Journal articles: 'Cement-treated soil'

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Watabe, Yoichi, Takashi Kaneko, and Yu Watanabe. "Cement mix proportion for treated soils recycled from a cement treated soil." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 4, no. 7 (2016): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.v04.j16.

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Bui Truong, Son, Nu Nguyen Thi, and Duong Nguyen Thanh. "An Experimental Study on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Soft Soil-Cement Mixtures with or without GGBFS in the Coastal Area of Vietnam." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 30, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7243704.

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Soft soil is widely distributed in Vietnam, especially in the coastal area. In engineering practice, soft soil cannot be used to build any construction and needs to be improved or treated before building construction. In addition, Vietnam has many pig-iron or thermal power plants, which annually produce a huge amount of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). Thus, the use of this material for soft soil improvement needs to be considered. This paper presents experimental results on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of three Vietnam’s soft soils treated with Portland cement and Portland cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Binder dosage used in this study is 250, 300, and 350 kg/m3 with the three different water/cement ratios of 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0, respectively. The research results showed that the UCS of soil-cement mixtures depends on soil type, water/cement ratio, cement type, and binder content. Accordingly, the unconfined compressive strength increased with the increase of binder contents, the decrease of the natural water content of soft soil, water/cement ratios, and clay content. The highest value of UCS of treated soils was found for the soil at Site II with the Portland cement content, cement GGBFS, and water/cement ratio of 873 kg/m3, 2355 kg/m3, and 0.8, respectively. Besides, for all the three soils and two binder types, the water/cement ratio of 0.8 was found to be suitable to reach the highest UCS values of treated soil. The research results also showed that the UCS of treated soil with cement GGBFS was higher than that of treated soil with Portland cement. This indicated the effectiveness of the use of Portland cement with GGBFS in soft soil improvement. There is great potential for reducing the environmental problems regarding the waste materials from pig-iron plants in Vietnam and the construction cost as well.

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Makino, M., T. Takeyama, and M. Kitazume. "The influence of soil disturbance on material properties and micro-structure of cement-treated soil." Lowland Technology International 17, no. 3 (2015): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14247/lti.17.3_139.

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Mohammad, Louay N., Amar Raghavandra, and Baoshan Huang. "Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Cement-Stabilized Soil Base Mixtures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1721, no. 1 (January 2000): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1721-03.

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In-place cement-stabilized soils have served as the primary base material for the majority of noninterstate flexible pavements in Louisiana for many years. These materials are economically and easily constructed and provide outstanding structural characteristics for flexible pavements. However, these cement-treated materials crack due to shrinkage, with the cracks reflecting from the base to the surface. A laboratory study examined the performance of four different cement-stabilized soil mixtures recently used in the construction of test lanes at the Louisiana Pavement Testing Facilities. Laboratory tests included the indirect tensile strength and strain, unconfined compressive strength, and indirect tensile resilient modulus tests. The four mixtures were ( a) in-place-mixed cement-treated soil with 10 percent cement, ( b) plant-mixed cement-treated soil with 10 percent cement, ( c) plant-mixed cement-treated soil with 4 percent cement, and ( d) plant-mixed cement-treated soil with 4 percent cement and fiber reinforcement. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in performance between the plant-mixed and in-place-mixed cement-treated soil mixtures. The inclusion of fiber to the cement-treated soil mixture significantly increased the indirect tensile strain and the toughness index. Increases in compaction effort maintained or significantly increased the indirect tensile strength and unconfined compressive strength. Increases in curing period maintained or significantly increased indirect tensile and unconfined compressive strength as well as the resilient modulus of the mixtures.

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Quang, Nguyen Duy, and Jin Chun Chai. "Permeability of lime- and cement-treated clayey soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52, no. 9 (September 2015): 1221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0134.

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The permeability (k) of lime- and cement-treated clayey soils was investigated in the laboratory by flexible-wall permeability tests and oedometer tests. Test results indicate that for the cement-treated soils (with up to 8% cement content by dry weight), the value of k is almost equal to that of untreated soils under identical void ratio (e) conditions, and the k value decreases significantly when the cement content is higher than 8%. For lime-treated soils, the threshold lime content is about 4%. Investigation of the soil microstructure using the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging indicates that when the cementation products formed by the pozzolanic reaction fill mainly the intra-aggregate pores, the value of k is comparable for the treated and untreated samples. When the cementation products begin to fill the interaggregate pores, the value of k of the treated sample becomes smaller than that of the untreated soil sample under the identical e value condition. An indication that the cementation products have filled the interaggregate pores is the rapid increase in strength of the treated soil.

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Aniculaesi, Mircea, Irina Lungu, and Anghel Stanciu. "Cure Time Effect on Compressibility Characteristics of Expansive Soils Treated with Eco-Cement." Advanced Materials Research 587 (November 2012): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.587.129.

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The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of curing time on expansive soil as a construction material when treated with eco-cement stabilizer, as partly substituting the Portland cement. Standard consolidation samples were prepared from treated soils with 10 % cement (5% eco-cement and 5% Portland cement), reported to the dry unit weight of soil, and cured for 1, 7 and 14 days. After this period the soil samples were then socked in water and standard consolidation tests were performed on them. The compressibility characteristics, for the improved soil with 10% cement, Eoed, mv and Cv have shown a significant improvement during the first 7 days. After 7 days curing time the variation of compressibility characteristics is less pronounced.

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Zhi, Bin, Liang Yang, and En Long Liu. "Study on the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Cement-Treated Loess Soils." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 1408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.1408.

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The cement-lime treated loess soils and cement-treated loess soils are widely used all over the world, but their strength features and physical mechanism are investigated few at the moment. The cement-lime treated loess soil samples and cement-treated loess soil samples were prepared according to their weight ratio and tested to study their physical indices and strength varying with age. The tested results demonstrate that: (i) The content of cement has great influence on the liquid limit and plastic limit of the samples. With the increase of adding content of lime, the average plasticity indices also increase gradually, and the values of plastic limits of the samples will also increase; (ii) The stregnth of the samples increases with the increase of curing age, which is affected by many factors including treated materials, compatcion work, water content, and age.

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Peng, Hong Tao, Hai Tao Su, Xin Ping Zhang, and Jun Wang. "Comparison of the Effectiveness of Enzyme and Portland Cement for Compressive Strengths of Stabilized Soils." Advanced Materials Research 281 (July 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.281.1.

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Portland cement can be used as soil stabilizer, but poses some problems such as dust pollution, consumption of fossil energy and relatively large amounts of calcium-rich raw materials. Enzyme as a soil enzymatic stabilizer is a natural organic compound and promising material to reduce the application of Portland cement. Perma-Zyme is one type of enzyme. The results of the study showed that soil type and curing method significantly affected the effectiveness of the treatments with Perma-Zyme and Composite Portland cement. Under the air-dry conditions, the unconfined compressive strengths of soils stabilized with Composite Portland cement were lower than those treated with Perma-Zyme at each age. In sealed glass containers, the unconfined compressive strengths of soils treated with Composite Portland cement were higher than those treated with Perma-Zyme. These results indicate that after compaction, the surface of soil stabilized with Portland cement should be moistened with a spray of some water or cover with materials (such as plastic sheet)，but the surface of soil stabilized with Perma-Zyme need not spray water and cover with materials in the actual project construction.

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Fadhil, Roaa M., and Haifaa A. Ali. "Effect of Soaking and Non-soaking Condition on Shear Strength Parameters of Sandy Soil Treated with Additives." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 1147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091319.

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The present paper aims to improve shear strength parameters: cohesion (c), and angle of internal friction (∅) for sandy soil treated by additives before and after soaking. The samples of sandy soil were obtained from Karbala city and then classified as poorly graded sand (SP) with relative density Dr (30%) according to the system of (USCS). The experiment has three stages. In the first stage ,the soil was treated with three different percentages of cement (3 ,5 and 7%) of dry weight for the soil with three different percentages of water content (2, 4 and 8%) in each above percentage of cement, while the second stage includes (2%) of lime from soil weight mixed with each different percentage of cement . In the third stage, (50%) of polymer of cement weight was mixed with each different percentage of cement. An analysis of behavior sandy soils treated by additives was carried out with the Direct Shear Tests. All the samples were cured (3) days before and after soaking. The results of the experiment showed that increase in shear strength parameters of sandy soil; especially the angle of internal friction with the rate value (16.6 %) of cement only, (21.88 %) of cement with lime , (20.3%) of cement with the polymer before soaked condition. After soaking condition, it was increased with the rate value (14.3%) with cement only, (23.57%) of cement with lime, and (15.38%) of cement with the polymer as compared with soil in the natural state.

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Tewfik, Belal, Ghembaza Moulay Smaine, and Bellia Zoheir. "Experimental Study And Modeling Of Water Retention Curve Of A Silty Soil Compacted And Treated With Cement." Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology 9, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/aijst.9.3.17853.

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The evaluation of unsaturated soils' fundamental properties is ensured by the characteristic water retention curve for a wide range of soil suction values. However, a minimal number of research works have focused on studying the water retention properties of natural soils and treated with hydraulic binders using soil-water characteristic curves (SWCC). The present work is motivated by the lack of experimental evidence of this type. Firstly, experimental measurements of soil-water characteristic curves of a natural loam soil from the region of Sidi Bel Abbes (Algeria), treated with cement and compacted at Standard Optimum Proctor at an ambient temperature of 20 °C, Were carried out using the methods of the imposition of suction, namely the osmotic method ranging from 0 to 0.05 MPa and the method of saline solutions over a suction range from 0.05 MPa to about 343 MPa respectively. The suction used were applied to four studied mixtures (natural soil, + 2%, + 4% and + 6% cement). At the end of the tests on the drainage-humidification path, the water retention curves for the treated soil at different cement dosage allow us to determine the different state parameters of the treated soil: Degree of saturation (Sr), dry weight (d), void ratio (e) and water content (w). The suction imposition range and the cement dosage significantly influence the water behavior of the material studied. On the other hand, we develop a model of the water behavior of soils treated with cement. This model makes it possible to correctly predict the retention curves at different cement dosage from the experimental measurements performed on samples compacted at Standard Optimum Proctor represented in the plans [suction, degree of saturation] and [suction, moisture content].

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Wahab, Norshakila Abdul, Mohammad Jawed Roshan, Ahmad Safuan A. Rashid, Muhammad Azril Hezmi, Siti Norafida Jusoh, Nik Daud Nik Norsyahariati, and Sakina Tamassoki. "Strength and Durability of Cement-Treated Lateritic Soil." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 5, 2021): 6430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116430.

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The transportation infrastructure, including low-volume roads in some regions, needs to be constructed on weak ground, implying the necessity of soil stabilization. Untreated and cement-treated lateritic soil for low-volume road suitability were studied based on Malaysian standards. A series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests was performed for four cement doses (3%, 6%, 9%, 12%) for different curing times. According to Malaysian standards, the study suggested 6% cement and 7 days curing time as the optimum cement dosage and curing time, respectively, based on their 0.8 MPa UCS values. The durability test indicated that the specimens treated with 3% cement collapsed directly upon soaking in water. Although the UCS of 6% cement-treated specimens decreased against wetting–drying (WD) cycles, the minimum threshold based on Malaysian standards was still maintained against 15 WD cycles. On the contrary, the durability of specimens treated with 9% and 12% cement represented a UCS increase against WD cycles. FESEM results indicated the formation of calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH), calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), and calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (CASH) as well as shrinking of pore size when untreated soil was mixed with cement. The formation of gels (CAH, CSH, CASH) and decreasing pore size could be clarified by EDX results in which the increase in cement content increased calcium.

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HARA, Hiroyuki, Daisuke SUETSUGU, Shigenori HAYASHI, and Hiroshi MATSUDA. "DETERIORATION MECHANISM OF CEMENT-TREATED SOIL UNDER SEAWATER." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. C (Geosphere Engineering) 69, no. 4 (2013): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejge.69.469.

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HAYASHI, Yasuhiro, and Atsumi SUZUKI. "Undrained shear properties of air cement treated soil." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 673 (2001): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2001.673_71.

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Suganya, K., and P. V. Sivapullaiah. "Compressibility of remoulded and cement-treated Kuttanad soil." Soils and Foundations 60, no. 3 (June 2020): 697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.07.006.

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Subramaniam, P., and Subhadeep Banerjee. "Dynamic Properties of Cement-Treated Marine Clay." International Journal of Geomechanics 20, no. 6 (June 2020): 04020065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001673.

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Al-Jassim, Wissam S., and Maysam Th Al-Hadidi. "Impact of Rationing on The Properties of Cement-Treated Gypsum Canals." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.3.003.

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The scarcity of irrigation water requires procedures of specific. One of these procedures is the implementation of the rationing system (a period of the irrigation followed by a period of the dry). This system can have an impact on the properties of irrigation channels. Therefore, the study of rationing system for irrigation channels is important in both water resources and civil engineering, especially if they are constructed with gypseous soil. In order to assess the rationing system on gypseous canals stabilized with a specific ratio of cement, practical experiments were conducted to detect the effect of wetting and drying cycles on the physical and hydraulic behavior of this soil and calculation of some properties of soil such as scouring, grain size and gypsum content of soil at each cycle (10 days wetting and 10 days of drying). Where the gypseous soil with gypsum content 65 % was brought from Lake Sawh-Iraq to the hydraulic laboratory at the University of Baghdad, Physical and chemical tests were carried out according to the standard classification system. The laboratory work includes construction of a laboratory flume with gypseous soil to calculate the scouring of the canal and effect grain size of soil by two methods (the standard sieve analysis and Particle size absorptive test) and also calculate gypsum content at each rationing cycle, where the channel consists of two stages of operation, the one for untreated soil (4 cycles operation) and the other for soil mixed with 10% cement (5 cm of cement mixture above 5cm soil) 4 cycles also. The results show that the rationing cycles reduce the scouring of canal in the case of untreated soil by 56.6% and in the case of treated soil 82%. The rationing system led to course the gradient of soil according to two methods. Also its reduction of the gypsum content in the case of untreated soil by 43% and in the case of treated soil 45.6%. Thus, conclude that the rationing system leads to a positive effect on some properties of gypsum soils and the lining of irrigation channels

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Abbey, S. J., E. U. Eyo, and S. Ng’ambi. "Swell and microstructural characteristics of high-plasticity clay blended with cement." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 79, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 2119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01621-z.

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AbstractThis study presents the effect of high plasticity on swell potential, swelling pressure and micro-structural characteristics of kaolinite-bentonite mixed clays. Five different mix ratios of kaolinite bentonite mixture of 100:0, 90:10, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 in % by weight of dry kaolinite were used. All five synthesised soils were then mixed with 0%, 5% and 8% of cement by weight of dry soil, cured for 28 days and subjected to the Atterberg limit, one-dimensional oedometer and scanning electron microscope test. The inclusion of 5% and 8% cement reduces the plasticity index of the treated soils as the percentage of bentonite increases. The effects on plasticity of treatment with 5% and 8% cement after a 28-day curing period was evaluated, and the results show that reduction in plasticity index resulted in decreased swell potential and swelling pressure of the kaolinite-bentonite mixed clays. The results of microstructural analysis of 5% cement-treated soils show formation of flocculated fabric and cementation of soil particles, and filling with cementitious compounds of the voids of flocculated fabric in the soil. The reduction in swell can be attributed to the resulting compacted and dense mass of treated soils due to cementation of soil particles and cation exchange. The complex swell behaviour of high-plasticity kaolinite-bentonite mix is explained using the one-dimensional oedometer test, by further experimental study and examination of the microstructure of treated soils.

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Yu, Chuang, Raoping Liao, Chaopeng Zhu, Xiaoqing Cai, and Jianjun Ma. "Test on the Stabilization of Oil-Contaminated Wenzhou Clay by Cement." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (July 12, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9675479.

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Oil-contaminated soils have been paid much attention due to the reclamation of industrial lands in coastal cities of China. As known, oil-contaminated soils are inapplicable for construction due to their weak engineering properties, thus leading to the requirement of remediation and reclamation for oil-contaminated sites. This study presents an experimental investigation on the stabilization of contaminated soils with Portland cement. Investigations including the Atterberg limits, unconfined compressive strength, direct shear strength, and microstructure of cement-stabilized soils have been carried out, verifying the suitability of applying cement to improve engineering properties. Experimental results show that the geotechnical properties of contaminated soil are very poor. With the application of cement, the liquid limit and plasticity index of contaminated soil samples decrease dramatically, and the strength of treated soils has been improved. Experimental results from scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicate that cement-stabilized oil-contaminated soil is featured with a stable supporting microstructure, owing to the cementation between soil particles. This also confirms the applicability of cement to be served as an additive to treat oil-contaminated soils.

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Kok Shien, Ng, Chew Yee Ming, and Nordin Sukri. "Fracture behaviour of Cement Treated Sandy Clay." MATEC Web of Conferences 303 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930301001.

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Addition of cement into soft soil has been proven to be useful in stabilizing the foundation. However, some failure cases are found related to this type of technique, especially involving the tensile failure of cement column as retaining structure. As we know, tensile strength of soil is important in controlling the cracking and tensile failure of many earth structures. This paper aims to investigate the fracture behaviour of cement treated sandy clay in terms of its compressive and tensile strength as well as its strain response under applied stress. Three laboratory testing namely the unconfined compression test (UCT), split tensile test (STT) and three-point bending test (TPBT) were conducted in this study. Cement content and curing period are the two main variables in the present study. The results of UCT showed the brittleness of the cement treated soil increased as the cement content and curing period increased. The unconfined compressive strength can be well correlated with the tensile strength obtained from STT and TPBT where the correlation factors were found to be 0.11 for both tests. Crushing mode is dominant in samples with high cement content and long curing period.

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Bobet, Antonio, Joonho Hwang, Cliff T. Johnston, and Marika Santagata. "One-dimensional consolidation behavior of cement-treated organic soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 7 (July 2011): 1100–1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t11-020.

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This paper addresses the effects of cement treatment on the one-dimensional (1D) consolidation behavior of a highly organic soil (LOI ∼ 40%–60%, where LOI is the loss on ignition), based on 1D constant rate of strain and incremental loading tests. The effects of Portland cement addition are evaluated for dosages ranging from 8% to 100% by dry mass of soil, corresponding to values of the cement factor of 24 and 296 kg of cement per cubic metre of untreated soil, within the range used in deep mixing practice. Additional parameters investigated are the impact of curing surcharge and duration. The most evident effect of the treatment is the development of a cementation-induced preconsolidation stress: the greater the cement dosage, the greater the preconsolidation stress and the greater the vertical effective stress that can be sustained at any void ratio. The results also provide a consistent picture of the effects of cement treatment on stiffness, hydraulic conductivity, coefficient of consolidation, and creep. Comparison to data obtained for the untreated soil demonstrates the “stable” nature of the structure generated as a result of treatment. The consolidation results are complemented by pH measurements, extraction tests, elemental analyses, and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses, which provide insight into the interaction between soil organic matter and cement.

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Nu, Nguyen Thi, Bui Truong Son, and Pham Van Hai. "Utilisation of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) for soft soil improvement by deep mixing method." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(1).10.

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Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is the by-products from pig iron plants which can cause a serious problem for land, soil, and water. Thus, the study for reusing GGBFS is very nessesary. This paper presents the utilisation of GGBFS for soft soil improvement by cement deep mixing method. Portland cement was replaced by GGBFS from 0 to 100% and a total of 33 specimens were used to determine the unconfined compressive strength and deformation modulus of treated soil. The experimental results showed that replacement of GGBFS from 0 to 60% cement could increase the unconfined compressive strength and deformation modulus of treated soil. The optimum GGBFS content was found to be 30% of cement content. In general, the utilisation of GGBFS for soil improvement could increase the properies of soft soil and soil treated with cement. The result of this study will be basic for utilisation of GGBFS in ground improvement by cement deep mixing method.

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Tremblay, Hélène, Josée Duchesne, Jacques Locat, and Serge Leroueil. "Influence of the nature of organic compounds on fine soil stabilization with cement." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 535–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-002.

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It is well known that organic matter may affect the cementing process in soils, but what happens when cement is added to an organic soil? Both the organic matter content and the nature of this organic matter affect the properties of a treated soil. It appears that some organic compounds delay or even inhibit the hydration process of cement, while others do not affect the reaction at all. This paper presents some results of a laboratory study in which 13 different organic compounds were added separately to two different soils, and then treated with 10% cement. To assess the cementing process, undrained shear strength was measured on the different specimens, and some chemical analyses were performed on the pore liquid. The results indicate that the organic acids producing a pH lower than 9 in the pore solution strongly affect the development of cementing products and almost no strength gain was noted. Also, oils and hydrocarbons, which are insoluble in water, delay the cement hydration but do not affect the final strength. Finally, the pH value and the SO4 concentration in the pore solution are good indicators of the cementing effectiveness of the treated specimens.Key words: soil stabilization, organic compounds, undrained shear strength, cement, chemical analyses.

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Rai, Partab, Wenge Qiu, Huafu Pei, Jihui Chen, Xufeng Ai, Yang Liu, and Mahmood Ahmad. "Effect of Fly Ash and Cement on the Engineering Characteristic of Stabilized Subgrade Soil: An Experimental Study." Geofluids 2021 (September 20, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1368194.

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The effectiveness of the use of waste fly ash (FA) and cement (OPC) in the stabilization of subgrade soils and the reasons likely to influence the degree of stabilization were investigated. Incorporating waste fly ash (FA) and cement (OPC) as additives leads to significant environmental and economic contributions to soil stabilization. This study involves laboratory tests to obtain the Atterberg limit, free swell index (FSI), the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), the California bearing ratio (CBR), and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The test results for the subgrade soil illustrate that the Atterberg limit, plasticity index, and free swell index are decreasing with the addition of different proportions of fly ash and cement, i.e., 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% and 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%, respectively. The CBR value of untreated soil is 2.91%, while the best CBR value of fly ash and cement mixture treated soil is 10.12% (20% FA+8% OPC), which increases 71.34% from the initial value. The UCS of untreated soil is 86.88 kPa and treated soil with fly ash and cement attains a maximum value of 167.75 kPa (20% FA+8% OPC), i.e., increases by 48.20% from the initial value. The tests result show that the stability of a subgrade soil can be improved by adding fly ash and cement. While effectiveness and usability of waste FA and cement are cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to expansive soil for pavement and any other foundation work in the future.

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Al-Rawas, Amer Ali. "Microfabric and mineralogical studies on the stabilization of an expansive soil using cement by-pass dust and some types of slags." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 1150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-046.

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This paper describes the microfabric and mineralogical aspects of the expansive soil of Al-Khod (northern Oman) treated with cement by-pass dust (CBPD), copper slag, slag-cement, and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). First, the engineering properties and chemical and mineralogical composition of the untreated soil were determined. The soil was then mixed with the additives at 3, 6, and 9% of the dry weight of the soil. The microfabric and mineralogical characteristics of the treated soil were determined. The high amounts of calcium ions and calcium oxide, which produces calcium ions, react with the clay particles through a cation exchange process resulting in the formation of aggregations and reduction of the swell potential of the soil. Mineralogical tests on the treated samples indicated a general reduction in all clay minerals peak intensities, particularly in the case of CBPD treated samples. The fabric of the untreated soil is composed of dense clay matrices with no appearance of aggregations or ped formations with increasing amounts of pore spaces. However, aggregations and few connectors were formed due to the addition of the stabilizers. Aggregations and bindings were formed for all of the soils treated with GBFS and for those with 9% additions of CBPD and slag-cement. The mineralogical and microfabric results were correlated with the swell percent and swell pressure of the treated samples. The formation of aggregations and reduction in clay minerals peak intensities resulted in the reduction of the swell pressure and swell percent values.Key words: microfabric, mineralogy, stabilization, expansive soils, SEM, XRD.

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Fehervari, Andras, Will P. Gates, Chathuranga Gallage, and Frank Collins. "Suitability of Remediated PFAS-Affected Soil in Cement Pastes and Mortars." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 4300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104300.

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Australia and many other parts of the world face issues of contamination in groundwater and soils by per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). While the pyrolytic treatment of contaminated soils can destroy PFAS, the resulting heat-treated soils currently have limited applications. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of remediated soils in concrete applications. Using heat-treated soil as a fine aggregate, with a composition and particle size distribution similar to that of traditional concrete sands, proved to be a straightforward process. In such situations, complete fine aggregate replacement could be achieved with minimal loss of compressive strength. At high fine aggregate replacement (≥ 60%), a wetting agent was required for maintaining adequate workability. When using the heat-treated soil as a supplementary cementitious material, the initial mineralogy, the temperature of the heat-treatment and the post-treatment storage (i.e., keeping the soil dry) were found to be key factors. For cement mortars where minimal strength loss is desired, up to 15% of cement can be replaced, but up to 45% replacement can be achieved if moderate strengths are acceptable. This study successfully demonstrates that commercially heat-treated remediated soils can serve as supplementary cementitious materials or to replace fine aggregates in concrete applications.

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Yang, Guang Qing, Xi Zhao Wang, and Bao Jian Zhang. "Dynamic Characterization of Cement-Treated High-Speed Railway Subgrade." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3909–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3909.

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In order to ensure the high-speed railway train running safety and stabilization, the subgrade should keep adequate strength, rigidity and long-term stabilization under the repeated train load. When the subgrade soil is poor, we can treat it with cement. Whether the performance of cement-treated soil can meet the demand of high-speed railway, so the dynamic triaxial test of cement-treated soil is studied in this paper. The dynamic performance of cement-treated soil under repeated train load is analyzed. The variation and influence factors of critical dynamic stress, accumulated plastic strain, elastic strain and resilient module of cement-treated soil are studied.When the dynamical stress more than the critical dynamical stress, the cumulate plastic strain and the elastic strain will rapidly increase with the increase of the loading time of the dynamical stress. The resilience modulus will decrease along with the increase of the dynamical stress. When the dynamical stress less than the he critical dynamical stress, the elastic strain and the resilience modulus remain constant with the increase of the loading time of the dynamical stress. And the elastic strain and the resilience modulus linearly increase with the increase of the dynamical stress.

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Mohd Zambri, Nadhirah, and Zuhayr Md. Ghazaly. "Peat Soil Stabilization using Lime and Cement." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183401034.

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This paper presents a study of the comparison between two additive Lime and Cement for treating peat soil in term of stabilization. Peat and organic soils are commonly known for their high compressibility, extremely soft, and low strength. The aim of this paper is to determine the drained shear strength of treated peat soil from Perlis for comparison purposes. Direct Shear Box Test was conducted to obtain the shear strength for all the disturbed peat soil samples. The quick lime and cement was mixed with peat soil in proportions of 10% and 20% of the dry weight peat soil. The experiment results showed that the addition of additives had improved the strength characteristics of peat soil by 14% increment in shear strength. In addition, the mixture of lime with peat soil yield higher result in shear strength compared to cement by 14.07% and 13.5% respectively. These findings indicate that the lime and cement is a good stabilizer for peat soil, which often experienced high amount of moisture content.

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28

Dong, Phan Huy, Kimitoshi Hayano, Hidetoshi Takahashi, and Yoriko Morikawa. "Mechanical characteristics of lean-mixed cement-treated granular soil." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 165, no. 3 (August 2012): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.10.00004.

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MIYAZAKI, Yoshihiko, Yi Xin TANG, Hidetoshi OCHIAI, Noriyuki YASUFUKU, Kiyoshi OMINE, and Takashi TSUCHIDA. "UTILIZATION OF CEMENT TREATED DREDGED SOIL WITH WORKING SHIP." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 750 (2003): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2003.750_193.

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30

Hata, Toshiro, Daisuke Suetsugu, and Kiyonobu Kasama. "A biomediated deterioration mitigation method for cement-treated soil." Environmental Geotechnics 7, no. 6 (September 1, 2020): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jenge.18.00011.

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Kaneda, Kazuhiro, Tomohiro Tanikawa, Yuichi Koumura, and Toshiro Hata. "Mechanical properties of cement-treated soil improved using urea." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2, no. 60 (2016): 2059–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.jpn-107.

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32

Namikawa, Tsutomu. "Conditional Probabilistic Analysis of Cement-Treated Soil Column Strength." International Journal of Geomechanics 16, no. 1 (February 2016): 04015021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0000481.

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Suits, L. D., T. C. Sheahan, Gregory Lewsley, and R. Jonathan Fannin. "Reconstitution of Saturated Cement-Treated Soil by Wet-Mixing." Geotechnical Testing Journal 34, no. 2 (2011): 102012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj102012.

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34

Raja, P. Sriram Karthick, and T. Thyagaraj. "Sulfate effects on sulfate-resistant cement–treated expansive soil." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 79, no. 5 (January 7, 2020): 2367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01714-9.

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35

Chen, Da, Yingdi Liao, Chaohua Jiang, and Xingguo Feng. "The mechanical properties of coastal soil treated with cement." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 28, no. 6 (December 2013): 1155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-013-0836-9.

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36

Lu, Yang, Sihong Liu, Yonggan Zhang, Zhuo Li, and Lei Xu. "Freeze-thaw performance of a cement-treated expansive soil." Cold Regions Science and Technology 170 (February 2020): 102926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102926.

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37

Mavroulidou, M. "Use of waste paper sludge ash as a calcium-based stabiliser for clay soils." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 11 (October 15, 2018): 1066–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18804043.

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Chemical ground improvement of soils of poor quality for construction has been increasingly used as a means of promoting sustainable construction practices. The production of conventional soil stabilisers such as cement or lime involves non-renewable natural resource and energy consumption and high carbon dioxide emissions; therefore, alternative stabilisers are sought. This study used waste paper sludge ash (PSA) to treat three different clays. The aim was to assess PSA effectiveness as an alternative to lime or cement for clay stabilisation based on plasticity characteristics, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), water retention and volumetric stability. PSA-treated soil specimens were shown to perform well compared to lime-treated or cement-treated ones: (a) PSA considerably lowered the plasticity indices of the two expansive clays, in a similar way as lime; (b) in most cases PSA dosages equal to or greater than the initial consumption of lime gave UCS at least twice as high compared to those obtained using commercial limes at equivalent dosages (> 1 MPa for the two expansive soils after 7 or 28 days of curing) and in the inspected cases also higher UCS than cement; and (c) consistently with the plasticity results PSA-treated specimens swelled less during wetting and had lower volumetric strains upon drying (better volumetric stability) compared to lime-treated or cement-treated soils. Overall the results give promise for a valorisation route of this waste material in the field of ground improvement.

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Ranaivomanana, Harifidy, and Andry Razakamanantsoa. "Toward a better understanding of the effects of cement treatment on microstructural and hydraulic properties of compacted soils." MATEC Web of Conferences 163 (2018): 06007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816306007.

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This study deals with the problem of the experimental characterization of cement-treated compacted soils in terms of microstructural and hydraulic properties. Some tests are conducted on two different types of soil: silty sand and clay as fine soils and gravelous sand and alterite as granular soil. Some samples are mixed with 5% of cement and compacted at different levels (i.e., 85%, 95%, 100% and 105% of the maximum dry density, respectively, as achieved using the standard compaction method). The results of the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests performed on these cement-treated soils reveal significant changes as regards macropores due to the combined effects of treatment and compaction. Consequently, a decrease in the permeability is clearly observed for all the tested soils when the degree of compaction increases. This decrease is significantly greater in fine soils, which are more sensitive to compaction effects than granular soils.

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Shah, Manish V., Parth Shah, and Abhay R. Gandhi. "Strengthening Low Plastic Soils Using Micro Fine Cement through Deep Mixing Methodology." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 17009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199217009.

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Present research papers focuses to strength low plastic soil using deep cement mixing technique through model study. Soil column length of 10cm, 20 cm and 30cm was used with varying degree of saturation as 60%, 80% and 100% of OMC to determine settlement characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, modulus of subgrade reaction and modulus of elasticity of raw and treated soil. Cement dosage for UCS test and model plate load test was decided as per guidelines provided in FHWA 13-046 design manual and CDM-LODIC method respectively. Method of deep mixing the soil with cement was adopted from theory given by Filz et.al. (2005). The results depicted the cement deep mixing methodology based on soil particle-cement particle interaction with varying degree of saturation proved the efficacy for low plastic soils and maximum reduction in settlement was observed for 60% degree of saturation for column length of 20 cm. Modulus of elasticity was validated with provisions of FHWA whereas load carrying capacity of soil-cement column was validated with Broms empirical equation.

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40

Puppala, Anand J., Aravinda M. Ramakrishna, and Laureano R. Hoyos. "Resilient Moduli of Treated Clays from Repeated Load Triaxial Test." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1821, no. 1 (January 2003): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1821-08.

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Three chemical stabilization methods—sulfate resistant cement (Type V), low-calcium fly-ash (Class F) mixed with sulfate resistant cement (Type V), and ground granulated blast furnace slag—were used in a series of repeated load triaxial tests on clayey soil to assess the effectiveness of these three stabilizers in enhancing resilient modulus ( MR) properties of the soil. MR results were measured from repeated load triaxial tests conducted on both control and treated soils at optimum moisture content levels. Test results were analyzed to understand the potentials of each stabilizer on MR response of the soils and to study the effects of confining and deviatoric stresses on resilient response of the treated soils. Mechanisms for MR enhancements in treated soils were developed, and a series of flexible pavement design exercises was conducted to evaluate the impact of each stabilizer on the design thickness of the asphalt surface layer of pavements.

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41

Ramon-Tarragona, Anna, and Eduardo Alonso. "Analysis of massive sulphate attack to cement-treated compacted soils." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019501009.

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The paper describes the heave experienced by two embankments providing access to a bridge located in a high-speed railway line. The compacted soil, a mixture of a low plasticity clay, sand and gravel, had a significant sulphate content (2 – 2.5%). The embankments received a reinforcing treatment by mixing the soil with cement in the proximity of the bridge abutments. In addition, a grid of grouting columns provided more stiffness to the embankments. The embankments experienced a fast heaving rate (around 4 mm/month) in the areas improved by cement mixing. Precision extensometers indicated that heave concentrated in the upper 6 – 8 m of the embankments. The sulphate content reduced sharply to 0.25% at increasing depth. No heave was detected in these deeper zones. The swelling was found to be associated with the development of thaumasite and ettringite minerals. The presence of clay, cement and sulphates in the compacted soils and the infiltration of water from rainfall events are ideal conditions for the growth of the mentioned minerals. Long-term tests performed on compacted samples provided a good evidence of the phenomena developing in situ. A chemical modelling of the mineral changes at the soil-cement interface provided an additional insight into the development of swelling, which could last for a long time (several years). Accordingly, it was decided to underpin the railway track and to excavate the upper active volume of the embankments. This solution went in parallel with train service, which was never interrupted.

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42

Wang, F. C., and W. Song. "Effects of Crumb Rubber on Compressive Strength of Cement-Treated Soil." Archives of Civil Engineering 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0036.

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A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of crumb rubber on the strength and mechanical behaviour of Rubberized cement soil (RCS). In the present investigation, 26 groups of soil samples were prepared at five different percentages of crumb rubber content, four different percentages of cement content and two different finenesses of crumb rubber particle. Compressive strength tests were carried out at the curing age of 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and 90 days. The test results indicated that the inclusion of crumb rubber within cement soil leads to a decrease in the compressive strength and stiffness and improves the cement soil’s brittle behaviour to a more ductile one. A reduction of up to 31% in the compressive strength happened in the 20% crumb content group. The compressive strength increases with the increase in the cement content. And the enlargement of cement content is more efficient at low cement content.

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43

Onyelowe, Kennedy Chibuzor, Duc Bui Van, Mohammed Oludare Idrees, Michael E. Onyia, Lam Dao-Phuc, Favour Deborah A. Onyelowe, Talal Amhadi, et al. "An Experimental Study on Compaction Behavior Of Lateritic Soils Treated with Quarry Dust Based Geopolymer Cement." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.104.

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Due to the scarcity of well-graded gravel materials, lateritic soils are widely used for road construction in tropic areas. However, lateritic soils often do not meet the strict requirement for subgrade and need to be improved to be used as construction material. Among several approaches used to enhance the engineering properties of lateritic soils, the use of industrial waste materials, such as fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag, is of particular interest to the construction industry as a potential replacement material for Portland cement in soil stabilization. Meanwhile, some effort has been made to study the use of quarry dust in stabilizing lateritic soils. The present work aims at assessing the compaction characteristics of three different types of lateritic soils, treated with quarry dust based geopolymer cement. A systematic study by varying the proportion of geopolymer cement was carried out. Test results show that the soil dry density substantially increased while the corresponding optimal moisture content decreased with the amount of geopolymer cement under varying compactive effort.

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44

ITO, Tsugumasa, and Yukikazu TSUJI. "Effect of grading of sandy soil on strength of cement treated sandy soil." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 451 (1992): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1992.451_337.

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45

Takahashi, Hidenori, Shinya Omori, Hideyuki Asada, Hirofumi Fukawa, Yusuke Gotoh, and Yoshiyuki Morikawa. "Mechanical Properties of Cement-Treated Soil Mixed with Cellulose Nanofibre." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 6425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146425.

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Cellulose nanofibre (CNF), a material composed of ultrafine fibres of wood cellulose fibrillated to nano-order level, is expected to be widely used because of its excellent properties. However, in the field of geotechnical engineering, almost no progress has been made in the development of techniques for using CNFs. The authors have focused on the use of CNF as an additive in cement treatment for soft ground, where cement is added to solidify the ground, because CNF can reduce the problems associated with cement-treated soil. This paper presents the results of a study on the method of mixing CNF, the strength and its variation obtained by adding CNF, and the change in permeability. CNF had the effect of mixing the cement evenly and reducing the variation in the strength of the treated soil. The CNF mixture increased the strength at the initial age but reduced the strength development in the long term. The addition of CNF also increased the flexural strength, although it hardly changed the permeability.

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46

Takahashi, Hidenori, Masaki Kitazume, Takatoshi Noguchi, and Noriyoshi Suzuki. "Seismic-resistant effect of cement-treated soil for quay wall." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 164, no. 3 (August 2011): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.2011.164.3.151.

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SATO, Ken-ichi. "MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A PAVEMENT USING THE CEMENT TREATED SOIL." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu E 62, no. 4 (2006): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jsceje.62.689.

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48

Namikawa, Tsutomu, Shota Hiyama, Yoshiya Ando, and Taihei Shibata. "Failure behavior of cement-treated soil under triaxial tension conditions." Soils and Foundations 57, no. 5 (October 2017): 815–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.08.011.

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49

Saeed, Khitam Abdulhussein, Khairul Anuar Kassi, Hadi Nur, and Shaymaa Abdul Muttaleb Al-Hashimi. "Molecular Characteristics of Cement-Lime Treated contaminated-Lateritic Clay Soil." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 870 (July 18, 2020): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/870/1/012082.

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50

Dong, P. H., K. Hayano, Y. Morikawa, H. Takahashi, T. Edil, and S. W. Dean. "Engineering Properties of Cement–Treated Granular Soil for Geotechnical Application." Journal of ASTM International 9, no. 2 (2012): 103733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai103733.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cement-treated soil'

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