crushed Stone Permeable Base." Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development (English Edition) 6, no. 2 (June 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jhtrcq.0000116.

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Sebesta, Stephen. "Use of Microcracking to Reduce Shrinkage Cracking in Cement-Treated Bases." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1936, no. 1 (January 2005): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193600101.

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Shrinkage cracking occurs in cement-treated bases because of desiccation and cement hydration; eventually these cracks start to reflect through the pavement surfacing. Although initially considered cosmetic, these cracks open the pavement to water infiltration and increase the likelihood of accelerated pavement distress. Numerous options exist for minimizing the amount of reflective cracks that appear; microcracking is a promising approach. The microcracking concept can be defined as the application of several vibratory roller passes to the cement-treated base at a short curing stage, typically after 1 to 3 days, to create a fine network of cracks. In addition to the microcracked test sites, the contractor constructed moist-cured, dry-cured, and asphalt membrane–cured sites for comparison. Researchers used falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests to control the microcracking process, periodic crack surveys to monitor crack performance, and FWD tests through time to track base moduli. Microcracking proved quite effective at reducing shrinkage cracking problems in the base; applying the procedure with three passes of the roller after 2 to 3 days of curing resulted in the best performance. In addition, researchers observed that, without microcracking, excessively high cement contents resulted in problematic cracking in the base even if they were cured according to good construction practice. Microcracking did not result in pavement damage or diminished inservice modulus; thus, microcracking should be considered a viable and inexpensive option to incorporate shrinkage crack control into the construction of cement-treated bases.

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Wang, Yong Bing, Guo Qiang Ying, Jian Lin Hu, Hua Wei Wei, and Qian Zhang. "The Adaptability Analysis of Cold Regenerated Structure Layer." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.943.

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The quality of the base layer materials is one of the key factors that influences pavement performance and service life. The previous research and experiment results have preliminarily proved that cool regenerated materials have good road-applied properties, and verified the main technical characteristics of preliminary analysis results of cement cold regenerated. Based on experimental results and cement strength standard, road performance cold regenerated aggregates and cold regenerated lime treated soil is analyzed in this paper. The results show that the performance of cement cold regenerated materials meets the requirements. Cement cold regenerated aggregates can be used as Grade 2nd and below Grade 2nd road. Under appropriate conditions, cement cold regenerated aggregates can also be used for freeway base; Cement cold regenerated lime treated soil can be used as subbase Grade 2nd and Grade 2nd below road.

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SUMITOMO, Eikichi, and Yoshiaki KAWASHIMA. "Load spreading properties of cement treated base of asphalt pavement." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 355 (1985): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1985.355_73.

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Cho, Yoon-Ho, Kang-Won Lee, and Sung-Woo Ryu. "Development of Cement-Treated Base Material for Reducing Shrinkage Cracks." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1952, no. 1 (January 2006): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198106195200115.

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Liu, Jinzhou, Bin Yu, and Qian Wang. "Application of steel slag in cement treated aggregate base course." Journal of Cleaner Production 269 (October 2020): 121733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121733.

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Xuan, Dongxing, L. J. M. Houben, A. A. A. Molenaar, and Zhonghe Shui. "Cement treated recycled demolition waste as a road base material." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 25, no. 4 (August 2010): 696–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-010-0073-4.

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Khawla H. H. Shubber, Asst Prof Dr, and Eng Sajjad Hashim Mohamed. "Some Mechanical Properties of Cement Treated Base (CTB) Incorporating Waste Portland Cement Concrete Under Different Corresponding Conditions." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.37 (December 13, 2018): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.37.24089.

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This research represents a trial of understanding and improving mechanical properties of base or subbase granular materials, used in pavement construction, stabilized with Portland cement known as cement treated base (CTB) in terms of density, optimum water content (O.W.C), and compression Strength of three curing ages (3, 7, 28) days under different situations. Different Portland cement percent of (0, 5, 7, 10, 12, and 15) % by weight were added to selected base course granular materials (type B according to local standard specification in Iraq). Results showed that the density of mixture increase with increasing added cement percent, while O.W.C takes its maximum value around 7% cement content, and compression strength increase with increasing cement content and curing age. Then effect of replacing 50% of natural granular materials by waste Portland cement concrete (WPCC) was investigated on the results of (0, 7& 15)% cement content on density, O.W.C and compression strength in the three curing ages. Results reveled although density of mixture cooperating WPCC for 0% cement content was higher, CTB of natural granular material were denser. On the other hand compressive strength decrease in case of using WPCC for all percent cement added and curing ages. Finally, effect of soaking in water on CTB with (7 &15)% cement compressive strength of three curing ages was studied, under three period of soaking (1 week, 2 weeks, &one month). Test results exposed that, CTB Compressive strength increase with increasing soaking period but still less than that of un-soaked and for all curing ages. For each test stage mathematics relationships with acceptable correlation were presented proofing test results tendency.

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Setyawan, Ary, Anastasia Muda, and Sholihin As’ad. "Unconfined Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage of Cement Treated Recycling Base at Boyolali-Kartosuro Road Rehabilitation." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.34.

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Road rehabilitation and reconstruction generate large supplies of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). One of the efforts to reuse the RAP is by insitu process and utilize it as road base materials. To get satisfying result from the RAP, it is necessary to add a certain amount of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as stabilizer. This study investigate the potential use of OPC-stabilized RAP in road bases. Laboratory experimental method was applied by using material collected from road located at Boyolali-Kartasura as the object of the study with the cement content variations of 4%, 5% and 6% for unconfined compressive strength test (UCS) and the cement contents variation of 5% and 6% for drying shrinkage test. The range of cement contents required for unconfined compressive strength of cement treated recycling base (CTRB) are 5% to 6%. The cement content used at Boyolali - Kartosuro road rehabilitation was 5.5%. Drying shrinkage during 28 days is 805.3 micro strain for the cement content of 5% and 826.3 micro strain for the cement content of 6%. The drying shrinkage of the materials was quite high for CTRB, so that carefully design and attention need to take into account to avoid the cracks at the road base and the prospective of reflective cracking at the surface course of the road.

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Hu, Li Qun, and Ai Min Sha. "Evaluating the Impact of Coarse Aggregate Content on Properties of Cement Treated Base." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.729.

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This paper mainly presents the study on the properties of cement treated aggregate with different coarse aggregate content. The test specimens which contain 75%, 70%, 65%, 60% and 55% of coarse aggregates were made and the 7d, 28d, and 90d unconfined compressive strengths (UCS), 28d thremal shrinkage coefficient, as well as 90d anti-erosion performance were tested. Results show that with the increase of coarse aggregate, the maximum dry density (MDD)of the cement treated aggregate mixture increased slowly at first to reached the peak value and then decreased rapidly; The optimum moisture content (OMC) declined with the increase of coarse aggregate content; In order to enhance the UCS of cement treated aggregate, coarse aggregate of mixture can be increased to some extent, but too much coarse aggregate will increase the void of the specimen and lead to lower UCS; Increasing the content of coarse aggregate is able to decrease the thermal shrinkage coefficient and erosion quantity of 30 min of the specimens. This is favourable to enhance the cracking resistance and anti-erosion performance of cement treated aggregate base course.

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Corley-Lay, Judith B. "Comparison of Road Mix and Plant Mix Cement-Treated Aggregate Base Course." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1589, no. 1 (January 1997): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1589-13.

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A study was undertaken to determine the advantages of plant mix over road mix cement-treated aggregate base course (CTABC). Ten projects known to have cement-treated base course were selected. Each had been tested with a falling-weight deflectometer and had been cored to determine layer thicknesses and properties either in the past or as part of the current effort. Three possible benefits were considered: improved uniformity of material properties, reduced deflections, and increased strength or stiffness. Neither the coefficient of variation nor a developed uniformity coefficient showed a significant difference between plant mix and road mix. Plant mix resulted in lower average deflections and lower deflections when sites were compared with equal thicknesses of asphalt above the base course. However, road mix sites had higher compressive strengths than did plant mix sites. Backcalculated moduli for CTABC were higher for plant mix than for road mix, but the elastic moduli were similar for plant and road mix when determined by pulsevelocity testing. It was concluded that no clear benefit could be determined from using plant mix based on the sample of 10 projects, although the benefit of an adequate thickness of asphalt above the CTABC was clearly demonstrated.

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Bandeira, Alex Alves, Rita Moura Fortes, and João Virgilio Merighi. "A study of the Hot-Mix Asphalt layer thickness reduction when applied over lateritic soils cement base in airfield." Exacta 7, no. 1 (July 6, 2009): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/exacta.v7i1.798.

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In tropical region, in upper layers, soils having red or yellow coloration are generally found and are denominated lateritic soils. They are rich in aluminum hydroxides and ferric hydrates that give an elevated mechanic resistance. When the lateritic soils are used as a construction material in the structural pavement, the exceptional mechanical characteristic reduced the cost over 50% when associated with the sub-base and base layers, or over 25% when the lateritic soil is treated with cement. In São Paulo State, it was made more than ten thousands kilometers of roads where the base or sub-base was made using lateritic soils or lateritic soils treated with cement. In this study, it is showed, through Finite Element Method, a critical analysis of the sub-base and base of airfield pavement using lateritic soils cement base course and Hot-Mix Asphalt thickness surface less than recommended for critical area in according to Federal Aviation Administration (1996). Considering the results, it is possible to propose a reduction of thickness Hot-Mix Asphalt layer, resulting in a reduction of the final cost of implantation of hundreds of airfields in South America.

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Bandeira, Alex Alves, Rita Moura Fortes, and João Virgilio Merighi. "A study of the Hot-Mix Asphalt layer thickness reduction when applied over lateritic soils cement base in airfield DOI: 10.5585/exacta.v7i1.798." Exacta 7, no. 1 (July 6, 2009): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/exactaep.v7i1.798.

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In tropical region, in upper layers, soils having red or yellow coloration are generally found and are denominated lateritic soils. They are rich in aluminum hydroxides and ferric hydrates that give an elevated mechanic resistance. When the lateritic soils are used as a construction material in the structural pavement, the exceptional mechanical characteristic reduced the cost over 50% when associated with the sub-base and base layers, or over 25% when the lateritic soil is treated with cement. In São Paulo State, it was made more than ten thousands kilometers of roads where the base or sub-base was made using lateritic soils or lateritic soils treated with cement. In this study, it is showed, through Finite Element Method, a critical analysis of the sub-base and base of airfield pavement using lateritic soils cement base course and Hot-Mix Asphalt thickness surface less than recommended for critical area in according to Federal Aviation Administration (1996). Considering the results, it is possible to propose a reduction of thickness Hot-Mix Asphalt layer, resulting in a reduction of the final cost of implantation of hundreds of airfields in South America.

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Seferoğlu, Ayşegül Güneş, Mehmet Tevfik Seferoğlu, and Muhammet Vefa Akpınar. "Investigation of the Effect of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Material on Permeability and Bearing Capacity in the Base Layer." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2860213.

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The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and cement content on the permeability and bearing capacity characteristics of aggregate base courses. Mixtures containing untreated RAP ranging between 0 and 100 percent and 1, 2, and 3% cement-treated RAP were subjected to laboratory tests (bitumen content, sieve analysis, modified proctor, soaked California bearing ratio (CBR), and constant-level permeability tests). The results showed that, as the RAP percentage in the mixture increased, CBR values decreased considerably. Moreover, there is a linear increase in the CBR values with cement treatment. Optimum moisture contents (OMC) and maximum dry densities (MDD) showed a decreasing trend. Increasing the cement percentages in 100% RAP blend increases the OMC and MDD values. The permeability of RAP showed a decrease as the percentage of RAP and cement increased in blends. The study showed that the CBR value of the 20% RAP blend is also obtained in the 100% RAP/3% cement-treated blend. Thus, it has been understood that cement is a suitable material in order to increase the use of RAP. In addition, the increase in the percentage of RAP and cement made the base course more impermeable.

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Linares-Unamunzaga, Alaitz, Hernán Gonzalo-Orden, Jesús Minguela, and Heriberto Pérez-Acebo. "New Procedure for Compacting Prismatic Specimens of Cement-Treated Base Materials." Applied Sciences 8, no. 6 (June 13, 2018): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8060970.

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Chen, Dar Hao, Tom Scullion, Tzen-Chin Lee, and John Bilyeu. "Results from a Forensic Investigation of a Failed Cement Treated Base." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 22, no. 3 (June 2008): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(2008)22:3(143).

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31

Xuan, D. X., A. A. A. Molenaar, and L. J. M. Houben. "Shrinkage cracking of cement treated demolition waste as a road base." Materials and Structures 49, no. 1-2 (January 18, 2015): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0524-7.

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32

Win Maung, A. N., Y. P. K. Lee, and N. Y. Ho. "Effects of construction time on the performance of cement treated base." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1075, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1075/1/012003.

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33

Hu, Li Qun, and Chao Fan Wang. "Study on Coarse Aggregate Gradation Analysis of Cement Treated Base Course Based on Core Sample Image." Advanced Materials Research 320 (August 2011): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.320.445.

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In order to get the coarse aggregate particle gradation of cement treated base course core sample dilled form the pavement, an image acquisition system is designed. The system mainly contains an Aviiva ® M2 CL line scan camera, a core sample rotation platform and a LED light source. The software are designed and implemented by using the Matrox Mil controls in the Visual Studio VB.NET. Test results show that when the camera exposure time is set to 800μs, good quality image of core sample can be obtained. In the study, the original core sample images of cement treated aggregate were improved by rescaling of each pixel, then were binarized by using adaptive threshold method. After getting the binary image, morphological operations were carried out to deal with the conglutinations of the particles. Next, characteristics of each particle, such as area, perimeter, fitting ellipse and minFeret were extracted to calculate the area passing rate of aggregate with different size. Results shows that, in this way, the gradation of coarse aggregate (>2.36mm) can be got and the method helps to get the coarse aggregate particle distribution of cement treated aggregate core sample quickly.

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34

Liu, Jia, Rong Hui Zhang, and Can Qiang Mai. "Application of Vibration Test Methods in Cement-Treated Aggregate." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.980.

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The disease causes by the application of cement-stabilized macadam in our country first-class highway mainly performance as serious shrinkage fracture and other destructions like decreased capacity etc.This mainly related to test, design and other methods of the cement stabilized macadam. In the cement stabilization granular base construction,according to the standard job practice, uses the inorganic binding stable material compaction test to perform the standard compaction test. Doing compactness test at the scene, always present that the dry weight density is bigger than the maximum value result made by compaction test, result made by compactness test can more than 100%.The compaction principle of vibration compaction test is through pressure exciting force over the compacted materials,forced the downing of solid materials have a "resonance", In this state, the small particles aggregate can filling the gap between the large particles aggregate, to achieve the dense state. And during this process do not need too much water as lubricant. Therefore the vibration compaction test definite intensity result tallies with the scene reality. To imitation effects of roller compacted to improve the performance of cement stabilized gravel, the use of vibration method designed cement stabilized gravel is very necessary and timely.

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35

Chummuneerat, Suphat, Peerapong Jitsangiam, and Hamid Nikraz. "Performances of hydrated cement treated crushed rock base for Western Australian roads." Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 1, no. 6 (December 2014): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-7564(15)30293-2.

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36

Chen, Dar-Hao, Feng Hong, and Fujie Zhou. "Premature Cracking from Cement-Treated Base and Treatment to Mitigate Its Effect." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 25, no. 2 (April 2011): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000140.

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37

Sharma, Aditya. "Durability and Strength Analysis of Cement Treated Soils for Sub-Base and Base Layers of Pavement." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 9 (September 30, 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.9008.

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38

Souliman, Mena I., Hemant GC, Mayzan M. Isied, and Lubinda F. Walubita. "Treated versus Untreated Aggregate Bases for Flexible Pavements: Nationwide Comparative Case Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 2 (February 2020): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120906419.

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Aggregates constitute a major part of pavement construction. The strength, durability, and quality of the aggregate affects the overall performance of the pavement structure. Materials sourced near a construction site do not always meet the strength required for pavement construction, however, and haulage of aggregates of the required quality is often costly. For better use of locally available materials, stabilizing agents such as lime, cement, asphalt cement, and fly ash are often used to enhance the strength of the local aggregates. Pavement performance is influenced by both the structure itself and the layer materials present in it. The stiffness of the base layer, for instance, influences the tensile strain in the asphalt layer and compressive strains in the subgrade soil. The tensile strains at the bottom of the asphalt layer and compressive strains in the top zone of the subgrade soils are the main response components affecting fatigue cracking and rutting, respectively. In this study, field performance [rutting, cracking, and roughness measured in relation to the International Roughness Index (IRI)] of pavement sections with treated and untreated base layers were compared to determine the effects of stabilizing agents. In relation to fatigue cracking and pavement surface roughness, the treated sections outperformed the untreated sections. The average values of all three distresses showed better performance for the treated base layer sections with fatigue cracking averaging 2.2 times lower than the untreated sections. The combined rutting and IRI of the treated base layer sections averaged about 0.10 in. and 1.4 times lower than those of the untreated base layer sections, respectively.

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Shan, Jing Song, Ning Zhang, and He Xue Fan. "The Study on the Asphalt Pavement with Composite Base." Advanced Materials Research 505 (April 2012): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.505.468.

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Semi-rigid layer is widely used as the base in China. However, the structure has resulted in many premature distresses in asphalt concrete layer. In order to overcome the problem, the composite base is introduced which is composed by both flexible and chemically stabilized material. The internal stresses are calculated by linear multilayer elastic theory and then, a comparison of the stresses of asphalt pavement with semi-rigid base and composite base is provided. The result shows that the composite base composed by all, consisting of the asphalt treated layer, graded crushed stone and cement treated layer is more suitable structure to resist cracking and the structure also has good adaptability to heavy load.

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Wang, Haibo, An Deng, and Ping Yang. "Strength and Stiffness of Stabilized Alluvial Silt under Frost Actions." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5605471.

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The Yellow River alluvial silt was stabilized into pavement base materials for cold regions. The stabilizing additives were cement, fly ash, and lime, which were included in a range of combinations and dosages when mixed with the silt. Freeze-thaw cyclic impacts were conducted on the treated samples to assess materials performance of withstanding the frost actions. The tests were conducted on samples cured for 7 days to up to 180 days. Test results show that the cement-fly ash-treated samples outperform the other two stabilization categories with respect to material strength and stiffness developed under both normal and frost conditions. Under the normal conditions, the material unconfined compressive (UC) strength rises to 3.0 MPa on day 28 depending on the cement and fly ash dosage used. If subjected to frost actions, the fly ash inclusions warrant a residual UC strength value of 1.3 MPa and above. The antifrost performance of the cement-fly ash-treated samples is related to thermal buffer capacity of the fly ash particles. Water adsorption and material soundness results agree with the strength and stiffness development. An optimal dosage was 3–6% for the cement and 0.3 for cement to fly ash mass ratio.

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41

KS, Rio Lukman, and Suhendra Suhendra. "PENGARUH VARIASI GRADASI PADA AGREGAT TERHADAP NILAI KUAT TEKAN CEMENT TREATED BASE (CTB)." Jurnal Talenta Sipil 1, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/talentasipil.v1i2.11.

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Cement Treated Base (CTB) adalah lapis pondasi agregat yang distabilisasi dengan semen. Pada dasarnya merupakan pengembangan dari konstruksi Soil-Cement, dengan gradasi dan mutu yang lebih terkendali dan metode pelaksanaan (pencampuran dan penghamparan) yang menyerupai pekerjaan pengaspalan. Gradasi agregat pada dasarnya sangat mempengaruhi besarnya rongga antar butir yang akan menentukan stabilitas dan memberikan kemudahan selama proses pelaksanaan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: 1. untuk mendapatkan nilai kuat tekan CTB untuk masing-masing variasi gradasi agregat yang digunakan. 2. untuk mengetahui perbedaan nilai kuat tekan CTB yang yang berada pada kondisi gradasi atas, gradasi tengah dan gradasi bawah dari spesifikasi gradasi lapis pondasi agregat. Data pada penelitian ini yaitu data primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian mnunjukan: 1. nilai kuat tekan umur 7 hari untuk gradasi bawah adalah 103,57 kg/cm2, nilai kuat tekan gradasi tengah pada umur 7 hari adalah 111,62 kg/cm2, dan nilai kuat tekan gradasi atas pada umur 7 hari adalah106,20 kg/cm2.Nilai kuat tekan umur 28 hari untuk gradasi bawah adalah 142,76 kg/cm2, nilai kuat tekan umur 28 hari untuk gradasi tengah adalah 159,63 kg/cm2, dan nilai kuat tekan umur 28 hari untuk gradasi atas adalah 153,42 kg/cm2. 2. nilai kuat tekan gradasi tengah memiliki nilai kuat tekan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan gradasi atas dan gradasi bawah.

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42

Lv, Songtao, Chaochao Liu, Jingting Lan, Hongwei Zhang, Jianlong Zheng, and Zhanping You. "Fatigue Equation of Cement-Treated Aggregate Base Materials under a True Stress Ratio." Applied Sciences 8, no. 5 (April 29, 2018): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8050691.

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43

Kim, Seung Won, Ji Hyeon Oh, Bong Jin Jang, Min Kwan Ju, In Tai Kim, and Cheol Woo Park. "Fundamental Study on Pervious Concrete Materials for Airport Pavement Cement Treated Base Course." Journal of the Korean Society of Road Engineers 15, no. 4 (August 16, 2013): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7855/ijhe.2013.15.4.065.

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44

Zhang, Yuliang, Xiaoming Liu, Yingtang Xu, Binwen Tang, Yaguang Wang, and Emile Mukiza. "Preparation and characterization of cement treated road base material utilizing electrolytic manganese residue." Journal of Cleaner Production 232 (September 2019): 980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.352.

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45

Zhao, Xiaokang, Qiao Dong, Xueqin Chen, Yuanjie Xiao, and Debiao Zheng. "Fatigue damage numerical simulation of cement-treated base materials by discrete element method." Construction and Building Materials 276 (March 2021): 122142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122142.

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46

Lim, Seungwook, and Dan G. Zollinger. "Estimation of the Compressive Strength and Modulus of Elasticity of Cement-Treated Aggregate Base Materials." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1837, no. 1 (January 2003): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1837-04.

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Experimental study on the development of strength and modulus of elasticity of cement-treated aggregate base (CTAB) materials was undertaken. Unconfined uniaxial compression tests were conducted with 189 samples for 16 CTAB mixtures at different ages. Two different aggregates, conventional crushed limestone base and recycled concrete materials, were used in the test program. Using the test results, equations were proposed to estimate the development of compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of CTAB materials with time. Test results indicated that the relationship between the compressive strength and elastic modulus of CTAB materials could be expressed in a single equation regardless of aggregate type and mixture proportions.

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47

Li, Peng Fei, Jing Hui Liu, Hao Peng Huang, and Hao Du. "Application of Pre-Cracking in Semi-Rigid Base to Mitigate Reflective Cracking." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 709–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.709.

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Because of the high strength and sound stability, the cement stabilized base has been widely used in high grade pavement in China. But shrinkage cracking are easy to occur in the cement stabilized base. Under the repeating action of traffic loads and temperature loads, this kind of cracks are easy to propagate towards the asphalt surface, being called “reflective crack”. Shrinkage cracks are not normally avertable in the cement stabilized base, in contrast with a few wide cracks of broad spacing, numerous thin cracks of narrow spacing contribute little to the severe reflection cracking. On the basis of this thinking, the pre-cracking technique as a promising approach is brought forward. Several vibratory roller passes to the cement-treated base at a short curing stage, typically 1 to 3 days after placement, to create a fine network of cracks, which avoids the wide and/or long cracks and creates the ideal crack model. Comparing to wide cracking, the degree of the stress concentration resulting from thin cracking is by far mitigated. The Finite Element Method is used to predict the ideal crack model, and then the mechanical responses of the semi-rigid pavement of single wide cracking and net hairline cracking under vehicle loading are numerically simulated, simultaneously compared and analyzed. The simulation analyses indicate that the pre-cracking technique is a very useful tool to mitigate the reflective cracks.

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48

Yu, Xin, and Yin Fei Du. "Numerical Simulation of Reflective Crack Forming in Semi-Rigid Asphalt Pavement Subjected to Traffic Load." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.599.

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Reflective crack is one of the major technical problems in highway with semi-rigid base, studying its formatting mechanism is of great significance. By means of a numerical analysis method named RFPA, formatting process of reflective crack such as initiation and expansion was studied in asphalt pavement with semi-rigid base. Two-dimensional model of asphalt pavement with cement-treated base was established based on mechanical parameters, thickness and homogeneity of commonly used structural layer in china, symmetrical and non-symmetrical load were both considered, and crack of cement-treated base was set before loaded. First, reasons for crack initiation were studied below the bottom layer subjected to different types of loads. The conclusion showed crack under symmetrical load mainly due to pull destruction while crack under non-symmetrical load mainly due to shear failure. Then, crack expansion in asphalt layer subjected to different load numbers with different homogeneity material was studied. The result showed that with the increase of the load numbers, the deformation in the same level deformation grows continuously. Different homogeneity level of layer material has an important influence on crack expansion; higher homogeneity has better regularity.

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Berthelot, Curtis, Diana Podborochynski, Brent Marjerison, and Timo Saarenketo. "Mechanistic characterization of cement stabilized marginal granular base materials for road construction." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 12 (December 2010): 1613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l10-102.

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This study investigated the mechanistic climatic constitutive behaviour of granular materials from Saskatchewan, Texas, and Finland. This research employed triaxial frequency sweep testing to characterize various quality granular materials with and without cement modification. Cement stabilization showed a consistent improvement in the response of poor and well graded granular materials, relative to untreated granular materials in terms of both mechanical behavior and climatic durability. As a result, when cement stabilized, poorly graded (or dirty bases) with high fines and (or) fine sand content can be engineered to perform better in the field than well graded (or clean) bases. This research showed that climatic conditioning of laboratory samples significantly influences the mechanical behavior of both unstabilized and cement treated granular materials. Therefore, when characterizing granular base materials for structural design purposes, the mechanistic properties and the effect of climatic conditioning of granular materials representative of field state conditions are needed to provide accurate structural design purposes.

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50

Jitsangiam, Peerapong, and Hamid Nikraz. "Mechanical behaviours of hydrated cement treated crushed rock base as a road base material in Western Australia." International Journal of Pavement Engineering 10, no. 1 (February 2009): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10298430802342682.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cement-treated base'

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